1.
Homeland for the Jewish people
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A homeland for the Jewish people is an idea rooted in Jewish culture and religion. In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars led to the idea of Jewish emancipation and this unleashed a number of religious and secular cultural streams and political philosophies among the Jews in Europe, covering everything from Marxism to Chassidism. Among these movements was Zionism as promoted by Theodore Herzl, in the late 19th century, Herzl set out his vision of a Jewish state and homeland for the Jewish people in his book Der Judenstaat. Herzl was later hailed by the Zionist political parties as the father of the State of Israel. In the Balfour Declaration of 1917, the United Kingdom became the first world power to endorse the establishment in Palestine of a home for the Jewish people. The British government confirmed this commitment by accepting the British Mandate for Palestine in 1922, the European powers mandated the creation of a Jewish homeland at the San Remo conference of 19–26 April 1920. In 1948, the State of Israel was established, the Jewish aspiration to return to Zion is part of Jewish religious thought that dates back to the destruction of the First Temple. However, the movement for the creation of a secular homeland within the confines of modern international law was perceived as a solution to the widespread persecution of Jews within Europe. This became the centerpiece of secular political Zionism, anti-Semitism was not limited to Europe. The Zionist movement was preceded by several Jewish groups that had popularized the move to Israel. For example, Israel ben Pereẓ of Polotsk and hundreds of other Jewish groups settled in Israel from Europe, developing communities in Jerusalem, Hebron and around much of the country. This was in addition to the existing communities of Sephardi and Ashkenazim in Tiberias, Tsfat. Zionists, however, worked within the international legal framework. They also armed and defended themselves, in 1896, Theodore Herzl set out his vision of a Jewish state and homeland for the Jewish people in his book Der Judenstaat. He then proceeded to found the Zionist Organisation, numerous delegates sought to insert the phrase by international law, which was opposed by others. A compromise formula was adopted, which came to be known as the Basel program, the Sykes–Picot Agreement of 16 May 1916 set aside the region of Palestine for international administration under British control. The phrase national home was used instead of state because of opposition to the Zionist program within the British Cabinet. The initial draft of the referred to the principle that Palestine should be reconstituted as the National Home of the Jewish people
2.
Yisrael Beiteinu
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Yisrael Beiteinu is a secularist and right-wing nationalist political party in Israel. The partys base has traditionally been secular, Russian-speaking Israelis, the party describes itself as a national movement with the clear vision to follow in the bold path of Zev Jabotinsky, the founder of Revisionist Zionism. It primarily represents immigrants from the former Soviet Union, although it has attempted to expand its appeal to more established Israelis, it has not been successful, and most of its voters are Russian-speaking. It takes a line towards the peace process and the integration of Israeli Arabs, characterized by its 2009 election slogan No loyalty. The party maintains an anti-clerical mantle and encourages socio-economic opportunities for new immigrants, in the 2009 election the party won 15 seats, its most to date, making it the third largest party in the previous Knesset. In the 2015 election, the party won six seats, Yisrael Beiteinu was formed by Avigdor Lieberman to create a platform for Russian immigrants who support a hard line in negotiations with the Palestinian Authority. One of the partners in Netanyahus coalition was Yisrael BaAliyah, a new immigrants list led by Natan Sharansky that also had right-of-center leanings, for the 1999 elections, Lieberman, Nudelman and Stern formed Yisrael Beiteinu, and the new party won four seats. On 1 February 2000 the party joined an alliance with the National Union, in the 2003 elections the joint list won seven seats, with Yisrael Beiteinu being given four of them. The alliance joined Ariel Sharons government and Lieberman was made Minister of Transport, however, the party left the government on 6 June 2004, in response to the disengagement plan. On 1 February 2006, shortly before the elections that year, the election results saw the party increase in strength to eleven seats. Although it remained outside Ehud Olmerts government formed in May 2006, God willing, God will come to our help. Tartmans comments were condemned as racist by other MKs. In January 2008 the party left the government in protest against talks with the Palestinian National Authority, on 22 December 2008, Lieberman approved the partys list for the 2009 elections. New names in the top ten include Orly Levy and Anastasia Michaeli, Knesset members Yosef Shagal and Tartman failed to make the list. The results of the saw the party win 15 seats, making it the third largest after Kadima. On 25 October 2012, Lieberman and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that Yisrael Beiteinu, in view of the challenges were facing, we need responsibility on a national level. Were providing an alternative, and an opportunity for the citizens to stabilize leadership and government. The supreme body in the party is the party conference, which every four years
3.
Daniel Hershkowitz
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Daniel Hershkowitz is an Israeli politician, mathematician and rabbi. He previously served as a professor of mathematics at the Technion and is also rabbi of the Ahuza neighborhood in Haifa and he was appointed president of Bar-Ilan University in 2013. Hershkowitz earned his BSc in 1973, MSc in 1976, and DSc in 1982 and he has published over 80 mathematics articles in academic journals. He was President of the International Linear Algebra Society, and was previously a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 2009 he was elected to the Knesset as the leader of the Jewish Home and he did not contest the 2013 elections and subsequently left the Knesset. Daniel Hershkowitz on the Knesset website Prof. org
4.
Naftali Bennett
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Naftali Bennett is an Israeli politician who has led the right-wing religious The Jewish Home party since 2012. He has served as Israels Minister of Education since 2015 and Minister of Diaspora Affairs since 2013, between 2013 and 2015 he held the posts of Minister of Economy and Minister of Religious Services. In 1999, he co-founded and co-owned the Cyota company, operating in the space, focused on online banking fraud, e-commerce fraud. The company was sold in 2005 for $145 million and he has also served as CEO of Soluto, a cloud computing service, sold in 2013 for a reported $100–130 million. He entered politics in 2006, serving as Chief of Staff for Benjamin Netanyahu until 2008, in 2011, together with Ayelet Shaked, he co-founded the My Israel extra-parliamentary movement. In the 2013 Knesset elections, the first contested by The Jewish Home under Bennetts leadership, Naftali Bennett was born in Haifa, Israel on 25 March 1972. He is the youngest of three born to Jim and Myrna Bennett, American Jewish immigrants who moved to Israel from San Francisco in 1967. His fathers Jewish roots come from Poland, Germany and the Netherlands and his maternal grandparents moved to San Francisco from Poland 20 years before the outbreak of World War II, and relocated to Israel as seniors and settled on Vitkin Street in Haifa. Some of his mothers family members, who remained in Poland. Both of Bennetts parents observe Modern Orthodox Judaism, after moving to Israel they volunteered for a few months at kibbutz Dafna, where they studied the Hebrew language, then settled in the Ahuza neighborhood of Haifa. Jim Bennett was a real estate broker turned real estate entrepreneur. Bennetts mother Myrna was the deputy director general of the Association of Americans and Canadians in Israels northern program, one of Naftali Bennetts two brothers, Asher, is a businessman who is now based in the United Kingdom. His other brother, Daniel, is an accountant for Zim Integrated Shipping Services, Naftali Bennett attended Yavne Yeshiva High School in Haifa and became a youth leader with the religious Zionist youth organization Bnei Akiva. During his national service in the Israel Defense Forces, he served in the Sayeret Matkal and Maglan units as a company commander, Bennett served in the Israeli security zone in Lebanon during the 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict. He took part in operations, including Operation Grapes of Wrath. After his IDF service, Bennett received a law degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, during the 2006 Lebanon War, he was called up as a reservist and participated in a search and destroy mission behind enemy lines, operating against Hezbollah rocket launchers. Some of Bennetts actions while serving as a special forces commando are controversial, journalist Yigal Sarna argued that Bennett displayed “poor judgment, while serving in the Maglan commando unit, during Operation Grapes of Wrath. Sarna argued that “Bennett led a force of 67 combat troops into Lebanon, at a certain point, he decided to ignore orders and change operational plans without coordinating these moves with his superiors, who in his mind were cowardly and not steadfast enough
5.
National Religious Party
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Formed in 1956, at the time of its dissolution in 2008, it was the second oldest surviving party in the country after Agudat Yisrael, and was part of every government coalition until 1992. The 2006 elections saw the party slump to just three seats, the worst electoral performance in its history. In November 2008 party members voted to disband the party in order to join the new Jewish Home party created by a merger of the NRP, however, most of the National Union left the merger shortly after its implementation. Rabbi Kook saw Zionism as a part of a scheme that would result in a resettling of the Jewish people in its homeland, Israel, and, ultimately. The National Religious Party was created by the merger of two parties—Mizrachi and Hapoel HaMizrachi—in 1956, the two parties had run for the 1955 election on a joint list under the name of the National Religious Front. The founders of the party were Yosef Burg and Haim-Moshe Shapira, the NRP operated a trade union, a newspaper and a youth movement. Only the youth movement still exists today, the seeds of change were sown in 1967, when Israels victory in the Six-Day War spawned messianic trends among religious Israeli Jews that resulted in many members of the NRP moving further right. From its inception the NRP maintained an almost constant number of 12 members of the Israeli Knesset, in 1981 it shrank to 6 members. The party was unique in that it participated in all the governments of Israel until 1992, during this period it was a centrist party, interested mainly in religious matters and impervious to the left–right divisions of the Israeli public. The longtime cooperation between the Israeli Labor Party and the NRP is sometimes referred to as the historic league, the NRP was a member on the 2003 government led by Ariel Sharon and had two ministers in the cabinet. Effi Eitam was the Minister of Housing and Zevulun Orlev was the Minister of Labor, Yitzhak Levy was a deputy minister responsible for the Ministry of Religious Affairs until it was dismantled. Supporting the Road Map for Peace, but with the reservation that the Palestinians should stop terrorism, supporting the Israeli West Bank barrier, on condition that it will include the major settlement blocks in the West Bank. Finding a solution for people who cannot marry according to Jewish law by creating something similar to a civil marriage. Drafting the Haredim for military service, retaining the Jewish character of the state of Israel. Obligating the Shinui party not to act unilaterally in matters of state and religion, the party subsequently left the government and went into opposition. Sharons disengagement plan caused great controversy within the party, Sharon dismissed two cabinet ministers from the National Union in order to achieve a majority for approving the plan in his government. The NRP declared that it was resisting the plan and any removal of Jews living in Gush Katif, the party, together with the Likud right-wing failed to stop the disengagement plan. Eventually, Effi Eitam and Yitzhak Levi resigned from the government, however, the four other Knesset Members of the NRP supported Orlevs stand that the party should remain in the coalition and thwart the disengagement plan from inside
6.
Jerusalem
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Jerusalem is a city located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is considered a city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, the part of Jerusalem called the City of David was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent, today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger, Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old Citys boundaries. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, the sobriquet of holy city was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times. The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Septuagint which Christians adopted as their own authority, was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesuss crucifixion there, in Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. As a result, despite having an area of only 0, outside the Old City stands the Garden Tomb. Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently annexed it into Jerusalem, one of Israels Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the countrys undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset, the residences of the Prime Minister and President, the international community does not recognize Jerusalem as Israels capital, and the city hosts no foreign embassies. Jerusalem is also home to some non-governmental Israeli institutions of importance, such as the Hebrew University. In 2011, Jerusalem had a population of 801,000, of which Jews comprised 497,000, Muslims 281,000, a city called Rušalim in the Execration texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt is widely, but not universally, identified as Jerusalem. Jerusalem is called Urušalim in the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba, the name Jerusalem is variously etymologized to mean foundation of the god Shalem, the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city. The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua, according to a Midrash, the name is a combination of Yhwh Yireh and the town Shalem. The earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states, I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem, or as other scholars suggest, the mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem
7.
Religious Zionism
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Religious Zionism is an ideology that combines Zionism and observant Judaism. Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Religious Zionists were mainly observant Jews who supported Zionist efforts to build a Jewish state in Palestine and their ideology revolves around three pillars, the Land of Israel, the People of Israel, and the Torah of Israel. In 1862, German Orthodox Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer published his tractate Derishat Zion, positing that the salvation of the Jews, promised by the Prophets, Rabbi Moshe Shmuel Glasner was another prominent rabbi who supported Zionism. Kook saw Zionism as a part of a scheme which would result in the resettlement of the Jewish people in its homeland. This would bring salvation to Jews, and then to the entire world, after world harmony is achieved by the refoundation of the Jewish homeland, the Messiah will come. Although this has not yet happened, Kook emphasized that it would take time, in 1924, when Kook became the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Palestine, he tried to reconcile Zionism with Orthodox Judaism. Religious Jews believe that Eretz Yisrael was promised to the ancient Israelites by God, to generations of diaspora Jews, Jerusalem has been a symbol of the Holy Land and of their return to it, as promised by God in numerous Biblical prophecies. Hastening salvation and the coming of the Messiah was considered religiously forbidden, Rabbi Kook developed a theological answer to that claim, which gave Zionism a religious legitimation, Zionism was not merely a political movement by secular Jews. It was actually a tool of God to promote His divine scheme and to initiate the return of the Jews to their homeland – the land He promised to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Moreover, to cultivate the Land of Israel was a Mitzvah by itself, therefore, settling Israel is an obligation of the religious Jews and helping Zionism is actually following Gods will. Religious Jews also disapproved of the Zionists because many were secular Jews or atheists, socialist Zionism envisaged the movement as a tool for building an advanced socialist society in the land of Israel, while solving the problem of antisemitism. The early kibbutz was a settlement that focused on national goals unencumbered by religion. Socialist Zionists were one of the results of a process of modernisation within the Jewish communities of Europe known as the Haskalah. Without their knowledge, they are contributing to the divine scheme, the role of religious Zionists is to help them to establish a Jewish state and turn the religious spark in them into a great light. They should show them that the source of Zionism and the longed-for Zion is Judaism and teach them Torah with love. In the end, they understand that the laws of Torah are the key to true harmony. Shlomo Avineri explained the last part of Kooks answer, the first rabbis to support Zionism were Yehuda Shlomo Alkalai and Zvi Hirsch Kalischer. The Mizrachi organization was established in 1902 in Vilna at a conference of Religious Zionists
8.
Religious nationalism
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Religious nationalism is the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma, or affiliation. This relationship can be broken down into two aspects, the politicization of religion and the influence of religion on politics, in the former aspect, a shared religion can be seen to contribute to a sense of national unity, a common bond among the citizens of the nation. Another political aspect of religion is the support of an identity, similar to a shared ethnicity, language. Ideologically-driven religious nationalism may not necessarily be targeted against other religions per se, indeed, religious nationalism may articulate itself as the binary of secular nationalism. Thus, there was a rise of religious nationalism in the wake of the end of the cold war. In such a scenario, appealing to a sense of Islamic identity, as in the cases of Pakistan and Indonesia. Thus, appeals to religion as a marker of ethnicity creates an opening for more strident, many ethnic and cultural nationalisms include religious aspects, but as a marker of group identity, rather than the intrinsic motivation for nationalist claims. Christian nationalists focus more on politics, such as passing laws that reflect their view of Christianity. In the United States, Christian nationalism tends to be conservative, in Poland, nationalism was always characterized by loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church. Groups like the National Revival of Poland use slogans like Wielka Polska Katolicka and protest vigorously against legalization of gay marriage, conservative religious groups connected with Radio Maryja are often accused of harboring nationalist and antisemitic attitudes. Religious nationalism characterized by communal adherence to Eastern Orthodoxy and national Orthodox Churches is found in states of Eastern Europe. Many Russian Neo-Fascist and Neo-Nazi groups, such as the Russian National Unity, pakistani nationalism is very closely associated with Muslim heritage, the religion of Islam and pan-Islamism as described in Two-Nation Theory. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious and ethnic influences that help mould the national consciousness, Religious Zionism is an ideology that combines Zionism and observant Judaism. Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Religious Zionists were mainly observant Jews who supported Zionist efforts to rebuild a Jewish state in the Land of Israel. Given the extensive linguistic, religious, and ethnic diversity of the Indian population, indians may identify with their nation on account of civic, cultural, or third-world nationalism. In the Korean peninsula the Donghak movement and its leader, Choe Je-u, were inspired by Korean Catholic missionaries, however, they condemned the Western learning preached by missionaries and contrasted it with the indigenous Eastern learning. They started a rebellion in 1894 in Jeolla province in southwestern Korea, the rebellion was eventually crushed by Chinese and Japanese troops, resulting in 300,000 fatalities. It is comparable to the millenarian Taiping revolution led by Hong Xiuquan, the Donghak movement served as a template for the later Daejonggyo and Jeungsan-gyo movements, as well as for other religious nationalist movements
9.
Conservatism
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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
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