The Salvation Army

The Salvation Army
Orientation	Holiness movement
Scripture	Bible
Structure	Hierarchical
General	Brian Peddle
Region	Worldwide
Headquarters	London, EC4 United Kingdom
Founder	William and Catherine Booth[1]
Origin	2 July 1865; 154 years ago (1865-07-02)[2] London
Separated from	Methodism[1]
Separations	Aggressive Christianity Missionary Training Corps (1981)
Congregations	15,409[3]
Members	1,650,000[3]
Ministers	26,359[3]
Other name(s)	East London Christian Mission (formerly)[1]
Official website	www.salvationarmy.org

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The Salvation Army
Background
Christianity · Protestantism Pietism · Arminianism Methodism · Holiness Movement Evangelicalism
Organization
General Chief of the Staff High Council Commissioners Officer · Soldier · Corps
Prominent Salvationists
William Booth Catherine Booth Bramwell Booth Florence Booth Evangeline Booth Ballington Booth Catherine Bramwell-Booth Frederick Booth-Tucker Arthur Booth-Clibborn Elijah Cadman John Lawley George Scott Railton T. Henry Howard Charles Jeffries Theodore Kitching Darkie Hutton William Ridsdel Ray Steadman-Allen Eva Burrows
Other topics
Brass bands Promoted to Glory Order of the Founder Limelight Department Christmas Kettle The War Cry Soldier's Covenant Reliance Bank The Blind Beggar
Related organisations
American Rescue Workers Volunteers of America Skeleton Army
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The Salvation Army (TSA) is a Protestant Christian church and an international charitable organisation. The organisation reports a worldwide membership of over 1.7 million,^[3] consisting of soldiers, officers and adherents collectively known as Salvationists. Its founders sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute, and hungry by meeting both their "physical and spiritual needs", it is present in 131 countries,^[4] running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless and disaster relief and humanitarian aid to developing countries.

The theology of the Salvation Army is derived from that of Methodism, although it is distinctive in institution and practice. A peculiarity of the Army is that it gives its clergy titles of military ranks, such as "lieutenant" or "major", it does not celebrate the rite of Baptism and Holy Communion. However, the Army's doctrine is otherwise typical of holiness churches in the Wesleyan-Arminian tradition; the Army's purposes are "the advancement of the Christian religion ... of education, the relief of poverty, and other charitable objects beneficial to society or the community of mankind as a whole".^[5]

The Army was founded in 1865 in London by one-time Methodist circuit-preacher William Booth and his wife Catherine as the East London Christian Mission, and can trace its origins to the Blind Beggar tavern. In 1878 Booth reorganised the mission, becoming its first General and introducing the military structure which has been retained as a matter of tradition,^[6] its highest priority is its Christian principles. The current international leader of The Salvation Army and chief executive officer (CEO) is General Brian Peddle, who was elected by the High Council of The Salvation Army on 3 August 2018.^[7]

Ministers[edit]

The Salvation Army refers to its ministers as "officers"; when acting in their official duties, they can often be recognized by the colour-coded epaulettes on their white uniform dress shirts. The epaulettes have the letters SA embroidered on them in white. Officers ranks include lieutenant, captain, major, colonel and the general. Promotion in rank up to the rank from lieutenant to major depends primarily on years of service.

The ordination of women is permitted in the Salvation Army. Salvation Army officers were previously allowed to marry only other officers (this rule varies in different countries); but this rule has been relaxed in recent years. Husbands and wives usually share the same rank and have the same or similar assignments; such officer-couples are then assigned together to act as co-pastors and administer corps, Adult Rehabilitation Centers and such.

As of 2017 the organisation will not appoint homosexual people to posts as ministers, preferring individuals "whose values are consistent with the church's philosophy".^[8] (See also § Criticism by LGBT activists section.) See also LGBT clergy in Christianity.

Facilities[edit]

Churches[edit]

The Army has churches located throughout the world, they are known as Salvation Army corps. They may be implemented as part of a larger community center. Traditionally many corps buildings are alternatively called temples or citadels.

Thrift stores and charity shops[edit]

The Salvation Army is well known for its network of thrift stores or charity shops, colloquially referred to as "the Sally Ann" in Canada, "Salvos Stores" in Australia, and "Sally's" in New Zealand, which raise money for its rehabilitation programs by selling donated used items such as clothing, housewares and toys. Clothing collected by Salvation Army stores that are not sold on location are often sold wholesale on the global second hand clothing market.

The Salvation Army's fundraising shops in the United Kingdom participate in the UK government's Work Programme, a workfare programme where benefit claimants must work for no compensation for 20 to 40 hours per week over periods that can be as long as 6 months.^{[9][10][11][12]}

When items are bought at the Salvation Army thrift stores, part of the proceeds go towards The Salvation Army's emergency reliefs efforts and programs.^[13] Items not sold are recycled and turned into other items such as carpets and rugs, instead of being thrown away in landfills;^[13] the Salvation Army also helps their employees by hiring ex-felons depending on the circumstances because they believe in giving people second chances. There are many job opportunities available for them nationwide and are able to move their way up to become a manager or even work in one of their corporate offices.^[14]

Adult Rehabilitation Centers[edit]

Some shops are associated with an Adult Rehabilitation Centers (ARC) where men and women make a 6-month rehabilitation commitment to live and work at the ARC residence, they are unpaid, but they are provided with comfortable room and board. Many ARCs are male-only; the program is primarily to combat addiction. They work at the warehouse, store or residence; this is referred to as "work therapy". They attend classes, twelve-step programs and chapel services as a part of their rehabilitation; the Army advertises these programs on their collection trucks with the slogan "Doing the Most Good".^[15] The general design pattern is that an ARC is associated with a main store and warehouse. Donations are consolidated from other stores and donation sites and then sorted and priced and then distributed back out to the branch stores. Low-quality donated items are sold at the warehouse dock in a "dock sale".

Hadleigh Farm Colony[edit]

Farmland at Hadleigh in Essex was acquired in 1891 to provide training for men referred from Salvation Army shelters, it featured market gardens, orchards and two brickfields. It was mentioned in the Royal Commission report of 1909 appointed to consider Poor Laws. 7,000 trainees had passed through its doors by 1912 with more than 60% subsequently finding employment.^[16] It is still operating today and has a Twitter feed @SalArmyHFE^[17] and website.

Other[edit]

The Salvation Army operates summer camps for children, Silvercrest Residences, and adult day care centers, it has headquarter offices internationally, nationally and for each territory and division. Some of the other facilities include:^[3]

• Homeless hostels
• Residential addiction dependency programs
• Children's homes
• Homes for elderly persons
• Mother and baby homes
• Women's and men's refuge centers
• General hospitals
• Schools
• Maternity hospitals

Beliefs[edit]

Their mission statement reads:

The Salvation Army, an international movement, is an evangelical part of the universal Christian church, its message is based on the Bible. Its ministry is motivated by the love of God, its mission is to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ and to meet human needs in His name without discrimination.

Early beliefs of the Salvation Army were influenced by a book Helps to Holiness,^[18] which was to influence spiritual life of the Army for a generation;^[19] the sacred text of the Salvation Army is the Bible^[20] and the beliefs of the Salvation Army rest upon these eleven doctrines:^[21]

1. We believe that the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments were given by inspiration of God; and that they only constitute the Divine rule of Christian faith and practice.
2. We believe that there is only one God, who is infinitely perfect, the Creator, Preserver, and Governor of all things, and who is the only proper object of religious worship.
3. We believe that there are three persons in the Godhead - the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost - undivided in essence and co-equal in power and glory.
4. We believe that in the person of Jesus Christ, the Divine and human natures are united, so that He is truly and properly God and truly and properly man.
5. We believe that our first parents were created in a state of innocency, but by their disobedience they lost their purity and happiness; and that in consequence of their fall all men have become sinners, totally depraved, and as such are justly exposed to the wrath of God.
6. We believe that the Lord Jesus Christ has, by His suffering and death, made an atonement for the whole world so that whosoever believes in him will not perish but have eternal life.
7. We believe that repentance towards God, faith in our Lord Jesus Christ and regeneration by the Holy Spirit are necessary to salvation.
8. We believe that we are justified by grace, through faith in our Lord Jesus Christ; and that he that believeth hath the witness in himself.
9. We believe that continuance in a state of salvation depends upon continued obedient faith in Christ.
10. We believe that it is the privilege of all believers to be wholly sanctified, and that their whole spirit and soul and body may be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
11. We believe in the immortality of the soul; in the resurrection of the body; in the general judgment at the end of the world; in the eternal happiness of the righteous; and in the endless punishment of the wicked.

The denomination does not celebrate the Christian sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion; the International Spiritual Life Commission opinion on Baptism is that enrolment as a Soldier by accepting the call to discipleship should be followed by a lifetime of continued obedient faith in Christ.^[22] The Commissions considered option of Holy Communion is that God's grace is readily accessible in all places and at all times, although Salvationists may participate in Holy Communion if attending a service of worship in another Christian denomination if the host Church allows.^[23] Although its officers conduct marriages, it holds a traditional Protestant belief that marriage was not instituted by Christ and therefore is not a sacrament; the mercy seat is a focal point in a Salvation Army Church, symbolising God's call to his people, and a place for commitment and communion, and is available for anyone to kneel at in prayer.^[24]

Worship services[edit]

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There is no requirement for anyone attending a service to be a member of the Salvation Army in any capacity (as a Soldier, Adherent or Officer) and services in Salvation Army churches feature a variety of activities:^[25]

• The service often begins with a greeting from the Minister
• Hymns are sung, accompanied by backing music
• There is a scripture reading from the Bible
• Prayers are led by the Minister leading the service
• Depending on demand, a Sunday School may be run in another room
• A collection is held to receive a financial offering, either loose money or coins in a cartridge envelope.^[26] This is sometimes referred to as "Tithes and Offerings".
• The congregation sings the doxology
• A sermon on the Bible reading is then given
• The service concludes with a benediction

Local corps usually sing contemporary worship music songs in Sunday worship services, as well as traditional hymns and music accompanied by the brass band; these are usually from the official Songbook Of The Salvation Army. They sometimes use Christian songs in the popular music genre; the American corps have adopted a mainstream Christian format with video screens showing words to music so that the audience and sing along typical of modern megachurches. Worship services usually no longer have a traditional brass band; this is reflective for many social and cultural reasons.^{[citation needed]} Some Salvation Army corps make use of smaller ensembles of musicians. Often this ensemble consists simply of a guitar, piano or a keyboard, drums and sometimes a bass guitar and other instruments, especially during "Youth Fellowships".^{[citation needed]} The music played does tend to also take on a more contemporary style as is reflected in modern music today; the early Salvation Army bands were known for their excitement and public appeal, and the modern ensemble keeps to this ideology. Traditional hymns are still used in worship services and these are blended with other musical pieces from Christian Music Publishers such as Vineyard Music, Hillsong, and Planet Shakers to name but a few.

Soldier's Covenant[edit]

The Soldiers Covenant^[27] is the creed of the Salvation Army. All members of the church and congregants are required to subscribe to this creed; every person has to sign the document before they can become enrolled as a Soldier.^[28] Members have traditionally been referred to as "soldiers" of Christ;^[29][30][31] these were formerly known as the Articles of War and include Having received with all my heart the salvation offered to me by the tender mercy of God, I do here and now acknowledge God the Father to be my King; God the Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, to be my Savior; and God the Holy Spirit to be my Guide, Comforter and Strength, and I will, by His help, love, serve, worship and obey this glorious God through time and in eternity.^[32]

Positional Statements[edit]

Positional Statements^[33] describe Salvation Army policy on various social and moral issues, are carefully considered and subject to review. They are derived from work by the International Moral and Social Issues Council; the Salvation Army opposes euthanasia and assisted suicide. Its official stance on abortion is that "The Salvation Army believes in the sanctity of all human life and considers each person to be of infinite value and each life a gift from God to be cherished, nurtured and redeemed. Human life is sacred because it is made in the image of God and has an eternal destiny. (Genesis 1:27) Sacredness is not conferred, nor can it be taken away by human agreement." The Salvation Army official stance admitted in 2010 exceptions in cases such as rape and incest: "In addition, rape and incest are brutal acts of dominance violating women physically and emotionally. This situation represents a special case for the consideration of termination as the violation may be compounded by the continuation of the pregnancy."^[34] It is also against the death penalty: "The Salvation Army recognises that the opinions of Salvationists are divided on the moral acceptability of capital punishment and its effectiveness as a deterrent. However, to advocate in any way the continuance or restoration of capital punishment in any part of the world would be inconsistent with the Army's purposes and contrary to the Army's belief that all human life is sacred and that each human being, however wretched, can become a new person in Christ."

In 2012, the Salvation Army published a "Positional Statement on Homosexuality" after receiving adverse publicity about their position on homosexuality.^[35]

The Bible teaches that God's intention for humankind is that society should be ordered on the basis of lifelong, legally sanctioned heterosexual unions. ... A disposition towards homosexuality is not in itself blameworthy nor is the disposition seen as rectifiable at will. ... Homosexual practice however, is, in the light of Scripture, clearly unacceptable; such activity is chosen behaviour and is thus a matter of the will. It is therefore able to be directed or restrained in the same way heterosexual urges are controlled. Homosexual practice would render any person ineligible for full membership (soldiership) in the Army.^[36]

Community services[edit]

Disaster relief[edit]

In the United States, the Salvation Army's first major forays into disaster relief resulted from the tragedies of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the Salvationists' nationwide appeals for financial and material donations yielded tremendous support, enabling the Army to provide assistance to thousands. General Evangeline Booth, when she offered the services of Salvationists to President Woodrow Wilson during the First World War, thrust Salvation Army social and relief work to newer heights. Today the Salvation Army is best known for its charitable efforts.

The Salvation Army is a nongovernmental relief agency and is usually among the first to arrive with help after natural or man-made disasters, they have worked to alleviate suffering and help people rebuild their lives. After the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, they arrived immediately at some of the worst disaster sites to help retrieve and bury the dead. Since then they have helped rebuild homes and construct new boats for people to recover their livelihood. Members were prominent among relief organisations after Hurricane Hugo and Hurricane Andrew and other such natural disasters in the United States. In August 2005, they supplied drinking water to poor people affected by the heat wave in the United States. Later in 2005 they responded to hurricanes Katrina and Rita, they have helped the victims of an earthquake in Indonesia in May 2006.

Since Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, the Salvation Army has allocated donations of more than $365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in nearly every state. The Army's immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included the mobilisation of more than 178 canteen feeding units and 11 field kitchens which together have served more than 5.7 million hot meals, 8.3 million sandwiches, snacks and drinks. Its SATERN (Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network)^[37] network of amateur ham-radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors. Salvation Army pastoral care counsellors were on hand to comfort the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals; as part of the overall effort, Salvation Army officers, employees and volunteers have contributed more than 900,000 hours of service.

The Salvation Army was one of the first relief agencies on the scene of the September 11 attacks in New York City in 2001, they also provided prayer support for families of missing people.

The Salvation Army, along with the American National Red Cross, Southern Baptist Convention, and other disaster relief organisations, are national members of the National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (NVOAD).^[38]

Also among the disaster relief capabilities is the Red Shield Defence Services, often called the SallyMan for short; the effort that they put in is similar to that of a chaplain, and reaches many more, offering cold drinks, hot drinks, and some biscuits for the soldiers of the military to have, though, if a SallyMan is on deployment, the locals are offered a share in the produce.

Around the world the Salvation Army have Emergency Services Support Units throughout the country; these are mobile canteen vehicles^[39] providing food and other welfare to members of the Emergency Services such as bushfires, floods, land search, and other both large- and small-scale emergency operations undertaken by Police, Fire, Ambulance and State Emergency Service members, and the general public affected by these events. Volunteers and officers run the canteen service and the response policy is to respond when emergency services have been on the scene for more than four hours or where four or more Fire vehicles are responding.

Family Tracing Service[edit]

The Family Tracing Service (sometimes known as the Missing Persons Service) was established in 1885, and the service is now available in most of the countries where The Salvation Army operates; the Tracing Service's objective is to restore (or to sustain) family relationships where contact has been lost, whether recently or in the distant past. Thousands of people are traced every year on behalf of their relatives.

Youth groups[edit]

The Salvation Army includes many youth groups, which primarily consist of its Sunday schools and the Scout and Guide packs that are sometimes set up; the Scout and Guide packs are affiliated and sponsored by the Salvation Army but are open units allowing anyone to join, these units/pack observe Christian standards and encourage the young people to investigate and develop in their Christian faith. Some territories have Salvation Army Guards and Legions Association (SAGALA). In the United States these internal youth groups that are specifically for females are known as Girl Guards (older females) and Sunbeams (younger females). Adventure Corps serves boys who are enrolled in school for first through eighth grade, and is sometimes separated into Rangers (6th-8th Grade) and Explorers (5th Grade and younger).

Alove UK[edit]

In the 21st century, the Salvation Army in the United Kingdom created a branch for the youth, called Alove,^[40] the Salvation Army for a new generation, its purpose is to free the youth of the church and their communities to express themselves and their faith in their own ways. Its mission statement is "Calling a generation to dynamic faith, radical lifestyle, adventurous mission and a fight for justice", and it emphasises worship, discipleship, missions, and social action. Alove is a member of the National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS).^[41]

History[edit]

The Salvation Army was founded in London's East End in 1865 by one-time Methodist Reform Church minister William Booth and his wife Catherine as the East London Christian Mission,^[1] and this name was used until 1878;^[42] the name "The Salvation Army" developed from an incident on 19 and 20 May. William Booth was dictating a letter to his secretary George Scott Railton and said, "We are a volunteer army." Bramwell Booth heard his father and said, "Volunteer! I'm no volunteer, I'm a regular!" Railton was instructed to cross out the word "volunteer" and substitute the word "salvation".^[43] The Salvation Army was modelled after the military, with its own flag (or colours) and its own hymns, often with words set to popular and folkloric tunes sung in the pubs. Booth and the other soldiers in "God's Army" would wear the Army's own uniform, for meetings and ministry work, he became the "General" and his other ministers were given appropriate ranks as "officers". Other members became "soldiers".^[44]

When William Booth became known as the General, Catherine is known as the "Mother of The Salvation Army". William Booth's early motivation for The Salvation Army was to convert poor Londoners such as prostitutes, gamblers and alcoholics to Christianity,^[45] while Catherine spoke to the wealthier people, gaining financial support for their work, she also acted as a religious minister, which was unusual at the time; the Foundation Deed of the Christian Mission states that women had the same rights to preach as men. William Booth described the organisation's approach: "The three 'S's' best expressed the way in which the Army administered to the 'down and outs': first, soup; second, soap; and finally, salvation."^[46]

In 1880, the Salvation Army started its work in three others countries: Australia, Ireland, and the United States. Salvationists set out for the United States in 1880, and when George Scott Railton and his team arrived they started work in Harry Hill's Variety Theatre on 14 March 1880; the first notable convert was Ashbarrel Jimmie who had so many convictions for drunkenness that the judge sentenced him to attend the Salvation Army.^[47] The corps in New York were founded as a result of Jimmys' rehabilitation, it was not always an Officer of The Salvation Army who started the Salvation Army in a new country; sometimes Salvationists emigrated to countries and started operating as "the Salvation Army" on their own authority. When the first official officers arrived in Australia and the United States, they found groups of Salvationists already waiting for them and started working with each other. Australia was the place where the Army's organised social work began on 8 December 1883 with the establishment of a home for ex-convicts.^[48] In 1891 Booth established a farm colony in Hadleigh, Essex.

The Salvation Army's main converts were at first alcoholics, morphine addicts, prostitutes and other "undesirables" unwelcome in polite Christian society, which helped prompt the Booths to start their own church;^[49] the Booths did not include the use of sacraments (mainly baptism and Holy Communion) in the Army's form of worship, believing that many Christians had come to rely on the outward signs of spiritual grace rather than on grace itself.^[50] Other beliefs are that its members should completely refrain from drinking alcohol (Holy Communion is not practiced), smoking, taking illegal drugs and gambling,^[51] its soldiers wear a uniform tailored to the country in which they work; the uniform can be white, grey, navy, fawn and are even styled like a sari in some areas. Any member of the public is welcome to attend their meetings; as the Salvation Army grew rapidly in the late 19th century, it generated opposition in England. Opponents, grouped under the name of the Skeleton Army, disrupted Salvation Army meetings and gatherings, with tactics such as throwing rocks, bones, rats, and tar as well as physical assaults on members of the Salvation Army. Much of this was led by pub owners who were losing business because of the Army's opposition to alcohol and targeting of the frequenters of saloons and public houses.^[52]

The Salvation Army's reputation in the United States improved as a result of its disaster relief efforts following the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the familiar use of bell ringers to solicit donations from passers-by "helps complete the American portrait of Christmas."^{[according to whom?]} In the U.S. alone, over 25,000 volunteers with red kettles are stationed near retail stores during the weeks preceding Christmas for fundraising.^[49] The church remains a highly visible and sometimes controversial presence in many parts of the world.

In 1994, the Chronicle of Philanthropy, an industry publication, released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organisation popularity and credibility; the study showed that The Salvation Army was ranked as the 4th "most popular charity/non-profit in America" of over 100 charities researched, with 47% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing 'Love' and 'Like A Lot' for The Salvation Army.^[53]

Charity Watch rates the Salvation Army an "A-" to an "A",^[54] indicating a high level of financial efficiency and organisational transparency.

History of Donut Day[edit]

In 1917, over two hundred-fifty Salvation Army volunteers went overseas to France to provide supplies and baked goods, including donuts, to American soldiers; the women who served donuts to the troops fried them in soldiers' helmets. They were known as "Donut Lassies" and are credited with popularising donuts in the United States.^[55] National Doughnut Day is now celebrated on the first Friday of June every year, starting in Chicago of 1938, to honour those who served doughnuts to soldiers during World War l.^[56]

Organisational structure[edit]

As of 23 October 2016 the Salvation Army operates in 128 countries^[4] and provides services in 175 different languages. For administrative purposes, the Salvation Army divides itself geographically into 5 zones^[57] and the zonal departments at International Headquarters^[58] in London, United Kingdom are the main administrative link with territories and commands^[59]

• Americas and Caribbean
• Europe
• South Asia
• South Pacific and East Asia
• Africa

These are further divided into territories, which are then sub-divided into divisions; some territories cover several countries (like Italy and Greece)^[60] while some countries may have several territories (Australia Eastern and Australia Southern)^[61] In larger areas, regional and area commands are also introduced as subdivisions of divisions; each territory has an administrative hub known as territorial headquarters (THQ). Likewise, each division has a divisional headquarters (DHQ); each of these territories is led by a territorial commander who receives orders from the Salvation Army's international headquarters in London. A territory is normally led by an officer holding the rank of colonel (for small territories) or commissioner for larger territories. In some countries, the work of The Salvation Army may be called a command, led by a command commander. A larger command is typically led by an officer holding the rank of colonel. There is a Women's Ministries^[62] division devoted to supporting women in ministry which has 766,369 members,^[63] founded as the Home League^[64] in 1907. Red Shield Defence Services^[65] work with the Armed Services in order to provide assistance such as refreshments, soap, chewing gum, toothpaste and sewing kits. "Waves Of Transformation"^[66] is a water resources project assisting deprived communities. The International Spiritual Life Commission, is convened by the General to examine and identify aspects essential to the spiritual growth of both the Church and individual Salvationists.^[67] Reliance Bank is the financial services arm of the Salvation Army, offering bank accounts, loans and mortgages, it is registered with the UK banking regulator, the Financial Conduct Authority,^[68] registration number 204537. SAGIC Insurance^[69] is the insurance services arm of the Army, offering various types of policy, a nationwide removals service^[70] and a conveyancing service for buying and selling houses.

Heritage Centres are museums run by the Salvation Army which have exhibits and historical documents related to the history and work of the organisation. Heritage Centres collect, preserve, catalog, research and share material about the life and work of The Salvation Army; the International Heritage Centre in London can provide details of premises in any specific territory.^[71] Much of what happens at the High Council is governed by British Law, as set out in the Salvation Army Acts (1931 to 1968); the 2013 High Council consists of 118 members (62 women and 56 men) made up of the Chief of Staff, all the active commissioners and territorial leaders (some territories are led by colonels), each of whom was summoned by the Chief of the Staff for the sole purpose of electing a new General.^[72] The International Heritage Centre in London, England is located at the William Booth Memorial Training College and can provide details of premises in any specific territory^[73] and runs the @SalvArmyArchive Twitter feed. Another training college for officers is the Catherine Booth Bible College based at Winnipeg, Canada^[74] which was authorised in August 1983 by the Manitoba Legislature to grant academic degrees. International Development Services team^[75] work with some of the poorest communities around the world and run the official @TSA_Projects Twitter feed.

National Salvation Army week was created by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on November 24, 1954, telling people to honor the Salvation Army during that week for its work in the United States in the past seventy-five years.^[76] The Salvation Army was one of the original six organizations that made up the USO along with YMCA, YWCA, National Catholic Community Services, National Jewish Welfare Board, and National Travelers Aid Association.^[77]

An early precursor to the Salvation Army becoming involved in safeguarding work was Catherine Booth writing to Queen Victoria regarding a Parliamentary bill for the protection of girls.^[78] Safeguarding legislation was strengthened by a new Act of Parliament, the "Public General Act, An Act to make further provision for the Protection of Women and Girls, the suppression of brothels, and other purposes, (otherwise known as the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885)", which received Royal Assent on 14 August 1885^[79] The Salvation Army was involved in getting this Act passed.^[80] Work included a petition (numbering 340,000 signatures deposited on the floor of the House of Commons by 8 uniformed Salvationists),^[81] mass meetings and an investigation into child prostitution. W. T. Stead of the Pall Mall Gazette launched a campaign in 1885 by writing articles on The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon to expose the extent of child prostitution^[82] which involved procuring a girl, Eliza for £5, she was cared for by the Army, taken to France and subsequently testified as a key witness at the trial of Stead and Rebecca Jarrett (the prostitute who had arranged the "sale" of Eliza) at Bow Street. Both were sentenced to 6 months in prison; the newly founded Salvation Army in Japan also encountered child prostitution, derived from a system of Debt Bondage. While an imperial ordinance (written in classical Japanese which few could understand) declared the girls right to freedom, the pioneer Salvationist Gunpei Yamamuro rewrote it in colloquial speech,^[83] his wife Kiye took charge of a girls home to provide secure accommodation for any girl wishing to give up prostitution. An imperial ordinance passed on 2 October 1900 stated that any woman who wished to give up prostitution only had to go to the nearest Police station and ask.

The involvement of the Salvation Army in work to combat slavery and people trafficking can be traced back to William Booth publishing a letter in The War Cry in 1885;^[84] the same year an escapee from a prostitution house turned up on the door of the Salvation Army headquarters and sought help from Bramwell Booth.^[85] Work with people at risk of exploitation continues today, with a specialist team, and working in partnership with the UK service Modern Slavery Helpline (telephone 0800 0121 700). Work is also done assisting homeless people by running 461 hostels^[86] and 20 Refugee programmes.

Various Constituting Instruments apply to different aspects of the work of the Salvation Army. Legislation passed in the United Kingdom Parliament covered the following:

• The Salvation Army Act, 1931 contained several provisions,^[87] firstly that the High Council be convened to elect a new General when the role became vacant, and reorganised custody of property held in Charitable Trust^[88] by the foundation of the Salvation Army Trustee Company being formed to hold all property previously vested in the General. Section 4 relates to a servin General giving notice of their intention to retire.^[89]
• The Salvation Army Act 1963^[90] established a non-contributory pension fund for Officers of the Salvation Army.
• The Salvation Army Act 1968 relates to management of Salvation Army trusts.^[91]
• The Salvation Army Act 1980 revised and consolidated the constitution of the Salvation Army to continue its work.^[92]
  • Schedule 1 covered the Religious Doctrines of the Army
  • Schedule 2 related to Common Investment Schemes and the establishment of a Central Finance Council
  • Part V covered the Election of the General

The most recent statistics for membership^[93] from the 2018 Year Book^[94] are 111,859 employees, 17,168 Active Officers, 9,775 Retired Officers, 1,050 Cadets, 175,811 Adherents, 411,327 Junior Soldiers and 1,182,100 Senior Soldiers. Previous membership statistics (as quoted from 2010 year book) includes 16,938 active and 9,190 retired officers, 39,071 Corps Cadets and more than 4.5 million volunteers. Members of the Salvation Army also include "adherents"; these are people who do not make the commitment to be a soldier but who recognise the Salvation Army as their church. (According to the 2006 Salvation Army year book, in the United States there are 85,148 senior soldiers and 28,377 junior soldiers, 17,396 adherents and around 60,000 employees.) Further information is available from the Salvation Army International website.^[95]

General Brian Peddle has been world leader of the Salvation Army since August 3, 2018.

The Salvation Army is one of the world's largest providers of social aid,^{[citation needed]} with expenditures including operating costs of $2.6 billion in 2004, helping more than 32 million people in the U.S. alone. In addition to community centres and disaster relief, the organisation does work in refugee camps, especially among displaced people in Africa; the Salvation Army has received an A− rating from the American Institute of Philanthropy. In the United Kingdom, the Salvation Army is no longer the largest nongovernmental provider of social services; however, it still provides a significant service to people in need; the Salvation Army is the second largest charity in the United States, with private donations of almost $2 billion for the fiscal year ending 30 September 2007.^[96] and is a member of the American organisation Christian Churches Together.^[97]

In 2004, the Army in the United States received a $1.6 billion donation in the will of Joan B. Kroc, third wife of former McDonald's CEO Ray Kroc. This donation was among the larger individual philanthropic gifts ever given to a single organisation; the donation came with certain restrictions that caused some controversy.^[98]

The International Congress of the Salvation Army is normally held every 10 years^[99] as a conference for all Salvationists from around the world to meet; the first such conference took place in London, UK, from 28 May to 4 June 1886, and subsequent Congressional meetings were held sporadically until 1904 and then 1990.^[100] The seventh International Congress in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, from 28 June to 2 July 2000, was the first held outside of the UK;^[101] the latest International Congress was held in London on 1–5 July 2015, in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the Salvation Army's founding.

Officers are given Marching Orders to change ministries within the Salvation Army. Usually, officers are given new marching orders every two to five years and reassigned to different posts, sometimes moving great distances.

In Russia the Army was founded around 1917^[102] and the Army struggled on until 1922 at which point the situation had become extremely challenging.^[103] A Moscow court ruled that the Salvation Army was a paramilitary organisation subject to expulsion. In October 2006, the European Court of Human Rights ruled the decision illegal;^[104] the Salvation Army International website^[105] lists the Russian Federation, now part of the Territory of Eastern Europe.^[106] William Booth's dying wish for the Salvation Army to be established in China^[107] was fulfilled in a pledge made in 1912 Bramwell Booth to his father.^[108] In 1915 the first officers were sent, and during the 1931 famine fed 100,000 people daily. Following political difficulties by 1952 the Army withdrew from the country but work still continues in the provinces of Macau, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 1882 the Salvation Army was established in Asia with the first outpost in India;^[109] the Army also established outposts in Australia in 1879, Japan in 1895 and China in 1915.

Symbols[edit]

Flag[edit]

The Salvation Army flag is a symbol of the Army's war against sin and social evils; the red on the flag symbolises the blood shed by Jesus Christ, the yellow for the fire of the Holy Spirit and the blue for the purity of God the Father.

Crest[edit]

The oldest official emblem of The Salvation Army is the crest.

In 1878 Captain W.H. Ebdon suggested a logo, and in 1879 it was to be found on the letterhead of the Salvation Army Headquarters; the captain's suggested design was changed only slightly and a crown was added.

The Army's crest contains Biblical references though its symbolism:

• The sun with its rays represents the light and fire of the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 3:11)
• The cross represents the cross of Jesus on which He died as a sacrifice for our sins. (Romans 3:25)
• The letter "S" represents the salvation which is available to all people through Jesus Christ. (John 3:16-17)
• The crossed swords represent God's Word (Hebrews 4:12). God's Word is the Christian's weapon in the salvation war (the war against Satan and evil).
• The Gospel shots (Psalm 119:160) represent the basic truths of the Gospel; there are 7 in all.

  1 – The existence of a Holy God; 2 – The evil of sin are against God and man; 3 – There will be punishment for sin that is fair and everlasting; 4 – Jesus died on the cross for the human race; 5 – Salvation is for all mankind and is free to all who accept Jesus Christ; 6 – It is the responsibility of every Christian to do whatever they can do to spread the Gospel; 7 – God rewards those who are faithful with eternal life in Heaven with Him.

• The words "Blood and Fire" as the "war cry" of the Salvation Army. It is Jesus' blood that washes us clean from sin and it is the fire of the Holy Spirit that makes us pure and helps us live lives that are pleasing to God.
• The crown represents the "Crown of Life and Glory" which God will give to all those who have been faithful to Him (James 1:12).

Red Shield[edit]

The Red Shield has its origins in Salvation Army work during wartime. At the end of the 19th century, Staff-Captain Mary Murray was sent by William Booth to support British troops serving in the Boer War in South Africa. Then, in 1901, this same officer was given the task of establishing the Naval and Military League, the forerunner of the Red Shield Services.

Salvation Army officers serving in the Red Shield Services in wartime performed many functions; the Doughnut Girls of World War I are an early example, serving refreshments to troops in the trenches. They also provided first aid stations, ambulances, chaplaincy, social clubs, Christian worship and other front-line services.^[110]

This symbol is still used in Blue Shield Services that serve the British Armed Forces but it is widely used as a simple, more readily identifiable symbol in many Salvation Army settings, it is common to see the Red Shield used on casual Salvation Army uniform. It is now official Salvation Army policy in the UK that the red shield should be used as the external symbol of the Salvation Army, with the Crest only being used internally. Therefore, any new Salvation Army building will now have the red shield on the outside rather than the crest which certainly would have been used on its Corps (church) buildings; this was "imposed" in the UK by the Senior Management with little or no consultation with members. Not all have welcomed this change.^[111]

In Australia, the Red Shield has become one of the country's most identified and trusted symbols, leading the Australian Salvation Army to prefer to use this symbol over the logo on its uniform, corps buildings and advertising materials. In the 5th volume of Australian Superbrands it was recorded that "Research reveals that the popular Salvation Army slogan 'Thank God for the Salvos' has almost total recognition amongst the Australian public, achieving 93 per cent aided awareness".^[112]

Uniform[edit]

Salvation Army officers, cadets^[113] (trainee officers) and soldiers often wear uniforms; the idea that they should do so originated with Elijah Cadman, who, at the Salvation Army's "War Congress" in August 1878, said, "I would like to wear a suit of clothes that would let everyone know I meant war to the teeth and salvation for the world". The uniform identifies the wearer as a Salvationist and a Christian, it also symbolises availability to those in need. The uniform takes many forms internationally but is characterised by the 'S' insignia for 'Salvation' and carries the meaning 'Saved to Serve', or 'Saved to Save'. Different colors and styles represent different ranks including soldiers, cadets, lieutenants, captains, majors, colonels, commissioner, and even the General.

Characteristics of the uniform vary between ranks where accessories (the official term is "trimings") comprise epaulettes and hexagonal lapel patches.^{[114][citation needed]} The uniform varies with the position and rank:

• Soldier: plain black epaulettes (Corps name woven into base of epaulette) and black lapel patch with "S"
• Musician: plain blue or black epaulettes and lapel patch with "S"
• Cadet: black epaulette with 1 or 2 red bars corresponding to number of years of training and black lapel patch with "S"
• Officer ranks:
  • Lieutenant: red epaulette with one silver star and red lapel patch with "S"
  • Captain: red epaulette with two silver stars and red lapel patch with "S"
  • Major: red epaulette with silver crest and red lapel patch with "S"

Other letters are substituted to conform with local language; the words "The Salvation Army" are woven into the fabric of the uniform as a logo on shirts, blouses and jackets.

Tartan[edit]

Since 1983 there has been an official Salvation Army tartan, it was designed by Captain Harry Cooper, for the Perth Citadel Corps centenary commemoration in Scotland. It is based upon the colours of the Salvation Army flag, with which it shares the same symbolism, it is rarely seen outside Scotland.^[115]

Salute[edit]

The Salvation Army has a unique form of salute which involves raising the right hand above shoulder-height with the index finger pointing upwards, it signifies recognition of a fellow citizen of heaven, and a pledge to do everything possible to get others to heaven also.^[116] In the case of saluting in response to applause, in circumstances such as a musical festival or being applauded for a speech, it also signifies that the Salvationist wishes to give Glory to God and not themselves. In some instances, the salute is accompanied with a shout of 'hallelujah!'

Red kettles[edit]

In many countries, the Salvation Army is recognised during the Christmas season with its volunteers and employees who stand outside of businesses and play/sing Christmas carols, or ring bells to inspire passers-by to place donations of cash and cheques inside red kettles. A tradition has developed in the United States in which, in some places, gold coins or rings or bundles of large bills are anonymously inserted into the kettles; this was first recorded in 1982, in Crystal Lake, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.^[117][118] The red kettles are not only used during the Christmas season though, they are used throughout the year at other fundraising events, such as on National Doughnut Day in the U.S. On this day, some donut shops that teamed up with the Salvation Army have a red kettle set up for donations; each corps has a specific goal chosen for them by DHQ [Divisional Headquarters] which differs based on size and capability ^[119]

Red Shield Appeal and Self-Denial Appeal[edit]

The Red Shield Appeal and Self-Denial Appeal are annual fundraising campaigns in some territories, such as the UK and Australia; each year, officers, soldiers, employees and volunteers take to the streets worldwide to participate in door-to-door or street collections. The money raised is specifically channelled towards The Salvation Army's social work in each respective territory. Within the territory defined by the United Kingdom and Ireland (UKIT) this collection is known as the Annual Appeal, and it often carries another name that the generally public would more readily know – in 2012 becoming The Big Collection.

Music playing[edit]

As the popularity of the organisation grew and Salvationists worked their way through the streets of London attempting to convert individuals, they were sometimes confronted with unruly crowds. A family of musicians (the Frys, from Alderbury, Wiltshire) began working with the Army as their "bodyguards" and played music to distract the crowds.^[120] In 1891 a Salvation Army band attempted to parade and play music in Eastbourne, Sussex, England; this was in contravention of local by-laws and resulted in the arrest of 9 Salvationists. Unperturbed the Army continued to parade in defiance of the law, with the aim of gathering support for a change in legislation. Over the next few months the situation in the town escalated to such an extent that there were riots, and mounted police had to be called in from surrounding areas to try and maintain order.^[121][122]

The tradition of having musicians available continued and eventually grew into standard brass bands; these are still seen in public at Army campaigns, as well as at other festivals, parades and at Christmas. Across the world the brass band has been an integral part of the Army's ministry and an immediately recognisable symbol to Salvationists and non-Salvationists alike; the Salvation Army also has choirs; these are known as Songster Brigades, normally comprising the traditional soprano, alto, tenor and bass singers. The premier Songster Brigade in the Salvation Army is the International Staff Songsters (ISS); the standard of playing is high and the Army operates bands at the international level, such as the International Staff Band (a brass band) which is the equal of professional ensembles although it does not participate in the brass band contest scene, and territorial levels such as the New York Staff Band. Some professional brass players and contesting brass band personnel have Salvation Army backgrounds. Many Salvation Army corps have brass bands that play at Salvation Army meetings, although not all; the Salvation Army also fielded large concertina bands. From the turn of the (20th) century to the Second World War between a third and a half of all SA officers in Britain played concertina. For an evangelist the concertina's portability, its ability to play both melody and chords, and most especially the fact that the player can sing or speak while playing, were all distinct advantages over brass instruments.^{[123][124][125]}

The Army tradition in music is to use the popular idiom of the day to reach people for Jesus; the Army's Joy Strings were a hit pop group in the 1960s and early 1970s in the UK and beyond, reaching the charts and being featured on national television. Another popular band is The Insyderz, an American ska-core group popular in the 1990s and early 2000s. Hundreds of bands carry on this Salvation Army tradition, such as New Zealand's Moped, Chamberlain, Vatic, Agent C, and The Lads; England's Electralyte; Australia's Soteria Music Ministries, Summer Carnival Band, Crown of Thorns and Escape; and America's transMission, The Singing Company, HAB, BurN, and CJD – Cookies, Juice, & Donuts. Saytunes is a website designed to encourage and promote these contemporary Salvation Army bands and artists. Another significant musical feature of the Salvation Army is its use of tambourines. With coloured ribbons representing the colours of the Salvation Army flag, timbrels play an integral facet of music in the Salvation army, they are mainly played by women.

Publications[edit]

In addition to books and magazines, the Salvation Army publishes sheet music^[126] and Facebook groups run by Territories and Corps officers, and unofficial fan groups. Due to the way in which the Salvation Army is constituted, copyright of some Army publications is vested in the General of The Salvation Army, and not necessarily the original authors.^[127]

There are official social media accounts run by the Salvation Army on Twitter and Facebook.

This is a list of books and magazines:

• New Frontier Chronicle, news and networking for the Salvation Army^[128]
• Caring Magazine, curating conversation around issues of social concern^[129]

• The War Cry newspaper, first published in 1879 in the United Kingdom^[130]
• Faith and Friends magazine^[131]
• Salvationist magazine^[132]
• Word and Deed journal^[133]
• KidZone magazine^[134]
• Priority magazine^[135]
• Pipeline, The Salvation Army's news, features and opinion magazine AUE (discontinued)^[136]
• Onfire The Salvation Army's news, features and opinion magazine AUS (discontinued)^{[citation needed]}
• Red magazine, aimed at youth and Corps Cadets in Aus South (discontinued)^{[citation needed]}
• Others The Salvation Army's news, features and opinion magazine (under newly unified Australian Territory)^{[citation needed]}
• Adult And Family Ministries Songbook^[137]
• Kids Alive children's magazine
• Handbook of Doctrine^[138]
• Salvation Story (revised Handbook of Doctrine)^[139]
• The Salvation Army Yearbook 2018 (website page)^[140]
• Christian Mission Magazine^[141]
• Christian Mission Hymn Book^[142]
• Revive^[143]
• The Salvation Army Year Book 2018 (paperback)^[144] (e-book)^[145]
• Songbook of The Salvation Army (Standard Print)^[146] (Large Print)^[147]

Honours[edit]

General Bramwell Booth instituted the Order of the Founder on 20 August 1917^[148] and the first awards were made in 1920 to one Soldier and 15 Officers. General George Carpenter founded the Order Of Distinguished Auxiliary Service in 1941 to express the Salvation Army's gratitude for service given to the organisation by non-Salvationists.^[149]

Controversy[edit]

Criticism by LGBT activists[edit]

Because the Salvation Army is a church, Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 allows it to inquire into people's religious beliefs in its hiring practices; the Salvation Army states that it does not "discriminate against hiring gays and lesbians for the majority of its roughly 55,000 jobs,"^[150] but it has supported legislation which would allow it to deny employment and federally-funded services to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals.^[151][152]

In 1997 the city of San Francisco enacted a law requiring all companies doing business with the city government to extend domestic benefits to same-sex partners of employees. In refusing to do so, the Salvation Army declined a US$3.5 million contract.^[153] In 2001, the Salvation Army pressed the Bush Administration to exempt it and other religious groups from anti-discrimination legislation which it felt infringed on the organization's religious freedoms; this request was denied, and was sharply rebuked by David Smith, then-spokesperson for the Human Rights Campaign. "Gays and lesbians are taxpayers, too," said Smith. "Their money should not be used by religious groups to fund discriminatory practices against them."^{[150][154][155]}

The Salvation Army Western Territory approved a plan in October 2001 to start offering domestic partnership benefits to employees in same-sex relationships.^[156] Members of various evangelical Christian interest groups protested the decision. Focus on the Family founder James Dobson excoriated the Salvation Army for abandoning its "moral integrity" and urged his radio listeners to bombard the organisation's offices with phone calls and letters; the American Family Association also accused the Salvation Army of a "monstrous ... appeasement of sin" that resulted in a "betrayal of the church". In November 2001 the Salvation Army US-wide rescinded the Western Territory's decision with an announcement that it would only provide benefits coverage for different-sex spouses and dependent children of its employees.

In 2004, the Salvation Army said that it would close operations in New York City unless it was exempted from a municipal ordinance requiring them to offer benefits to gay employees' partners; the City Council refused to make the exemption. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg’s administration chose not to enforce the ordinance. The administration's right to decline to enforce the ordinance was upheld by the New York State Court of Appeals in 2006.^[157]

On 15 December 2012, in Canada, Andrea Le Good noticed a Salvation Army bell-ringer carrying a sign reading "if you support gay rights: please do not donate". While the bell-ringer claimed he had permission from the charity to wear the sign, Salvation Army spokeswoman Kyla Ferns said that it had no part in the sign, and that the bell-ringer was pulled away immediately when the charity learned about it;^[158] the charity's website describes marriage as heterosexual by definition, and a published document called on homosexuals to embrace celibacy as a way of life. The same document also states that there is no scriptural support for the mistreatment of homosexuals.^[158]

In February 2000, the Salvation Army in the United Kingdom publicly opposed the repeal of Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988, which prevented local authorities from "intentionally promot[ing] homosexuality".^[159] However, the organisation's UK website states that it offers "unconditional assistance and support regardless of race, religion, gender or sexual orientation, respecting the identity and choices of all those referred to them. ... As well as having a right to be dealt with professionally, people can expect from us encouragement and a respect for their individual beliefs, ambitions and preferences".^[160]

Before the passing of the Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986 by the New Zealand Parliament, the Salvation Army was active throughout New Zealand gathering signatures for a petition seeking to prevent the bill's passing. In 2006, the Army released a statement regretting the ill feelings that persisted following this activity, it stated in part "We do understand though that The Salvation Army's official opposition to the Reform Bill was deeply hurtful to many, and are distressed that ill-feeling still troubles our relationship with segments of the gay community. We regret any hurt that may remain from that turbulent time and our present hope is to rebuild bridges of understanding and dialogue between our movement and the gay community."^[161]

Despite documented events of Salvation Army's volunteers and their views, the organisation has issued an LGBT Statement as a response; the statement does not address any documented news events of discrimination and claims to debunk these events as urban myth.^[162]

In November 2013 it was made known that the Salvation Army was referring LGBT individuals to one of several conversion therapy groups;^[162] as a response the Salvation Army removed such referrals from their website.^[163]

The Salvation Army's response[edit]

A positional statement on the Salvation Army UK and Ireland site stated (but has since been taken down):

The Salvation Army teaches that sexual acts should take place only in a monogamous heterosexual marriage, believing that this reflects God's intentions for sexual behaviour and provides the best environment for raising children.^[164]

The positional statement is, however, intended explicitly for members of the Salvation Army^[165] and the Salvation Army mission statement as of 2013 states:

The Salvation Army stands against homophobia, which victimises people and can reinforce feelings of alienation, loneliness and despair. We want to be an inclusive church community where members of the LGBT community find welcome and the encouragement to develop their relationship with God ... Our international mission statement is very clear on this point when it says we will "meet human needs in [Jesus'] name without discrimination". Anyone who comes through our doors will be welcomed with love and service, based on their need and our capacity to provide.^[166]

As of late 2013, activists were still calling on the Salvation Army to change its stance on LGBT issues, citing ongoing discrimination.^[167][168]

As of April 2018, the Inclusion page on the official UK website states that the Salvation Army stands against homophobia and does not permit discrimination in its employment practices or delivery of care.^[169]

On its USA Central Territory website, it explicitly claims that it serves and welcomes the LGBT community.^[170]

Canadian charity work[edit]

During the 2010 Christmas season, the Salvation Army in Calgary, Alberta, refused to accept toys based on the Harry Potter and Twilight franchises because of a perceived conflict with the organisation's religious principles. One volunteer claimed that the toys were destroyed instead of being given to other agencies; the volunteer also criticised the Salvation Army for accepting violence-themed toys such as plastic rifles while not accepting Harry Potter or Twilight toys. A Salvation Army captain said that the toys were given to other organisations, not disposed of;^[171] this policy is however, not universal, as the Wetaskiwin corps of the Salvation Army has accepted Harry Potter toys. One captain called the series "a classic story of good winning over evil".^[172]

Also during the 2010 Christmas season, the Salvation Army in Vancouver, BC, came under fire from advocacy group Families Against Crime & Trauma (FACT) for a program that provided goodie bags to federal inmates for Christmas by playing Santa to incarcerated criminals; the advocacy group called on the public to cease donations to the Salvation Army. Families Against Crime & Trauma takes a hardline position against criminal rehabilitation and objected to the gifts, however small, as undeserved rewards that should instead go to the victims of crime and their families; the Salvation Army responded that their prisoner visitation program was established over a century ago and that they provided these particular services as contractors to the federal and provincial government, as such no charitable donations were spent on the program.^[173]

Proselytising during government-funded social service in New York[edit]

In 2004, the Salvation Army's New York division was named in a lawsuit filed by 18 current and former employees of its social service arm, claiming that the organisation asked about the religious and sexual habits of employees in programs funded by local and state government. One member claimed the organisation forced them to agree "to preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ".^[174] Proselytising or otherwise pursuing religious motives in a government-funded program is generally considered a violation of the Establishment Clause of the US Constitution. While the employment-discrimination portion of the lawsuit was dismissed in 2005, government agencies agreed in a 2010 settlement to set up monitoring systems to ensure that the Army did not violate church-state separation in its publicly funded projects; the organisation did not dispute allegations that nine-year-olds in a city-funded foster care program were put through a "confirmation-like" ceremony, where they were given Bibles and prayed over.^[175]

Australian sex abuse cases[edit]

From the 1940s to the 1980s the Salvation Army in Australia sheltered approximately 30,000 children. In 2006 the Australian division of the Salvation Army acknowledged that sexual abuse may have occurred during this time and issued an apology. In it, the Army explicitly rejected a claim, made by a party unnamed in the apology, that there were as many as 500 potential claimants.^[176]

In 2013 it was reported that private settlements totalling A$15.5 million had been made in Victoria relating to 474 abuse cases; a Salvation Army spokesman said that "This should not have happened and this was a breach of the trust placed in us" and that they were "deeply sorry" whilst claiming that the abuse was "the result of individuals and not a culture within the organization".^{[177][178][179]}

On 28 January 2014, the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, a royal commission of inquiry initiated in 2013 by the Australian Government and supported by all of its state governments,^[180] began an investigation into abuse cases at the Alkira Salvation Army Home for Boys at Indooroopilly; the Riverview Training Farm (also known as Endeavour Training Farm) at Riverview – both in Queensland; the Bexley Boys' Home at Bexley; and the Gill Memorial Home at Goulburn – both in New South Wales; the investigation also examined the Salvation Army's processes in investigating, disciplining, removing and transferring anyone accused of or found to have engaged in child sexual abuse in these homes.^{[181][182][183][184]} On 27 March 2014, the Royal Commission began an investigation into the handling by the Salvation Army (Eastern Territory) of claims of child sexual abuse between 1993 and 2014.^{[185][186][187]}

The Royal Commission published a case study report on the findings and recommendations for one of the above-mentioned case studies.^[188]

Unpaid labour in the UK[edit]

The Salvation Army has been criticized for making use of the UK Government's workfare schemes across Britain;^[189] the UK campaign group Boycott Workfare lists them as a participant in Workfare.^[190]

In films[edit]

The Salvation Army is featured in many popular movies such as Seabiscuit and Major Barbara; the Salvation Army is only briefly shown or discussed in these movies such as a bell ringer on the corner in the movie Maid in Manhattan, and briefly mentioned in Batman Begins.^[191] The Salvation Army began producing silent films in the 1900s when they created Australia's first film studio.

Film studio[edit]

The Salvation Army started their own film studio called The Limelight Department in Australia beginning in 1892;^[192] the original studio still stands today and is being preserved by the Salvation Army. One of the films included was a documentary called Inauguration of the Australian Commonwealth.^[192] In the years between 1892 and 1909, The Limelight Department produced over 300 films and documented Australia's Federation Ceremonies in 1909.^[192]

See also[edit]

• The Salvation Army, Canada
• Booth University College
• Chalk Farm Salvation Army Band
• Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army
• "Follow On" (hymn)
• Generals of The Salvation Army
• The Salvation Army Ray & Joan Kroc Corps Community Centers
• Maidenhead Citadel Band
• Melbourne Staff Band
• Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network
• Salvation Army Waiʻoli Tea Room
• Soldier in The Salvation Army
• The Salvation Army in Manchester
• The Salvation Army in Namibia
• The Salvation Army, Parramatta
• The Salvation Army U.S.A. Central Territory
• The Salvation Army U.S.A. Western Territory
• World Vision
• Church Army
• Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885
• Salvation Army Boys Adventure Corps

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Cooper, David Paul Notes on The Salvation Army An East End History In Photographs
• Eason, Andrew M. Roger J. Green, eds. Boundless Salvation: The Shorter Writings of William Booth. New York: Peter Lang, 2012.
• Eason, Andrew M. Women in God's Army: Gender and Equality in the Early Salvation Army. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-88920-418-7
• Walker, Pamela J. (2001). Pulling the Devil's Kingdom Down: The Salvation Army in Victorian Britain. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22591-0.
• Winston, Diane (2000). Red-Hot and Righteous: The Urban Religion of the Salvation Army. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00396-9.
• Ostling, Richard N. (15 December 2005). "The Salvation Army: A distinctive corps simultaneously expands and shrinks". Associated Press.
• Washington Post article regarding the deal between The Salvation Army and the Bush administration

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Salvation Army.

Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Salvation Army

• Official website of the international Salvation Army
• Timeline of Salvation Army development
• Salvation Army: - Association of Religion Data Archives