The Pickwick Papers

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This article is about the first novel by Charles Dickens. For other uses, see The Pickwick Papers (disambiguation).

The Pickwick Papers
Pickwickclub serial.jpg
Original cover issued in 1836
Author Charles Dickens ("Boz")
Original title The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, Containing a Faithful Record of the Perambulations, Perils, Travels, Adventures and Sporting Transactions of the Corresponding Members
Illustrator Robert Seymour
Robert William Buss
Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz)
Country England
Language English
Subject Travels in the English Countryside
Genre Novel
Published Serialised March 1836 – November 1837; book format 1837
Publisher Chapman & Hall
Media type Print
Autographed title page of a 1st edition copy

The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (also known as The Pickwick Papers) was Charles Dickens's first novel. He was asked to contribute to the project as an up-and-coming writer following the success of Sketches by Boz, published in 1836 (most of Dickens' novels were issued in shilling instalments before being published as complete volumes). Dickens (still writing under the pseudonym of Boz) increasingly took over the unsuccessful monthly publication after the original illustrator Robert Seymour had committed suicide.

With the introduction of Sam Weller in chapter 10, the book became the first real publishing phenomenon, with bootleg copies, theatrical performances, Sam Weller joke books, and other merchandise.

After the publication, the widow of Robert Seymour claimed that the idea for the novel was originally her husband's; however, in his preface to the 1867 edition, Dickens strenuously denied any specific input, writing that "Mr Seymour never originated or suggested an incident, a phrase, or a word, to be found in the book."[1]

Background[edit]

Dickens, a young writer, 24 years old, was working as a Parliamentary reporter and a roving journalist; a collection of his "colour" sketches mainly of London life had been published as Sketches by Boz. A firm of London publishers, Messrs. Chapman & Hall, was then projecting a series of "cockney sporting plates" by illustrator Robert Seymour. There was to be a club, the members of which were to be sent on hunting and fishing expeditions into the country. Their guns were to go off by accident; fishhooks were to get caught in their hats and trousers. All these and other misadventures were to be depicted in Seymour's comic plates.[2]

At this juncture, Charles Dickens was called in to supply the letterpress – that is, the description necessary to explain the plates and connect them into a sort of picture novel such as was then the fashion. Though protesting that he knew nothing of sport, Dickens nevertheless accepted the commission; he consented to the machinery of a club, and in accordance with the original design sketched Mr Winkle who aims at a sparrow only to miss it.[2]

Only in a few instances did Dickens adjust his narrative to plates that had been prepared for him. Typically, he himself led the way with an instalment of his story, and the artist was compelled to illustrate what Dickens had already written. The story thus became the prime source of interest, and the illustrations merely of secondary importance. By this reversal of interest, Dickens transformed, at a stroke, a current type of fiction, consisting mostly of pictures, into a novel of contemporary London life. Simple as the process may appear, others who had tried the plan had all failed. Pierce Egan partially succeeded in his Tom and Jerry, a novel in which the pictures and the letterpress are held in even balance. Dickens won a complete triumph.[2] In future years, however, Dickens was suspiciously eager to distance himself from suggestions that Pierce Egan's Life in London had been a formative influence.[3]

Robert Seymour provided the illustrations for the first two instalments before his suicide. Robert Buss illustrated the third instalment, but his work was not liked by Dickens and the remaining instalments were illustrated by "Phiz" (Hablot Knight Browne) who went on to illustrate most of Dickens' novels. The instalments were first published in book form in 1837.[4]

Summary[edit]

Robert Seymour illustration depicting Pickwick addressing the club

Written for publication as a serial, The Pickwick Papers is a sequence of loosely related adventures. The action is given as occurring 1827–8, though critics have noted some seeming anachronisms.[5] It has been stated that Dickens satirized the case of George Norton suing Lord Melbourne in The Pickwick Papers.[6] The novel's main character, Samuel Pickwick, Esquire, is a kind and wealthy old gentleman, the founder and perpetual president of the Pickwick Club. To extend his researches into the quaint and curious phenomena of life, he suggests that he and three other "Pickwickians" (Mr Nathaniel Winkle, Mr Augustus Snodgrass, and Mr Tracy Tupman) should make journeys to places remote from London and report on their findings to the other members of the club. Their travels throughout the English countryside by coach provide the chief theme of the novel. A distinctive and valuable feature of the work is the generally accurate description of the old coaching inns of England.[7] (One of the main families running the Bristol to Bath coaches at the time was started by Eleazer Pickwick).[8]

Its main literary value and appeal is formed by its numerous memorable characters. Each character in The Pickwick Papers, as in many other Dickens novels, is drawn comically, often with exaggerated personality traits. Alfred Jingle, who joins the cast in chapter two, provides an aura of comic villainy, with his devious tricks repeatedly landing the Pickwickians into trouble. These include a nearly successful attempted elopement with the spinster Rachael Wardle of Dingley Dell manor, misadventures with Dr Slammer, and others.

Further humour is provided when the comic cockney Sam Weller makes his advent in chapter 10 of the novel. First seen working at the White Hart Inn in The Borough, Weller is taken on by Mr Pickwick as a personal servant and companion on his travels and provides his own oblique ongoing narrative on the proceedings. The relationship between the idealistic and unworldly Pickwick and the astute cockney Weller has been likened to that between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza.[9]

Through humor Dickens is able to capture quintessential aspects of English life in the mid-nineteenth century that a more sober approach would miss. Perhaps the popularity of this novel was due in part to the fact that the readers of the time were able to truly see themselves, and could accept themselves because of Dickens's skillful use of humor.

Other notable adventures include Mr Pickwick's attempts to defend a lawsuit brought by his landlady, Mrs Bardell, who (through an apparent misunderstanding on her part) is suing him for breach of promise. Another is Mr Pickwick's incarceration at Fleet Prison for his stubborn refusal to pay the compensation to her — because he doesn't want to give a penny to Mrs Bardell's lawyers, the unscrupulous firm of Messrs. Dodson and Fogg. The generally humorous tone is here briefly replaced by biting social satire (including satire of the legal establishment). This foreshadows major themes in Dickens's later books.

Mr Pickwick, Sam Weller, and Weller Senior also appear in Dickens's serial, Master Humphrey's Clock.

Characters[edit]

Central characters[edit]

Sam Weller and his father Tony Weller (The Valentine)
  • Samuel Pickwick — the main protagonist and founder of the Pickwick Club. Following his description in the text, Pickwick is usually portrayed by illustrators as a round-faced, clean-shaven, portly gentleman wearing spectacles.
  • Nathaniel Winkle — a young friend of Pickwick's and his travelling companion; he considers himself a sportsman, though he turns out to be dangerously inept when handling horses and guns.
  • Augustus Snodgrass — another young friend and companion; he considers himself a poet, though there is no mention of any of his own poetry in the novel.
  • Tracy Tupman — the third travelling companion, a fat and elderly man who nevertheless considers himself a romantic lover.
  • Sam Weller — Mr Pickwick's valet, and a source of idiosyncratic proverbs and advice.
  • Tony Weller — Sam's father, a loquacious coachman.
  • Alfred Jingle — a strolling actor and charlatan, noted for telling bizarre anecdotes in a distinctively extravagant, disjointed style.[5]

Supporting characters[edit]

  • Joe — the "fat boy" who consumes great quantities of food and constantly falls asleep in any situation at any time of day; Joe's sleep problem is the origin of the medical term Pickwickian syndrome, which ultimately led to the subsequent description of obesity hypoventilation syndrome.
  • Job Trotter — Mr Jingle's wily servant, whose true slyness is only ever seen in the first few lines of a scene, before he adopts his usual pretence of meekness.
  • Mr Wardle — owner of a farm in Dingley Dell. Mr Pickwick's friend, they meet at the military review in Rochester. Joe is his servant.
  • Rachael Wardle — Mr. Wardle's spinster sister, who tries in vain to elope with the unscrupulous Jingle.
  • Mr Perker — an attorney of Mr Wardle, and later of Mr Pickwick.
  • Mary — "a well-shaped female servant" and Sam Weller's "Valentine".
  • Mrs Martha Bardell — Mr Pickwick's widowed landlady who brings a case against him for breach of promise.
  • Emily Wardle — one of Mr Wardle's daughters, very fond of Mr Snodgrass.
  • Arabella Allen — a friend of Emily Wardle and sister of Ben Allen. She later elopes with Mr. Winkle and marries him.
  • Benjamin "Ben" Allen — Arabella's brother, a dissipated medical student.
  • Robert "Bob" Sawyer — Ben Allen's friend and fellow student.

Adaptations[edit]

Mr Pickwick Slides

The novel has been adapted to film, television, and radio:

In 1985 BBC released a 12-part 350-minute miniseries starring Nigel Stock, Alan Parnaby, Clive Swift and Patrick Malahide.

According to Retrospect Opera, there was an early attempt at a theatrical adaptation with songs by W.T. Moncrieff and entitled Samuel Weller, or, The Pickwickians, in 1837. This was followed in 1871 by John Hollingshead's stage play Bardell versus Pickwick. The first successful musical was Pickwick (sometimes Pickwick, A Dramatic Cantata) by Sir Francis Burnand and Edward Solomon and premiered at the Comedy Theatre on 7 February 1889. [12]

There is a musical version, premiered in Manchester (1963) before transferring to the London West End, entitled Pickwick, by Cyril Ornadel, Wolf Mankowitz, and Leslie Bricusse. It originally starred Harry Secombe (later cast as Mr Bumble in the film version of Oliver!). Although it was a major success in London, running for 694 performances, Pickwick failed in the United States when it opened on Broadway in 1965; in 1969 the BBC filmed the musical as the TV movie Pickwick. Both versions featured the song If I Ruled the World, which became a hit for Secombe, and other singers such as Tony Bennett and Sammy Davis Jr..

Part of The Pickwick Papers were featured in Charles Dickens' Ghost Stories, a 60-minute animation made by Emerald City Films (1987). These included The Ghost in the Wardrobe, The Mail Coach Ghosts, and The Goblin and the Gravedigger.

Stephen Jarvis's novel Death and Mr Pickwick[13] (2014) is in part a literary thriller, examining in forensic detail the question of whether the idea, character and physiognomy of Samuel Pickwick originated with Dickens, or with the original illustrator and instigator of the project, Robert Seymour. The conclusion of the narrator is that the accepted version of events given by Dickens and the publisher Edward Chapman is untrue.

Publication[edit]

The Goblin and the Sexton
Discovery of Jingle in the Fleet

The novel was published in 19 issues over 20 months; the last was double-length and cost two shillings. In mourning for his sister-in-law Mary Hogarth, Dickens missed a deadline and consequently there was no number issued in May 1837. Numbers were typically issued on the last day of its given month:

  • I – March 1836 (chapters 1–2);
  • II – April 1836 (chapters 3–5);
  • III – May 1836 (chapters 6–8);
  • IV – June 1836 (chapters 9-11);
  • V – July 1836 (chapters 12–14);
  • VI – August 1836 (chapters 15–17);
  • VII – September 1836 (chapters 18–20);
  • VIII – October 1836 (chapters 21–23);
  • IX – November 1836 (chapters 24–26);
  • X – December 1836 (chapters 27–29);
  • XI – January 1837 (chapters 30–32);
  • XII – February 1837 (chapters 33–34);
  • XIII – March 1837 (chapters 35–37);
  • XIV – April 1837 (chapters 38–40);
  • XV – June 1837 (chapters 41–43);
  • XVI – July 1837 (chapters 44–46);
  • XVII – August 1837 (chapters 47-49);
  • XVIII – September 1837 (chapters 50–52);
  • XIX-XX – October 1837 (chapters 53–57);

It is interesting to keep the number divisions and dates in mind while reading the novel, especially in the early parts. The Pickwick Papers, as Charles Dickens's first novel, is particularly chaotic: the first two numbers featured four illustrations by Robert Seymour and 24 pages of text. Seymour killed himself and was replaced by R W Buss for the third number; the format was changed to feature two illustrations and 32 pages of text per issue. Buss didn't work out as an illustrator and was replaced by H K 'Phiz' Browne for the fourth issue; Phiz continued to work for Dickens for 23 years (he last illustrated A Tale of Two Cities in 1859).[citation needed]

As a testament to the book's popularity, many other artists, beyond the three official illustrators, created drawings without the approval of the author or publisher, sometimes for bootleg copies or hoping that 'Extra Plates' for the original issue would be included in later issues. These artists included William Heath, Alfred Henry Forrester ("Alfred Crowquill"), Thomas Onwhyn (who sometimes signed as "Sam Weller") and Thomas Sibson. In 1899 Joseph Grego collected 350 Pickwick Paper illustrations, including portraits based on stage adaptations, with other notes and commentary in Pictorial Pickwickiania.[14]

The Pic-Nic Papers[edit]

In 1841 the three-volume anthology titled The Pic-Nic Papers[15] was published, composed of miscellaneous pieces by various authors. It was originated by Dickens to benefit the widow and children of 28-year-old publisher John Macrone, who died suddenly in 1837. Dickens had begun soliciting submissions in 1838, and he eventually contributed the "Introduction" and one short story "The Lamplighter's Story". Other contributors included William Harrison Ainsworth, Thomas Moore, Leitch Ritchie and Agnes Strickland. Macrone's widow eventually received 450 pounds from this charitable publication.[16]

Models[edit]

Mary Weller, Charles Dickens's nurse, recalling her famous charge's occupations as a child, said: "Little Charles was a terrible boy to read".[17]

"In the young Charles Dickens's reading we have in some ways the very core of his novels...the young Charles came upon the great picaresque novels of the eighteenth century — Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, Tom Jones, The Vicar of Wakefield, their French counterpart Gil Blas, and their great predecessor Don Quixote. Don Quixote's connection with Mr Pickwick, as Dostoyevsky saw, is basic. With Don Quixote, of course, goes Sancho Panza, who with the reinforcement of the faithful, shrewd, worldly servants of the young heroes Tom Jones, Peregrine Pickle, Roderick Random and the rest, goes to make up Sam Weller."[18]

Influences and legacy[edit]

The popularity of The Pickwick Papers spawned many imitations and sequels in print as well as actual Clubs and Societies inspired by the club in the novel. One example is the still in operation Pickwick Bicycle Club in London, which was established in 1870, the same year as Charles Dickens' death.[19] Other clubs, groups, and societies operating under the name "The Pickwick Club" have existed since the original publication of the story.

In 1837, Charles Dickens wrote to William Howison about the Edinburgh Pickwick Club. Dickens approved of the use of the name and the celebration of the characters and spirit of the novel. He wrote:

"If a word of encouragement from me, can as you say endow you with double life, you will be the most lively club in all the Empire, from this time; for every hearty wish that I can muster for your long-continued welfare and prosperity, is freely yours. Mr Pickwick's heart is among you always." [20]

Other known clubs include one meeting as early as December 1836 in the East of London and another meeting at the Sun Tavern in Long-acre in London. Dickens wrote to the secretary of the latter club in 1838 about attending a meeting:

"If the dinner of the Pickwick Club had been on Monday Week, I would have joined it with all the pleasure which you will readily imagine this most gratifying recollection of my works by so many gentlemen, awakens in my mind." [21]

In many Pickwick Clubs, members even take on the names of the characters in the novel. As the website for the Pickwick Bicycle Club states, "Our rules state that 'Each Member shall adopt the sobriquet allocated by the Management Committee, being the name of some male character in the Pickwick Papers, and be addressed as such at all meetings of the Club."[22] Imitations/plagiarisms published at the same time as Dickens's Pickwick Papers include G. W. M. Reynolds' Pickwick Abroad; or, The Tour in France [23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ C. Dickens, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1867 reprint), p.8
  2. ^ a b c Wikisource-logo.svg One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cross, Wilbur L. (1920). "Pickwick Papers". In Rines, George Edwin. Encyclopedia Americana. 
  3. ^ David Snowdon, Writing the Prizefight: Pierce Egan's Boxiana World (Bern, 2013)
  4. ^ Dickens, Charles. "The posthumous papers of the Pickwick Club". Open Library. 
  5. ^ a b Mark Wormald (2003) "Introduction" to The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. London, Penguin.
  6. ^ (Melbourne by Lord David Cecil. Bobbs-Merrill Company. 1939. p301
  7. ^ Mark Wormald (2003) "Introduction" to The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. London, Penguin
  8. ^ Brenda J. Buchanan, ‘Pickwick, Eleazer (bap. 1749, d. 1837)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 4 Aug 2014
  9. ^ Mark Wormald (2003) "Introduction" to The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens
  10. ^ Herbert, Stephen A., History of Early Television Vol 2., (2004), p. 86-87. Routledge.
  11. ^ "The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 22 March 2018. 
  12. ^ "Retrospect Opera". www.retrospectopera.org.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2018. 
  13. ^ Stephen Jarvis, Death and Mr Pickwick, Jonathan Cape, London, 2014 (ISBN 9780224099660)
  14. ^ Pictorial Pickwickiania .. see External Links
  15. ^ The Pic-Nic Papers .. see External links
  16. ^ Paul Schlicke. Oxford Reader's Companion to Dickens. ISBN 0-19-866253-X – page 455-56
  17. ^ Collins, Philip, "Dickens: Interviews and Recollections", (1981), p. 2. Palgrave Macmillan.
  18. ^ The World of Charles Dickens Angus Wilson ISBN 0-14-003488-9
  19. ^ "The Pickwick Bicycle Club". The Pickwick Bicycle Club. Retrieved 9 December 2016. 
  20. ^ House, Madeline; Storey, Graham, eds. (1965). The Letters of Charles Dickens Volume 1. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. pp. 346–347. 
  21. ^ House, Madeline; Storey, Graham, eds. (1965). The Letters of Charles Dickens Volume 1. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p. 398. 
  22. ^ /Pickwick Bicycle Club
  23. ^ Pickwick Abroad here: Pickwick Abroad

External links[edit]

Source editions online

Other online books

Resources

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