The Prince is a 16th-century political treatise written by the Italian diplomat and political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli in the form of an instruction guide for new princes. Many commentators hav
Title page of a 1550 edition
A 16th-century Italian impression of the family of Darius III, emperor of Persia, before their conqueror, Alexander the Great: Machiavelli explained that in his time the Near East was again ruled by an empire, the Ottoman Empire, with similar characteristics to that of Darius—seen from the viewpoint of a potential conqueror.
Machiavelli described Moses as a conquering prince, who founded new modes and orders by force of arms, which he used willingly to kill many of his own people. Other sources describe the reasons behind his success differently.
Leo X: a pope, but also a member of the Medici family. Machiavelli suggested they should treat the church as a princedom, as the Borgia family had, in order to conquer Italy, and found new modes and orders.
Cesare Borgia was an Italian cardinal deacon and later a condottiero, as well as a member of the Spanish House of Borgia. He was the illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI and sibling to Lucrezia Borgi
The Prince
…his reasoning using remarkable comparisons of classical, biblical, and medieval events, including many positive references to the murderous career of Cesare Borgia, which occurred during Machiavelli's own diplomatic career. The Prince is sometimes claimed to be one of the first works of modern philosophy, especially…
Profile portrait of Cesare Borgia in the Palazzo Venezia in Rome, c. 1500–1510 inscription CAES[AR] · BORGIA · VALENTINV[S]
A purported depiction of Cesare as a young boy, painted by Bernardino di Pinturicchio
Cesare Borgia leaving the Vatican (1877) by Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri. Oil on canvas.
Cesare Borgia's memorial stone