1.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
2.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
3.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
4.
The New York Times Company
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The New York Times Company is an American media company which publishes its namesake, The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. has served as chairman since 1997 and it is headquartered in Manhattan, New York. The company was founded by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones in New York City, the company moved into the cable channel industry purchasing a 40% interest in the Popcorn Channel, a theatrical movie preview and local movie times, in November 1994. The company completed its purchase of The Washington Posts 50 percent interest in the International Herald Tribune for US$65 million on January 1,2003, on March 18,2005, the company acquired About. com, an online provider of consumer information for US$410 million. In 2005, the company reported revenues of US$3.4 billion to its investors, the Times, on August 25,2006, acquired Baseline StudioSystems, an online database and research service on the film and television industries for US$35 million. The company announced that it had finalized the sale of its Broadcast Media Group on May 7,2007, for approximately $575 million. On July 14,2009, the announced that WQXR was to be sold to WNYC. This US$45 million transaction, which involved Univision Radios WCAA moving to the 96.3 FM frequency from 105.9 FM, ended the Times 65-year-long ownership of the station. On December 27,2011, The Boston Globe reported that the company would sell its Regional Media Group to Halifax Media Holdings LLC, owners of The Daytona Beach News-Journal, the Boston Globe and The Telegram & Gazette of Worcester were not part of the sale. In 2011, the Times sold Baseline StudioSystems back to its owners, Laurie S. Silvers and Mitchell Rubenstein. Facing falling revenue from print advertising in its publication in 2011, The New York Times. As of 2012, it has been successful, garnering several hundred thousand subscriptions. In 2013, the New York Times Company sold The Boston Globe and other New England media properties to John W. Henry, according to the Times Company, the move was made in order to focus more on its core brands. Alongside its namesake newspaper, the company owns the International New York Times. Since 1967, the company has listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol NYT. In 2015, Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim became the top New York Times stockholder, at the April 2005 board meeting, Class B shareholders elected nine of the fourteen directors of the company. The company sponsors a series of national and local awards designed to highlight the achievements of individuals, in 2007, it inaugurated its first Nonprofit Excellence Award, awarded to four organizations for the excellence of their management practices. Only nonprofits in New York City, Long Island, or Westchester were eligible, jointly with the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the American Library Association, The New York Times Company sponsors an award to honor librarians for service to their communities
5.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
6.
New York Herald
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The New York Herald was a large distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6,1835, and 1924. The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett, by 1845, it was the most popular and profitable daily newspaper in the United States. In 1861, it circulated 84,000 copies and called itself the most largely circulated journal in the world, Bennett stated that the function of a newspaper is not to instruct but to startle and amuse. His politics tended to be anti-Catholic and he had tended to favor the Know-Nothing faction, during the American Civil War, his policy as expressed by the newspaper was to staunchly support the Democratic Party. Frederic Hudson served as managing editor of the paper from 1846–1866, Bennett turned over control of the paper to his son James Gordon Bennett, Jr. in 1866. Under Gordon Bennett Jr. the paper financed Henry Morton Stanleys expeditions into Africa to find David Livingstone, the paper also supported Stanleys trans-Africa exploration, and in 1879 supported the ill-fated expedition of George W. DeLong to the arctic region. On October 4,1887, Bennett Jr. sent Julius Chambers to Paris, Bennett himself later moved to Paris, but the New York Herald suffered from his attempt to manage its operation in New York by telegram. In 1924, after Bennett Jr. s death, the New York Herald was acquired by its rival the New York Tribune. In 1959, the New York Herald Tribune and its European edition were sold to John Hay Whitney, in 1966, the New York paper ceased publication. The Washington Post and the New York Times acquired joint control of the European edition, when the Herald was still under the authority of its original publisher Bennett, it was considered to be the most invasive and sensationalist of the leading New York papers. Its ability to entertain the public with timely daily news made it the leading circulation paper of its time, the New York Evening Telegram was founded in 1867 by the junior Bennett, and was considered by many to be an evening edition of the Herald. Frank Munsey acquired the Telegram in 1920, which ceased its connection to the Herald, New Yorks Herald Square is named after the New York Herald newspaper, in the north side of the square there is a sculpture commemorating the Bennetts. The statue of Minerva, the Bellringers, and Owls by Antonin Carles originally graced the New York Herald building and rang every hour until it was moved to Herald Square, the chorus of Give My Regards to Broadway includes the phrase, emember me to Herald Square. North of Herald Square is Times Square, which is named after rival The New York Times, New York Herald Tribune Three months with the New York Herald, or, Old news on board of a homeward. By John Henry Potter Photographs and architectural sketches of the New York Herald Building
7.
New York Herald Tribune
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The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper published between 1924 and 1966. It was created in 1924 when the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald and it was widely regarded as a writers newspaper and competed with the The New York Times in the daily morning market. The paper won at least nine Pulitzer Prizes during its lifetime, editorially, the newspaper was the voice for eastern Republicans, later referred to as Rockefeller Republicans, and espoused a pro-business, internationalist viewpoint. However, it enjoyed prosperity during World War II and by the end of the conflict had pulled close to the Times in ad revenue. A series of business decisions, combined with aggressive competition from the Times and poor leadership from the Reid family. In 1958, the Reids sold the Herald Tribune to John Hay Whitney, under his leadership, the Tribune experimented with new layouts and new approaches to reporting the news, and made important contributions to the body of New Journalism that developed in the 1960s. Combined with investments in the World Journal Tribune, Whitney spent $39.5 million in his attempts to keep the newspaper alive. After the Herald Tribune closed, the Times and The Washington Post, joined by Whitney, entered an agreement to operate the International Herald Tribune, the International Herald Tribune was renamed the International New York Times in 2013. New York magazine, created as the Herald Tribunes Sunday magazine in 1963, was revived by editor Clay Felker in 1968, the New York Herald was founded on May 6,1835 by James Gordon Bennett, a Scottish immigrant who came to the United States at age 24. The fight over access eventually overshadowed the trial itself, Bennett founded the New York Globe in 1832 to promote the re-election of Andrew Jackson to the White House, but the paper quickly folded after the election. Bennett, who wrote much of the newspaper himself, perfected the fresh, Bennett put his profits back into his newspaper, establishing a Washington bureau and recruiting correspondents in Europe to provide the first systematic foreign coverage in an American newspaper. By 1839, the Heralds circulation exceeded that of the The London Times, the New York Tribune was founded by Horace Greeley in 1841. Greeley, a native of New Hampshire, had begun publishing a paper called The New-Yorker in 1834. Joining the Whig Party, Greeley published The Jeffersonian, which helped elect William H, with Whigs in power, Greeley saw the opportunity to launch a daily penny newspaper for their constituency. The New York Tribune launched on April 10,1841, however, his moralism appealed to rural America, with six months of beginning the Tribune, Greeley combined The New-Yorker and The Log Cabin into a new publication, the Weekly Tribune. The weekly version circulated nationwide, serving as a digest of news melded with agriculture tips, offering prizes like strawberry plants and gold pens to salesmen, the Weekly Tribune reached a circulation of 50,000 within 10 years, outpacing the Heralds weekly edition. The Tribunes ranks included Henry Raymond, who later founded The New York Times, and Charles Dana, Dana served as second-in-command to Greeley, but Greeley abruptly fired him in 1862, after years of personality conflicts between the two men. After the Civil War, Bennett turned over operations of the Herald to his son James Gordon Bennett, Jr
8.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
9.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
10.
James Gordon Bennett Jr.
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James Gordon Bennett Jr. was publisher of the New York Herald, founded by his father, James Gordon Bennett Sr. who emigrated from Scotland. He was generally known as Gordon Bennett to distinguish him from his father, among his many sports-related accomplishments he organized both the first polo match and the first tennis match in the United States, and he personally won the first trans-oceanic yacht race. He sponsored explorers including Henry Morton Stanleys trip to Africa to find David Livingstone, Bennett was born on May 10,1841 in New York City to James Gordon Bennett Sr. the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald. He was educated primarily in France, in 1866, the elder Bennett turned control of the Herald over to him. Bennett, like many of his class, indulged in the good life, yachts, opulent private railroad cars. He was the youngest Commodore ever of the New York Yacht Club, in 1861, Bennett volunteered his newly built schooner yacht, Henrietta, for the U. S. Revenue Marine Service during the Civil War, at the same time, Bennett was commissioned as a third lieutenant in the Revenue Marine Service and assigned to the U. S. Marine Revenue schooner Henrietta beginning in June 1861. She patrolled Long Island until February 1862 when she was sent to Port Royal, on March 3,1862, Bennett commanded the Henrietta as part of the fleet which captured Fernandina, Florida. Bennett and the Henrietta returned to life in New York in May 1862. In 1866, on a bet, he won the first trans-oceanic yacht race, the race was between three American yachts, the Vesta, the Fleetwing and the Henrietta. Each yachtsman put up $30,000 in the winner-take-all wager and they started off of Sandy Hook, New Jersey, on 11 December 1866 amid high westerly winds and raced to The Needles, the furthest westerly point on the Isle of Wight, famous for its lighthouse. Bennetts Henrietta won with a time of 13 days,21 hours,55 minutes and he entertained guests aboard his steam-yacht Namouna. American expatriate artist Julius LeBlanc Stewart painted several works set on the yacht, however, he often scandalized society with his flamboyant and sometimes erratic behavior. In 1877, he left New York for Europe after an incident that ended his engagement to socialite Caroline May, according to various accounts, he arrived late and drunk to a party at the May family mansion, then urinated into a fireplace in full view of his hosts. Bennetts controversial reputation has been thought to have inspired, in the United Kingdom, settling in Paris, he launched the Paris edition of the New York Herald, named The Paris Herald, the forerunner of the International Herald Tribune. He backed George W. De Longs voyage to the North Pole on the USS Jeannette via the Bering Strait, the ill-fated expedition led to the deaths from starvation of DeLong and 19 of his crew, a tragedy that only increased the papers circulation. He was a co-founder of the Commercial Cable Company, a venture to break the Transatlantic cable monopoly held by Jay Gould. Bennett returned to the United States and organized the first polo match in the United States at Dickels Riding Academy at 39th Street and he would help found the Westchester Polo Club in 1876, the first polo club in America
11.
Neuilly-sur-Seine
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Neuilly-sur-Seine is a French commune just west of Paris, in the department of Hauts-de-Seine. A suburb of Paris, Neuilly is immediately adjacent to the city, the area is composed of mostly wealthy, select residential neighbourhoods, and many corporate headquarters are located there. Originally, Neuilly was a hamlet under the jurisdiction of Villiers. In 1224 another charter of Saint-Denis recorded the name as Lugniacum, in a sales contract dated 1266 the name was also recorded as Luingni. In 1316, however, in a ruling of the parlement of Paris, the name was recorded as Nully, in a document dated 1376 the name was again recorded as Nulliacum. Then in the centuries the name recorded alternated between Luny and Nully, and it is only after 1648 that the name was definitely set as Nully. The name spelt Neuilly after the French Academy standard of pronunciation of the ill as a y, various explanations and etymologies have been proposed to explain these discrepancies in the names of Neuilly recorded over the centuries. The original name of Neuilly may have been Lulliacum or Lugniacum, some interpret Lulliacum or Lugniacum as meaning estate of Lullius, probably a Gallo-Roman landowner. This interpretation is based on the many placenames of France made up of the names of Gallo-Roman landowners and these researchers contend that it is only after the fall of the Roman Empire and the Germanic invasions that the area of Neuilly was deforested and settled. Thus, they think that the name Lulliacum or Lugniacum comes from the ancient Germanic word lund meaning forest, akin to Old Norse lundr meaning grove, however, this interesting theory fails to explain why the d of lund is missing in Lulliacum or Lugniacum. Or perhaps the consonants were simply inverted under the influence of the settlements of France called Neuilly. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes, on that occasion, a part of the territory of Neuilly-sur-Seine was annexed by the city of Paris, and forms now the neighbourhood of Ternes, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. On 11 January 1867, part of the territory of Neuilly-sur-Seine was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Clichy to create the commune of Levallois-Perret. On 2 May 1897, the name officially became Neuilly-sur-Seine. However, most people continue to refer to Neuilly-sur-Seine as simply Neuilly, during the 1900 Summer Olympics, it hosted the basque pelota events. The American Hospital of Paris was founded in 1906, in 1919, the Treaty of Neuilly was signed with Bulgaria in Neuilly-sur-Seine to conclude its role in World War I. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne, which was divided between the communes of Neuilly-sur-Seine and Boulogne-Billancourt, was annexed in its entirety by the city of Paris. It was the site of the Château de Neuilly, an important royal residence during the July Monarchy, Neuilly-sur-Seine is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 1, Porte Maillot, Les Sablons and Pont de Neuilly
12.
Frank Munsey
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Frank Andrew Munsey was an American newspaper and magazine publisher and author. He was born in Mercer, Maine, but spent most of his life in New York City, the village of Munsey Park, New York is named for him, along with the Munsey Building in downtown Baltimore. Munsey is credited with the idea of using new high-speed printing presses to print on inexpensive, untrimmed and this innovation, known as pulp magazines, became an entire industry unto itself and made Munsey quite wealthy. He often shut down the process and changed the content of magazines when they became unprofitable. Munsey was of English ancestry, his family emigrated from England to America during the era in the early 1600s. Early in life, Munsey ran a store, at which he failed. He next became an operator and then manager of the Western Union telegraph office, in Augusta. Publishing was an industry in Augusta at the time. Munsey was very ambitious, and being in charge of the telegraph office gave him an insight of the printing business. In 1882 he moved from Augusta to New York City and entered the publishing industry and he formed a partnership with a friend in New York and an Augusta stockbroker. After arriving in New York, the stockbroker backed out of the agreement, approaching a New York publisher, Munsey managed to edit and produce the first issue of his magazine, Golden Argosy, only two months and nine days after his arrival. However, five months later, the publisher went bankrupt and entered receivership, by placing a claim for his unpaid salary, Munsey was able to take control of the magazine. Borrowing $300 from a friend in Maine, he managed to keep the magazine going while learning enough about the publishing industry to eventually succeed. Golden Argosy was a boys adventure magazine in a dime novel format with a mix of both articles and fiction. In 1888, the name was changed to The Argosy to attract an older audience and it was renamed Argosy Magazine, and by 1903, circulation climbed to a half million copies per month. In 1889 he founded Munseys Weekly, a 36-page quarto magazine, designed to be a magazine of the people and for the people, with pictures and art and good cheer and it was a success, soon selling 40,000 copies per week. In 1891 the magazine became a monthly, Munseys Magazine, in 1892 the magazine began to include a novel in every issue. By 1895 circulation was over half a million copies per month, in October,1906, he began publishing Railroad Mans Magazine, the first specialized pulp magazine which featured railroad related stories and articles
13.
New-York Tribune
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The New-York Tribune was an American newspaper, first established by Horace Greeley in 1841. Between 1842 and 1866, the newspaper bore the name New-York Daily Tribune, from the 1840s through the 1860s it was the dominant Whig Party and then Republican newspaper in the U. S. The paper achieved a circulation of approximately 200,000 during the decade of the 1850s, making it the largest in New York City, the Tribunes editorials were widely read and helped shape national opinion. In 1924 it was merged with the New York Herald to form the New York Herald Tribune, Greeley had previously published a weekly newspaper, The New Yorker, in 1833, and was also publisher of the Whig Partys political organ, Log Cabin. In 1841, he merged operations of two publications into a new newspaper, the New-York Tribune. The Tribune did reflect some of Horace Greeleys idealist views, the journal retained Karl Marx as its London-based European correspondent in 1852. The arrangement provided Marx with much needed income during a period of his life in which his friend, the arrangement, whereby Engels also submitted articles under Marxs by-line, lasted ten years, with the final Marx column being published in February 1862. In 1854 the paper joined the newly formed Republican Party—Greeley chose the partys name—and emphasized opposition to slavery, during the American Civil War the Tribune usually spoke for the Radical Republican faction that was very hostile to the Confederacy and wanted slavery abolished immediately. The paper generated a large readership, with a circulation of approximately 200,000 during the decade of the 1850s. This made the paper the largest circulation daily in New York City and perhaps in the entire United States — gaining commensurate influence among voters and political decision-makers in the process. After the failure of the Peninsular Campaign in the spring of 1862, during the 1863 Draft Riots a mob tried to burn down the Tribune building which lacked the Gatling guns of the nearby New York Times. Following Greeleys defeat by Ulysses S. Grant for the presidency of the United States in 1872, Greeley checked into Dr. Choates Sanitarium where he died a few weeks later. In 1886, the Tribune became the first publication to be printed on a linotype machine, which allowed it to exceed the standard newspaper size of eight pages. Under Reids son, Ogden Mills Reid, the acquired the New York Herald in 1924 to form the New York Herald Tribune. Copies of the New-York Tribune are available on microfilm at large libraries. Also, indices from selected years in the nineteenth century are available on the Library of Congress website. The original paper articles from the newspapers morgue are kept at The Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin, a new New York Tribune debuted in 1976 in New York City. The paper, which was originally named The News World and later changed to The New York City Tribune, was published by News World Communications, Inc. owned by the Unification Church
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Expatriate
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An expatriate is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country other than that of their citizenship. In common usage, the term refers to professionals or skilled workers sent abroad by their companies. However, it can refer to retirees and others who have chosen to live outside their native country. Historically, it has referred to exiles. The word expatriate comes from the Latin terms ex and patria, dictionary definitions for the current meaning of the word include, Expatriate, A person who lives outside their native country, or living in a foreign land. The varying use of terms for different groups of foreigners can thus be seen as implying nuances about wealth, intended length of stay, perceived motives for moving, nationality. An older usage of the word expatriate was to refer to an exile, as far back as antiquity, people have gone to live in foreign countries, whether as diplomats, merchants or missionaries. The numbers of such travellers grew markedly after the 15th century with the dawn of the European colonial period, in the 19th century, travel became easier by way of steamship or train. People could more readily choose to live for years in a foreign country. After World War II, decolonisation accelerated, however, lifestyles which had developed among European colonials continued to some degree in expatriate communities. Remnants of the old British Empire, for example, can still be seen in the form of gated communities staffed by domestic workers, social clubs which have survived include the Hash House Harriers and the Royal Selangor. Homesick palates are catered for by specialist food shops, and drinkers can still order a gin and tonic, although pith helmets are mostly confined to military ceremonies, civilians still wear white dinner jackets or even Red Sea rig on occasion. The use of curry powder has long since spread to the metropole, from the 1950s, scheduled flights on jet airliners further increased the speed of international travel. This enabled a hypermobility which led to the jet set, and eventually to global nomads, since the 1990s, the rise of the Internet has allowed some types of worker to become digital nomads. Websites aimed at expatriates began to appear about the same time, the number of expatriates in the world is difficult to determine. In 2013, the United Nations estimated that 232 million people, or 3.2 per cent of the world population, in 2007, only 20 per cent of Dubais population were citizens. Singapore, where 40 per cent of the inhabitants were foreign-born workers, many multinational corporations send employees to foreign countries to work in branch offices or subsidiaries. Expatriate employees allow a parent company to more closely control its foreign subsidiaries and they can also improve global coordination
15.
Ernest Hemingway
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Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and he published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature, Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, in 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms, in 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers. He published his novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. Martha Gellhorn became his wife in 1940, they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba, and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he killed himself in mid-1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899, in Oak Park, Illinois and his father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said. For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived at first with Graces father, Ernest Hall, their first sons namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, the family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingways mother frequently performed in concerts around the village, as an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, from 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo and he excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years
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The Sun Also Rises
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An early and enduring modernist novel, it received mixed reviews upon publication. Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes that it is recognized as Hemingways greatest work, the novel was published in the United States in October 1926 by the publishing house Scribners. A year later, the London publishing house Jonathan Cape published the novel with the title of Fiesta, since then it has been continuously in print. Hemingway began writing the novel on his birthday in 1925, finishing the draft manuscript barely two months later in September, after setting aside the manuscript for a short period, he worked on revisions during the winter of 1926. The basis for the novel was Hemingways 1925 trip to Spain, the setting was unique and memorable, showing seedy café life in Paris, and the excitement of the Pamplona festival, with a middle section devoted to descriptions of a fishing trip in the Pyrenees. Hemingways sparse writing style, combined with his use of description to convey characterizations and action. The novel is a roman à clef, the characters are based on people of Hemingways circle. In the novel, Hemingway presents his notion that the Lost Generation, considered to have been decadent, dissolute and irretrievably damaged by World War I, was resilient, additionally, Hemingway investigates the themes of love, death, renewal in nature, and the nature of masculinity. In the 1920s Hemingway lived in Paris, was foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star, with his wife Hadley Richardson, Hemingway first visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona, Spain, in 1923, where he was following his recent passion for bullfighting. The couple returned to Pamplona in 1924—enjoying the trip immensely—this time accompanied by Chink Dorman-Smith, John Dos Passos, the two returned a third time in June 1925 and stayed at the hotel of his friend Juanito Quintana. In Pamplona, the group quickly disintegrated, Hemingway, attracted to Duff, was jealous of Loeb, who had recently been on a romantic getaway with her, by the end of the week the two men had a public fistfight. Against this background was the influence of the young matador from Ronda, Cayetano Ordóñez, Ordóñez honored Hemingways wife by presenting her, from the bullring, with the ear of a bull he killed. Outside of Pamplona, the trip to the Irati River was marred by polluted water. Hemingway had intended to write a book about bullfighting. A few days after the fiesta ended, on his birthday, by 17 August, with 14 chapters written and a working title of Fiesta chosen, Hemingway returned to Paris. He finished the draft on 21 September 1925, writing a foreword the following weekend, a few months later, in December 1925, Hemingway and his wife spent the winter in Schruns, Austria, where he began revising the manuscript extensively. Pauline Pfeiffer joined them in January, and—against Richardsons advice—urged him to sign a contract with Scribners, Hemingway left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers, and on his return, during a stop in Paris, began an affair with Pauline. He returned to Schruns to finish the revisions in March, in June, he was in Pamplona with both Richardson and Pfeiffer
17.
Bayonne
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Bayonne is a city and commune and one of the two sub-prefectures of the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France. Archaeological studies have confirmed the presence of a Roman castrum, a stronghold in Novempopulania at the end of the 4th century before the city was populated by the Vascones. In 1023 Bayonne was the capital of Labourd and, in the 12th century, extended to, at that time the first bridge was built over the Adour. The city came under the domination of the English in 1152 through the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine, it became militarily and, above all and it was separated from the Viscount of Labourd in 1177 by Richard the Lion Heart. In 1451 the city was taken by the Crown of France after the Hundred Years War, the loss of trade with the English and the silting up of the river as well as the movement of the city towards the north weakened it. The district of Saint-Esprit developed anyway thanks to the arrival of a Jewish population fleeing the Spanish Inquisition, from this community Bayonne gained its reputation for chocolate. The course of the Adour was changed in 1578 under the direction of Louis de Foix, in the 17th century the city was fortified by Vauban. In 1951 the Lacq gas field was discovered whose extracted sulphur, Bayonne was, in 2014, a commune with over 45,000 inhabitants, the heart of the urban area of Bayonne and of the Agglomeration Côte Basque-Adour which includes Anglet and Biarritz. It is an important part of the Basque Bayonne-San Sebastián Eurocity, modern industry—metallurgy and chemicals—are established to take advantage of procurement opportunities and sea shipments through the harbour. It is now mostly business services which today represent the largest source of employment, Bayonne is also a cultural capital, a city with strong Basque and Gascon influences and a rich historical past. Its heritage lies in its architecture, the diversity of collections in museums, its gastronomic specialties, the inhabitants of the commune are known as Bayonnais or Bayonnaises. Bayonne is located in the south-west of France on the border between Basque Country and Gascony. It developed at the confluence of the Adour and its tributary on the left bank, the commune was part of the Basque province of Labourd. Bayonne occupies a territory characterized by a relief to the west and to the north towards the Landes forest, tending to slightly raise towards the south. The city has developed at the confluence of the Adour and Nive 6 kilometres from the ocean, the meeting point of the two rivers coincides with a narrowing of the Adour valley. Downstream from this point the river has shaped a large bed in the dunes creating a significant bottleneck at the confluence. The occupation of the hill that dominates this narrowing of the valley developed through a gradual spread across the lowlands by building embankments, the drainage network of the western Pre-Pyrenees evolved mostly from the Quaternary from south-east to northwest oriented east-west. The Adour was then captured by the gaves and this system, together with the Nive, led to the emergence of a new alignment of the lower Adour and this capture has been dated to the early Quaternary
18.
Jean-Luc Godard
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Jean-Luc Godard is a French-Swiss film director, screenwriter and film critic. He is often identified with the 1960s French film movement La Nouvelle Vague, as a result of such argument, he and like-minded critics started to make their own films. Many of Godards films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema, along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references, several of his films expressed his political views, he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy. Since the New Wave, his politics have been less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist. In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll, Godard ranked third in the critics top-ten directors of all time and he is said to have created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century. He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticisms vocabulary, in 2010, Godard was awarded an Academy Honorary Award, but did not attend the award ceremony. Jean-Luc Godard was born on 3 December 1930 in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, the son of Odile and Paul Godard and his wealthy parents came from Protestant families of Franco–Swiss descent, and his mother was the daughter of Julien Monod, a founder of the Banque Paribas. She was the great-granddaughter of theologian Adolphe Monod, relatives on his mothers side include also composer Jacques-Louis Monod, naturalist Théodore Monod and pastor Frédéric Monod. Four years after Jean-Lucs birth, his father moved the family to Switzerland, at the outbreak of the Second World War, Godard was in France and returned to Switzerland with difficulty. He spent most of the war in Switzerland, although his family made trips to his grandfathers estate on the French side of Lake Geneva. Godard attended school in Nyon, Switzerland, in 1946, he went to study at the Lycée Buffon in Paris and, through family connections, mixed with members of its cultural elite. He lodged with the writer Jean Schlumberger, having failed his baccalaureate exam in 1948 he returned to Switzerland. He studied in Lausanne and lived with his parents, whose marriage was breaking up and he spent time in Geneva also with a group that included another film fanatic, Roland Tolmatchoff, and the extreme rightist philosopher Jean Parvulesco. His older sister Rachel encouraged him to paint, which he did, after time spent at a boarding school in Thonon to prepare for the retest, which he passed, he returned to Paris in 1949. He registered for a certificate in anthropology at the University of Paris and he got involved with the young group of film critics at the ciné-clubs that started the New Wave. Godard originally held only French citizenship, then in 1953, he became a citizen of Gland, canton of Vaud, Switzerland, in Paris, in the Latin Quarter just prior to 1950, ciné-clubs were gaining prominence. Godard began attending these clubs - the Cinémathèque, the CCQL, Work and Culture ciné Club, at these clubs he met fellow film enthusiasts including Jacques Rivette, Claude Chabrol, and François Truffaut. Godard was part of a generation for whom cinema took on a special importance and he has said, In the 1950s cinema was as important as bread—but it isnt the case any more
19.
Breathless (1960 film)
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Breathless is a 1960 French film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard about a wandering criminal and his American girlfriend. It was Godards first feature-length work and represented Belmondos breakthrough as an actor, Breathless was one of the earliest, most influential examples of French New Wave cinema. Together with François Truffauts The 400 Blows and Alain Resnaiss Hiroshima, Mon Amour, at the time, the film attracted much attention for its bold visual style, which included unconventional use of jump cuts. A fully restored version of the film was released in the U. S. for its 50th anniversary in May 2010, when originally released in France, the film attracted over 2 million viewers. Michel is a criminal who is intrigued with the film persona of Humphrey Bogart. After stealing a car in Marseille, Michel shoots and kills a policeman who has followed him onto a country road. Penniless and on the run from the police, he turns to an American love interest Patricia, a student and aspiring journalist, the ambivalent Patricia unwittingly hides him in her apartment as he simultaneously tries to seduce her and call in a loan to fund their escape to Italy. Patricia says she is pregnant, probably with Michels child and she learns that Michel is on the run when questioned by the police. Eventually she betrays him, but before the police arrive she tells Michel what she has done and he is somewhat resigned to a life in prison, and does not try to escape at first. The police shoot him in the street and, after a prolonged death run, Michels death scene is one of the most iconic scenes in the film, but the films final lines of dialogue are the source of some confusion for English-speaking audiences. In some translations, it is unclear whether Michel is condemning Patricia, as Patricia and Detective Vital catch up with the dying Michel, they have the following dialogue, MICHEL, Cest vraiment dégueulasse. VITAL, Il a dit que vous êtes vraiment une dégueulasse, in the English captioning of the 2001 Fox-Lorber Region One DVD, dégueulasse is translated as scumbag, producing the following dialogue, MICHEL, Its disgusting, really. VITAL, He said, Youre a real scumbag, the 2007 Criterion Collection Region One DVD uses a less literal translation, MICHEL, Makes me want to puke. VITAL, He said you make him want to puke and this translation also was used for the 2010 restoration print. Labarthe as an extra Jacques Rivette as the body of the man hit by a car Breathless was loosely based on an article that François Truffaut read in The News in Brief. The character of Michel Poiccard is based on real-life Michel Portail and his American girlfriend, in November 1952 Portail stole a car to visit his sick mother in Le Havre and ended up killing a motorcycle cop named Grimberg. Truffaut worked on a treatment for the story with Claude Chabrol, Godard had read and liked the treatment and wanted to make the film. While working as a Press Agent at 20th Century Fox, Godard met producer Georges de Beauregard, de Beauregard hired Godard to work on the script for Pêcheur dIslande
20.
Jean Seberg
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Jean Dorothy Seberg was an American actress, who lived half her life in France. Seberg is also one of the targets of the FBI COINTELPRO project. Her victimization was rendered as a retaliation for her support of the Black Panther Party in the 1960s. Jean Seberg died at the age of 40 in Paris, with police ruling her death a probable suicide, Jean Seberg was born in Marshalltown, Iowa, the daughter of Dorothy Arline, a substitute teacher, and Edward Waldemar Seberg, a pharmacist. Her family was Lutheran and of Swedish, English, and German ancestry and her paternal grandfather, Edward Carlson, arrived in the U. S. in 1882 and observed, there are too many Carlsons in the New World. He decided to change the familys last name to Seberg in memory of the water, Jean had a sister Mary-Ann, a brother Kurt, and a brother David, who was killed in a car accident at the age of eighteen. After high school, Seberg enrolled at the University of Iowa to study dramatic arts, but took up movie making instead. Seberg made her debut in 1957 in the title role of Saint Joan, from the George Bernard Shaw play. Her name was entered by a neighbor, when she was cast, on October 21,1956, her only acting experience had been a single season of summer stock performances. The film was associated with a deal of publicity about which Seberg commented that she was embarrassed by all the attention. Despite a big build-up, called in the press a Pygmalion experiment, on the failure, she later told the press, I have two memories of Saint Joan. The first was being burned at the stake in the picture, the second was being burned at the stake by the critics. I was scared like a rabbit and it showed on the screen and it was not a good experience at all. I started where most actresses end up, Preminger, though, had promised her a second chance, and he cast Seberg in his next film Bonjour Tristesse the following year, which was filmed in France. Regarding his decision, Preminger told the press, Its quite true that, if I had chosen Audrey Hepburn instead of Jean Seberg, it would have less of a risk. Sure, she still has things to learn about acting, Seberg again received atrocious reviews and the film nearly ended her career. But her next role was in the successful 1959 comedy, The Mouse That Roared, most notably, she appeared in 1960 as Patricia in Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, in which she co-starred with Jean-Paul Belmondo. The film became a success and critics praised Sebergs performance
21.
United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
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The position is regarded as one of the most prestigious positions in the United States Foreign Service due to the so-called Special Relationship. The ambassadorship has been held by notable politicians, including five who would later become presidents, John Adams, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren. However, the tendency of American presidents is to appoint keen political fundraisers from previous presidential campaigns, despite the importance. The ambassador and the staff at large work at the American Embassy in Grosvenor Square. The official residence of the ambassador is Winfield House in Regents Park, the post of Ambassador is currently vacant, however, Woody Johnson has been nominated by Donald Trump, pending senate confirmation. Lewis Lukens is currently serving as Chargé daffaires-ai until Johnson is approved by the Senate, the most recent Ambassador was Matthew Barzun. The ambassadors main duty is to present American policies to the Government of the United Kingdom and people and to report British policies and he serves as the primary channel of communication between the two nations and plays an important role in treaty negotiations. The ambassador is the head of the United Statess consular service in the United Kingdom, as well as directing diplomatic activity in support of trade, he is ultimately responsible for visa services and for the provision of consular support to American citizens in the UK. He also oversees cultural relations between the two countries, John Adams James Monroe John Quincy Adams Martin Van Buren James Buchanan Ambassadors of the United States British Embassy, Washington, D. C. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index. htm. Alison R. Holmes and J. Simon Rofe, The Embassy in Grosvenor Square, American Ambassadors to the United Kingdom, United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for the United Kingdom United States Department of State, United Kingdom United States Embassy in London
22.
Sing Tao Daily
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The Sing Tao Daily is Hong Kongs second largest Chinese language newspaper. It is owned by Sing Tao News Corporation Limited, of which Charles Ho Tsu Kwok is the chairman and its English language sister paper is The Standard. The Sing Tao also maintains the news website singtao. com, there are also at least 16 overseas editions of the Sing Tao Daily, which are published by 9 overseas news bureaus and circulated in 100 cities around the world. The overseas editions help facilitate access to homeland news for Chinese language readers outside China. The parent company of the Sing Tao Daily, the Sing Tao Newspaper Group Limited, was founded in 1938 and is based in Hong Kong, the Sing Tao Daily was first published in the same year. It has one of the longest publishing histories among the Chinese newspapers in Hong Kong, in all, the company now has twenty-two offices globally. In 1998, members of the management team were found guilty of falsifying circulation numbers, shortly after, financial problems forced Aw to sell out her stock in the Sing Tao Newspaper Group Limited. Sing Taos Toronto edition is owned by Star Media Group, the publisher of the Toronto Star. Sing Tao pioneered satellite transmission and was the first newspaper available on opposite sides of the world on the same day, the Sing Tao Group has become the only media group in Hong Kong that owns both Chinese and English language newspapers. The Sing Tao Daily became the first newspaper in Hong Kong to launch a website, on 23 August 1995, www. singtao. com was launched. The Sing Tao Daily became the first newspaper in Hong Kong to develop a parenting section, Sing Tao Daily in all in Chinese language. The Sing Tao Daily has chosen to refresh its image and editorial content by positioning itself as the newspaper of choice for the middle class, Sing Tao Daily also targets students by offering them cheaper subscription editions. The Sing Tao Daily overseas editions serve Chinese immigrants in the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, since 2010, the Sing Tao Daily has significantly broadened its scope to further cover world business affairs, international political issues, and proceedings at the United Nations Headquarters. In August 2007 the San Francisco office stopped using all FounderFit applications for Newspaper production, Sing Tao San Francisco now uses page layout, ad production, tracking and classified pagination applications from SCS of Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Adobe InDesign and Quark are used for news pagination, Sing Tao Toronto, Vancouver and Los Angeles have also switched to the SCS production applications. The Information Services Department is a combination of the former Sing Tao Daily Main Library, Sing Tao Daily Business Library, Hong Kong iMail/Hong Kong Standard Library and the Sing Tao EDP Team. The department aids the process through the following, News research support, including the maintenance of photograph and news archives. It provides wire photos from six popular news media, pictures used for publication, photographs taken by their own staff
23.
Asahi Shimbun
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The Asahi Shimbun is one of the five national newspapers in Japan. Its circulation, which was 7.96 million for its morning edition and 3.1 million for its evening edition as of June 2010, was second behind that of Yomiuri Shimbun, the company has its registered headquarters in Osaka. When Shin-ichi Hakojima was CEO, they tied up with the International Herald Tribune and published an English-language newspaper and it continued from April 2001 until February 2011. It replaced Asahis previous English-language daily, the Asahi Evening News, in 2010, this partnership was dissolved due to unprofitability and the Asahi Shimbun now operates the Asia & Japan Watch online portal for English readers. The Tribune cooperates with Asahi on Aera English, a magazine for English learners. The three founding officers of a staff of twenty were Kimura Noboru, Murayama Ryōhei, and Tsuda Tei, the companys first premises were at Minami-dōri, Edobori in Osaka. On 13 September of the year, Asahi printed its first editorial. In 1881, the Asahi adopted a format, and enlisted Ueno Riichi as co-owner. From 1882, Asahi began to receive support from the Government and Mitsui. Then, under the leadership of Ueno, whose brother was one of the Mitsui managers, and Murayama, on 10 July 1888, the first issue of the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun was published from the Tokyo office at Motosukiyachō, Kyōbashi. The first issue was numbered No.1,076 as it was a continuation of three papers, Jiyū no Tomoshibi, Tomoshibi Shimbun and Mesamashi Shimbun. On 1 April 1907, the renowned writer Natsume Sōseki, then 41, resigned his positions at Tokyo Imperial University, now Tokyo University. This was soon after the publication of his novels Wagahai wa neko de aru and Botchan, on 1 October 1908, Osaka Asahi Shimbun and Tokyo Asahi Shimbun were merged into a single unified corporation, Asahi Shimbun Gōshi Kaisha, with a capitalization of approximately 600,000 yen. Indeed, the liberal position led to its vandalization during the February 26 Incident of 1936. Influential editorial writers of Asahi such as Shintarō Ryū, Hiroo Sassa, and Hotsumi Ozaki were the members of the Shōwa Kenkyūkai. Ogata was one of the members of the Genyōsha which had been formed in 1881 by Tōyama Mitsuru. The Genyōsha was an ultranationalist group of organized crime figures and those with far right-wing political beliefs, kōki Hirota, who was later hanged as a Class A war criminal, was also a leading member of the Genyōsha and one of Ogatas best friends. Hirota was the chairman of Tōyamas funeral committee, and Ogata was the vice-chairman, Ryū, who had been a Marxist economist of the Ōhara Institute for Social Research before he entered Asahi, advocated centrally planned economies in his Nihon Keizai no Saihensei
24.
Graham Holdings Company
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Graham Holdings Company is a diversified American conglomerate, best known for formerly owning the newspaper for which it was once named, The Washington Post, and Newsweek. Its holdings include the online magazine Slate, Graham Media Group, a group of five television stations, higher education company Kaplan. Graham Holdings Company also owned cable television and internet service provider Cable One until it was spun off in 2015, the history of Graham Holdings Company dates back to 1877, when the Post was first published. The Washington Post Company was incorporated in the District of Columbia in 1889 and it is a public company and its Class B common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GHC, it went public in 1971. Descendents of the late Eugene Meyer collectively control the company through their ownership of the unlisted Class A common stock that selects 70% of the board of directors. As of 2014, it more than 90% of the familys assets. On August 5,2013 it was announced that the Washington Post Company would sell the newspaper for $250 million to Jeff Bezos, founder. The Washington Post Company agreed to adopt a new name once the sale was finalized. It adopted Graham Holdings Company as the new name effective November 29,2013, Amazon. com was not involved in the sale. Nash Holdings LLC, a company owned by Bezos, closed the purchase of the newspaper, Graham Holdings Company retained ownership of WaPo Labs, its technology innovation group, since rebranded as Trove. Since 1950, the company had been based in the Washington Post building in Washington, in 2014, Tim OShaughnessy joined GHC as president, the founder of LivingSocial and a son-in-law of CEO Don Graham. The Education area yielded 61% of GHCs revenue in 2014, Kaplan, Inc. is one of the worlds largest providers of educational services. Kaplan focuses on three areas, higher education, professional training, and test preparation, headquartered in New York City, Kaplan had $2.2 billion in revenue in 2013. StudentAdvisor. com is the latest education resource launched by Graham Holdings Company, studentAdvisor. com is an education research and comparison destination for students, parents, and lifetime learners. In January 2016, Graham Holdings launched CyberVista, a cybersecurity training, through its Graham Media Group subsidiary, Graham Holdings owns a group of five television stations. Led by chief executive officer Emily L. Barr, the company is now based in Chicago, stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license. Cable ONE is an Internet and cable provider based in the Phoenix, Arizona. In November 2014, Graham Holdings said it would spin off Cable ONE as a separate, the spin-off was completed on July 1st,2015
25.
The Wall Street Journal
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The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually
26.
Le Figaro
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Le Figaro is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826 and published in Paris. The oldest national daily in France, Le Figaro is one of the two French newspapers of record, along with Le Monde, and is one of the most widely respected newspapers in the world. In 2012, the paper had a circulation of 330,952 copies per issue. The paper is published in the format, switching from a broadsheet in 2009. The newspaper is owned by Le Figaro Group, whose publications include TV Magazine and Evene, the companys chairman is Serge Dassault, whose Dassault Group has controlled the paper since 2004. Le Figaro was founded as a weekly in 1826, taking its name and motto from Le Mariage de Figaro. Its motto, from Figaros monologue in the final act, is Sans la liberté de blâmer. In 1833, editor Nestor Roqueplan fought a duel with a Colonel Gallois, who was offended by an article in Le Figaro, albert Wolff, Émile Zola, Alphonse Karr and Jules Claretie were among the papers early contributors. It was published irregularly until 1854, when it was taken over by Hippolyte de Villemessant. In 1866 Le Figaro became a daily newspaper and its first daily edition, that of 16 November 1866, sold 56,000 copies, having highest circulation of any newspaper in France. In 1922, Le Figaro was purchased by perfume millionaire François Coty, abel Faivre did cartoons for the paper. By the start of World War II, Le Figaro had become Frances leading newspaper, after the war it became the voice of the upper middle class, and continues to maintain a conservative position. In 1975, Le Figaro was bought by Robert Hersants Socpresse, in 1999, the Carlyle Group obtained a 40% stake in the paper, which it later sold in March 2002. Dassault owns 80% of the paper, in 2006, Le Figaro was banned in Egypt and Tunisia for publishing articles allegedly insulting Islam. Le Figaro switched to Berliner format in 2009, the paper has published The New York Times International Weekly on Friday since 2009, an 8-page supplement featuring a selection of articles from The New York Times translated into French. In 2010, Lefigaro. fr created a section called Le Figaro in English, Le Figaro has traditionally held a conservative editorial stance, becoming the voice of the French upper and middle classes. His son Olivier Dassault is a member of the French National Assembly, Dassault has remarked in an interview in 2004 on the public radio station France Inter that newspapers must promulgate healthy ideas and that left-wing ideas are not healthy ideas. They requested more pluralism and honesty and accused the paper of one-sided political reporting, mougeotte had previously said that Le Figaro would do nothing to embarrass the government and the right
27.
The Japan Times
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The Japan Times is Japans largest English-language newspaper. It is published by The Japan Times, Ltd. a subsidiary of Nifco and it is headquartered in the Japan Times Nifco Building in Shibaura, Minato, Tokyo. The paper was independent of government control, but from 1931 onward, in 1933, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs managed to appoint Hitoshi Ashida, former Ministry official, as chief editor. During World War II, the served as an outlet for Imperial Japanese government propaganda. The papers circulation at time was about 825,000. The temporary change to Nippon Times occurred during ban of English language sentiment during World War II era Japan, shintaro Fukushima became the president in 1956. He exchanged each companys stock with Toshiaki Ogasawara, shintaro renounce the managing rights in 1983. Thus Ogasawaras Nifco, a manufacturer of fasteners, acquired control of The Japan Times in 1983 and changed all of former staffs. Nifco chairman Toshiaki Ogasawara also served as the chairman and publisher of The Japan Times until his death on November 30,2016 and his daughter Yukiko Ogasawara was president of the company from 2006 to 2012, when she was replaced by career Japan Times staffer Takeharu Tsutsumi. Yukiko succeed his fathers position and become chairman of the company after his death, the dailys content includes, News, domestic and world news, domestic and overseas business news. Opinion, Editorials, Op-eds, and Letters to the Editor, features, life and style, community, media, technology, food and drink, travel, environment, education, cartoons. Entertainment, film, art, music, stage, books, event previews, sports, domestic and overseas sports news, including coverage of baseball, soccer, basketball, sumo, figure skating. Since 16 October 2013, the Japan Times has been printed, printed stories from The Japan Times are archived online. The newspaper has a forum and, since 2013, the website offers a section for readers comments below articles. This came about during a redesign and redevelopment of the newspaper. The Japan Times has a media presence on Twitter, Facebook
28.
JoongAng Ilbo
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JoongAng Ilbo is a South Korean daily newspaper published in Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the three biggest newspapers in South Korea, the paper also publishes an English edition, Korea JoongAng Daily, in alliance with the International New York Times. It was first published on September 22,1965 by Lee Byung-chul, in 1980, JoongAng Ilbo gave up TBC and TBC merged with KBS. JoongAng Ilbo is the pioneer in South Korea for the use of horizontal copy layout, topical sections, since April 15,1995, JoongAng Ilbo has been laid out horizontally and also became a morning newspaper from then on. The Korea JoongAng Daily is the English language version of the newspaper and it runs mainly news and feature stories by staff reporters, and some stories translated from the Korean language newspaper. The Korea JoongAng Daily is currently sold together with the International New York Times, as of March 18,2007, it has produced a Sunday edition called JoongAng Sunday. JoongAng Ilbo also publishes a United States edition, with branches from Toronto to Buenos Aires and its parent company, Joongang Media Network holds publication rights to Korean editions of Newsweek and Forbes as well as 25% of the shares of JTBC cable TV. List of newspapers in South Korea Communications in South Korea List of Korea-related topics Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company Official website Korea JoongAng Daily Joins. com
29.
Haaretz
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It was founded in 1918, making it the longest running newspaper currently still in print in Israel, and is now published in both Hebrew and English in Berliner format. The English edition is published and sold together with the International New York Times, both Hebrew and English editions can be read on the Internet. In North America, it out as a weekly newspaper. It is known for its left-wing and liberal stances on domestic, as of 2016, the newspaper had a weekday exposure rate of 3. 9% in Israel, significantly lower than the countrys other national newspapers. Haaretz was first published in 1918 as a newspaper sponsored by the British military government in Palestine, in 1919, it was taken over by a group of socialist-oriented Zionists, mainly from Russia. The newspaper was established on 18 June 1919 by a group of businessmen including prominent philanthropist Isaac Leib Goldberg, later, the name was shortened to Haaretz. The literary section of the paper attracted leading Hebrew writers of the time, the newspaper was initially published in Jerusalem. From 1919 to 1922, the paper was headed by a succession of editors and it was shut down briefly due to a budgetary shortfall and reopened in Tel Aviv at the beginning of 1923 under the editorship of Moshe Glickson, who held the post for 15 years. The Tel Aviv municipality granted the financial support by paying in advance for future advertisements. Salman Schocken, a wealthy German Jewish Zionist who owned a chain of department stores in Germany and his son, Gershom Schocken, became the chief editor in 1939 and held that position until his death in 1990. Until August 2006, the Schocken family owned 100% of the Haaretz Group, the deal was negotiated with the help of former Israeli ambassador to Germany, Avi Primor. This deal was seen as controversial in Israel as DuMont Schaubergs father, Kurt Neven DuMont, was member of the German Nazi party, while his publishing house promoted Nazi ideology. On 12 June 2011, it was announced that Russian-Israeli businessman Leonid Nevzlin had purchased a 20% stake in the Haaretz Group, buying 15% from the family and this means that the Schocken family now owns 60% and M. DuMont Schauberg and Leonid Nevzlin have 20% each. In October 2012, a union strike mobilized to protest planned layoffs by the Haaretz management, as a consequence, both the Haaretz newspaper and its TheMarker business supplement were not printed for one day. According to Israel Radio, it was the first time since 1965 that a newspaper did not go to press on account of a strike, the newspapers editorial policy was defined by Gershom Schocken, who was editor-in-chief from 1939 to 1990. Schocken was succeeded as editor-in-chief by Hanoch Marmari, in 2004 David Landau replaced Marmari and was succeeded by Dov Alfon in 2008. The current editor-in-chief of the newspaper is Aluf Benn, who replaced Alfon in August 2011, charlotte Halle became editor of the English Print Edition in February 2008. Haaretz describes itself as having a liberal outlook both on domestic issues and on international affairs
30.
Kathimerini
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I Kathimerini is a daily morning newspaper published in Athens. Its first edition was printed on September 15,1919 and it is published in the Greek language, as well as in an abridged English-language edition. The English edition is sold separately in the United States and as a supplement to the edition of The New York Times in Greece. On November 2008 a Kathimerini Cypriot weekend edition began to circulate, Kathimerini is also affiliated with the weekly newspaper Athens Plus published by I Kathimerini S. A. and the International Herald Tribune. Kathimerini was founded by Georgios Vlachos in 1919 and was inherited by his daughter Helen Vlachos and her husband. Considered a high-quality broadsheet, Kathimerini is traditionally perceived as one of the conservative voices of Greek media. The newspaper was critical of Eleftherios Venizelos in the early 20th century. It maintains a traditional layout, with its original griffin logo, Vlachos sold the company shortly before her death in October 1995. Kathimerini has been owned by Aristidis Alafouzos since then, there is no data on Kathimerinis daily edition circulation, since the newspaper has prohibited press agencies to release such data. Its Sunday edition had a circulation of 95,007 in January 2014, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, Kathimerinis website is the 81th and 86th most visited in Greece respectively, as of August 2015. SimilarWeb rates the site as the 23th most visited website in Greece. Editor-in-chief – Andreas Paraschos Managing editor – Alexis Papahelas Official website Kathimerini English Edition Website Kathimerini Cypriot Edition Website
31.
The Express Tribune
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The Express Tribune is a major daily English-language newspaper based in Pakistan. Part of the Lakson Group of companies, it is the publication of the Daily Express media group. It is Pakistans only internationally affiliated newspaper, in partnership with International New York Times, headquartered in Karachi, it also prints copy from offices in Lahore, Islamabad and Peshawar. It was launched on April 12,2010, in broadsheet format and its editorial stance identifies with social liberalism, and its readership is generally on the mainstream left of Pakistani political and social opinion. Topics the newspaper covers politics, international affairs, economics, investment, sports. It runs a glossy called Express Tribune Magazine on Sunday, which includes social commentary, interviews, as of 2012, it has the widest online readership in the country locally and internationally. The Express Tribune joins other brands of the Express media group including the Urdu-language Daily Express newspaper and it is accompanied by a twenty-four-hour Urdu news channel, Express News, and an Urdu entertainment channel, Express Entertainment. It also contains a supplement called @internet. It used to run an English-language news channel called Express 24/7, the papers stated mission is to defend the liberal values and egalitarian traditions we believe in, and which deserve to be upheld in writing that is both informative and insightful. The publisher of The Express Tribune, Bilal Ali Lakhani, is the son of Sultan Ali Lakhani, the managing editor, Muhammad Ziauddin, was previously associated with Dawn. The editor, Kamal Siddiqi, was associated with The News. The Editorial Consultant is Abul Hasanat, previously City Editor Dawn, the op-ed editor is Omar R. Quraishi, who was also previously associated with Dawn. The Photographer Athar Khan, was associated with The News Karachi. The Express Tribune is available online via Epaper and through a website which includes news. The print edition is available through hawker, via subscription or at news stands, the print edition includes a six-day-a-week copy of the Asia edition of the International Herald Tribune. The Express Tribune is a supporter of The Citizens Foundation, a local not-for-profit organisation providing education to children in need, up to 30 per cent of subscription profits are donated to the TCF. On December 2,2013, Express Media Groups offices were targeted in a terrorist attack in which 3 staff workers were killed, Pakistani politician Altaf Hussain condemned the attack and said that it is obligation of the government to ensure the safety of the people. TTP later took the responsibility of the attacks and declared the paper to be propagating against their militant group, a Chinese court accepted to hear a case regarding the issue of same-sex marriage
32.
The Jakarta Post
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The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the office is in the nations capital. The Jakarta Post was started as a collaboration between four Indonesian media under the urging of Information Minister Ali Murtopo and politician Jusuf Wanandi, after the first issue was printed on 25 April 1983, it spent several years with minimal advertisements and increasing circulation. After a change in editors in 1991, it began to take a more vocal pro-democracy point of view. The paper was one of the few Indonesian English-language dailies to survive the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the Jakarta Post also features both a Sunday and Online edition, which go into detail not possible in the daily print edition. It is targeted at foreigners and educated Indonesians, although the middle-class Indonesian readership has increased, noted for being a training ground for local and international reporters, The Jakarta Post has won several awards and been described as being Indonesias leading English-language daily. The Jakarta Post is a member of Asia News Network, the Jakarta Post was the brainchild of Information Minister Ali Murtopo and politician Jusuf Wanandi. Murtopo and Wanandi were disappointed at the bias against Indonesia in foreign news sources. At the time, there were two English-language dailies, the Indonesia Times and Indonesian Observer, however, due to negative public perception regarding the existing papers they decided to create a new one. In order to ensure credibility, the two agreed to convince a group of competing newspapers to back the nascent paper. It was hoped to become a quality English-language paper, similar to The Straits Times in Singapore, the Bangkok Post in Thailand, after founding PT Bina Media Tenggara to back the paper, Wanandi spent several months contacting influential figures at the targeted newspapers. To receive their cooperation, Kompas requested a 25 percent share in the new newspaper, for which it would handle the business operations, such as printing, circulation. Tempo offered to assist with management in return for a 15 percent share, the establishment of the paper was further aided by incoming Information Minister Harmoko, who received 5 percent interest for his role in acquiring a license. In total, the start-up cost Rp.500 million, muhammad Chudori, a co-founder of The Jakarta Post who formerly reported for Antara, became the newspapers first general manager. Further details, including the matter of Sinar Harapans share of stock, the next month, on 25 April, the first edition — totalling eight pages — was published. The first newsroom of the new paper were located in Kompass former laundry room, a one story warehouse, during the first few months, the writers translated and recycled previously published stories from Indonesian media, which were later picked up by foreign wire services. Original reporting was rare as the editors at first did not want to deal with the censorship of Suhartos New Order government, during the early years of publication, The Jakarta Post had difficulty attracting advertisers, to the point that some editions ran without ads. However, circulation increased dramatically, from 8,657 in 1983 to 17,480 in 1988
33.
Ara (newspaper)
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Ara (Catalan pronunciation, is a Catalan daily newspaper that began publication on 28 November 2010, coinciding with the Catalan parliamentary elections. Between 60,000 and 90,000 copies are printed each day and it is the third most read daily newspaper in Catalonia, and the most read daily newspaper written exclusively in the Catalan language. Its regional edition, Ara Balears, is the most widespread Catalan language newspaper on the Balearic Islands, the publisher is Carles Capdevila, the president is Ferran Rodés, and the CEO and Editor is Mònica Terribas. The newspapers advisory council includes journalists Antoni Bassas, Albert Om and Toni Soler, all known for their work with the Catalan public television channel, Aras content includes Catalan translations of reports and articles from the New York Times International Edition. In September 2010, Antoni Bassas announced that he would participate as a shareholder, the first edition of Ara was published on 28 November 2010, selling out the 120,000 copies printed. In 2015 Ara received the 17th European Newspaper Award in the category of regional newspaper, the newspaper is closely associated with Catalan independentism. Unlike two of its competitors, La Vanguardia and El Periódico de Catalunya, Aras editorial policies are not considered to be supportive of any particular party or specific political ideology. Hence, the newspaper is considered as centrist regarding the left-right divide. The newspapers third main competitor, El Punt Avui, born in 2011 of the fusion of the long-standing Avui, the newspaper is printed in Barcelona and distributed throughout Catalonia. Since 2011, distribution was launched also on the Balearic Islands, in February 2012, the distribution was extended to some areas of the Valencian Community, especially in the Province of Castelló and in the city of Valencia
34.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
35.
The Irish Times
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The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper launched on 29 March 1859. The editor is Kevin OSullivan who succeeded Geraldine Kennedy in 2011, the Irish Times is published every day except Sundays. Though formed as a Protestant nationalist paper, within two decades and under new owners it had become the voice of Irish unionism. It is no longer considered a unionist paper, it is perceived as being politically liberal and progressive. The papers most prominent columnists include writer and arts commentator Fintan OToole, former Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald was also a columnist. Senior international figures, including Tony Blair and Bill Clinton, have written for its op-ed page and its most prominent columns have included Drapier, Rite and Reason and the long-running An Irishmans Diary. An Irishmans Diary was penned by Patrick Campbell in the forties, by Seamus Kelly from 1949-1979, since Myers move to the rival Irish Independent, An Irishmans Diary is usually the work of Frank McNally. On the sports pages, Philip Reid is the papers golf correspondent, one of its most famous columns was the biting and humorous Cruiskeen Lawn satire column written by Myles na gCopaleen, the pen name of Brian ONolan who also wrote books using the name Flann OBrien. Cruiskeen Lawn is an Anglicised spelling of the Irish words cruiscín lán, Cruiskeen Lawn made its debut in October 1940 and appeared with varying regularity until ONolans death in 1966. The first appearance of a newspaper using the name The Irish Times occurred in 1823, the title was revived as a thrice weekly publication by Major Lawrence E. Knox, with the first edition being published on 29 March 1859. It was founded as a moderate Protestant Nationalist newspaper, reflecting the politics of Knox and its headquarters were at 4 Lower Abbey Street in Dublin. In its early days, its main competitor was the Dublin Daily Express, after Knoxs death in 1873 the paper was sold to the widow of Sir John Arnott, MP, a former Lord Mayor of Cork and owner of Arnotts, one of Dublins major Department stores. The sale, for £35,000, led to two major changes and its headquarters was shifted to 31 Westmoreland Street, remaining in buildings on or near that site until 2005. Its politics also shifted dramatically, becoming predominantly Protestant and Unionist, the paper, along with the Irish Independent and various regional papers, called for the execution of the leaders of the failed 1916 Easter Rising. Though the paper became a listed company in 1900, the family continued to hold a majority shareholding until the 1960s. The last member of the Arnott family to sit on the board was Sir Lauriston Arnott. The editor during the 1930s, R. M. Smyllie, had strong anti-fascist views, later, The Irish Times, like other national newspapers, had problems with Irish Government censorship during World War II. The Times was largely pro-Allied and was opposed to the Éamon de Valera governments policy of neutrality, in 1974, ownership was transferred to a non-charitable trust, The Irish Times Trust
36.
The Diplomat
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The Diplomat is an online international news magazine covering politics, society, and culture in the Asia-Pacific region. It is based in Tokyo, Japan and it was originally an Australian bi-monthly print magazine, founded by Minh Bui Jones, David Llewellyn-Smith and Sung Lee in 2001. The first edition was published in April 2002, with Bui Jones as the founding editor, the magazine was acquired by James Pach through his company Trans-Asia Inc. in December 2007. Pach assumed the role of publisher and hired former Penthouse editor Ian Gerrard to update its presentation. Nonetheless, the print edition suffered continued losses, and The Diplomat eventually went completely online in August 2009 and its Sydney office was closed and its headquarters were moved to Tokyo, Jason Miks was appointed editor in September 2009 and Ulara Nakagawa was appointed associate editor. Miks was succeeded as editor by Harry Kazianis before publisher James Pach took over, shannon Tiezzi currently serves as editor-in-chief, with Catherine Putz as managing editor. Ankit Panda is an editor and podcast host. Franz-Stefan Gady and Prashanth Parameswaran are associate editors, time magazine forced the cancellation of such advertisements. The Diplomat has entered into partnerships with influential public policy. One of the most prominent is the Center for Strategic and International Studies, through a partnership with CSISs Pacific Forum Young Leaders Programme, The Diplomat provides insights and analysis from up-and-coming young professionals. In December 2010, the news aggregator RealClearWorld cited The Diplomat as one of the top-five world news sites of 2010. In 2011, RCW again listed the The Diplomat as one of its top-five world news sites, the only other website that made RCWs list for two consecutive years is The National Interest. Its office is in Suite 701 in the Ebisu MF Building in Ebisu, Shibuya, Tokyo
37.
Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.
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Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. is an American journalist. Sulzberger became the Publisher of The New York Times in 1992, Sulzberger was born in Mount Kisco, New York, the son of Barbara Winslow and Arthur Ochs Punch Sulzberger Sr. the grandson of Arthur Hays Sulzberger, and the great-grandson Adolph Ochs. Sulzbergers mother was of mostly English and Scottish origin and his father was of Jewish origin and his parents divorced when he was 5 years old. Sulzberger was raised in his mothers Episcopalian faith, however, he no longer observes the religion, in 1974, Sulzberger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from Tufts University. Sulzberger was a Reporter with the Raleigh Times in North Carolina from 1974 to 1976, Sulzberger joined The New York Times in 1978 as a Correspondent in the Washington, D. C. bureau. He moved to New York as a Metro Reporter in 1981, Sulzberger is a 1985 graduate of the Harvard Business Schools Program for Management Development. From 1983 to 1987, Sulzberger worked in a variety of departments, including production. In January 1987, Sulzberger was named Assistant Publisher, a year later, Sulzberger was named Deputy Publisher, overseeing the news and business departments. Sulzberger played a role in the development of the Times Square Business Improvement District, officially launched in January 1992. Sulzberger helped to found and was a two-term Chairman of the New York City Outward Bound organization, Sulzberger has been credited with developing the Timess internet operations, monetizing digital content, and helping to improve the papers bottom line. The domain nytimes. com attracted at least 146,000,000 visitors annually by 2008, the Times also had the most entries in the list of the 50 most popular newspaper blogs, with 22 of its blogs listed that year. 2012 - National Book Award Literarian Award for Outstanding Service to the American Literary Community On May 24,1975, Sulzberger married Gail Gregg in a Presbyterian ceremony in Topeka, Kansas. The couple have two children, a son, Arthur Gregg A. G. Sulzberger, and daughter, in May 2008, they announced plans to end their marriage. In May 2014, Sulzberger became engaged to Gabrielle Greene and they married on August 30,2014 on Marthas Vineyard in Massachusetts. The New York Times Company Biography The New York Times & 9/11, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr
38.
Mark Thompson (media executive)
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Mark John Thompson is the current Chief Executive Officer of The New York Times Company. From 2004 to 2012, Thompson was Director-General of the BBC, Thompson was born in London, England, and brought up in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, by his mother, Sydney Corduff, his sister, Katherine, and father, Duncan John Thompson. Thompson was educated by Jesuits at the independent school, Stonyhurst College, and then went up to Merton College, Oxford, Thompson edited the university magazine, Isis. Thompson was appointed Director-General on 21 May 2004 and he succeeded Greg Dyke, who resigned on 29 January 2004 in the aftermath of the Hutton Inquiry. The decision to appoint Thompson Director-General was made unanimously by the BBC Board of Governors and his appointment was widely praised, Culture Secretary Tessa Jowell, Shadow Culture Secretary Julie Kirkbride and Greg Dyke were amongst those who supported his selection. He took up the role of Director-General on 22 June 2004, on his first day he announced several management changes, including the replacement of the BBCs sixteen-person executive committee with a slimmed-down executive board of nine top managers. In 2007 it emerged that the BBC had been involved in a number of editorial guideline breaches, Mark Thompson, as BBC editor-in-chief investigated these breaches, and presented his interim report to the BBC Trust on 18 July 2007. The Trust felt that the BBC’s values of accuracy and honesty had been compromised, later that day he told BBC staff, via an internal televised message, that deception of the public was never acceptable. He said that he, himself, had never deceived the public – it would never have occurred to him to do so, and he also spoke on BBC News 24 and was interviewed by Gavin Esler for Newsnight. He stated that now on, if it happens we will show people the door. Staff were emailed on 19 July 2007 and later in the year all staff, including the Director-General, in October 2008, Thompson had to cut short a family holiday to return to Britain to deal with The Russell Brand Show prank telephone calls row. Thompson took the decision to suspend the BBC’s highest paid presenter, Jonathan Ross. He also said it was the controversial stars last warning, nevertheless, Thompson reiterated the BBCs commitment to Rosss style of edgy comedy, claiming that BBC audiences accept that, in comedy, performers attempt to push the line of taste. Thompson had previously defended the conduct and salary in 2006. In September 2010 Thompson acknowledged some of the BBCs previous political bias he had witnessed early in his career. He stated, In the BBC I joined 30 years ago there was, in much of current affairs, in terms of personal politics, which were quite vocal. He added, the organisation did struggle then with impartiality, though also suggested there was now much less overt tribalism. In 2010, Thompson was identified as the highest paid employee of any public organisation in the UK
