The Red Moon is a musical or operetta in three acts with music by J. Rosamund Johnson and both book and lyrics by Bob Cole. Additional music was contributed by James Reese Europe who composed the song "Sambo" for the show, and co-wrote the song "Ada " with Cole and lyrics by Charles A. Hunter. Labeled and marketed by its creators as a "sensation in red and black", the work has been classified variously by theatre scholars as a musical and an operetta. The show was created by African Americans and starred an all-Black cast in its original 1908–10 production. The show is regarded as historically important to American theatre because it was the first Broadway show to depict alliances between African Americans and Native Americans.

John Rosamond Johnson was an American composer and singer during the Harlem Renaissance. Born in Jacksonville, Florida, he had much of his career in New York City. Johnson is noted as the composer of the tune for the hymn "Lift Every Voice and Sing". It was first performed live by 500 Black American students from the segregated Florida Baptist Academy, Jacksonville, Florida, in 1900. The song was published by Joseph W. Stern & Co., Manhattan, New York.