1.
Sitcom
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A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries, a situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a studio audience, depending on the programs production format. The effect of a studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track. The terms situational comedy or sitcom werent commonly used until the 1950s, there were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be Pinwrights Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. There have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, but many U. S. UK sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served, had been repeated by ABC Television several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a gay character. In 1987, Mother and Son was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in 2013, Please Like Me was praised by the critics, receiving an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris. And has garnered three awards and numerous nominations, nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Conversely, however, Canadian television has had greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington, aired from 1975 to 1980, corner Gas, which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards, other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included Call Me Fitz and Schitts Creek, Letterkenny and Kims Convenience. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. Gliding On, a popular sit-com in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama. The first Russian sitcom series was Strawberry, which was aired in 1996-1997 on the RTR channel, however, the boom of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s - when in 2004 the STS started very successful sitcom My Fair Nanny. Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country - STS and TNT, in 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom - Daddys Daughters, and in 2010 TNT released Interns - the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy. Most American sitcoms generally include episodes of 20 to 30 minutes in length, some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the U. S
Sitcom
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Radio portal
2.
Surreal humor
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Surreal humour is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical. Constructions of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions, non-sequiturs, the humour arises from a subversion of audiences expectations, so that amusement is founded on unpredictability, separate from a logical analysis of the situation. The humour derived gets its appeal from the fact that the situation described is so ridiculous or unlikely, the genre has roots in Surrealism in the arts. People speak of surreal humour when illogic and absurdity are used for humourous effect, many of Edward Lears children stories and poems contain nonsense and are basically surreal in approach. Besides that, it was bordered by evanescent isthmuses with a great Gulf-stream running about all over it, so that it was perfectly beautiful, and contained only a single tree,503 feet high. In the early 20th century, several movements, including the dadaists, surrealists. The goals of these movements were in some serious, and they were committed to undermining the solemnity. As a result, much of their art was intentionally amusing, a famous example is Marcel Duchamps Fountain, an inverted urinal signed R. Mutt. This became one of the most famous and influential pieces of art in history and it is also a joke, relying on the inversion of the items function as expressed by its title as well as its incongruous presence in an art exhibition. The word surreal first began to be used to describe a type of aesthetic of the early 1920s, surreal humour is also found frequently in avant-garde theatre such as Waiting for Godot and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. In the United States, S. J. Perelman has been identified as the first surrealist humour writer, artists like Yoko Ono, Andy Warhol, Donald Barthelme, Italo Calvino, John Hodgman, and many others have relied on this technique in their work. Surrealist humour has played an important role in culture, especially since The Goon Show, Ernie Kovacs. Spike Milligan has been an influence with his absurdist pieces. One of his earliest works in radio, The Goon Show, has inspired many other absurdist comedians and was popular at the time. Spike Milligan went on to create a TV show in 1969, in turn, the Pythons influenced many with their groundbreaking series Monty Pythons Flying Circus. In the 1980s, when the alternative comedy era had begun, absurdist comedians were working the circuit, with the success of The Comic Strip Presents. Featuring as one of the first aired pieces for Channel 4 and this was a very absurdist sitcom based on four university students. Both Monty Python and The Young Ones featured a structure and many absurdities
Surreal humor
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Edward Lear, Aged 73 and a Half and His Cat Foss, Aged 16, is a lithograph by Edward Lear from 1885
Surreal humor
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Marcel Duchamp 's
Fountain (1917), an inverted urinal signed "R. Mutt".
3.
Sarah Silverman
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Sarah Kate Silverman is an American stand-up comedian, actress, producer, and writer. Her comedy addresses social taboos and controversial topics, such as racism, sexism, for her work on television, she won two Primetime Emmy Awards. She released an autobiography The Bedwetter in 2010 and she also appeared in other television programs, such as Mr. Show and V. I. P. and starred in films, including Whos the Caboose. School of Rock, Wreck-It Ralph, and A Million Ways to Die in the West, in 2015, she starred in the drama I Smile Back, for which she was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role. Silverman was born in Bedford, New Hampshire, to Beth Ann and she was raised in Manchester, New Hampshire. Silvermans parents divorced and later remarried others, Silverman is the youngest of five siblings. Her sisters are Rabbi Susan Silverman, screenwriter Jodyne Silverman, and actress Laura Silverman, born into a Jewish family, she considers herself secular and non-religious. She was in attendance when women lit menorahs at the Western Wall for the first time in December 2014 and her ancestors were from Poland and Russia. The first time Silverman performed stand-up comedy was in Boston at age 17 and she described her performance as awful. After graduating from The Derryfield School in Manchester, she attended New York University for a year, instead, she performed stand-up comedy in Greenwich Village. After beginning her stand-up comedy in 1992, Silverman was part of the 1993–94 season of Saturday Night Live for 18 weeks as a writer and featured player. Bob Odenkirk, a former SNL writer, explained, I could see how it wouldnt work at SNL because shes got her own voice and she can play a character but she doesnt disappear into the character—she makes the character her. She has stated that she was not ready for SNL when she got the job, later, she was grateful that her SNL time was short because it didnt end up defining her. She appeared in three episodes of Larry Sanders during its two seasons. She also starred in the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show and had the role for the 1997 independent film Whos the Caboose. Silverman and Seder later made a television series sequel entitled Pilot Season in which Silverman stars as the same character and Seder again directed. She made her standup comedy debut on the Late Show with David Letterman in July 2007. In 2005, Silverman released a film, Sarah Silverman, Jesus Is Magic
Sarah Silverman
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Silverman at the 2012
San Diego Comic-Con International.
Sarah Silverman
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Silverman at the 2007
Tribeca Film Festival
Sarah Silverman
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Silverman performing at
Upright Citizens Brigade in
Los Angeles, January 2013
4.
Dan Harmon
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Daniel Joey Ramone Dan Harmon is an American writer and producer. Harmon published Youll Be Perfect When Youre Dead in 2013 and he also hosts a weekly eponymous podcast, Harmontown. Harmon was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and he graduated from Brown Deer High School in Brown Deer, Wisconsin, a suburb of Milwaukee, and attended Marquette University. He briefly attended Glendale Community College and he would later use his experiences at the community college to form the basis of the show Community. Harmon was a member of ComedySportz Milwaukee, alongside Rob Schrab and they produced an album, Take Down the Grand Master, in 1996. Harmon frequently appeared at Milwaukees Safehouse free comedy stage early in his career, a notable routine was a song about masturbation. Harmon co-created the television pilot Heat Vision and Jack and several Channel 101 shows, some featuring Black, Drew Carey and he co-created Comedy Centrals The Sarah Silverman Program and served as head writer for several episodes. He was the creator, executive producer, and a performer in Acceptable. TV. He and Rob Schrab co-wrote the screenplay for the Academy Award-nominated film Monster House and he is credited for writing part of Rob Schrabs comic book series Scud, The Disposable Assassin, as well as the spin-off comic series La Cosa Nostroid. In 2009, Harmons sitcom Community, inspired by his own community college experiences, was picked up by NBC to be in its fall lineup. On June 1,2013, Harmon announced that he would be returning to Community, serving as co-showrunner along with Chris McKenna, this was confirmed by Sony Pictures on June 10. NBC cancelled the show after its season in May 2014. On May 23,2011, Harmon began hosting a live comedy show. After his firing from Community, the show became weekly, the show is co-hosted by Jeff B. The segment inspired the Seeso original animated series HarmonQuest, Harmon and Davis took the show on tour in early 2013, broadcasting from Austin, Nashville, Somerville, Massachusetts, Brooklyn, Rhode Island, and more. The tour became the subject of a produced by director Neil Berkeley that follows Harmon, Davis, McGathy. The documentary, also called Harmontown, premiered at the Austin Film Festival SXSW on March 8,2014, Harmon and co-showrunner, Justin Roiland, began developing ideas for an animated show during Harmons yearlong break from Community. For its fall 2012 season, Adult Swim ordered a 30-minute animated pilot from Harmon, the pilot, Rick and Morty, is about the adventures of a brilliant but mean-spirited inventor and his less-than-genius grandson
Dan Harmon
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Harmon at the
San Diego Comic-Con in 2014.
Dan Harmon
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Dan Harmon at a panel for Community at
PaleyFest 2010.
5.
Brian Posehn
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Posehn was born and raised in Sacramento, California. He is of German and Irish descent, Posehn graduated from Sonoma Valley High School in 1984. He attended college at Sacramento State University, Posehn began with guest appearances and mainly small roles in TV shows. He was on 28 episodes of Mr. Show with Bob and David, in a 1996 episode of Friends, he delivered the manuscript in which Joey Tribbianis soap opera character Dr. Drake Ramoray is killed off. He appeared as two different characters in NewsRadio, a fan with questions for Jimmy James at a reading. In the Seinfeld episode The Burning, he played a patient and his character was instructed to act out to a group of medical students how a surgeon left a sponge in him post surgery. Posehn also wrote the Space Ghost, Coast to Coast episode Cahill with Ben Karlin and he appeared on 29 episodes of the NBC series Just Shoot Me. He played the voice of Jim in Mission Hill on the WB, on an Adult Swim production, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, he voiced the Wisdom Cube in the 2003 episode The Cubing. Posehn performed the voice of Gibbons, a man, on several episodes of the Cartoon Networks Tom Goes to the Mayor. He also appeared in the 2005 pilot for The Showbiz Show with David Spade, in a segment called The Nerd Perspective, in which he gave a scathing criticism of MTV and he also played a mortician in several episodes of Comedy Centrals Reno 911. He was featured on the 2005 documentary series The Comedians of Comedy on Comedy Central and Showtime. He was in a 2007 episode of the improv series Thank God Youre Here on NBC and was a celebrity judge on the revived 1970s game show The Gong Show with Dave Attell, on Comedy Central. He co-stars on The Sarah Silverman Program with Steve Agee as a gay couple who is friends with Silverman and he played himself in the episode Spagett of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job. In 2012 he co-wrote the fourth season of Metalocalypse, Posehn voices the character of Murray, a robot, in Rob Zombies animated The Haunted World of El Superbeasto. He also voiced the character Hayashi in the English dub of Pom Poko, in 2002, Posehn appeared on Comedy Central Presents, followed by the release of 2005s The Comedians of Comedy, a documentary/live special chronicling a 2004 small-club comedy tour he participated in. The film was followed up by a series on Comedy Central of the same name. Posehns debut comedy album Live In, Nerd Rage was released in 2006 and he participated in the Comedy Lineup of the 2008 Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival, which included Louis C. K. Posehn performed as part of the Rock N Roll Comedy set with Jim Norton, during his 2008 routine on Comedy Central Presents he referred to his Wikipedia article, which he supposedly vandalized
Brian Posehn
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Posehn in November 2007
Brian Posehn
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Posehn in June 2008
6.
Steve Agee
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Steven Douglas Steve Agee is an American comedian, actor, and writer, known for his role as Steve Myron on the Comedy Central series The Sarah Silverman Program. Agee was born in Riverside, California, as a promotional stunt for his Twitter account, Agee promised to read every one of his followers names if he reached 5,000 followers as of April 17,2009. He acquired over 7,700 followers by that date, rich Fulcher, James Gunn, Rainn Wilson, Sarah Silverman and various friends of Agee talked over the phone and read names. He has a podcast called Steve Agee, Uhhh that is updated infrequently, the Andy Milonakis Show Steve Agee at the Internet Movie Database Steve Agee, Uhhh Podcast
Steve Agee
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Agee at
WonderCon in March 2012
7.
Valley Village, California
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Valley Village is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, located within the San Fernando Valley. The local post office on Magnolia Boulevard canceled all mail with a Valley Village postmark and it was, however, officially a section of North Hollywood. Rather, he said, It was one economic level seeking to have its own identity. Quinn wrote that, Houses along Valley Villages lushly landscaped, graffiti-free streets cost up to $800,000, elsewhere in North Hollywood, that same size entry-level house can be purchased for as little as $150,000, real estate agents say. And the cheaper house is likely to have an overgrown, dusty yard and to be in a neighborhood reeling from crime, with gang graffiti splattered on block walls and street signs. Councilman Joel Wachs said he would support the drive, although he rejected the details of an advisory panel for the area. He said a proposed panel of homeowners might overlook the concerns of renters, residents complained about blocked views, parking problems and traffic congestion because of buildings as high as five stories next to their single-family homes. The measure would not have banned construction but would have limited all new buildings to two stories and the footage of commercial development to 1 1/2 times the size of the lot. It was touted as a temporary measure until city planners could conduct public hearings on new, eventually, the Los Angeles city Planning Commission recommended that a three-story limit be adopted for the Valley Village area. Although in 1994 the Los Angeles Times called Valley Village an area of residences, the 2000 census found that renters occupied 68. 7% of the housing units. In 2006 Valley Village was described in another article as a neighborhood mostly of 1, 700-foot, single-story Spanish-, most of the 3,881 single-family homes were on residential streets, and 1,073 condos and 8,213 apartment units lined the main boulevards. The 2. 09-square-mile Valley Village lies north of Studio City, east of Sherman Oaks, and south and west of North Hollywood. A total of 24,190 people lived in Valley Villages 2.09 square miles, according to the 2000 U. S. census – averaging 11,600 people per square mile, population was estimated at 25,665 in 2008. With its percentage of people considered high for Los Angeles County, Valley Village is still moderately diverse in its ethnic makeup. The diversity index measures the probability that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different ethnicities, if all residents are of the same ethnic group its zero. If half are from one group and half from another its.50. Whites made up 66. 7% of the population, Latinos were 18. 9%%, with people at 5. 5% and Asians and others. There is a sizable Jewish community, the $55,470 median household income in 2008 dollars was average for the city and county
Valley Village, California
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Valley Village Park
Valley Village, California
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Walter Reed Middle School
Valley Village, California
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Districts and neighborhoods
8.
Hollywood Center Studios
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Hollywood Center Studios, located at 1040 N. Las Palmas Avenue in Hollywood, California, is an independent production lot providing stages and related services to television, movie, the Rockford Files and MADtv, and such movie productions as When Harry Met Sally. The Player and The Suite Life on Deck. Hollywood Center Studios continues to provide facilities for many television productions, including shows produced by Disney, NBC, Comedy Central. The lot features 12 sound stages, ranging in size from 4,400 square feet to 19,000 square feet, several of which are able to live audiences. Lot features also include television control rooms, grip and lighting facilities, hair, make-up and dressing rooms, a number of independent production companies rent offices on the lot. In 1919, John Jasper, an associate of Charlie Chaplin, built exterior sets. The first stages resembled hot houses with steel frames, cloth walls, glass roofs, outdoor sets included an Americana residential street, a massive New York street, and an elegant Spanish villa. Among the first tenants was comedian Harold Lloyd who produced some of his most successful films on the lot, the lot changed ownership and name several times during its early years while continuing to evolve and grow. In 1926, the then Metropolitan Studios began construction of one of the industrys first sound stages. A few years later, Howard Hughes took up residence on the lot and used it to shoot his World War I epic Hells Angels, known for its use of sound. Scores of films were produced on the lot during the 1930s and 1940s, james Cagney made several films on the lot at a time when his brother William was a part owner. With the advent of television, production on the lot changed dramatically, in 1952, the lot made history when Stage 2 became home to I Love Lucy, the first prime-time comedy shot on film and produced before a live audience originating from the West Coast. From 1951 to 1953, it was the home of Desilu studios, owned by Lucille Ball, the television version of actress Eve Ardens radio series Our Miss Brooks produced its first season on the stage adjacent to I Love Lucy. Both stages were known as the Desilu Playhouse seeing that a common entrance had been created at the rear of each sound stage, after the 2nd season of I Love Lucy, Desilu moved to what is currently Red Studios Hollywood. Our Miss Brooks and other Desilu produced and filmed series moved with them, the floodgates soon opened and the lot became ground zero for television’s Golden Age. It hosted a number of classic CBS comedies including Petticoat Junction, Green Acres, the Lone Ranger, Perry Mason, Mr. Ed, The Addams Family and Get Smart were also produced on the lot. In 1980, director Francis Ford Coppola purchased the lot, intending to use it to produce a slate of films, among them was the ambitious movie musical One from the Heart. For that film, Coppola transformed the entire lot into a giant set that included a replica of part of Las Vegas’ McCarran Airport
Hollywood Center Studios
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Hollywood Center Studios
9.
Hollywood, California
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
Hollywood, California
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The Four Ladies installation at the
Hollywood Boulevard –
La Brea Avenue Gateway
Hollywood, California
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Glen-Holly Hotel, first hotel in Hollywood, at the corner of what is now Yucca Street. It was built in the 1890s.
Hollywood, California
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Hollywood Hotel, 1905
Hollywood, California
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The intersection of
Hollywood and Highland, 1907
10.
Single-camera
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The single-camera setup, or single-camera mode of production, also known as Portable Single Camera, is a method of filmmaking and video production. In this setup, each of the shots and camera angles is taken using the same camera. Choices can then be made during the editing process for when in the scene to use each shot. This also then allows parts of the scene to be removed if it is felt that the scene is too long, in practice, sometimes two cameras shooting from the same angle are used, one to capture a medium shot, the other a close-up during the same take. Unlike film producers, who almost always opt for single-camera shooting, single-camera is mostly reserved for prime-time dramas, made-for-TV movies, music videos and commercial advertisements. Soap operas, talk shows, game shows, most reality television series, Multiple-camera shooting is the only way that an ensemble of actors presenting a single performance before a live audience can be recorded from multiple perspectives. Also for standard, dialogue-driven domestic situation comedies, the multi-camera technique, situation comedies may potentially be shot in either multiple- or single-camera modes. Several comedy series of the era also use of feature film techniques. These effects were created using editing and optical printing techniques, in the case of Get Smart, the single-camera technique also allowed the series to present fast-paced and tightly-edited fight and action sequences reminiscent of the spy dramas that it parodied. Single-camera comedies were also prevalent into the early 1970s, with its large cast, varied locations, and seriocomic tone, the TV series M*A*S*H was shot using single-camera style. Happy Days began in 1974 as a series, before switching to the multi-camera setup in its second season. Unlike single-camera sitcoms of the past, nearly all contemporary comedies shot in this manner are produced without a laugh track, list of single-camera sitcoms Multiple-camera setup Tapeless camcorder
Single-camera
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Diagram showing a single-camera setup.
11.
Comedy Central
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Comedy Central is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel carries comedy programming, in the form of original and syndicated series and stand-up comedy specials, as well as feature films. The international channels are operated by Viacom International Media Networks, as of February 2015, approximately 93,992,000 American households receive Comedy Central. On November 15,1989, Time Warner, owners of HBO, on April 1,1990, Viacom launched a rival channel called Ha. that featured reruns of situation comedies and some original sketch comedy. The Comedy Channels programs were broadcast from the HBO Downtown Studios at 120 East 23rd Street in Manhattan, the format prior to the merger with Ha. In the early days, certain hours of the day when clips were shown without host segments were dubbed Short Attention Span Theater, in 1990, hosts under this title, Jon Stewart and Patty Rosborough, were introduced. Comedian Marc Maron also hosted the series, Viacom bought out Time Warners half in April 2003 for $1.23 billion. LLC, the subsidiary that owned Ha. and Viacoms original half of the network, with the exception of the cult favorite Mystery Science Theater 3000, the channel had a relatively small viewership. A notable early success was Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher, which after showing promise on Comedy Central was quickly snapped up by ABC. Additionally, The Daily Show had got its start with original host Craig Kilborn, dr. Katz, Professional Therapist was also a notable original program from this era, as well as the game show Win Ben Steins Money. Successful non-original programming included Canadian comedy group The Kids in the Hall and British shows such as the U. K. edition of Whose Line Is It Anyway. some later seasons of AbFab, as it was informally known, were partially financed by Comedy Central. Comedy Central also had the rights to broadcast reruns of Seattles Almost Live. The channel made a breakthrough when South Park premiered in 1997, being the first major basic cable show to carry the TV-MA rating for mature audiences, the show was too controversial to be picked up by a mainstream network. As word of mouth spread, the number of people who requested that Comedy Central be added to their cable providers increased, on November 13,2000, Comedy Central introduced a modernized version of its globe logo, by straightening the buildings and removing the transmitter. The management of the said that the transmitter of the 1991 logo was said to communicate the 1950s broadcast era. In 2002, Comedy Central Records was formed as a means of releasing albums by comedians that have appeared on the network, since 2003, Comedy Central has created a tradition of roasting comedians in the style of the New York Friars Club roasts. During these roasts, friends of the roastee, along other comedians, take turns making fun of the roastee, the other roasters. The success of South Park, despite its mature content, encouraged the network to continue to push the limits on adult language, every Saturday and Sunday morning at 1 a. m
Comedy Central
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Comedy Central
12.
Logo TV
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Logo TV is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Viacom Media Networks. The channel is aimed primarily at LGBT viewers but, since 2012, has shifted its focus towards general cultural, as of February 2015, approximately 51,337,000 American households receive Logo. The channel launched June 30,2005 as the first advertiser-supported commercial television channel in the United States geared towards the LGBT community and it was founded by former MTV executive Matt Farber. Its first president, Brian Graden, was named by Out Magazine as the 15th most powerful gay person in America in 2007, Logo replaced VH1 MegaHits when it was launched. The channels website says, We chose the name Logo TV because a logo is an identity and nothings more important than having your own, unique identity, and making it work for you. Your logo is your symbol, its what you put forward with pride, its who you are, Logo struck carriage deals prior to its launch date with DirecTV, Charter Communications, Adelphia Communications Corporation, Cablevision, Time Warner Cable, and RCN Corporation. The broadcaster reached a deal with Comcast after the launch date, Logo has partnered with CBS News to provide news briefs and has developed a relationship with LPI Media, publisher of The Advocate, Out and Out Traveler magazines. MTV Networks and Time Warner Cable announced an agreement December 11,2006, Logo became available on Dish Network in May 2009 as part of an add-on package. Day-to-day operations were handled by Lisa Sherman, who was vice president. According to its website, Were kind of big on fierce stuff, fiercely original programming to us means that in a perfect world everyone would be this interesting. Some content originated from other Viacom properties including Comedy Central, MTV, in April 2011, Logo acquired the rights to air the British comedy series Absolutely Fabulous and co-produced the shows three revival specials during 2011 and 2012 with the BBC and BBC America. Logo announced February 21,2012, that it would shift its programming strategy and this has prompted outrage from the channels LGBT viewership, who responded by comparing the channels new programming focus to that of the NBCUniversal-owned Bravo. As of 2017, Finding Prince Charming and the upcoming docuseries Fire Island are Logos only remaining original programs, Logo publishes a collection of websites, all of which it describes as being a part of LOGOonline, the umbrella name for these sites. In mid-2009, Logo moved its flagship site to the LOGOtv. com domain name, theBackLot. com - A site featuring news and commentary on bisexual and gay men in media and entertainment. Downelink. com — A social networking site primarily targeted to LGBT people, newNowNext. com — A blog on pop culture news and trends. 365gay. com — A site featuring news relevant to the LGBT community, happiestGayCouple. com — A site for fans of the series Rick & Steve. VisibleVote08. com — A site offering Logos coverage of the 2008 U. S, in September 2006, Logo launched a video on demand service featuring select programming content, it is available on cable providers Comcast, Cox Communications, Time Warner Cable and on Verizon FiOS. Logo programming has been available on the Roost service since the time of its official launch, Logo offered several audio and video podcasts through the podcast section of the iTunes Store
Logo TV
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Logo TV
13.
Valley Village
–
Valley Village is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, located within the San Fernando Valley. The local post office on Magnolia Boulevard canceled all mail with a Valley Village postmark and it was, however, officially a section of North Hollywood. Rather, he said, It was one economic level seeking to have its own identity. Quinn wrote that, Houses along Valley Villages lushly landscaped, graffiti-free streets cost up to $800,000, elsewhere in North Hollywood, that same size entry-level house can be purchased for as little as $150,000, real estate agents say. And the cheaper house is likely to have an overgrown, dusty yard and to be in a neighborhood reeling from crime, with gang graffiti splattered on block walls and street signs. Councilman Joel Wachs said he would support the drive, although he rejected the details of an advisory panel for the area. He said a proposed panel of homeowners might overlook the concerns of renters, residents complained about blocked views, parking problems and traffic congestion because of buildings as high as five stories next to their single-family homes. The measure would not have banned construction but would have limited all new buildings to two stories and the footage of commercial development to 1 1/2 times the size of the lot. It was touted as a temporary measure until city planners could conduct public hearings on new, eventually, the Los Angeles city Planning Commission recommended that a three-story limit be adopted for the Valley Village area. Although in 1994 the Los Angeles Times called Valley Village an area of residences, the 2000 census found that renters occupied 68. 7% of the housing units. In 2006 Valley Village was described in another article as a neighborhood mostly of 1, 700-foot, single-story Spanish-, most of the 3,881 single-family homes were on residential streets, and 1,073 condos and 8,213 apartment units lined the main boulevards. The 2. 09-square-mile Valley Village lies north of Studio City, east of Sherman Oaks, and south and west of North Hollywood. A total of 24,190 people lived in Valley Villages 2.09 square miles, according to the 2000 U. S. census – averaging 11,600 people per square mile, population was estimated at 25,665 in 2008. With its percentage of people considered high for Los Angeles County, Valley Village is still moderately diverse in its ethnic makeup. The diversity index measures the probability that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different ethnicities, if all residents are of the same ethnic group its zero. If half are from one group and half from another its.50. Whites made up 66. 7% of the population, Latinos were 18. 9%%, with people at 5. 5% and Asians and others. There is a sizable Jewish community, the $55,470 median household income in 2008 dollars was average for the city and county
Valley Village
–
Valley Village Park
Valley Village
–
Walter Reed Middle School
Valley Village
–
Districts and neighborhoods
14.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
–
A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
–
Flag
California
–
Mount Shasta
California
–
Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
15.
San Fernando Valley
–
The San Fernando Valley is an urbanized valley located in Los Angeles County, California, defined by the mountains of the Transverse Ranges circling it. Home to 1.8 million people, it lies north of the larger, nearly two thirds of the valleys land area is part of the city of Los Angeles. The other incorporated cities in the valley are Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills, the Los Angeles River begins at the confluence of Calabasas Creek and Bell Creek, between Canoga Park High School and Owensmouth Ave. in Canoga Park. These creeks headwaters are in the Santa Monica Calabasas foothills, the Simi Hills Hidden Hills, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the river flows eastward along the southern regions of the Valley. One of the rivers two unpaved sections can be found at the Sepulveda Basin, a seasonal river, the Tujunga Wash, drains much of the western facing San Gabriel Mountains and passes into and then through the Hansen Dam Recreation Center in Lake View Terrace. It flows south along the Verdugo Mountains through the communities of the valley to join the Los Angeles River in Studio City. Other notable tributaries of the river include Dayton Creek, Caballero Creek, Bull Creek, Pacoima Wash, the elevation of the floor of the valley varies from about 600 ft to 1,200 ft above sea level. Universal City, an enclave in the part of the valley, is unincorporated land housing the Universal Studios filming lot. Mulholland Drive, which runs along the ridgeline of the Santa Monica Mountains, in this Mediterranean climate, post-1790s European agriculture for the missions support consisted of grapes, figs, olives, and general garden crops. The San Fernando Valley contains five incorporated cities—Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills and Calabasas—and part of a sixth, Los Angeles, the unincorporated communities are governed by the County of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles city section of the valley is divided into seven city districts,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 12. Of the 95 neighborhood councils in the city,34 are in the valley, the valley is represented in the California State Legislature by seven members of the State Assembly and five members of the State Senate. The valley is divided into five congressional districts, the San Fernando Valley, for the most part, tends to support Democrats in state and national elections. This is especially true in the areas which include Sherman Oaks. The Los Angeles satellite administrative center for the valley, The Civic Center Van Nuys, is in Van Nuys. The area in and around the Van Nuys branch of Los Angeles City Hall is home to a station, municipal and superior courts. Northridge is home to California State University, Northridge, many branches of the Los Angeles Public Library are located in the valley. For independent libraries see Incorporated Cities in the Municipalities and districts list below, Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, and independent valley city departments
San Fernando Valley
–
San Fernando Valley
San Fernando Valley
–
The West Valley Regional Branch of the
Los Angeles Public Library, in
Reseda
San Fernando Valley
–
Panorama of San Fernando Valley from Universal Studios
San Fernando Valley
–
Mission San Fernando: in a circa 1900 postcard
16.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
17.
Racism
–
Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Today, the use of the term racism does not easily fall under a single definition, the Holocaust is the classic example of institutionalized racism which led to the death of millions of people based on their race. Ethnicity is often used in a close to one traditionally attributed to race. Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, according to a United Nations convention on racial discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms racial and ethnic discrimination. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life, Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, in the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, the origin of the root word race is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from Middle French, a recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ras, which means head, beginning, origin or the Hebrew rosh, which has a similar meaning. Early race theorists generally held that some races were inferior to others and these early theories guided pseudo-scientific research assumptions, the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed scientific racism. To date, there is evidence in human genome research indicating that race can be defined in such a way as to be useful in a genetic classification of humans. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary defines racialism simply as An earlier term than racism, but now superseded by it. The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term racism in a quote from the year,1903. It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as he theory that human characteristics and abilities are determined by race. Additionally, the Oxford English Dictionary records racism as a synonym of racialism, as its history indicates, popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into usage in the Western world in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of Nazism. It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, garner summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical power relationship between groups, second, a set of ideas about racial differences, and, third, the UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form a part of humanity
Racism
–
A rally against
school integration in 1959.
Racism
–
1902 use of the word "racism".
Racism
–
Students protesting against
racial quotas in
Brazil. The sign reads: "Want vacancy? Pass the
entry exam!"
Racism
–
Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, Germany, 1933
18.
Hollywood
–
Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
Hollywood
–
The Four Ladies installation at the
Hollywood Boulevard –
La Brea Avenue Gateway
Hollywood
–
Glen-Holly Hotel, first hotel in Hollywood, at the corner of what is now Yucca Street. It was built in the 1890s.
Hollywood
–
Hollywood Hotel, 1905
Hollywood
–
The intersection of
Hollywood and Highland, 1907
19.
Iron Chef
–
Iron Chef is a Japanese television cooking show produced by Fuji Television. The series ended on September 24,1999, although occasional specials were produced until 2002, repeats are regularly aired on the Food Network in Canada, the Cooking Channel in the United States and on Special Broadcasting Service in Australia. Fuji TV aired a new version of the show, titled Iron Chef, the host of the show is the flamboyant Takeshi Kaga, known on the show as Chairman Kaga. The show has two commentators, Kenji Fukui who narrates the action on the floor, and Dr. Yukio Hattori. A floor reporter, Shinichiro Ohta, reports to Fukui on what the challengers and Iron Chefs are preparing, their strategy, One or two guest commentators also make frequent appearances. The commentary covers ingredients, history of contenders, and other information to give viewers context for what is happening in the kitchen. The supposed story behind Iron Chef is recounted at the beginning of every episode, a title card, with a quote from famed French food author Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin first appears, Tell me what you eat, and Ill tell you what you are. Then, it is said that Kaga realized his dream in a never seen before. There, visiting chefs from around the world would compete against his Gourmet Academy, Chairman Kaga himself is a showpiece, dressed in outlandish examples of mens formal attire. The English name Iron Chef comes from the show itself, Kaga would use this translation of the Japanese title when summoning his chefs at the beginning of the battle. From the beginning of the show in 1993, there were three Iron Chefs, Iron Chef Japanese Rokusaburo Michiba, Iron Chef Chinese Chen Kenichi, and Iron Chef French Yutaka Ishinabe. After the first season, Ishinabe decided to step down and become an honorary Iron Chef, Ishinabe would return for two more battles during Season 3. At the beginning of Season 4 in 1996, Michiba announced his retirement, Michiba would return on rare occasions for special Kitchen Stadium battles. In 1997, Chairman Kaga announced a new, additional Iron Chef to the group and he was the youngest of the Iron Chefs and would battle sparingly throughout the rest of the show, ascending to the stage separately from the three main Iron Chefs. In 1998, Nakamura also decides to retire and passes the title of Iron Chef Japanese to Masaharu Morimoto, Kenji Fukui, Announcer/Commentator Dr. However, this format proved unpopular, the preliminary round was scrapped and the main contest was reduced to the now familiar 60 minutes. The awarding of honorary Iron Chef titles to challengers was also discontinued, once honorary titles were no longer issued, challengers who beat an Iron Chef had to settle for, according to the English versions introduction, the peoples ovation and fame forever. In each episode, chefs have one hour to cook and improvise a meal around a theme ingredient that must be present in each dish. Before the actual taping, the chefs are given a short list of possible themes, Judges primary goal was said to be determining which chef was able to best express the unique qualities of the theme ingredient
Iron Chef
–
The seven Iron Chefs and
Chairman Kaga in Kitchen Stadium. Left to right:
Sakai,
Ishinabe,
Morimoto,
Michiba,
Chen,
Nakamura,
Kobe
20.
Game show
–
Alternatively, a gameshow can be a demonstrative program about a game. In the former, contestants may be invited from a pool of public applicants, on some shows, contestants compete against other players or another team, while other shows involve contestants playing alone for a reward or a high score. Game shows often reward players with prizes such as cash, trips and goods and services provided by the shows sponsor prize suppliers, One of the reasons that television broadcasters make game shows is because they are substantially less costly than producing scripted drama shows. Some TV game shows fall under the category of reality television, Television game shows descended from similar programs on radio. The very first television show, Spelling Bee, was broadcast in 1938. Truth or Consequences was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television and its first episode aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as began to pervade the popular culture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay-at-home housewives, higher-stakes programs would air in primetime. During the late 1950s, high-stakes games such as Twenty One, however, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were discovered to be rigged, an early variant of the game show, the panel game, survived the quiz show scandals. On shows like Whats My Line, ive Got A Secret and To Tell The Truth, panels of celebrities would interview a guest in an effort to determine some fact about them, in others, celebrities would answer questions. Panel games had success in primetime until the late 1960s, when they were dropped from television because of their perceived “low budget” nature. Panel games made a comeback in American daytime television in the 1970s through comedy-driven shows such as Match Game, mock the Week, QI and 8 Out of 10 Cats, all of which put a heavy emphasis on comedy, leaving the points as mere formalities. The focus on quick-witted comedians has resulted in ratings, which. Game shows remained a fixture of US daytime television through the 1960s after the quiz show scandals, lower-stakes games made a slight comeback in daytime in the early 1960s, examples include Jeopardy. Which began in 1964 and the version of The Match Game first aired in 1962. Lets Make a Deal began in 1963 and the 1960s also marked the debut of Hollywood Squares, Password, The Dating Game, though CBS gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. Color television was introduced to the game genre in the late 1960s on all three networks
Game show
–
U.S. military servicemen participate in television game show
Wheel of Fortune with
host Pat Sajak.
Game show
–
Game Show
21.
Larry Bird
–
Larry Joe Bird is an American professional basketball executive, former coach and former player, currently serving as president of the Indiana Pacers in the National Basketball Association. Since retiring as a player for the Boston Celtics, he has been a mainstay in the Indiana Pacers organization, Bird was a 12-time NBA All-Star and was named the leagues Most Valuable Player three consecutive times. He played his professional career for Boston, winning three NBA championships and two NBA Finals MVP awards. He was a member of the 1992 United States mens Olympic basketball team won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Bird was voted to the NBAs 50th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1996 and he served as head coach of the Indiana Pacers from 1997 to 2000. In 2003, he assumed the role of president of operations for the Pacers. After a year away from the position, he announced he would return to the Pacers as president of operations in 2013. In addition to being part of the 50–40–90 club, he is the person in NBA history to be named Most Valuable Player, Coach of the Year. Bird was born in West Baden Springs, Indiana to Georgia and Claude Joseph Joe Bird and he was raised in nearby French Lick, where his mother worked two jobs to support Larry and his five siblings. Bird has said that being poor as a child still motivates him to this day, Georgia and Joe divorced when Larry was in high school, and Joe committed suicide about a year later. Bird received a scholarship to college basketball for the Indiana University Hoosiers in 1974. After less than a month on campus he dropped out of school and he returned to French Lick, enrolling at Northwood Institute in nearby West Baden, and working municipal jobs for a year before enrolling at Indiana State University in Terre Haute in 1975. Indiana State would lose the game 75–64, with Bird scoring 19 points, despite failing to win the championship, Bird earned numerous year-end awards and honors for his outstanding play, including the Naismith College Player of the Year Award. For his college career, he averaged 30.3 points,13.3 rebounds, Bird also appeared in one game for the baseball team, going 1-for-2 with 2 RBI. Bird was selected by the Boston Celtics with the sixth pick in the 1978 NBA draft. He did not sign with the Celtics immediately, instead, he played out his season at Indiana State. After protracted negotiations, Bird inked a five-year, $3.25 million contract with the team, shortly afterwards, NBA draft eligibility rules were changed to prevent teams from drafting players before they were ready to sign, a rule known as the Bird Collegiate Rule. Bird immediately transformed the Celtics into a contender, helping them improve their win total by 32 games from the year before he was drafted
Larry Bird
–
Larry Bird
Larry Bird
–
Bird battling for a rebound with
Magic Johnson
Larry Bird
–
A Larry Bird plaque at
Quincy Market,
Boston
22.
Heavy metal subculture
–
Fans of heavy metal music have created their own subculture which encompasses more than just appreciation of the style of music. Metal fans may also write or take photos for metal zines, some critics and musicians have suggested that the subculture is largely intolerant to other musical genres. The metal scene, like the scene in general, is associated with alcohol. While there are songs that celebrate drinking, drug use and partying, there are many songs that warn about the dangers of alcohol. These vary with time and regional divisions, but headbanger and metalhead are universally accepted to refer to fans or the subculture itself, heavy metal fans have created a subculture of alienation with its own standards for achieving authenticity within the group. Metal fans formed an “exclusionary youth community” which was distinctive and marginalized from the mainstream” society, the heavy metal scene developed a strongly masculine “community with shared values, norms, and behaviors”. A “code of authenticity” is central to the metal subculture. The metal code also includes “opposition to established authority, and separateness from the rest of society”, the activities in the metal subculture include the ritual of attending concerts, buying albums, and most recently, contributing to metal websites. Attending concerts affirms the solidarity of the subculture, as it is one of the activities by which fans celebrate their music. Metal magazines help the members of the subculture to connect, find information and evaluations of bands and albums, the long hair, leather jackets, and band patches of heavy metal fashion help to encourage a sense of identification within the subculture. However, Weinstein notes that not all fans are “visible members” of the heavy metal subculture. Some metal fans may have hair and dress in regular clothes. In the musical subcultures of heavy metal and punk, authenticity is a core value, heavy metal fans began using the term sell out in the 1980s to refer to bands who turned their heavy metal sound into radio-friendly rock music. In metal, an out is. someone dishonest who adopted the most rigorous pose, or identity-affirming lifestyle. The metal bands that earned this epithet are those, who adopt the visible aspects of the orthodoxy without contributing to the underlying belief system. He claims that this made it hard for Metallica to. play their music and win over a crowd in a land where poseurs ruled and anything fast, wood claims that the. true devotee’s path to metaldom is perilous and fraught with poseurs. In an article on metal/hard rock frontman Axl Rose, entitled Ex–‘White-Boy Poseur and he notes that “We thought we were so badass. N. W. A came out rapping about this world where you walk out of your house, at this point, Rose argues that It was just so clear what stupid little white-boy poseurs we were
Heavy metal subculture
–
A man wearing
clothing typically associated with heavy metal and displaying the "
metal horns " gesture
Heavy metal subculture
–
Rob Halford of
Judas Priest wearing studded
leather jacket
Heavy metal subculture
–
A man wearing a denim jacket with band patches and artwork of heavy metal bands including
Metallica,
Guns N' Roses,
Iron Maiden,
Slipknot and
Led Zeppelin
23.
IPod
–
The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23,2001, about 8½ months after iTunes was released, the most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15,2015. There are three current versions of the iPod, the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano, like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch. Before the release of iOS5, the branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad. As of iOS5, separate apps named Music and Videos are standardized across all iOS-powered products, while the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod, in mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15,2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor. The core is over 5 times faster than models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors, Space grey, pink, gold, silver, though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apples digital hub category, when the company began creating software for the market of personal digital devices. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, the product was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23,2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put 1,000 songs in your pocket, Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayers reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system, portalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the softwares look, starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans—a font similar to Apples corporate font, color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2006 Apple presented an edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2
IPod
–
Various iPod models, all of which have been discontinued or updated.
IPod
–
iPod line as of 2014. From left to right:
iPod Shuffle,
iPod Nano,
iPod Touch.
IPod
–
Four iPod wall chargers for
North America, all made by Apple. These have FireWire (left) and USB (right three) connectors, which allow iPods to charge without a computer. The units have been
miniaturized over time.
IPod
24.
Spin Doctors
–
The current members are founders Chris Barron, Eric Schenkman, Aaron Comess, and Mark White. Popper left this project to focus on his main gig with Blues Traveler full-time. With a name change to Spin Doctors, as well as the addition of Aaron Comess and Mark White, the Spin Doctors were signed to Epic Records/Sony Music by A&R executive Frankie LaRocka in 1991. The bands Epic debut EP Up for Grabs. Live was recorded live at The Wetlands Preserve in lower Manhattan, the Spin Doctors were known for their somewhat lengthy live shows, sometimes jamming even more than is evident on their live releases. They also often performed double-bill gigs opening for Blues Traveler, with members of bands all jamming together as the transition from the Spin Doctors set into the Blues Traveler set. The Spin Doctors have many songs from their club days that were never officially released. The Spin Doctors debut studio album, Pocket Full of Kryptonite was released in August 1991, the band continued to play extensive live shows, gaining grassroots fans, as the album was mostly ignored commercially. In summer 1992, the band toured with the first lineup of the H. O. R. D. E, Festival, sharing the stage with fellow jam bands Widespread Panic, Blues Traveler, and Phish. That summer, commercial popularity heated up, as radio and MTV began playing Little Miss Cant Be Wrong, the album went Gold in September 1992, and then received another boost in sales after the bands appearance on Saturday Night Live in October 1992. Additional videos and singles followed for What Time Is It, How Could You Want Him, by June 1993, the album went Triple Platinum. Ultimately it sold over five million copies in the U. S. and another five million overseas, popularity is based on universal rock & roll virtues, said Rolling Stone, which put the band on the cover of its January 7,1993 issue. The Doctors arent trying to blaze new trails and they know weve been down this way with the Stones, Curtis Mayfield, and a few of their other touchstones. But the proof—plenty of it—is in the party, the Spin Doctors made an appearance on Sesame Street, singing a modified version of Two Princes that emphasized the importance of sharing. In 1993, they recorded covers of Have You Ever Seen the Rain, originally by Creedence Clearwater Revival, for the film Philadelphia and Spanish Castle Magic for Stone Free, A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix. The second single, You Let Your Heart Go Too Fast, was a modest hit and this album also featured Cleopatras Cat, Mary Jane, Hungry Hameds, and Bags of Dirt. The band set out on a headlining tour, and played to large crowds at Woodstock 94. Schenkman was replaced by Anthony Krizan, featuring new guitarist Krizan, the Spin Doctors released Youve Got to Believe in Something in May 1996. It produced the single and video She Used to Be Mine and they performed on the Late Show with David Letterman and did some touring, with Ivan Neville joining the band on keyboards
Spin Doctors
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Lead singer Chris Barron in 2012.
25.
Two Princes
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Two Princes is a 1991 song by the New York City-based band Spin Doctors. Released as a single in 1993, it reached no.7 in the United States, no.2 in Canada and it was the bands highest-charting single internationally. It earned them a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group, the song has divided retrospective critical opinion. It was ranked no.41 on VH1s 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s, conversely, it was ranked no.21 on Blender magazines 50 Worst Songs Ever
Two Princes
–
"Two Princes"
26.
Karate
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Karate is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the martial arts of Ryukyu Islands under the influence of Chinese martial arts. Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands, historically, and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, joint locks, restraints, and vital-point strikes are also taught. A karate practitioner is called a karateka, Karate developed on the Ryukyu Islands in what is now Okinawa, Japan. It was brought to the Japanese mainland in the early 20th century during a time of cultural exchanges between the Japanese and the Chinese and it was systematically taught in Japan after the Taishō era. In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration, in 1924 Keio University established the first university karate club in mainland Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities had karate clubs. After World War II, Okinawa became an important United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there, Karate schools began appearing across the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art. Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo, opined that the majority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques, depict karate as a mysterious way of fighting capable of causing death or injury with a single blow. The mass media present a pseudo art far from the real thing, shōshin Nagamine said, Karate may be considered as the conflict within oneself or as a life-long marathon which can be won only through self-discipline, hard training and ones own creative efforts. On September 28,2015, karate was featured on a shortlist along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, on June 1,2016, the International Olympic Committees executive board announced they were supporting the inclusion of all five sports for inclusion in the 2020 Games. Web Japan claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide, while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners around the world, Karate began as a common fighting system known as te among the Pechin class of the Ryukyuans. There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods, one surviving example is the Motobu-ryū school passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara. Early styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their local version of te from the others. Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to various political and practical disciplines. The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of these exchanges, Traditional karate kata bear a strong resemblance to the forms found in Fujian martial arts such as Fujian White Crane, Five Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan. Many Okinawan weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchaku may have originated in, Sakukawa Kanga had studied pugilism and staff fighting in China. In 1806 he started teaching an art in the city of Shuri that he called Tudi Sakukawa. This was the first known recorded reference to the art of Tudi, around the 1820s Sakukawas most significant student Matsumura Sōkon taught a synthesis of te and Shaolin styles
Karate
–
Hanashiro Chomo
Karate
–
Ankō Itosu, Grandfather of Modern Karate
Karate
–
Masters of karate in Tokyo (c. 1930s), from left to right,
Kanken Toyama,
Hironori Otsuka, Takeshi Shimoda,
Gichin Funakoshi,
Motobu Chōki,
Kenwa Mabuni, Genwa Nakasone, and
Shinken Taira
Karate
–
Gichin Funakoshi, founder of
Shotokan Karate
27.
Tab (soft drink)
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Tab is a diet cola soft drink produced by The Coca-Cola Company, introduced in 1963. The soda was popular throughout the 1960s and 1970s, and several variations were made, as a result of studies in the early 1970s linking saccharin, Tabs main sweetener, with bladder cancer in rats, the United States Congress mandated warning labels on products containing the sweetener. The label requirement was repealed when no evidence was found linking saccharin with cancer in humans. After its introduction in 1982, Diet Coke quickly replaced Tab as the Coca-Cola Companys most popular diet cola, approximately 3 million cases were sold in the United States in 2008. Tab was introduced as a drink in 1963. Tab was created by Coca-Cola after the sales and marketing of Diet Rite cola, owned by The Royal Crown Company, previously. Tab was marketed to consumers who wanted to keep tabs on their weight, from a final list of about twenty names, Tabb was chosen, influenced by the possible play on words, and shortened to Tab during development. Packaging designer Robert Sidney Dickens gave the name the capitalization pattern used in the logo as well as creating a new design for the soft drink. Tab has been reformulated several times and it was initially sweetened with cyclamate. After the Food and Drug Administration issued a ban on cyclamate in 1969, studies in laboratory rats during the early 1970s linked saccharin with the development of bladder cancer. In December 2010, the United States Environmental Protection Agency removed saccharin from its list of hazardous substances. At the height of its popularity, the Tab name was extended to other diet soft drinks, including Tab Lemon-Lime, Tab Black Cherry, Tab Ginger Ale, Tab Root Beer. Other variants of Tab have appeared over the years, Caffeine Free Tab was introduced in the 1980s with little fanfare, in 1992, Coca-Cola released Tab Clear in the U. S. It was withdrawn less than a year. Tab Energy is an energy released in early 2006 that uses a different recipe than Tab cola. According to the Coca-Cola Company, in 2012 Tab was being sold in the countries of the Southern African Customs Union, Spain, the U. S. Virgin Islands, Tab Clear Tab Energy Tab brand information on Coca-Cola website Ryan, Ted. A Sweet Celebration, TaB Commemorates Golden Anniversary on Valentines Day, archived from the original on 8 March 2013. New Yorker article on high profile Tab fans
Tab (soft drink)
–
Tab Energy
Tab (soft drink)
–
The current Tab logo
28.
Halo 2
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Halo 2 is a 2004 first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie Studios. Released for the Xbox video game console on November 9,2004, the game is the installment in the Halo franchise. A Microsoft Windows version of the game was released on May 31,2007, the game features a new game engine, as well as using the Havok physics engine, added weapons and vehicles, and new multiplayer maps. The player alternately assumes the roles of the human Master Chief, after the success of Combat Evolved, a sequel was expected and highly anticipated. Bungie found inspiration in plot points and gameplay elements that had left out of their first game. Time constraints forced a series of cutbacks in the size and scope of the game, among Halo 2s marketing efforts was an alternate reality game called I Love Bees that involved players solving real-world puzzles. On release, Halo 2 was the most popular game on Xbox Live. Halo 2 is the best-selling first-generation Xbox game with at least 6.3 million copies sold in the United States alone, the game received critical acclaim, with most publications lauding the strong multiplayer component. The campaign however, was the focus of criticism for its cliffhanger ending, a high-definition remake of Halo 2 was released as part of Halo, The Master Chief Collection on November 11,2014, for the Xbox One. Halo 2 is a game, with players predominantly experiencing gameplay from a first-person perspective. Players use a combination of human and alien weaponry and vehicles to progress through the games levels, the players health bar is not visible, but players are instead equipped with a damage-absorbing shield that regenerates when not taking fire. Certain weapons can be dual-wielded, allowing the player to trade accuracy, the player can carry two weapons at a time, with each weapon having advantages and disadvantages in different combat situations. For example, most Covenant weapons eschew disposable ammo clips for a contained battery, however, these weapons can overheat if fired continuously for prolonged periods. Human weapons are effective at penetrating shields and require reloading. The player can carry a total of eight grenades to dislodge, New in Halo 2 is the ability to board enemy vehicles that are near the player and traveling at low speeds. The player or AI latches onto the vehicle and forcibly ejects the other driver from the vehicle, the games Campaign mode offers options for both single-player and cooperative multiplayer participation. In campaign mode, the player must complete a series of levels that encompass Halo 2s storyline and these levels alternate between the Master Chief and a Covenant Elite called the Arbiter, who occupy diametrically opposed roles in the storys conflict. There are four levels of difficulty in campaign mode, Easy, Normal, Heroic, there is hidden content within the game, including Easter eggs, messages, hidden objects, and weapons
Halo 2
–
In-game screenshot of Halo 2 for Xbox; the player character aims a shotgun at enemy Covenant.
Halo 2
–
Halo 2
Halo 2
–
The PC version with fixed widescreen ratio.
Halo 2
–
Contents of the Limited Collector's Edition.
29.
NSA
–
NSA is concurrently charged with protection of U. S. government communications and information systems against penetration and network warfare. Moreover, NSA maintains physical presence in a number of countries across the globe. SCS collection tactics allegedly encompass close surveillance, burglary, wiretapping, breaking and entering, additionally, the NSA Director simultaneously serves as the Commander of the United States Cyber Command and as Chief of the Central Security Service. Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, NSA surveillance has been a matter of political controversy on several occasions, such as its spying on anti-Vietnam-war leaders or economic espionage. In 2013, the extent of some of the NSAs secret surveillance programs was revealed to the public by Edward Snowden, internationally, research has pointed to the NSAs ability to surveil the domestic Internet traffic of foreign countries through boomerang routing. The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28,1917, a code and cipher decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section which was also known as the Cipher Bureau. It was headquartered in Washington, D. C. and was part of the war effort under the executive branch without direct Congressional authorization, during the course of the war it was relocated in the armys organizational chart several times. On July 5,1917, Herbert O. Yardley was assigned to head the unit, at that point, the unit consisted of Yardley and two civilian clerks. It absorbed the navys cryptoanalysis functions in July 1918, World War I ended on November 11,1918, and MI-8 moved to New York City on May 20,1919, where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley. MI-8 also operated the so-called Black Chamber, the Black Chamber was located on East 37th Street in Manhattan. Its purpose was to crack the codes of foreign governments. Other Black Chambers were also found in Europe, during World War II, the Signal Security Agency was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the Axis powers. When the war ended, the SSA was reorganized as the Army Security Agency, on May 20,1949, all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency. This organization was established within the U. S. Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The AFSA was tasked to direct Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, in December 1951, President Harry S. Truman ordered a panel to investigate how AFSA had failed to achieve its goals. The results of the led to improvements and its redesignation as the National Security Agency. The agency was established by Truman in a memorandum of October 24,1952. Since President Trumans memo was a document, the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time
NSA
–
After
Osama bin Laden moved to
Afghanistan in the 1980s, the NSA recorded all of his phone calls via
satellite, logging over 2,000 minutes of conversation
NSA
–
Seal of the National Security Agency
NSA
–
Keith B. Alexander, the former director of the National Security Agency
NSA
–
Defense Security Service (DSS) polygraph brochure given to NSA applicants
30.
Cough medicine
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Cough medicines are drugs used in those with coughing and related conditions. It is not known whether over-the-counter cough medications reduce coughing, There are a number of different cough and cold medications, which may be used for various coughing symptoms. Two examples are acetylcysteine and guaifenesin, antitussives, or cough suppressants, are substances which suppress the coughing itself. Examples are codeine, pholcodine, dextromethorphan, noscapine, and butamirate, antihistamines may produce mild sedation and reduce other associated symptoms, like a runny nose and watery eyes, one example is diphenhydramine. Antipyretics are substances that reduce fever, also employed are various substances supposed to soften the coughing, like honey or sugar syrup. There is no evidence supporting the effectiveness of over-the-counter cough medicines to reduce coughing. Some brand names include, Benilyn, Sudafed, Robitussin and Vicks among others, most contain a number of active ingredients. The efficacy of cough medication is questionable, particularly in children, a 2014 Cochrane review concluded that There is no good evidence for or against the effectiveness of OTC medicines in acute cough. Some cough medicines may be no more effective than placebos for acute coughs in adults, the American College of Chest Physicians emphasizes that cough medicines are not designed to treat whooping cough, a cough that is caused by bacteria and can last for months. No over-the-counter cough medicines have been found to be effective in cases of pneumonia and they are not recommended in those who have COPD or chronic bronchitis. There is not enough evidence to make recommendations for those who have a cough, dextromethorphan may be modestly effective in decreasing cough in adults with viral upper respiratory infections. However, in children it has not been found to be effective, codeine was once viewed as the gold standard in cough suppressants, but this position is now questioned. Some recent placebo-controlled trials have found that it may be no better than a placebo for some causes including acute cough in children and it is thus not recommended for children. Additionally, there is no evidence that hydrocodone is useful in children, similarly, a 2012 Dutch guideline regarding the treatment of acute cough does not recommend its use. A number of commercially available cough treatments have not been shown to be effective in viral upper respiratory infections. Long term diphenhydramine use is associated with negative outcomes in older people, honey may be a minimally effective cough treatment. A Cochrane review found the evidence to recommend for or against its use to be weak, in light of this they found it was better than no treatment, placebo, and diphenhydramine but not better than dextromethorphan for relieving cough symptoms. Honeys use as a treatment has been linked on several occasions to infantile botulism
Cough medicine
–
Cough medicine often contains cough suppressants or expectorants.
