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Film poster
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A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film. Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and they normally contain an image with text. Todays posters often feature photographs of the main actors, prior to the 1990s, illustrations instead of photos were far more common. The text on film posters usually contains the title in large lettering. It may also include a tagline, the name of the director, names of characters, film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters, and elsewhere on the street or in shops. The same images appear in the film exhibitors pressbook and may also be used on websites, DVD packaging, flyers, advertisements in newspapers and magazines, film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film. They began as outside placards listing the programme of films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater, by the early 1900s, they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes. Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film, as an economy measure, the NSS regularly recycled posters that were returned, sending them back out to be used again at another theater. During this time, a film could stay in circulation for several years and those posters which were not returned were often thrown away by the theater owner, but some found their way into the hands of collectors. Today there is a thriving market in film posters, some have become very valuable. The record price for a poster was set on November 15,2005 when $690,000 was paid for a poster of Fritz Langs 1927 film Metropolis from the Reel Poster Gallery in London. The 1931 Frankenstein six-sheet poster, of only one copy is known to exist, is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world. Over the years, old Bollywood posters, especially with hand-painted art, have become collectors items, occasionally, rare film posters have been found being used as insulation in attics and walls. In 2011,33 film posters, including a Dracula Style F one-sheet, from 1930-1931 were discovered in an attic in Berwick, Pennsylvania, as a result of market demand, some of the more popular older film posters have been reproduced either under license or illegally. Although the artwork on reproductions is the same as originals, reproductions can often be distinguished by size, printing quality, several websites on the Internet offer authentication tests to distinguish originals from reproductions. Original film posters distributed to theaters and other venues by the movie studios are never sold directly to the public. However, most modern posters are produced in quantities and often become available for purchase by collectors indirectly through various secondary markets such as eBay. Accordingly, most modern posters are not as valuable, however some recent posters, such as the recalled Pulp Fiction Lucky Strike U. S. one sheet poster, are quite rare
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Richard Amsel
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Richard Amsel was an American illustrator and graphic designer. His career was brief but prolific, including posters, album covers. His portrait of comedian Lily Tomlin for the cover of Time is now part of the permanent collection at the Smithsonian Institution and he was associated with TV Guide for thirteen years. Richard Amsel was born in Philadelphia, manilow introduced the two, and it was quickly decided that Amsel should do the cover of her first Atlantic Records album. The cover, for The Divine Miss M proved to be one of the most ubiquitous of the year, more album covers and posters soon followed, as did a series of magazine ads for designer Oleg Cassini. Miller, The Muppet Movie, Murder on the Orient Express, Nashville, Papillon, The Shootist, though brief, Amsels career was prolific. By the decades end his movie posters alone matched or exceeded the creative output of many of his contemporaries and his work graced the cover of Time—a portrait of comedian Lily Tomlin, now housed in the permanent collection at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D. C. In keeping with the magazines stringent deadlines, Amsels illustration was created in two or three days. The key to his success, beyond raw talent, was the quality of his work. Amsel could perfectly evoke period nostalgia, while also producing something timeless and iconic, and however different his approach from one assignment to the other, all would bear his instantly recognizable stamp. In 1972, TV Guide commissioned Amsel to do a cover featuring the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, thus began Amsels 13-year association with TV Guide, resulting in a record of more than 40 covers. Perhaps the most beloved is Amsels portrait of Lucille Ball, done for the magazines July 6,1974 issue honoring the retirement from series television. I did not want the portrait to be of Lucy Ricardo, Amsel explained, I wanted it to have the same timeless sense of glamour that Lucy herself has. She is, after all, a former Goldwyn Girl, I hoped to capture the essence of all this. Amsels work so impressed Ms. Ball that the artwork was featured in the credits of a two-hour television tribute, CBS Salutes Lucy. The 1980s marked a change in movie marketing campaigns, with more and more employing photographs in favor of illustrations. Movie poster artists now faced a field in which to compete, often limited to science fiction, fantasy. But perhaps his work for the adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark remains the artist’s most famous
3.
Peter Bogdanovich
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Peter Bogdanovich is an American director, writer, actor, producer, critic and film historian. He is part of the wave of New Hollywood directors, which included William Friedkin, Brian De Palma, George Lucas, Martin Scorsese, Michael Cimino and his most critically acclaimed and well-known film is the drama The Last Picture Show. Bogdanovich also directed the thriller Targets, the screwball comedy Whats Up, the comedy-drama Paper Moon and the drama Mask. His most recent film, Shes Funny That Way, was released in 2014, Bogdanovich was born in Kingston, New York, the son of Herma and Borislav Bogdanovich, a painter and pianist. His Austrian-born mother was Jewish whose family moved from Vienna to Zagreb, Croatia in 1932, while his father was a Serbian Orthodox Christian, in the early 1960s, Bogdanovich was known as a film programmer at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Bogdanovich also brought attention to such forgotten pioneers of American cinema as Allan Dwan, Bogdanovich kept a card file of every film he saw between 1952 and 1970, with complete reviews of every film. Bogdanovich was influenced by the French critics of the 1950s who wrote for Cahiers du Cinéma, before becoming a director himself, he built his reputation as a film writer with articles in Esquire. These articles were collected in Pieces of Time, with his wife Polly Platt, he headed for Los Angeles, skipping out on the rent in the process. Intent on breaking into the industry, Bogdanovich would ask publicists for movie premiere, at one screening, Bogdanovich was viewing a film and director Roger Corman was sitting behind him. The two struck up a conversation when Corman mentioned he liked a cinema piece Bogdanovich wrote for Esquire, Corman offered him a directing job which Bogdanovich accepted immediately. He worked with Corman on Targets, which starred Boris Karloff, Bogdanovich later said of the Corman school of filmmaking, I went from getting the laundry to directing the picture in three weeks. Altogether, I worked 22 weeks – preproduction, shooting, second unit, returning to journalism, Bogdanovich struck up a lifelong friendship with Orson Welles while interviewing him on the set of Mike Nicholss Catch-22. Bogdanovich played a role in elucidating Welles and his career with his writings on the actor-director. In the early 1970s, when Welles was having financial problems, in 1970, Bogdanovich was commissioned by the American Film Institute to direct a documentary about John Ford for their tribute, Directed by John Ford. The resulting film included interviews with John Wayne, James Stewart and Henry Fonda. Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg and others, much of the inspiration which led Bogdanovich to his cinematic creations came from early viewings of the film Citizen Kane. In an interview with Robert K. Elder, author of The Film That Changed My Life, Bogdanovich explains his appreciation of Orson Welles work, It’s the first modern film, fragmented, not told straight ahead, jumping around. It anticipates everything that’s being done now, and which is thought to be so modern, It’s all become really decadent now, but it was certainly fresh then
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Larry McMurtry
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Larry Jeff McMurtry is an American novelist, essayist, bookseller, and screenwriter whose work is predominantly set in either the old West or in contemporary Texas. His novels include Horseman, Pass By, The Last Picture Show and Terms of Endearment, McMurtry was born in Archer City, Texas,25 miles from Wichita Falls, Texas, the son of Hazel Ruth and William Jefferson McMurtry, who was a rancher. He grew up on a ranch outside Archer City, which is the model for the town of Thalia that appears in much of his fiction and he earned degrees from the University of North Texas and Rice University. In 1942, when his cousin Robert Hilburn on his way to enlist for World War II stopped by the house and left a box containing 19 books. The books were standard boys adventure tales of the 1930s, the first book he read was Sergeant Silk, The Prairie Scout. Beagle, and Gurney Norman, Stegner himself was on sabbatical in Europe during McMurtrys fellowship year, McMurtry and Kesey remained friends after McMurtry left California and returned to Texas to take a year-long composition instructorship at Texas Christian University. That same year, McMurtry was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, McMurtry has won the Jesse H. He has also won the Amon G. Carter award for periodical prose in 1966, for Texas, in 1986, McMurtry received the Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award. The Helmerich Award is presented annually by the Tulsa Library Trust, McMurtry described his method for writing novels in Books, A Memoir. He says that from his first novel on he would get up early, at the time of publication of the memoir in 2008, he stated that it was still his method, although by then he was up to dashing off 10 pages a day. He also writes every day, ignoring holidays and weekends, McMurtry has been a regular contributor to The New York Review of Books and is a past president of PEN. While at Stanford, McMurtry became a scout, and during his years in Houston. In 1969, he moved to the Washington, DC, area, in 1988, he opened another Booked Up in Archer City, which is one of the largest used bookstores in the United States, carrying between 400,000 and 450,000 titles. Citing economic pressures from internet bookselling, McMurtry came close to shutting down the Archer City store in 2005, in early 2012, McMurtry decided to downsize and sell off the greater portion of his inventory. He made the decision as he felt the collection was a liability for his heirs, the auction was conducted on August 10 and 11,2012, and was overseen by Addison and Sarova Auctioneers of Macon, Georgia. This epic book auction sold books by the shelf, and was billed as The Last Booksale in keeping with the title of McMurtrys The Last Picture Show, dealers, collectors, and gawkers came out en masse from all over the country to witness this historic auction. As stated by Mr. McMurtry on the weekend of the sale, Ive never seen that many people lined up in Archer City, in 2006, he was cowinner of both the Best Screenplay Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Brokeback Mountain. In his Golden Globe acceptance speech, he paid tribute to his Swiss-made Hermes 3000 typewriter and his former wife, Jo Scott McMurtry, an English professor, is also the author of five books
5.
Jeff Bridges
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Jeffrey Leon Jeff Bridges is an American actor, singer, and producer. He comes from a prominent acting family and appeared on the television series Sea Hunt, with his father, Lloyd Bridges and brother, Beau Bridges. His other films include Tron, Jagged Edge, The Fabulous Baker Boys, The Fisher King, Fearless, The Big Lebowski, Seabiscuit, Iron Man, Tron, Legacy, jeffrey Leon Bridges was born on December 4,1949, in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of show business parents, actor Lloyd Bridges and actress and his older brother, Beau Bridges, is also an actor. He has a sister, Lucinda, and had another brother, Garrett. His maternal grandfather was an English emigrant from Liverpool, Bridges and his siblings were raised in the Holmby Hills section of Los Angeles. Growing up, Bridges shared a relationship with his brother Beau. He graduated from University High School in 1967, at age 17, Jeff toured with his father in a stage production of Anniversary Waltz. After graduating from school, Bridges moved to New York City. Also, after turning 18, Bridges joined the United States Coast Guard Reserve, Bridges made his first screen appearance at the age of almost two years in The Company She Keeps in 1951. In his youth, Bridges and brother Beau made occasional appearances on their fathers show Sea Hunt, in 1969, he played Cal Baker, a Jobs Corps crew member, in the TV series Lassie episode Success Story. In 1971, he played the lead role Mike in the TV movie In Search of America and his first major role came in the 1971 film The Last Picture Show, for which he garnered a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He co-starred in the 1972 critically acclaimed boxing film Fat City. He was nominated again for Best Supporting Actor for his performance opposite Clint Eastwood in the 1974 film Thunderbolt, in 1976, he starred as the protagonist Jack Prescott in the first remake of King Kong, opposite Jessica Lange. This film was a success, earning $90 million worldwide, more than triple its $23 million budget. One of his roles was in the 1982 science fiction film Tron, in which he played Kevin Flynn. The same year, he starred in Kiss Me Goodbye. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1984 and he was also acclaimed for his roles in the thriller Against All Odds and the crime drama Jagged Edge
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Cybill Shepherd
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Cybill Lynne Shepherd is an American actress, singer and former model. Shepherd was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the daughter of Patty, a homemaker, and William Jennings Shepherd, according to Shepherds autobiography, it was a 1970 Glamour magazine cover that caught the eye of film director Peter Bogdanovich. She became intimately involved with him, as well as co-star Jeff Bridges, screenwriter Larry McMurtry and her first film was The Last Picture Show, also starring Jeff Bridges and Timothy Bottoms. The film became a critical and box office hit, earning several Academy Awards, Shepherd was nominated for a Golden Globe. Shepherd was cast opposite Charles Grodin in The Heartbreak Kid and she played Kelly, the beautiful, sunkissed young woman for whom Grodins character falls while on his honeymoon in Miami. Directed by Elaine May, it was critical and box office hit. Also in 1972, Shepherd posed as a Kodak Girl for the camera manufacturers then ubiquitous cardboard displays, in 1974, Shepherd again teamed with Peter Bogdanovich for the title role in Daisy Miller, based on the Henry James novella. The film—a period piece set in Europe—proved to be a box office failure, Shepherd returned with good reviews for her work in Martin Scorseses Taxi Driver. According to Shepherd, Scorsese had requested a Cybill Shepherd type for the role and she portrayed an ethereal beauty with whom Robert De Niros character, Travis Bickle, becomes enthralled. A series of successful roles followed, including The Lady Vanishes. Already sitting in on a class taught by Stella Adler, Shepherd was offered work at a dinner theater in Norfolk, VA. In 1982, Shepherd returned to New York and soon took to the stage alongside James MacArthur in a theatre tour of Lunch Hour by Jean Kerr. The following year, Shepherd went back to Los Angeles and soon won the role of Colleen Champion in the drama, The Yellow Rose. Although critically acclaimed, the series lasted one season. A year later Shepherd was cast as Maddie Hayes in ABCs Moonlighting, the producers knew that her role depended on having chemistry with her co-star, and she was involved in the selection of Bruce Willis. A lighthearted combination of mystery and comedy, the series won Shepherd two Golden Globe awards and she starred in Chances Are with Robert Downey Jr. and Ryan ONeal, receiving excellent reviews. She then reprised her role as Jacy in Texasville, the sequel to The Last Picture Show and she also appeared in Woody Allens Alice, and Eugene Levys Once Upon a Crime, as well as several television films. In 2003, she guest-starred on 8 Simple Rules as the sister of Cate Hennessy and she has played Martha Stewart in two television films, Martha, Inc
7.
Eileen Brennan
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Verla Eileen Brennan was an American film, stage, and television actress. She gained further acclaim for her role as Doreen Lewis in Private Benjamin. She reprised the role for the TV adaptation, winning both a Golden Globe and Emmy for her performance, Brennan also starred in the mystery comedy Clue, and had a minor role in the horror film Jeepers Creepers. Brennan also worked prolifically in television, receiving Emmy nominations for her roles on Newhart, Thirtysomething, Taxi. Brennan was born Verla Eileen Brennen on September 3,1932 in Los Angeles, California, daughter of Regina Jeanne Menehan, a silent film actress, and John Gerald Brennen, of Irish descent, she was raised Roman Catholic. After graduating from school in California, Brennan relocated to Washington, DC, to attend Georgetown University. She later relocated to New York City to attend the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Brennan began her acting career while attending university, appearing in Georgetowns stage productions of Arsenic and Old Lace. She played Annie Sullivan in The Miracle Worker at the 1961 Central City, Colorado, Festival, directed by Arthur Penn and she went on to create the role of Irene Malloy in the original Broadway production of Hello, Dolly. Brennans work in theatre attracted attention from producers in California. Her feature film debut was in Divorce American Style and she soon became one of the most recognizable supporting actresses in film and television. Her roles were usually sympathetic characters, though she played a variety of character types, including earthy, vulgar, and sassy. A year after her debut, she became a semiregular on the comedy-variety show Rowan & Martins Laugh-In. Although her name was not often recognized by the public, she became a favorite of many directors. She appeared in Bogdanovichs 1971 drama The Last Picture Show as Genevieve, in 1974, she reunited with director Bogdanovich, appearing in his adaptation of the Henry James novella Daisy Miller. Bogdanovich was the director who made use of her musical talents when he cast her as Cybill Shepherds crude. Brennan also worked with director Robert Moore and writer Neil Simon, appearing in Murder by Death as Tess Skeffington, both of these movies also starred James Coco, James Cromwell, and Peter Falk. She had a role, playing the disc jockey Mutha in the 1978 movie, FM. In 1980, Brennan received a Best Supporting Actress Oscar nomination for her role as Goldie Hawns nasty commanding officer in Private Benjamin and she reprised the role in the television adaptation, for which she won an Emmy as well as a Golden Globe
8.
Ellen Burstyn
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Ellen Burstyn is an American actress. Her career began in theatre during the late 1950s, and over the decade included several films. Burstyn is one of the few performers to have won the Triple Crown of Acting, in 2013, she was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Burstyn was born Edna Rae Gillooly in Detroit, Michigan, the daughter of Correine Marie and she has described her ancestry as Irish, French, Pennsylvania Dutch, a little Canadian Indian. Burstyn has a brother, Jack, and a younger brother. Her parents divorced when she was young, and her brothers and she attended Cass Technical High School, a university-preparatory school which allowed students to choose a specific field of study. In high school, she was a cheerleader, a member of the student council and she dropped out of high school during her senior year after failing her classes. After dropping out of school, Burstyn got a job as a model in a Detroit department store and she later relocated to Dallas, where she continued modeling before traveling to New York City. From 1955 to 1956, Burstyn appeared as an away we go dancing girl on The Jackie Gleason Show under the name Erica Dean. Burstyn then decided to become an actress and chose the name Ellen McRae as her professional name, Burstyn debuted on Broadway in 1957 and joined Lee Strasbergs The Actors Studio in New York City in 1967. In 1975, she won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play for her performance in the comedy Same Time, during 1964-1965, she had a recurring role as Dr. Kate Bartok on the NBC daytime television soap opera The Doctors. In 1967-1968, she co-starred as Julie Parsons opposite Dale Robertson in the ABC Western The Iron Horse and she was credited as Ellen McRae until 1967, when she and her then-husband Neil Nephew both changed their surname to Burstyn and she began to be credited as Ellen Burstyn. In 1971, Burstyn received Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the drama film The Last Picture Show, during the filming of The Exorcist, she injured her coccyx, which led to permanent injury to her spine. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1974 for her performance in the drama Alice Doesnt Live Here Anymore, directed by Martin Scorsese. She also received Best Actress nominations in 1978 for Same Time, Next Year, in 1980 for the drama Resurrection, and for the drama Requiem for a Dream in 2000. In 1977, she was a member of the jury at the 27th Berlin International Film Festival, Burstyn hosted NBCs Saturday Night Live, a late-night sketch comedy and variety show, in December 1980. In 1990, she won the Sarah Siddons Award for her work in Chicago theatre, from 2000 to 2002, Burstyn appeared in the CBS television drama Thats Life. In January 2006, she starred as an Episcopal bishop in the NBC comedy-drama series The Book of Daniel, conservative groups including American Family Association and Focus on the Family urged supporters to complain to NBC affiliates that carried the show
9.
Ben Johnson (actor)
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Ben Son Johnson, Jr. was an American stuntman, world champion rodeo cowboy, and Academy Award-winning actor. The son of a rancher, Johnson arrived in Hollywood to deliver a consignment of horses for a film and he did stunt-double work for several years before breaking into acting through the good offices of John Ford. Tall and laconic, Johnson brought further authenticity to roles in Westerns with his extraordinary horsemanship. He operated a horse-breeding farm throughout his career, although he said he had succeeded by sticking to what he knew, shrewd real estate investments made Johnson worth an estimated $100 million by his latter years. Johnson was born in Foraker, Oklahoma, on the Osage Indian Reservation, of Irish and Cherokee ancestry and his father was a rancher and rodeo champion in Osage County. Johnson was drawn to the rodeos and horse breeding of his early years, in 1953, he took a break from well-paid film work to compete in the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, becoming Team Roping World Champion, although he only broke even financially that year. Johnson was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1973, Johnsons mother Ollie died a few years after her son, on October 16,2000, aged 101. Johnsons 1941 marriage to Carol Elaine Jones lasted until her death on March 27,1994 and she was the daughter of noted Hollywood horse wrangler Clarence Fat Jones. Johnsons film career began with the Howard Hughes film, The Outlaw, before filming began, Hughes bought some horses at the Oklahoma ranch that Johnsons father managed, and hired Johnson to get the horses to northern Arizona, and then to take them on to Hollywood. Johnson liked to say later that he got to Hollywood in a carload of horses and his work as a stunt man caught the eye of director John Ford. Ford hired Johnson for stunt work in the 1948 film Fort Apache, during shooting, the horses pulling a wagon with three men in it stampeded. Johnson, who happened to be settin on a horse, stopped the runaway wagon, when Ford promised that he would be rewarded, Johnson hoped it would be with another doubling job, or maybe a small speaking role. Instead he received an acting contract from Ford. Ford called Johnson into his office, handed him an envelope with a contract in it. Johnson started reading it and when he got to the line and it said $5,000 a week, he stopped reading, grabbed a pen, and signed it. His first credited role was in Fords 3 Godfathers, the film is notable for the skills demonstrated by both Johnson and star Pedro Armendáriz. He later said the film was the most physically challenging of his career, Ford then suggested him for a starring role in the 1949 film Mighty Joe Young, he played Gregg opposite Terry Moore. Ford also cast Johnson as the lead in Wagon Master, one of Fords favorites, in real life, Johnson did not show any bad temper, his demeanor in tense situations was calm but firm
10.
Cloris Leachman
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Cloris Leachman is an American actress of stage, film, and television. In a career spanning seven decades she has won eight Primetime Emmy Awards, one Daytime Emmy Award. As Miss Chicago, Leachman competed in the 20th Miss America pageant, in the 2000s, Leachman had a recurring role as grandma Ida on the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle, and appeared as a roaster in the Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget in 2008. She was a contestant on the season of the ABC reality competition series Dancing with the Stars in 2008. She was 82 at the time and is the oldest contestant to have danced on the series, from 2010-14, she starred as Maw Maw on the Fox sitcom Raising Hope. Leachman was born in Des Moines, Iowa, the eldest of three sisters and she attended Theodore Roosevelt High School. Her parents were Berkeley Claiborne Buck Leachman, who worked at the family-owned Leachman Lumber Company, the youngest sister, Mary, was not in show business. Middle sister Claiborne Cary was an actress and singer and her maternal grandmother was of Bohemian descent. As a teenager, Leachman appeared in plays by local youth on weekends at Drake University in Des Moines and she began appearing on television and in films shortly after competing in Miss America in 1946. After winning a scholarship in the Miss America pageant, Leachman studied acting under Elia Kazan at the Actors Studio in New York City and she was cast as a replacement for the role of Nellie Forbush during the original run of Rodgers and Hammersteins South Pacific. Leachman appeared in live television broadcasts in the 1950s, including such programs as Suspense. She made her film debut as an extra in Carnegie Hall. Leachman was several months pregnant during the filming, and appears in one scene running down a darkened highway wearing only a trench coat, a year later, she appeared opposite Paul Newman and Lee Marvin in The Rack. She appeared with Newman again in a role as a prostitute in Butch Cassidy. She continued to work mainly in television, with appearances in Rawhide, during this period, Leachman appeared opposite John Forsythe on the popular anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents in an episode titled Premonition. She later appeared as Ruth Martin, Timmy Martins adoptive mother, jon Provost, who played Timmy, said, Cloris did not feel particularly challenged by the role. Basically, when she realized that all shed be doing was baking cookies and she was replaced by June Lockhart in 1958. That same year, she appeared in an episode of One Step Beyond titled The Dark Room, in 1960, she played Marilyn Parker, the roommate of Janice Rules character, Elena Nardos, in the Checkmate episode The Mask of Vengeance
11.
Randy Quaid
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Randy Randall Rudy Quaid is an American actor. He has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award, Quaid also won a Golden Globe and was nominated for an Emmy Award for his portrayal of U. S. President Lyndon Johnson in LBJ, The Early Years. He also received Emmy nominations for his roles in A Streetcar Named Desire, Quaid is also well known for his roles in the National Lampoons Vacation movies, Brokeback Mountain, Independence Day and Kingpin. Quaid was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Juanita Bonniedale Nita, an estate agent, and William Rudy Quaid. He is the brother of actor Dennis Quaid. Quaid has English, Scots-Irish, and Cajun ancestry, through his father, Quaid is a first cousin, twice removed, of cowboy performer Gene Autry. Randy Quaid grew up in Bellaire, Texas, a city surrounded by Houston. Randy Quaid has appeared in over 90 films, Peter Bogdanovich discovered him when Quaid was a student at the University of Houston, and he received his first exposure in Bogdanovichs The Last Picture Show. His character escorts Jacy Farrow to a late-night indoor skinny-dip at a swimming pool and it was the first of several roles directed by Bogdanovich and/or based on the writings of Larry McMurtry. Other Peter Bogdanovich films he appeared in are Whats Up, Doc. Quaids first major critically acclaimed role was in The Last Detail. He played Larry Meadows, a young United States Navy sailor on his way to serve a sentence for stealing $40 from an admirals wifes pet charity. Jack Nicholson played the role as a sailor assigned to transport him to prison. Nicholsons character eventually becomes his friend and mentor, helping him experience different aspects of life before he goes behind bars, in 1976, he played the role of Little Tod opposite Marlon Brando in The Missouri Breaks. Quaid had a role in the 1978 feature Midnight Express, playing Jimmy Booth. Quaid acted opposite Charles Bronson in the 1975 action film of a Mexican prison escape Breakout, Quaid was also the lead in the comedy Martians Go Home and Cold Dog Soup and played the King of Spain in Goyas Ghosts. He previously starred in Quick Change with Bill Murray in 1990, Quaid also appeared in three of the five films in the National Lampoons Vacation film series as Cousin Eddie, jovial redneck relative to Beverly DAngelo, wife of Chevy Chases Clark Griswold. Quaid had a supporting role in Brokeback Mountain as an insensitive rancher. Quaid starred in Real Time, an independent film that opened Slamdance Film Festival in 2008, for unspecified reasons, he was not asked to reprised to his role in the 2015 film simply titled Vacation but his character is briefly mentioned
12.
Columbia Pictures
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The studio was founded in 1918 as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and Jacks best friend Joe Brandt, released its first feature film in August 1922. It adopted the Columbia Pictures name in 1924, and went public two years later and its name is derived from Columbia, a national personification of the United States, which is used as the studios logo. In its early years, it was a player in Hollywood. With Capra and others, Columbia became one of the homes of the screwball comedy. In the 1930s, Columbias major contract stars were Jean Arthur, in the 1940s, Rita Hayworth became the studios premier star and propelled their fortunes into the late 1950s. Rosalind Russell, Glenn Ford, and William Holden also became major stars at the studio, in 1982, the studio was purchased by The Coca-Cola Company, and launched TriStar Pictures as a joint venture with HBO and CBS. Five years later, Coca-Cola spun off Columbia, which was sold to Tri-Star, after a brief period of independence with Coca-Cola maintaining a financial interest, the combined studio was acquired by Sony in 1989. It is one of the film studios in the world. It was one of the so-called Little Three among the eight major film studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, Brandt was president of CBC Film Sales, handling sales, marketing and distribution from New York along with Jack Cohn, while Harry Cohn ran production in Hollywood. The studios early productions were short subjects, Screen Snapshots, the Hall Room Boys. The start-up CBC leased space in a Poverty Row studio on Hollywoods famously low-rent Gower Street, among Hollywoods elite, the studios small-time reputation led some to joke that CBC stood for Corned Beef and Cabbage. Brandt eventually tired of dealing with the Cohn brothers, and sold his stake to Harry Cohn. In an effort to improve its image, the Cohn brothers renamed the company Columbia Pictures Corporation on January 10,1924, Cohn remained head of production as well, thus concentrating enormous power in his hands. He would run Columbia for the next 34 years, the second-longest tenure of any studio chief, even in an industry rife with nepotism, Columbia was particularly notorious for having a number of Harry and Jacks relatives in high positions. Humorist Robert Benchley called it the Pine Tree Studio, because it has so many Cohns, Columbias product line consisted mostly of moderately budgeted features and short subjects including comedies, sports films, various serials, and cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was an integrated company. It controlled production and distribution, it did not own any theaters, helping Columbias climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra
13.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
14.
Coming of age
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Coming of age is a young persons transition from being a child to being an adult. The certain age at which this takes place changes in society. It can be a simple legal convention or can be part of a ritual or spiritual event, in the past, and in some societies today, such a change is associated with the age of sexual maturity, especially menarche and spermarche. In others, it is associated with an age of religious responsibility, particularly in western societies, modern legal conventions which stipulate points in late adolescence or early adulthood are the focus of the transition. In either case, many cultures retain ceremonies to confirm the coming of age, Coming of age is often a topic of fiction, in the form of a coming-of-age story. In written literature, a novel which deals with the psychological and moral growth often associated with coming of age is called a bildungsroman. Similar stories that are told in film are called coming-of-age films, turning 15, the age of maturity, as the Bahai faith terms it, is a time when a child is considered spiritually mature. Declared Bahais that have reached the age of maturity are expected to begin observing certain Bahai laws, such as obligatory prayer, theravada boys, typically just under the age of 20 years, undergo a Shinbyu ceremony, where they are initiated into the Temple as Novice Monks. They will typically stay in the monastery for between 3 days and 3 years, most commonly for one 3-month rainy season retreat, held annually from late July to early October. After living the monastic life for some time, the boy, now considered to have come of age. Confucianism had a ceremony called Guan Li for young men, at around the age of 20, they would receive their style name. In many Western Christian churches, a young person celebrates his/her Coming of Age with the Sacrament of Confirmation and this is usually done by the Bishop laying his hands upon the foreheads of the young person, and marking them with the seal of the Holy Spirit. In some denominations during this sacrament the child adopts a name which is added onto their Christian name. In Christian denominations that practice Believers Baptism, the ritual can be carried out after the age of accountability has arrived. Some traditions withhold the rite of Holy Communion from those not yet at the age of accountability, mid-teens in the United States, early teens in Ireland and Britain, has in some areas been abandoned in favour of restoring the traditional order of the three sacraments of initiation. These individuals are seen, according to some Christians, as existing in a perpetual state of innocence. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints sets the age for baptism at 8 years of age and calls this the age of accountability. All persons younger than 8 are considered innocent and incapable of sinning, the LDS Church considers mentally challenged individuals whose mental age is under 8 to be in a perpetual state of innocence, similar to other Christian churches
15.
Clu Gulager
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He also appeared in Peter Bogdanovichs The Last Picture Show and the racing film Winning, with Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward. Gulagers short film A Day with the Boys was nominated for the prestigious Palme dOr for best short film at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival. Gulager was born in Holdenville in Hughes County in east central Oklahoma, the son of John Delancy Gulager and he has Cherokee Native American ancestry. His nickname was given to him by his father for the birds that were nesting at the Gulager home at the time Clu was born. From 1946-48 Gulager served in the United States Marine Corps, after attending Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, Gulager transferred to Baptist-affiliated Baylor University in Waco, Texas. He won a scholarship to study abroad, where he worked under Jean Louis Barrault. In 1952 he returned to Baylor and that same year he married a young singer named Miriam Nethery. In 1958 Gulager appeared as Roy Carter in the episode The Return of Roy Carter in the television series Have Gun-Will Travel starring Richard Boone. In the spring of 1959 Gulager appeared as Tommy Pavlock in the episode The Immigrant of NBCs series The Lawless Years, in the fall of 1959 he appeared in the episode The Temple of the Swinging Doll of NBCs short-lived espionage drama Five Fingers, starring David Hedison. This Andrew Hale is a minister mistakenly on the run who is dying in the desert. He soon displays great knowledge of healing and spiritual matters and restores the faith of many on the wagon train, james Best also appears in this episode in the role of Garth English. On October 11,1959, Gulager appeared as a U. S. Navy sailor in the Appointment at Eleven episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, on The Untouchables, he played the role of real-life vicious mob killer Vincent Mad Dog Coll. Gulager was hailed for his chilling performance as the psychopathic Coll. Late in 1959 he was cast as Beau Chandler in the episode Jessie Quinn of the NBC western series Riverboat, starring Darren McGavin, the episode is a tale of intrigue involving the Texas Revolution. Capt. Holden attempts to send weapons to Sam Houston, but forces of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna in Mexico threaten to blow up Holdens vessel, mercedes McCambridge is cast in the title role, with Kevin Hagen as John Hollister. From 1960-62 Gulager played Billy the Kid in The Tall Man opposite Barry Sullivan as Sheriff Pat Garrett, the episodes portray Billy as a sympathetic character without resorting to the misunderstood young man theme used in such films as The Outlaw and The Left Handed Gun. In 1961 Gulager guest-starred in another NBC western, Whispering Smith, Gulager appeared more than 60 times in other roles in film and television, including the film Winning and the CBS series Three for the Road. He also appeared several times on NBCs Bonanza and he starred with Lee Marvin, Ronald Reagan, John Cassavetes and Angie Dickinson in The Killers, teaming with Marvin as a pair of ruthless hit men
16.
John Hillerman
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John Benedict Hillerman is an American actor, known for his starring role as Jonathan Quayle Higgins III on the television show Magnum, P. I. Hillerman was born in Denison, Texas, the son of Christopher Benedict Hillerman, a gas station owner and his father was the grandson of immigrants from Germany and France. His mother was the daughter of immigrants from Austria and Germany, young Hillerman grew up in Denison and attended St. Xaviers Academy. After graduation, he attended the University of Texas at Austin for three years where he majored in journalism, in 1953, he joined the United States Air Force, serving for four years and achieving the rank of Sergeant. During his years of service, he worked with various theatrical groups. In 1957, he began his career in professional theater, Hillerman retired in 1999, and now resides in his home state of Texas. As of 2010, he relies on a mobility scooter to get around, Hillerman appeared on Broadway in 1959 and worked in live performances in a variety of venues before making his motion picture debut in 1970. He had roles in such films as The Last Picture Show, Whats Up. High Plains Drifter, Paper Moon, Blazing Saddles, and Chinatown and his other roles include Lucky Lady, At Long Last Love, and a small appearance in the comedy film Up the Creek. In 1975, he was a co-star in Ellery Queen as Simon Brimmer, a radio detective who hosted a live radio show and tried to outsmart Ellery Queen. From 1976 to 1980, he had a role as Mr. Conners on the television series One Day at a Time. He is probably best remembered for his role as former British Army Sergeant Major Jonathan Quayle Higgins III on the television series Magnum, Hillerman learned to speak with the English accent of Higgins by watching and listening to performances by Laurence Olivier. He had acted as Magnums foil and often used Higginss catchphrase, whenever Magnum did something Hillermans character would probably call, Utterly ridiculous and stupid. In 1982 John Hillerman played in the pilot of Tales of the Gold Monkey. In 1984, he hosted the David Hemmings-directed puzzle video Money Hunt, in 1990, Hillerman returned to television to perform for one season as Lloyd Hogan in the series The Hogan Family. That same year, Hillerman portrayed Dr. Watson to Edward Woodwards Sherlock Holmes in Hands of a Murderer, in 1993, he appeared in Berlin Break for one season. He played the role of Mac Mackenzie, a spy and currently the proprietor of Macs. He teamed up with two jobless spies as investigators, Valentin Renko, an agent, and Willy Richter
17.
Hank Williams
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Hiram King Hank Williams, was an American singer-songwriter and musician. Born in Mount Olive, Butler County, Alabama, Williams moved to Georgiana, where he met Rufus Payne, Payne had a major influence on Williams later musical style, along with Roy Acuff and Ernest Tubb. During this time, Williams informally changed his name to Hank and he moved to Montgomery, where he began his music career in 1937, when producers at radio station WSFA hired him to perform and host a 15-minute program. He formed as backup the Drifting Cowboys band, which was managed by his mother, Williams eventually married Audrey Sheppard, who was his manager for nearly a decade. After recording Never Again and Honky Tonkin with Sterling Records, he signed a contract with MGM Records, in 1947 he released Move It on Over, which became a hit, and also joined the Louisiana Hayride radio program. One year later, he released a cover of Lovesick Blues, after an initial rejection, Williams joined the Grand Ole Opry. He was unable to read or notate music to any significant degree, among the hits he wrote were Your Cheatin Heart, Hey, Good Lookin, and Im So Lonesome I Could Cry. Several years of pain, alcoholism, and prescription drug abuse severely damaged Williams health. He divorced Sheppard and was dismissed by the Grand Ole Opry because of his unreliability, Williams died on New Years Day of 1953 at the age of 29, from heart failure exacerbated by pills and alcohol. Despite his short life, Williams had a influence on 20th-century popular music. The songs he wrote and recorded have been covered by artists and have been hits in various genres. He has been inducted into multiple halls of fame, such as the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Williams was born in Butler County, Alabama, the son of Jessie Lillybelle Lillie and his parents married on November 12,1916. Hank Williams was of English ancestry, Elonzo Williams worked as an engineer for the railroads of the W. T. Smith lumber company. He was drafted during World War I, serving from July 1918 until June 1919 and he was severely injured after falling from a truck, breaking his collarbone and suffering a severe blow to the head. After his return, the familys first child, Irene, was born on August 8,1922, another son of theirs died shortly after birth. Their third child, Hiram, was born on September 17,1923, in Mount Olive. Since Elonzo Williams was a Mason, and his wife was a member of Order of the Eastern Star the child was named after Hiram I of Tyre, as a child, he was nicknamed Harm by his family and Herky or Poots by his friends
18.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
19.
Academy Award for Best Director
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The Academy Award for Best Director is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of a director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards, directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year, the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 89 films that have been awarded Best Picture,63 have also been awarded Best Director, since its inception, the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams. John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four, william Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions, more than any other individual. As of the 2017 ceremony, Damien Chazelle is the most recent winner in category for his work on La La Land. Chazelle also became the youngest director in history to receive this award, two directing teams have shared the award, Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for West Side Story in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men in 2007. The Coen brothers are the siblings to have won the award. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933. Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full calendar year from January 1 to December 31. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com
20.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
21.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
22.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
23.
National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
24.
Anarene, Texas
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Anarene is a ghost town in Archer County, Texas, United States. Its name was used for the town portrayed in the adaptation of Larry McMurtrys novel. Anarene is located at 33°29′06″N 98°39′57″W, Anarene was founded on the Wichita Falls and Southern Railroad in 1908, the same year the Belknap Coal Company opened a coal mine in nearby Newcastle. It was named for Anna Laurene Graham, the daughter of pioneer settler J. M. Keen, Keen began ranching in the area after serving in the Confederate Army in the American Civil War. Anarenes primary industry was the transportation of coal from the Newcastle mine, in 1929 Anarene had a population of 100, a store, a schoolhouse, a post office, a blacksmith shop, a filling station, and a two-story hotel. An oil field was discovered nearby in 1921, by 1933 the population had declined to 20. In 1942, coal production ended at the Newcastle mine, the Anarene railroad station closed in 1951, and the railway itself was abandoned in 1954. The same year marked the end of production at the Anarene oil field, the post office, established in 1909, was discontinued in 1955. The town portrayed in the 1971 film adaptation of The Last Picture Show is called Anarene, the film was actually made some 8 miles to the north of Anarene, in McMurtrys hometown of Archer City, which is widely believed to have been the model for McMurtrys Thalia. Director Peter Bogdanovich intended the film as an homage to Howard Hawks Red River, set in Abilene, Kansas, Anarene also appears in Bogdanovichs 1990 adaptation of McMurtrys sequel, Texasville. U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Anarene, Texas
25.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
26.
Red River (1948 film)
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The dramatic tension stems from a growing feud over the management of the drive, between the Texas rancher who initiated it and his adopted adult son. The films supporting cast features Walter Brennan, Joanne Dru, Coleen Gray, Harry Carey, John Ireland, Hank Worden, Noah Beery, Jr. Harry Carey, Jr. borden Chase and Charles Schnee wrote the screenplay, based on Chases original story. In 1990, Red River was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, thomas Dunson is a stubborn man who wants nothing more than to start up a successful cattle ranch in Texas. Despite this tragedy, Dunson and Groot press on and that night, Dunson and Groot, keeping watch, hear a group of Indians planning to attack them. They kill the Indians, and on the wrist of one, one day before, he had presented it to his young love as he left the wagon train. The bracelet reappears significantly later in the film, the next day, an orphaned boy named Matthew Garth wanders into Dunson and Groots camp, traumatized and babbling incoherently. He had been part of the wagon train Dunson had left and he is the sole survivor of the wagon train. Dunson adopts him and ties the boys cow to his wagon, with only the bull and the cow, Dunson, Groot and the boy enter Texas by crossing the Red River. In search for land travel through Texas, finally settling in deep South Texas near the Rio Grande. Upon arrival, Dunson proudly proclaims all the land about them as his own, two Mexican men appear on horseback and inform Dunson that the land already belongs to their boss, a Spanish grandee whose family held the land by patent from the King of Spain. Dunson dismisses this inconvenient fact and, thanks to a draw in a showdown, kills one of the men. Dunson names his new spread the Red River D, after his chosen cattle brand for his herd, fatefully, he promises to add M to the brand, once Matt has earned it. Fourteen years pass and Dunson now has a fully operational cattle ranch, with the help of Matt and Groot, his herd now numbers over ten thousand cattle, but he is also broke as a result of widespread poverty in the southern United States. Due to its loss of the American Civil War, the South cannot afford Dunsons beef, Dunson decides to drive his massive herd hundreds of miles north to the railhead at Sedalia, Missouri, where he believes they will fetch a good price. After Dunson hires some men to help out with the drive, including professional gunman Cherry Valance. Along the way, they encounter many troubles including a stampede sparked by one of the men, Bunk Kenneally and this leads to the death of Dan Latimer. The wounded Bunk is sent to make his way home on his own, continuing with the drive, Valance relates around the campfire one evening that the railroad has reached Abilene, Kansas, which is much closer than Sedalia. When Dunson confirms that Valance had not actually seen the railroad, deeper problems arise when Dunsons tyrannical leadership style begins to affect the men
27.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
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John Wayne
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Marion Mitchell Morrison, known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed Duke, was an American actor and filmmaker. An Academy Award-winner for True Grit, Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades, born in Winterset, Iowa, Wayne grew up in Southern California. He found work at film studios when he lost his football scholarship to the University of Southern California as a result of a bodysurfing accident. Initially working for the Fox Film Corporation, he appeared mostly in bit parts. His first leading role came in Raoul Walshs The Big Trail, Waynes career took off in 1939, with John Fords Stagecoach making him an instant star. He went on to star in 142 pictures, biographer Ronald Davis said, John Wayne personified for millions the nations frontier heritage. Eighty-three of his movies were Westerns, and in them he played cowboys, cavalrymen and he is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man, Rio Bravo, and The Longest Day. In his final performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist. He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era, Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26,1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa. The local paper, Winterset Madisonian, reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30,1907 that Wayne weighed 13 pounds at birth and his middle name was soon changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents decided to name their next son Robert. Waynes father, Clyde Leonard Morrison, was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison, Waynes mother, the former Mary Molly Alberta Brown, was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Waynes ancestry included English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and Scottish, Waynes family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1916 to Glendale, California, where his father worked as a pharmacist. A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him Little Duke because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier and he preferred Duke to Marion, and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale, as a teen, he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay and he played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team. Wayne applied to the U. S. Naval Academy, and he instead attended the University of Southern California, majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities, Wayne also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone injury curtailed his career, Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury
29.
Dalton Trumbo
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James Dalton Trumbo was an American screenwriter and novelist, who scripted films including Roman Holiday, Exodus, Spartacus, and Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo. One of the Hollywood Ten, he refused to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947 during the investigation of Communist influences in the motion picture industry. He was subsequently blacklisted by that industry and he continued working clandestinely, producing work under other authors names. His uncredited work won two Academy Awards, the one for Roman Holiday was given to a front writer, the public crediting of him as the writer of both Exodus and Spartacus in 1960 marked the end of the Hollywood Blacklist. His earlier achievements were eventually credited to him by the Writers Guild,60 years after the fact, Trumbo was born in Montrose, Colorado, the son of Maud and Orus Bonham Trumbo. His family moved to Grand Junction in 1908 and he was proud of his paternal immigrant ancestor, a Protestant Swiss man named Jacob Trumbo, who settled in the colony of Virginia in 1736. Trumbo graduated from Grand Junction High School, while still in high school, he worked for Walter Walker as a cub reporter for the Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, covering courts, the high school, the mortuary and civic organizations. He was also a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity, for nine years after his father died, Trumbo worked the night shift wrapping bread at a Los Angeles bakery, and attended the University of Southern California. At the same time, he wrote reviews,88 short stories and six novels. In 1934 Trumbo was hired as managing editor of the Hollywood Spectator, later he left the magazine to become a reader in the story department at Warner Bros. studio. His first published novel was Eclipse, released during the Great Depression, Writing in the social realist style, Trumbo drew on his years in Grand Junction to portray a town and its people. The book was controversial in his town, where many people took issue with his fictional portrayal. But years after his death, Trumbo was honored by installation of a statue of him in front of the Avalon Theater on Main Street, Trumbo started working in movies in 1937 but continued writing prose. His anti-war novel Johnny Got His Gun won one of the early National Book Awards, the Most Original Book of 1939. It was inspired by an article Trumbo had read several years earlier, during the late 1930s and early 1940s, Trumbo became one of Hollywoods highest-paid screenwriters, at about $4000 per week while on assignment, and earning as much as $80,000 in one year. He worked on films as Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo, Our Vines Have Tender Grapes. Trumbo aligned with the Communist Party in the United States before the 1940s and his novel The Remarkable Andrew featured the ghost of President Andrew Jackson appearing to caution the United States against getting involved in World War II. Shortly after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Trumbo, Trumbo regretted this decision, which he called foolish
30.
Johnny Got His Gun (film)
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It was based on the novel of the same name by Trumbo, and features an uncredited writing collaboration by Luis Buñuel. The film was released on DVD in the U. S on April 28,2009 via Shout, although Johnny Got His Gun was a minor success at the time of its release, it was largely forgotten soon after by mass audiences. Eventually, the members of Metallica bought the rights to the film in order to keep showing their music video without routinely paying royalties fees, Joe Bonham, a young American soldier hit by an artillery shell during World War I, lies in a hospital bed. He is an amputee who has also lost his eyes, ears, mouth. He remains conscious and able to reason, but his wounds render him a prisoner in his own body, as he drifts between reality and fantasy, he remembers his old life with his family and girlfriend. He also forms a bond, of sorts, with a nurse who senses his plight. Eventually, Joe tries to communicate to his doctors, via Morse code by nodding his head and he wishes for the US Army to put him in a glass coffin in a freak show as a demonstration of the horrors of war. When told that his wish may be impossible to grant, he responds begging to be euthanized and he ultimately realizes that the Army can grant neither wish, and will leave him in a state of living death. His sympathetic nurse attempts to him by clamping his breathing tube. Joe realizes that he never be released from his state of entrapment and he is left alone, weakly chanting. His dreams are drug-induced, as when he talks to his father and Christ. His memories are in a color, such as the fishing trip. Joes face is never seen in the scenes, where his missing limbs are covered by hospital sheets. The film was entered into the 1971 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury, the film currently has a 70% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes. In 1988, the metal band Metallica wrote the song One, based on the book. In early 2009, the 1971 film made its U. S. DVD debut, however, it contains some brief edits, because a European print was used for the video source. In October 2010, a special educational DVD of the 2008 film version starring McKenzie became available free of charge to high school library in the U. S. Johnny Got His Gun at the Internet Movie Database Johnny Got His Gun at Metacritic Johnny Got His Gun at Rotten Tomatoes Johnny Got His Gun at AllMovie Johnny Got His Gun at the TCM Movie Database
31.
Glamour (magazine)
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Glamour is a womens magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. Founded in 1939 and first published in April 1939 in the United States, in most cases it is a monthly publication. In August 1943, the changed its name, to Glamour with the subtitle of for the girl with the job. The magazine is published in a larger format than many of its counterparts and its current editor-in-chief is Cynthia Leive. It targets women 18–49 and reaches an audience of 1,411,061 readers in the United States. Its circulation on newsstands is 986,447, making the average paid circulation,2,397,508. Glamour was the first womens magazine to feature an African-American covergirl when it included Katiti Kironde on the cover of its issue in August 1968. Since 1980 the magazine has held an annual Women of the Year awards ceremony, in April 2009, Glamour launched its first Google widget. IGoogle, which allows users to create a version of the Google home page with select regions of content, or “gadgets. The Glamour. com gadget potentially opens the site to an audience of iGoogle users, each autumn, the magazine organizes the “Glamour Woman of the Year Awards” which recognize women in the public eye. In 2007, Lorena Ochoa won a Woman of the Year award, in 2008 the award was granted to two Yemenis, 10-year-old divorcee Nujood Ali, and the lawyer who took on her case. Nujoods courage was praised by prominent attendees, including Hillary Clinton, the 2010 Glamour Woman of the Year was Cher and the 2016 Glamour Woman of the Year was Zendaya. Hundreds of college juniors apply each year, Glamour launched in the UK in April 2001, where it pioneered the “handbag size” format, with the tagline fits in your life as well as your handbag. Each September the magazine holds “National Glamour Week”, consequently, the magazine features extra coupons and competitions. Since its launch the magazine has been edited by Jo Elvin, in June 2009, to celebrate Glamours 8th birthday in the UK, Glamour. com have made a gallery of every cover since launch. The German edition is published fortnightly and was edited by Andrea Ketterer in March 2005, the Italian edition of Glamour was launched in December 1976, under the title Lei. It was not until 1992, when the magazine was officially renamed Glamour, the Russian edition was established in 2004 and it is published monthly in the country. The South African edition launched in April 2004, is published monthly and is, since its inception, in Germany and Greece Lucky, a fashion and shopping magazine is published seasonally, in tandem with Glamour
32.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
33.
Roger Vadim
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Roger Vadim was a French screenwriter, film director and producer, as well as an author, artist and occasional actor. His best-known works are visually lavish films with erotic qualities, such as And God Created Woman, Barbarella, Vadim was born as Roger Vadim Plemiannikov in Paris. His mother, Marie-Antoinette, was a French writer, and essayist, Vadim studied journalism and writing at the University of Paris, without graduating. At age 19, he became assistant to film director Marc Allégret, whom he met while working at the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt, Vadim was celebrated for his romances/marriages to beautiful actresses. In his mid-30s, he lived with the teenaged Catherine Deneuve, by whom he had a child, Christian Vadim and he was also involved with actress Cindy Pickett. Later, he cohabited with screenwriter Ann Biderman for several years, announcing their engagement in 1984 and he told a story about how he lost his virginity. When he was 16, he spent the summer in Normandy, out of doors that night, she introduced him to the art of love and what amazed him most was that what Hemingway had written came true--the earth moved under him. Not until somewhat later did he realize that Allied ships were bombarding the coast in preparation for the D-day invasion and he was someone in whom there was so much satisfaction to the end of his life. The films merely reflected his happiness, nathalie, his eldest child, told Fonda biographer Patricia Bosworth, Jane was the love of my fathers life. My attitude is that if this makes me a little money it will be a tiny compensation for all the money I helped those actresses make. He also wrote plays and books of fiction, including LAnge Affame. Vadim died of cancer at age 72 on February 11,2000 and he was survived by his widow, Marie-Christine Barrault, and his four children. Ex-wives Bardot, Fonda, Schneider and Stroyberg were all in attendance at his funeral and he is interred at St. Tropez Cemetery. The Naked Heart Blackmailed En Effeuillant la Marguerite/Mademoiselle Striptease And God Created Woman Sait-on jamais, sois belle et tais-toi/Be Beautiful but Shut up Les Bijoutiers du Clair de Lune/The Night Heaven Fell Les liaisons dangereuses/Dangerous Liaisons Blood and Roses La Bride sur le cou/Please Not Now. Manhattan The Assassinated Young Girl Rich and Famous Into the Night Roger Vadim at the Internet Movie Database Roger Vadim at Find a Grave
34.
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
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Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a play by Tennessee Williams. One of Williamss best-known works and his favorite, the play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1955. Cat on a Hot Tin Roof features several recurring motifs, such as social mores, greed, superficiality, mendacity, decay, sexual desire, repression, dialogue throughout is often rendered phonetically to represent accents of the Southern United States. The original production starred Barbara Bel Geddes, Burl Ives, the play was adapted as a motion picture of the same name in 1958, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Paul Newman as Maggie and Brick, with Burl Ives and Madeleine Sherwood recreating their stage roles. Williams made substantial excisions and alterations to the play for a revival in 1974 and this has been the version used for most subsequent revivals, which have been numerous. The party is to celebrate the birthday of patriarch Big Daddy Pollitt, the Deltas biggest cotton-planter, all family members are aware of Big Daddys true diagnosis, he is dying of cancer. Maggie, determined and beautiful, has escaped a childhood of poverty to marry into the wealthy Pollitts, the family is aware that Brick has not slept with Maggie for a long time, which has strained their marriage. Brick, a football hero, infuriates her by ignoring his brother Goopers attempts to gain control of the family fortune. Bricks indifference and his drinking have escalated with the suicide of his friend Skipper, Maggie fears that Bricks malaise will ensure that Gooper and his wife Mae end up with Big Daddys estate. Through the evening, Brick, Big Daddy and Maggie—and the entire family—separately must face down the issues which they have bottled up inside, Big Daddy attempts a reconciliation with the alcoholic Brick. Brick explains to Big Daddy that Maggie was jealous of the friendship between Brick and Skipper because she believed it had a romantic undercurrent. He states that Skipper took Maggie to bed to prove her wrong, Brick believes that when Skipper couldnt complete the act, his self-questioning about his sexuality and his friendship with Brick made him snap. Brick also reveals that, shortly before he committed suicide, Skipper confessed his feelings to Brick, disgusted with the familys mendacity, Brick tells Big Daddy that the report from the clinic about his condition was falsified for his sake. Big Daddy storms out of the room, leading the party gathered out on the gallery to drift inside, Maggie, Brick, Mae, Gooper, and Doc Baugh decide to tell Big Mama the truth about his illness and she is devastated by the news. Gooper and Mae start to discuss the division of the Pollitt estate, Big Mama defends her husband from Gooper and Maes proposals. Big Daddy reappears and makes known his plans to die peacefully, attempting to secure Bricks inheritance, Maggie tells him she is pregnant. Gooper and Mae know this is a lie, but Big Mama, when they are alone again, Maggie locks away the liquor and promises Brick that she will make the lie true. Mendacity is a theme throughout the play
35.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
36.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
37.
Robert Mitchum
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Robert Charles Durman Mitchum was an American film actor, director, author, poet, composer, and singer. Mitchum rose to prominence for his roles in several classic films noir. His best-known films include Out of the Past, The Night of the Hunter, Mitchum is rated number 23 on the American Film Institutes list of the greatest male stars of Classic American Cinema. Mitchum was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut into a Methodist family, a sister, Annette, was born in 1914. James Mitchum was crushed to death in a accident in Charleston, South Carolina, in February 1919. After his fathers death, his mother was awarded a government pension, and soon realized she was pregnant with her son, John. She remarried to a former Royal Naval Reserve officer, Major Hugh Cunningham Morris, Ann and the Major had a daughter, Carol Morris, who was born July 1927 on the family farm in Delaware. When all of the children were old enough to attend school, throughout Mitchums childhood, he was known as a prankster, often involved in fistfights and mischief. When he was 12, his mother sent Mitchum to live with his grandparents in Felton, Delaware, a year later, in 1930, he moved in with his older sister, to New Yorks Hells Kitchen. He experienced numerous adventures during his years as one of the Depression eras wild boys of the road, at age 14 in Savannah, Georgia, he was arrested for vagrancy and put on a local chain gang. By Mitchums own account, he escaped and returned to his family in Delaware, during this time, while recovering from injuries that nearly cost him a leg, he met the woman he would marry, a teenaged Dorothy Spence. He soon went back on the road, eventually riding the rails to California, Mitchum arrived in Long Beach, California, in 1936, staying again with his sister Julie. Soon, the rest of the Mitchum family joined them in Long Beach, during this time, he worked as a ghostwriter for astrologer Carroll Righter. His sister Julie convinced him to join the local theater guild with her, in his years with the Players Guild of Long Beach, he made a living as a stagehand and occasional bit-player in company productions. He also wrote short pieces which were performed by the guild. According to Lee Servers biography, Mitchum put his talent for poetry to work writing song lyrics, in 1940, he returned East to marry Dorothy Spence, taking her back to California. He remained a character until the birth of their first child, James. Mitchum then got a job as a machine operator with the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
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