1.
Compact (newspaper)
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A compact newspaper is a broadsheet-quality newspaper printed in a tabloid format, especially one in the United Kingdom. The term as used for this came into its current use when The Independent began producing a smaller format edition for Londons commuters. Readers from other parts of the country liked the new format, the Times and The Scotsman copied the format as The Independent increased sales. All three newspapers are now printed exclusively in compact format following trial periods during which both broadsheet and compact version were produced simultaneously, the term “compact” was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail when that newspaper went tabloid, although the Mail now calls itself a tabloid. It is often used to differentiate newspapers with more content from those with a flamboyant or salacious publishing style. The functional opposite of compact is red top, as the nameplates of British sensationalist tabloids tend to be red, berliner Broadsheet List of newspapers Paper sizes Tabloid
2.
Johnston Press
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Johnston Press plc is a multimedia company based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Its flagship titles include national newspaper the i, The Scotsman, the Yorkshire Post, the Falkirk Herald was the then Falkirk-based companys first acquisition in 1846. It now also operates around 200 other newspapers and associated websites around the United Kingdom and it is listed on the London Stock Exchange. The Johnston family business was involved in printing from 1797, originally in Falkirk and it bought control of its first newspaper, the Falkirk Herald, in 1846. The company would remain headquartered in Falkirk for the next 150 years, the family publishing company was renamed F Johnston & Co Ltd in 1882, a title it would retain until it was floated on the London Stock Exchange as Johnston Press in 1988. The companys first major acquisition came in 1970, when it took control of the Fife-based publishers Strachan & Livingston, in 1978 it bought Wilfred Edmunds Ltd in Chesterfield, publisher of the Derbyshire Times and The Yorkshire Weekly Newspaper Group in Wakefield. The Company bought The West Sussex County Times in 1988, The Halifax Evening Courier in 1994, further expansion followed with Portsmouth & Sunderland Newspapers in 1999 and Regional Independent Media Holdings in 2002. The Company acquired The Scotsman Publications in 2006, on 7 July 2011, NUJ-represented staff at three Johnston Press titles voted more than 90% in favour of taking strike action. The titles involved were the Doncaster Free Press, the South Yorkshire Times, the Goole Courier, the dispute stemmed from Johnston Press announcement in June 2011 of plans to cut 18 jobs including two editors. Following the ballot and the failure to reach a settlement with Johnston Press staff walked out on strike on 15 July 2011. Despite the strike continuing for weeks, Johnston Press Chief Executive John Fry refused the NUJs request for mediation through Acas. Johnston Press went on to service notice of redundancy upon the South Yorkshire Times editor Jim Oldfield on 8 August 2011, graeme Huston, of the Doncaster Free Press took over management of the paper, becoming its editor-in-chief. The strike continued until 6 September, iconic Newspapers acquired Johnston Press titles in the Republic of Ireland in 2014. In February 2016 the company announced it was buying i newspaper for £24m, the deal to buy i was completed on 10 April 2016, giving Johnston Press a daily print circulation of over 600,000 newspapers and an audience online and in print of almost 32m people. In July 2016 it was announced that Tindle Newspapers planned to acquire JPs three Isle of Man titles in a deal worth £4. 25m. In January 2017 the company announced that it had concluded a deal to sell 13 of its East Midlands, the same month it announced it had secured a multi-million pound print contract to print Monday to Saturday issues of the Daily Mail newspaper at its Portsmouth Web facility in Hampshire. This follows the announcement by ANL of the closure of their print site at Didcot. digitalkitbag. com www. jobstoday. co. uk Official website
3.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
4.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
5.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
6.
Edinburgh Evening News
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The Edinburgh Evening News is a local newspaper based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that was founded by John Wilson and first published in 1873. It is printed daily, except on Sundays and it is owned by Johnston Press, which also owns The Scotsman. Much of the content of the Evening News concerns local issues such as transport, health, the council and crime in Edinburgh. According to ABC figures for February 2014, the circulation was 28,000. In 2016 this had dropped to 18,362 List of newspapers in Scotland Official website
7.
Scotland on Sunday
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Scotland on Sunday is a Scottish Sunday newspaper, published in Edinburgh by The Scotsman Publications Ltd and consequently assuming the role of Sunday sister to its daily stablemate The Scotsman. It was originally printed in broadsheet format but in 2013 was relauched as a tabloid and it backed a No vote in the referendum on Scottish independence. Scotland on Sunday was launched on 7 August 1988 and was priced at 40p, ultimate ownership of Scotland on Sunday has changed several times since launch. In 1995, the group was sold to the billionaire Barclay Brothers for £85 million, then in December 2005 the paper, along with the other Scotsman Publications titles, was sold to Edinburgh-based newspaper group Johnston Press in a £160 million deal. List of newspapers in Scotland Iain Gale, Scotland on Sunday art critic Andrew Crumey, Scotland on Sunday literary editor, 2000–06
8.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
9.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
10.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
11.
Customs
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The movement of people into and out of a country is normally monitored by immigration authorities, under a variety of names and arrangements. Each country has its own laws and regulations for the import and export of goods into and out of a country, the import or export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden. In most countries, customs are attained through government agreements and international laws, a customs duty is a tariff or tax on the importation or exportation of goods. Commercial goods not yet cleared through customs are held in an area, often called a bonded store. All authorized ports are recognized customs areas, at airports, customs is the point of no return for all passengers, once a passenger has cleared customs, they cannot go back. In many countries, customs procedures for arriving passengers at many international airports and some road crossings are separated into red, passengers with goods to declare go through the red channel. Passengers with nothing to go through the green channel. Each channel is a point of no return, once a passenger has entered a particular channel, australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States do not officially operate a red and green channel system, however, some airports copy this layout. Airports in EU countries such as Finland, Ireland or the United Kingdom, as the EU is a customs union, travellers between EU countries do not have to pay customs duties. Value-added tax and excise duties may be if the goods are subsequently sold. Passengers arriving from other EU countries go through the blue channel, luggage tickets for checked luggage travelling within the EU are green-edged so they may be identified. In most EU member states, travellers coming from other EU countries can use the green lane. All airports in the United Kingdom operate a system, however some dont have a red channel. Customs is part of one of the three functions of a government, namely, administration, maintenance of law, order, and justice. However, in a bid to mitigate corruption, many countries have partly privatised their customs and this has occurred by way of contracting pre-shipment inspection agencies, which examine the cargo and verify the declared value before importation occurs. The countrys customs is obliged to accept the report for the purpose of assessing duties and taxes at the port of entry. It has been found that evasion of customs duty escalated when pre-shipment agencies took over and it has also been alleged that involvement of such agencies has caused shipping delays. Privatization of customs has been viewed as a fatal remedy, the basic customs law is harmonized across Europe within the European Union Customs Union
12.
Charles Maclaren
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Charles Maclaren FRSE FGS was a Scottish journalist and geologist. He co-founded The Scotsman newspaper, was its editor for 27 years and he was born at Ormiston, Haddingtonshire,7 October 1782, and received some education at Fala and Colinton, but was mainly self-taught. Removing to Edinburgh, where he served as clerk and bookkeeper to several firms, he joined the Philomathic Debating Society and he established the Scotsman,26 January 1817, with William Ritchie and John MDiarmid, and was joint editor of the first few numbers. When he obtained a position as a clerk in the custom house, in 1820, Maclaren resumed the editorship and held it till 1846, when he resigned it to Alexander Russel. The paper rapidly became the political journal of Scotland, its tone was throughout decidedly whiggish. In 1820, Archibald Constable employed Maclaren to edit the sixth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica,1823, in the 1830s Charles Maclaren of the Scotsman newspaper is listed as living at 58 George Square on the south side of the city. The editor contributed the articles America, Europe, Greece, Physical Geography, Maclaren interested himself in science and especially in geology. London in 1846, and was president of the Edinburgh Geological Society from 1864 to his death and he died at Moreland Cottage, Edinburgh,10 September 1866. He was interred at the Grange Cemetery and his monument is a large Celtic cross facing the north path. Maclarens Selected Works were edited by Robert Cox and James Nicol and his second wife, Jane Veitch Hume née Somner, was the widow of David Hume the younger. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Boase
13.
Stamp duty
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Stamp duty is a tax that is levied on documents. Historically, this included the majority of documents such as cheques, receipts, military commissions, marriage licences. A physical stamp had to be attached to or impressed upon the document to denote that stamp duty had been paid before the document was legally effective, more modern versions of the tax no longer require an actual stamp. The duty is thought to have originated in Spain, being introduced in the Netherlands in the 1620s, France in 1651, Denmark in 1657, Prussia in 1682, the Australian Federal Government does not levy stamp duty. However, stamp duties are levied by the Australian states on various instruments, Stamp duty laws can differ significantly between all 8 jurisdictions. The rates of duty also differ between the jurisdictions as do the nature of instruments and transactions subject to duty. Some jurisdictions no longer require a physical document to attract what is now referred to as transaction duty. Major forms of duty include transfer duty on the sale of land, buildings, fixtures, plant and equipment, intangible business assets debts and other types of dutiable property. Another key type of duty is Landholder duty, which is imposed on the acquisition of shares in a company or units in a trust that holds land above a certain value threshold, a temporary stamp duty was introduced in 1657 to finance the war with Sweden. It was made permanent in 1660 and remains on the book although it has been substantially altered. Most stamp duties were abolished from 1 January 2000 and the present act only provides for stamp duties on insurance policies. Stamp duties on land registration were renamed and transferred to a statute but remain essentially the same. Stamp duty is approached by the European Commission regarding raising of capital, the spirit of the Council Directive 2008/7/EC of 12 February 2008 concerning indirect taxes on the raising of capital is that capital duty interferes with the free movement of capital. The Proposal for a Council Directive of 28 September 2011 on a system of financial transaction tax will amend this Directive 2008/7/EC. Indirect taxes are also prohibited on the issue of certain securities and debentures. Head 2, The transfer of Hong Kong Stock, head 3, All Hong Kong bearer instruments. Head 4, Any duplicates and counterparts of the above documents, one example is shares of companies which are either incorporated in Hong Kong or listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Other than the shares, HK Stock is defined as shares and marketable securities, units in unit trusts
14.
Royal Mile
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The Royal Mile is the name given to a succession of streets forming the main thoroughfare of the Old Town of the city of Edinburgh in Scotland. The name was first used in W M Gilberts Edinburgh in the Nineteenth Century, the streets which make up the Royal Mile are Castlehill, the Lawnmarket, the High Street, the Canongate and Abbey Strand. The Royal Mile is the busiest tourist street in the Old Town, running eastwards from the crag, the Royal Mile sits upon the ridge of the tail which slopes gently down to Holyrood Palace. Steep closes run between the many tall lands off the main thoroughfare, the route runs from an elevation of 42 meters above sea level at the palace, to 109 meters at the castle, for an average gradient of 4. 1%. The Castle Esplanade was laid out as a ground, in 1753. It was formalised in 1816 when it was widened and provided with decorative railings, the Esplanade with its several monuments has been A-listed by Historic Scotland. It is the venue of the annual Edinburgh Military Tattoo at which time specially designed temporary grandstands are erected, the Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland and New College are further down on the same side, in an architecturally somewhat understated building as seen from this side. The Scottish Parliament met in the Assembly Hall between 1999 and 2004, the Lawnmarket was originally part of the High Street before its separate naming, which accounts for the street numbering being a continuation of the High Street numbers. A charter of 1477 designated this part of the High Street as the market-place for what was called inland merchandise - items such as yarn, stockings, coarse cloth, in later years, linen was the main product sold. As a result, it known as the Land Market which was later corrupted to Lawn Market. Today, the majority of shops in the street are aimed at tourists, on the north side is the preserved 17th century merchants townhouse Gladstones Land owned by the National Trust for Scotland. The south side has a strong Dutch influence in its 17th-century gables, the lower end of the Lawnmarket is intersected by George IV Bridge on the right and Bank Street on the left, leading to The Mound and the New Town. The view down Bank Street is closed by the headquarters of the Bank of Scotland. On the south-west corner of intersection, with its entrance on George IV Bridge, is a new hotel. This building is of controversial design winning both best building awards and carbuncle awards in 2009/10. Between Bank Street and St Giles Street, marking the end of the Lawnmarket, St Giles Cathedral, the High Kirk of Edinburgh, also stands in Parliament Square. The prison was described by Sir Walter Scott as the Heart of Midlothian, locals have traditionally spat upon the heart, presumably to express disgust. The custom has been to some extent sanitised by tourist guides who claim that the spitting is merely for good luck, on the north side, opposite St Giles, stand Edinburgh City Chambers, where the City of Edinburgh Council meets
15.
Cockburn Street, Edinburgh
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Cockburn Street is a picturesque street in Edinburghs Old Town, created as a serpentine link from the Royal Mile to Waverley Station in 1856. g. Improvements such as Cockburn Street, did not irrevocably damage or obliterate the built heritage, the street contains a series of small specialist shops. The street was sliced through the medieval pattern of closes in order to give a more gentle gradient. The truncated ends of the closes were remodelled in the Scots Baronial style 1859 to 1864, the majority of buildings are by the firm of Peddie & Kinnear. The street is largely 4 storeys high but is dominated by the huge edifice of the City Chambers. Given that the dates from 1761, this is evidence to Edinburghs fondness for high-rise structures dating back to the 18th century. One of the more famous closes divided by the street is Fleshmarket Close, both this and Anchor Close maintain the medieval pattern of Edinburghs Old Town in this area. One of the buildings on the side has high level carvings of an owl and pussycat, linking to the then contemporary poem The Owl. The doorway, roofscape and top flats of 51 Cockburn Street appear prominently in the film Hallam Foe
16.
Scottish baronial architecture
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Scottish Baronial architecture is a style of architecture with its origins in the sixteenth century. Castle-like, the draws on the features of Medieval castles, tower houses. Buildings of the style frequently feature towers adorned by small turrets called bartizans, roof lines are uneven, their crenelated battlements often broken by stepped gables. While small lancet windows may appear in towers and gables, large bay windows of glass were not uncommon. Porches, porticos and porte-cocheres, were given the castle treatment. An imitation portcullis on the houses would occasionally be suspended above a front door, flanked by heraldic beasts. This architectural style was employed for public buildings, such as Aberdeen Grammar School. In the 19th century it became fashionable for private houses to be built with small turrets, in fact the architecture often had little in common with tower houses, which retained their defensive functions and were deficient with respect to 19th-century ideas of comfort. The 20th-century Scottish Baronial castles have had the reputation of architectural follies, among most patrons and architects the style became disfavoured along with the Gothic revival style during the early years of the 20th century. The unique style of great houses in Scotland, later known as Scots baronial. Particularly influential was the work of William Wallace, James VIs master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631. He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618, Winton House for George Seton, 3rd Earl of Winton and began work on Heriots Hospital, Edinburgh. He adopted a style that applied elements of Scottish fortification. The Gothic revival in architecture has seen as an expression of Romanticism and according to Alvin Jackson. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746 with design input from William Adam displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. Important for the adoption of the style in the nineteenth century was Abbotsford House. Re-built for him from 1816, it became a model for the revival of the baronial style
17.
John Ritchie (newspaper owner)
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John Ritchie was a Scottish newspaper owner. He was born at Kirkcaldy, Fife, and at an early age went in service to a farmer near Largo. Later he returned to Kirkcaldy, working as a hand-loom weaver, in around 1800 he moved to Edinburgh, and established himself as a draper. In 1816 he helped to finance his brothers new venture, The Scotsman newspaper, following his brothers death in 1831, he became much more involved with the newspaper, giving up the drapery business. Within a few years he was the proprietor, having bought out the other shareholders. He turned the paper into a daily in 1855, selling at the price of 1d, in 1842, Ritchies great-nephew John Ritchie Findlay came to live with Ritchie, and entered the business. In addition to his activities, Ritchie was a town councillor in Edinburgh. On Ritchies death in 1881, John Ritchie Findlay succeeded him in the ownership of The Scotsman and they are buried in the same family plot at the south end of Lords Row on the western wall of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. John Ritchie encouraged the appearance of poems by the young Isa Craig in The Scotsman, from 1860 onwards, he began to publish poems of both a religious and patriotic tendency. Most of the patriotic poetry centred about Prince Albert, the first anniversary of his death was commemorated by the 16 pages of Royal soliloquies, the royal Highland home and other poems, which also contained tributes to heroes of the Napoleonic Wars. The royal poems from this were later reprised in another 16-page booklet, Royal Episodes, in between had come Dialogue between a popular Prince and an old Chancellor. One of his works, its contains a versified posthumous conversation between Lord Palmerston and the late Prince Consort, surveying the state of England. Dictionary of National Biography Elder Smith 1896 Obituary of John Ritchie The Scotsman,22 December 1870 The Centenary of The Scotsman 1817-1917 J. Ritchie & Co, Edinburgh 1917
18.
Dunn & Findlay
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Each was also independently successful in his own right, prior to the partnership. The partnership officially lasted from 1894 until 1903 and it was arguably “a marriage of convenience”, Dunn providing the skill, Findlay providing the business connections. James Bow Dunn was born in Pollokshields, Glasgow on 16 January 1861 and his family moved to Edinburgh whilst he was young and there he attended George Heriot’s School. In March 1876 he was apprenticed to the architect James Campbell Walker, in 1887 he came to fame coming a close second to George Washington Browne in a competition for Edinburgh’s Central Library. In 1888 a second competition paid off and he won a commission for the huge Solicitor’s Buildings complex south of the Edinburgh Law Courts, in later life he set up a second practice in Northumberland and specialised in large country houses. He died suddenly on 25 August 1930 a week after a hospital operation, James Leslie Findlay was a son of the Victorian newspaper magnate, John Ritchie Findlay, owner of the Scotsman newspaper. He was born on 30 April 1868 and he was educated at Harrow School and thereafter apprenticed to the eminent Arts And Crafts architect, Sydney Mitchell, who was a close friend of his father. Although most of his work appears to be achieved through nepotism, being commissioned by his father and he was invalided out of the army and thereafter became a gentleman of leisure. He died on 19 September 1952, offices and print-works for the Scotsman newspaper North Bridge and Market Street including the Scotsman Steps
19.
Edinburgh Waverley railway station
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Edinburgh Waverley railway station is the principal station serving Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. Waverley station is situated in a steep, narrow valley between the medieval Old Town and the 18th century New Town, Princes Street, the premier shopping street, runs close to its north side. The valley is bridged by the North Bridge, rebuilt in 1897 as an iron and steel bridge. This passes high above the central section, directly over the central booking hall. The valley to the west, formerly the site of the Nor Loch, is the parkland of Princes Street Gardens. Edinburghs Old Town, perched on a sloping ridge, was bounded on the north by a valley in which the Nor Loch had been formed. In the 1750s overcrowding led to proposals to link across this valley to allow development to the north, the noxious lake was to be narrowed into a canal of running water, with a bridge formed across the east end of the loch adjacent to the physic garden. The loch was drained as work on the bridge proceeded, the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway opened in 1842 with its terminus at Haymarket railway station, stopping short of Princes Street. The North Bridge station was opened on 22 June 1846 by the North British Railway as the terminus for its line from Berwick-upon-Tweed. The collective name Waverley, after the Waverley Novels by Sir Walter Scott, was used for the three from around 1854 when the through Waverley route to Carlisle opened. In 1868 the North British Railway acquired the stations of its rivals, the present Victorian station was built on the site, and extended in the late 19th century. Waverley has been in use since, under the auspices of the North British. From its opening in its current form by the eastward tunnelled extension from Haymarket, from 1870 to 1965 the city had a second major station, Princes Street, operated by the rival Caledonian Railway, but this was never as important as Waverley. As at other railway stations of the Victorian and Edwardian eras. The North British Hotel, adjacent to the station at the corner between Princes Street and North Bridge opened in 1902, in 1983 British Rail sold it to the Forte hotel group. In 1988 Forte closed the hotel for a year to extensively remodel, when it reopened it was rechristened The New Balmoral Hotel, maintaining the NB initials in what has proved to be an astute marketing move, despite the hotel being 115 miles from Balmoral Castle. Subsequently, New was dropped from the name, the hotel enjoys commanding views over central Edinburgh and is one of the most luxurious hotels in the UK. There is no longer an entrance from the station
20.
Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet
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Roy Herbert Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet, GBE was a Canadian newspaper proprietor who became one of the moguls of Fleet Street. He first came to prominence when he was selling radios in Ontario and he then moved into newspapers, buying The Scotsman as a salute to his Scottish ancestors, followed by the first Scottish independent television channel. By 1966, he owned both The Times and The Sunday Times, Roy Thomson was born on June 5,1894 in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Herbert Thomson, a telegraphist turned barber who worked at Torontos Grosvenor Hotel, and English-born Alice Coombs. They lived at 32 Monteith Street, off Church Street, Herbert was born in Toronto to parents Hugh Thomson and Mary Nichol Sylvester. Hugh was one of ten children of George Thomson, son of Archibald Thomson, Archibald was brother of David Thomson, first European settler of Scarborough, Ontario. During World War I, Roy Thomson attended a business college and he went to Manitoba after the war to become a farmer, but was unsuccessful. Thomson travelled to Toronto again, where he held jobs at different times. However, he found selling radios difficult because the district left for him to work in was Northern Ontario. In order to give his potential customers something to listen to he undertook to establish a radio station, by quite a stroke of luck, he was able to procure a radio frequency and transmitter for $201. CFCH officially went on the air in North Bay, Ontario on March 3,1931 and he sold radios for quite some time after that, but his focus gradually shifted to his radio station, rather than the actual radios. In 1934, Thomson acquired his first newspaper, with a down payment of $200 he purchased the Timmins Daily Press, in Timmins, Ontario. He began an expansion of radio stations and newspapers in various Ontario locations in partnership with fellow Canadian, Jack Kent Cooke. Thomson’s ancestors were small tenant farmers on the estates of the Dukes of Buccleuch at Boness, in the parish of Westerkirk, Dumfriesshire, thomsons ancestor, Archibald Thomson, migrated to British North America in 1773, marrying Elizabeth McKay, of Quebec. The family eventually settled in Upper Canada, but retained an attachment to their country of origin. As a result, Thomson himself made the decision to move to Edinburgh where in 1952 he purchased The Scotsman newspaper. In 1957, he launched a bid for the commercial television franchise for Central Scotland, named Scottish Television. In 1959 he purchased the Kemsley group of newspapers, the largest in Britain, over the years, he expanded his media empire to include more than 200 newspapers in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. His Thomson Organization became a corporation, with interests in publishing, printing, television
21.
David and Frederick Barclay
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Sir David Rowat Barclay and Sir Frederick Hugh Barclay, commonly referred to as the Barclay Brothers, are British businessmen. The identical twin brothers have very substantial business interests primarily in media, retail, the Sunday Times Rich List of 2015 estimated their wealth at £6.5 billion. They have earned a reputation for avoiding publicity, and are described as reclusive. Sir Davids son, Aidan, manages their UK businesses and their businesses have been accused of tax avoidance, by placing assets under ownership of companies registered abroad and controlled through trusts. Their Press Holdings company owns The Business and The Spectator magazine, the Telegraph Group Limited titles are controlled via a wholly owned subsidiary, Press Acquisitions Limited. In 1993 the brothers bought the lease of the island of Brecqhou, off the coast of Sark, one of the smallest of the British Channel Islands. The Barclay brothers were born ten minutes of each other in Hammersmith, County of London to Scottish parents Beatrice Cecilia and her husband, Frederick Hugh Barclay. The couple had eight other children, in 1955 David married Zoe Newton, a grammar school girl who trained as a ballet dancer, at St John the Baptist Church, Holland Road, Kensington. Despite standing only 411, Zoe Barclay pursued a career and became the most photographed and highly paid model of her time. She appeared on television and in the Dairy Council advertisements as the “drinka pinta milka day“ girl, by the end of the 1950s, the brothers were running Candy Corner, a tobacconists and confectioners on the edge of Kensington. Meanwhile, David was registered as a director of Hillgate Estate Agents in 1962, by 1968, however, Frederick was running the family businesses, replacing Zoe on the Hillgate board. He had obtained the discharge of his bankruptcy after David stepped in, during this time they redeveloped old boarding houses in London, and made them into hotels. Between 1968 and 1974, the twins received increasingly large loans from the Crown Agents, in 1970 they bought Gestplan Hotels — which operated the exclusive Londonderry House Hotel in Park Lane — from a group of Lebanese bankers. The property crash in late 1973 brought an end to the Crown Agents, in the mid-1970s Frederick met and married Hiroko Asada, née Kuzusaka, a familiar figure among Japanese society in London, she had a son from her previous marriage, Ko Asada. From the late 1960s onwards the Barclay brothers continued to build up stakes in a variety of businesses, including breweries, in 1975, they bought the Howard Hotel, overlooking the Thames at Temple Place. In 1983 they bought Ellerman, the brewing and shipping group for £45m and they later sold its brewing division for £240m. They used the proceeds to buy the Ritz Hotel in Londons Piccadilly in 1995 and they spent £370 million on Gotaas-Larsen, a Bermuda-based shipping company, and £200 million on the Automotive Financial Group, a motor retail chain in 1994. The brothers are involved in philanthropy and were knighted in 2000 for their support to medical research, to which they have donated an estimated forty million pounds between 1987 and 2000
22.
North Bridge, Edinburgh
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North Bridge is a road bridge and street in Edinburgh linking the High Street with Princes Street, and the New Town with the Old. The current bridge was built between 1894–97, a previous North Bridge, built from 1763–72, stood until 1896. The current North Bridge is 525 feet long and has three spans of arched girders each 175 feet feet in length and it was constructed from 1894–1897 by Sir William Arrol & Co. the company also noted for construction of the Forth Bridge. The design of the ornamentation was by the City architect of the time, the foundation stone was laid on 25 May 1896 by the then Lord Provost (the Rt. Hon Andrew McDonald, with Masonic ceremonial, a medal was struck commemorating the opening of the bridge on 15 September 1897. The medal shows a view of the bridge with trains underneath and on the obverse a bust of the by then knighted Sir Andrew McDonald, Lord Provost. Situated on the bridge is a war memorial, by sculptor William Birnie Rhind which memorialises soldiers of the Kings Own Scottish Borderers killed in campaigns between 1878 and 1902. At the southern end of the bridge are substantial buildings whose main entrances are at carriageway level and those on the west side are The Scotsman Hotel, former headquarters of The Scotsman newspaper, alongside a block of commercial premises and flats. That on the east housed Patrick Thomsons department store from 1906 until 1976 when its owner the House of Fraser rebranded it as Arnotts department store. The store closed in 1981 and the building was redeveloped as a hotel, on the east side is Waverley Gate, originally the Edinburgh General Post Office, now serving as office space. The first stone of the bridge was laid on 21 October 1763 by the Lord Provost, George Drummond. In that year, the North Loch, which separates the New from the Old Town, was drained, but, though the erection of the bridge was resolved upon at that time, the contract for building the bridge was not signed till 21 August 1765. The parties to this contract were the town-council of Edinburgh, and William Mylne, architect, the sum agreed for was £10,140, the work was to be completed before Martinmas 1769, and Mylne was to guarantee the works for a period of ten years. A difficulty, however, occurred in the course of the work, as a result the whole mass, to a considerable depth, consisted entirely of loose earth. Mylne underestimated the depth of foundations required and this, together with other design faults, led to a collapse of part of the structure on 3 August 1769, killing five people. Rebuilding work cost another £18,000 and the bridge reopened in 1772.5 feet, the total length of the piers and arches was 310 feet, and the whole length of the bridge, from the High Street to Princes Street was 1,125 feet. The height of the arches, from the top of the parapet to the base, was 68 feet, the breadth of the bridge within the wall over the arches was 40 feet. South Bridge, Edinburgh George IV Bridge Attribution This article contains public domain text from Picture of Edinburgh by John Stark,1825
23.
The Scotsman Hotel
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The Scotsman Hotel Edinburgh opened in 2001 in the Edwardian building which had housed The Scotsman newspaper for nearly a century. The hotel is located on North Bridge between the Royal Mile and Princes Street, thereby straddling Edinburgh’s Medieval Old Town and Georgian New Town. The Scotsman is part of JJW Hotels & Resorts and was purchased by Sheikh M. B. I Al Jaber for £63 million in 2006, in August 2007, JJW acquired The Eton Collection. The building cost around £500,000 and after the rest of the North Bridge extension was completed teamed with the Carlton directly opposite, the middle floors of the building were originally used for the editorial offices. The current penthouse used to be the Pigeon lofts, the site now occupied by the North Bridge Brasserie originally held the reception and trading rooms where bartering over advertising took place
24.
Scottish Parliament Building
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The Scottish Parliament Building is the home of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, within the UNESCO World Heritage Site in central Edinburgh. Construction of the building commenced in June 1999 and the Members of the Scottish Parliament held their first debate in the new building on 7 September 2004, the formal opening by Queen Elizabeth II took place on 9 October 2004. Enric Miralles, the Spanish Catalan architect who designed the building, Office and administrative accommodation in support of the Parliament were provided in buildings leased from the City of Edinburgh Council. The new Scottish Parliament Building brought together these different elements into one purpose-built parliamentary complex, housing 129 MSPs and more than 1,000 staff, from the outset, the building and its construction have been controversial. The choices of location, architect, design, and construction company were all criticised by politicians, the media and the Scottish public. Scheduled to open in 2001, it did so in 2004, a major public inquiry into the handling of the construction, chaired by the former Lord Advocate, Peter Fraser, was established in 2003. The inquiry concluded in September 2004 and criticised the management of the project from the realisation of cost increases down to the way in which major design changes were implemented. Despite these criticisms and a public reaction, the building was welcomed by architectural academics and critics. The building aimed to achieve a union between the Scottish landscape, its people, its culture, and the city of Edinburgh. Comprising an area of 1.6 ha, with a perimeter of 480 m, the large site previously housed the headquarters of the Scottish and Newcastle brewery which were demolished to make way for the building. Reids Close connects the Canongate and Holyrood Road on the side of the complex. The south eastern side of the complex is bounded by the Our Dynamic Earth visitor attraction opened in July 1999. In the immediate vicinity of the building is the Palace of Holyroodhouse, to the south of the parliamentary complex are the steep slopes of the Salisbury Crags and Arthurs Seat. The Treaty of Union, signed in 1707, created a political union between the Kingdom of Scots and the Kingdom of England. The two previous Acts of Union had dissolved the previous parliaments, the Treaty of Union created the Parliament of Great Britain which was housed in the Palace of Westminster in London. As a consequence, Scotland was directly governed from London for the next 292 years without a legislature or a Parliament building of its own. Whilst much of this conversion was completed and the building was renamed New Parliament House it was determined that the facility was too small for its stated purpose. Following the April 1992 election, when a weakened John Major was re-elected, starting informally this became a permanently manned vigil to keep the concept in the public mind
25.
Rockstar North
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DMA Design Limited was a British video game developer based in Dundee, Scotland. The company was established in 1984 by David Jones, Russell Kay, Steve Hammond, during its early years, DMA Design was backed by its publisher Psygnosis, primarily focusing on Amiga, Atari ST and Commodore 64 games. During this time, they created successful shooters such as Menace, Blood Money, the company soon turned to platform games after the release of Lemmings in 1993, which scored massive international success and led to numerous sequels and spin-offs. After developing Unirally for Nintendo, DMA Design was set to one of their main second-party developers. In 1997, DMA released Grand Theft Auto, which was successful for the company, the game sparked numerous sequels. The company was acquired by Gremlin Interactive, who published some of their games, including Space Station Silicon Valley. Following the release of Grand Theft Auto 2, Gremlin was acquired by Infogrames, as a result, DMA Design was acquired by Take-Two Interactive, and became a subsidiary of Rockstar Games, the publisher of Grand Theft Auto. DMA Design was ultimately renamed Rockstar North after the release of Grand Theft Auto III in 2001, in 1984, David Jones, Russell Kay, Steve Hammond and Mike Dailly often met at the Kingsway Amateur Computer Club in Dundee, Scotland. While Jones used an Amiga 1000, the others used Sinclair Spectrum or Commodore 64 and they developed numerous small games while attending the KACC, Jones and Kay developed Moonshadow, Daily developed Freek Out, and Jones and Dailly collaborated on The Game With No Name. To publish the game, Jones first approached Hewson Consultants, where Andrew Braybrook played and recommended the game, the game was renamed Draconia, with Tony Smith working on graphics and Jones designing levels, and the company was renamed DMA Design. DMA Design was founded in 1987 by Jones, Kay, Hammond, the name DMA was taken from the Amiga programming manuals, where it stood for Direct Memory Access, alternative names included Visual Voyage and Alias Smith and Jones. Draconia was renamed Menace, and it was published in 1988 for the Amiga, the game sold 20,000 copies, reportedly generating around £20,000, allowing the company to develop more games. This was followed by Blood Money, a shooter which began development in January 1989. The game was in development for five months, and was released for the Amiga, the game was ported to MS-DOS by Tim Ansell of Creative Assembly in 1989, and to Commodore 64 by Dailly in 1990. The company was assigned to porting Ballistix to MS-DOS and Commodore 64. Jones began developing the side-scrolling shooter Walker in 1989, following the release of Blood Money, in early 1990, Jones scrapped Walker and began development on a new game called Gore. this was soon scrapped. By the end of the year, Jones hired Ian Dunlop and Niall Glancey to continue working on Walker, Glancey redesigned the game, in 1990, Jones hired Tony Colgan to develop Cutiepoo, and assist with Gore. before its cancellation. By the end of the year, Jones was irritated by the lack of progress on Cutiepoo, cancelling the game, Psygnosis teamed with Ocean Software to publish Shadow of the Beast for the Commodore 64 Games System, Swinfen and Hammond adapted accordingly
26.
Scottish independence referendum, 2014
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A referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom took place on 18 September 2014. The referendum question, which answered with Yes or No, was Should Scotland be an independent country. The No side won, with 2,001,926 voting against independence and 1,617,989 voting in favour, the turnout of 84. 6% was the highest recorded for an election or referendum in the United Kingdom since the introduction of universal suffrage. To pass, the proposal required a simple majority. With some exceptions, all European Union or Commonwealth citizens resident in Scotland aged 16 or over could vote and this was the first time that the electoral franchise was extended to include 16 and 17 year olds in Scotland. Yes Scotland was the campaign group for independence, while Better Together was the main campaign group in favour of maintaining the union. Many other campaign groups, political parties, businesses, newspapers, prominent issues raised during the referendum included which currency an independent Scotland would use, public expenditure, EU membership, and North Sea oil. The Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England were established as independent countries during the Middle Ages, after fighting a series of wars during the 14th century, the two monarchies entered a personal union in 1603 when James VI of Scotland also became James I of England. The two nations were temporarily united under one government when Oliver Cromwell was declared Lord Protector of a Commonwealth in 1653, Great Britain in turn united with the Kingdom of Ireland in 1801, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Most of Ireland left the Union in 1922 to form the Irish Free State, consequently, the Labour Party was committed to home rule for Scotland in the 1920s, but it slipped down its agenda in the following years. The Scottish National Party was formed in 1934, but did not achieve significant electoral success until the 1960s, a document calling for home rule, the Scottish Covenant, was signed by 2 million people in the late 1940s. Home rule, now known as Scottish devolution, did not become a serious proposal until the late 1970s as the Labour government of James Callaghan came under pressure from the SNP. A proposal for a devolved Scottish Assembly was put to a referendum in 1979, a narrow majority of votes were cast in favour of change, but this had no effect due to a requirement that the number voting Yes had to exceed 40% of the total electorate. No further constitutional reform was proposed until Labour returned to power in 1997, clear majorities expressed support for both a devolved Scottish Parliament and that Parliament having the power to vary the basic rate of income tax. The Scotland Act 1998 established the new Scottish Parliament, first elected on 6 May 1999, a commitment to hold a referendum in 2010 was part of the SNPs election manifesto when it contested the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. As a result of election, the SNP became the largest party in the Scottish Parliament and formed a minority government led by the First Minister. The SNP administration launched a National Conversation as an exercise in August 2007, part of which included a draft referendum bill. After this, a paper for the proposed Referendum Bill was published
27.
John Ramsay McCulloch
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John Ramsey McCulloch was a Scottish economist, author and editor, widely regarded as the leader of the Ricardian school of economists after the death of David Ricardo in 1823. He was appointed the first professor of economy at University College London in 1828. He wrote extensively on policy, and was a pioneer in the collection, statistical analysis. McCulloch was a co-founder, and one of the first editors, of The Scotsman newspaper and he edited the 1828 edition of The Wealth of Nations. McCulloch attended the University of Edinburgh, but did not graduate, McCulloch collected the early literature of political economy, and wrote on the scope and method of economics and the history of economic thought. After his death his library was purchased by Lord Overstone and eventually presented to the University of Reading. He was a participant in the Political Economy Club, London, founded by James Mill, mcCullochs works include a textbook, Principles of Political Economy. He worked on subsequent editions until his death and this book contains a memorable discussion of the origins of profit or interest in the case of a cask of new wine. This question is used in discussions of the labour theory of value. Reflecting on discussions in the Political Economy Club, Ricardo had privately expressed his famous opinion about the non-existence of any measure of absolute value, McCulloch died in 1864, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. McCullochs theoretical work received harsh criticism from Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk in the latters History, but probably no member of the English school has been so unhappy in his treatment of the subject or done the theory of interest such a disservice as McCulloch, wrote Böhm-Bawerk. He hovers about the fringes of a number of divergent opinions and he penetrates just far enough into each to become involved in glaring self-contradictions, but he does not expand any one of them sufficiently to form a theory that even approaches consistency. On the subject of the cask, Böhm-Bawerk wrote that there was an enormous difference between what he was supposed to prove and what he did prove. Although such examples may prove that the passage of time is not enough of a change to produce an increase of value. An Essay on a Reduction of the Interest of the National Debt,1816, on Ricardos Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,1818, Edinburgh Review Taxation and the Corn Laws,1820, Edinburgh Review The Opinions of Messrs. Say, Sismondi and Malthus, on Effects of Machinery and Accumulation,1821, Edinburgh Review On Combination Laws, Restraints on Emigration,1824, Edinburgh Review Political Economy,1824, Encyclopædia Britannica. French Law of Succession,1824, Edinburgh Review, a Discourse on the Rise, Progress, Peculiar Objects and Importance of Political Economy,1824. The Principles of Political Economy, with a sketch of the rise, an Essay on the Circumstances which Determine the Rate of Wages and the Condition of the Working Classes,1826
28.
John Hill Burton
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John Hill Burton FRSE was a Scottish advocate, historian and economist. The author of Life and Correspondence of David Hume, he was secretary of the Scottish Prison Board, Burton was born in Aberdeen, the son of W K Burton by his wife Eliza Paton. He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and Marischal College, after graduating, he moved to Edinburgh and studied for the Bar, being admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1831. In 1832/3 the address of J. H. Burton advocate was given as 12 Fettes Row, however, he had little practice, and in 1854 was appointed Secretary to the Prison Board of Scotland, and in 1877 a Commissioner of Prisons. Subsequently he published a History of the Reign of Queen Anne, other works of a lighter kind were The Book-Hunter, and The Scot Abroad. Burtons historical works display much research and a spirit of candour and honesty, and have picturesque and spirited passages, but the style is unequal, and frequently lacks dignity. Nevertheless, he was one of the first historians to introduce the principles of research into the study. Burton died at his home, Morton House on the southern edge of Edinburgh. The monument to his first wife, Isabella and their joint children is in Dean Cemetery, John Hill Burton married Isabella, née Lauder in 1844. He remarried in 1855 to Katherine, daughter of Cosmo Innes, and an outhor in her own right and they had nine children in total. Another of their children, Mary Rose Hill Burton, was a notable artist, a further son, Cosmo Innes Burton was a short-lived but noteworthy chemist and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh edited by A S Cowper, and Euan S McIver, Edinburgh,1992, ISBN 0-901061-54-9 Cousin, a Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London, J. M. Dent & Sons, wikisource This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cousin, John William. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, london, J. M. Dent & Sons. A New Edition, with a Memoir of the Author Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Burton, John Hill
29.
Alexander Russel
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Alexander Russel was a Scottish journalist, for nearly 30 years editor of The Scotsman. After attending the school kept by the Rev. Ross Kennedy in St. James Square, Edinburgh. In 1839 Russel was appointed editor of the Berwick Advertiser, while at Berwick-on-Tweed he made the acquaintance of David Robertson of Ladykirk, and with him took part in Northumbrian political contests. In 1842 he left Berwick for Cupar, where he edited the Fife Herald, there he met some influential liberals, including Admiral Wemyss, Edward Ellice the elder and his son. After two years in Cupar, Russell became editor of a new journal in Kilmarnock, in 1848 he became its editor. Russels journalism became identified with The Scotsman and his editorial line supported the Anti-Corn-law League, and drew attention to the destitution of the Highlands. The Scotsmans support contributed to Thomas Babington Macaulays re-election for Edinburgh in 1852, from June 1855 The Scotsman became a daily paper. The Reform Club elected Russel an honorary member in 1875, for distinguished public services, Russel attended and described the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Serious illness in 1872 compelled him to winter in the south of France and he died suddenly, of angina pectoris, on 18 July 1876. Russel was noted as a conversationalist as well as a writer, but not as a public speaker and his monument forms the centrepiece of the north section of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. His wife, Jessie MacWilliam lies with him, as does his son, Charles MacLaren Russel, angling was Russels favourite recreation, and his articles on it in The Scotsman, the Quarterly Review, and Blackwoods Magazine were collected in The Salmon. An article by him on Agricultural Complaints, which appeared in the Edinburgh Review for April 1850, was praised by Francis Jeffrey, Russel was twice married with children by both marriages. His first wife was Jessie McWilliam and his second Helen Evans, one of the Edinburgh Seven, with whom he had three children including feminist and writer Helen Archdale. Another daughter married Francis Dalzell Finlay the younger, proprietor of the Belfast newspaper the Northern Whig, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Lee, Sidney, ed. Russel, Alexander
30.
Robert Wallace (Edinburgh MP)
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Robert Wallace was a Scottish writer who had a remarkably varied career as a classics teacher, minister, university professor, newspaper editor, barrister and finally a member of parliament. He was born on 24 June 1831 at Kincaple near St. Andrews, Fife, and was the son of Jasper Wallace, a gardener. He was educated at the Geddes Institution, Culross, Fife and he was awarded the degree of D. D. by Glasgow University in 1869. He married Margaret Robertson on 10 March 1858 and they had six sons, while he was minister at Old Greyfriars Church in Edinburgh, he was involved in attempts to reform and modernise the Church of Scotland. As a result, his fitness to be a minister was questioned and he died in London on 6 June 1899. 1854 – Appointed classical master at Cupar Academy, july 1857 – Licensed as a minister by the Presbytery of Edinburgh. Dec.1857 – Ordained at Newton-on-Ayr Church of Scotland, Dec.1860 – Transferred to Trinity Parish Church, Edinburgh. Dec.1868 – Transferred to Old Greyfriars, Edinburgh, aug.1876 – Left the clerical profession and was appointed editor of the Scotsman newspaper. Nov.1880 – Resigned from the editorship, nov.1883 – Studied law and called the English Bar at the Middle Temple, London. 1886 – Elected as Liberal M. P. for the Edinburgh East,1892 – Re-elected as M. P. for Edinburgh East. 1895 – Re-elected as M. P. for Edinburgh East, the Study of Ecclesiastical History, in its Relation to Church Theology, an inaugural address delivered in the University of Edinburgh,18 November 1873. Irish Usurpation in British Politics, a Speech, Edinburgh, Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier,1900. Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, the Succession of Ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation, edited By Hew Scott, volume I, The Synod of Lothian and Tweeddale. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd,1915, pp. 43–44, who Was Who entry, A & C Black, 1920–2008, online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 Robert Wallace, Life and Last Leaves. Edited by J. Campbell Smith and William Wallace, library catalogues at www. worldcat. org Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Robert Wallace
31.
Tim Luckhurst
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Timothy Colin Harvey Luckhurst is a British journalist and academic currently the Professor of Journalism at the University of Kent, and the founding head of the universitys Centre for Journalism. He is an editor of The Scotsman, and has worked as a journalist for the BBC. His academic research focuses on the history of journalism and particularly on the depiction of political dissent in British newspapers during the era of appeasement, as a student at Cambridge he played bass guitar in Tony Tiger and the Frosties alongside Andy White. The Northern Irish singer, songwriter and poet, between 1985 and 1988 he worked as Parliamentary Press Officer for Donald Dewar MP, then Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland, and for the Scottish Labour group of MPs at Westminster. He stood as the Labour candidate in the Roxburgh and Berwickshire constituency at the 1987 British general election, during the late 1980s and 1990s, Luckhurst worked for the BBC. On Radio 4s Today programme he produced, edited and reported from the UK, Luckhurst covered the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and the First Gulf War. He was the BBCs Washington Producer during the first year of the Clinton presidency, returning to the UK he became a senior member of the team that designed and launched BBC Radio 5 Live. During his time at the BBC, Luckhurst won two Sony Radio Academy Awards for news broadcasting, later he reported on the liberation of Kosovo and the fall of Slobodan Milošević for The Scotsman. He has published essays in Contemporary British History, Journalism Studies. The Vapourings of Empty Young Men and this is Today – A Biography of the Today Programme, London, Aurum Press 2001, contributions to What a State – Is Devolution for Scotland the End of Britain. And the essays, Compromising the First draft, in Afghanistan, War and the Media, Deadlines and Frontlines, Edited by Richard Lance Keeble and John Mair, Bury St, Edmunds, Abramis,2010, Dr Hack I presume. In 2001 he expressed trenchant criticism of the settlement in Scotland in another essay for the New Statesman entitled Scotland returns to the Dark Ages. He contributed a chapter, Missing the Target and Spurning the Prize to the book, The Phone Hacking Scandal, in January 2010 he provoked anger among media studies academics in a column for The Independent, Demise of news barons is just a Marxist fantasy. In March 2010 he defended self-regulation of the British press in a column, Watchdog can champion ethics and fight sleaze and he is an advocate of convergent, multimedia journalism. He has also written about motorcycling for The Independents motoring section and about politics and media for the main newspaper, and for Independent on Sunday. Among other publications he has written for are The Guardian the New Statesman, The New Republic, The Spectator, between 2000 and 2007 he was a political columnist for the Scottish Daily Mail. He is a frequent contributor to programmes on LBC Radio, Talksport and he is a member of the Society of Editors and the National Union of Journalists. Luckhurst is married to Dorothy, the couple have four children
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The Courier (Dundee)
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The Courier & Advertiser, more commonly known as simply The Courier, is a newspaper published by D. C. Thomson & Co. in Dundee, Scotland. As of 2013, it is printed in six editions, Dundee, Angus & The Mearns, Fife, West Fife, Perthshire. Established in 1801 as the Dundee Courier & Argus, the front page of The Courier used to contain classified advertisements – a traditional newspaper format for many years. In 1926, during the General Strike The Courier was merged with The Advertiser, just over a year later, a digital version of the newspaper was launched. Historical copies of the Dundee Courier, dating back to 1844, are available to search, the Courier D. C. Thomson & Co
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Daily Record (Scotland)
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The Daily Record, part of Trinity Mirror, is a Scottish tabloid newspaper based in Glasgow. It is published six days a week, and its paper is the Sunday Mail. It has a kinship with the Daily Mirror, with major stories of UK significance being reported in both titles. The Daily Record had a print circulation in December 2016 of 160,557, according to NRS PADD figures, the Daily Record is by far the leading news brand in Scotland with a total audience of 3.1 million. This compares with The Scottish Suns audience in Scotland of 1.41 million, the Daily Records print sales are dropping at a rate of over 20,000 a year. Its January 2010 circulation was 323,831 and this has dropped to a January 2017 circulation of 155,772. The Daily Record was founded in 1895, the North British Daily Mail ceased publication in 1901 and was then incorporated into the Daily Record, which was renamed the Daily Record and Mail. Lord Kemsley bought the paper for £1 million in 1922, forming a company known as Associated Scottish Newspapers Limited. Production was transferred from Renfield Lane to 67 Hope Street in 1926, in 1971 the Daily Record became the first European newspaper to be printed with run-of-paper colour, and was the first British national to introduce computer page make-up technology. It was purchased by Trinity Mirror in 1999, from the estate of Robert Maxwell, historical copies of the Daily Record from the years 1914 to 1918 are available to search and view in digitised form at The British Newspaper Archive. In August 2006, the paper launched afternoon editions in Glasgow, both papers initially had a cover price of 15p, but in January 2007, it was announced that they would become freesheets, which are distributed on the streets of the city centres. It was simultaneously announced that new editions were to be released in Aberdeen, the PM is no longer published by the Daily Record. Politically, the Daily Record supported the conservative Unionist Party until the 1964 general election, the paper continues to support the Labour Party and has a close relationship with it, including donating £10,000 to the party in 2007. It opposes both the Scottish National Party and Scottish independence, on the day of the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, it ran a front-page editorial attacking the SNP. Since Murray Foote became editor in February 2014, the stance has become less clear cut. For many years there has been a relationship between Daily Record journalists and Labour Party politicians in Scotland, and a revolving door between newspaper staff and Labour advisers. Helen Liddell went from being General Secretary of the Scottish Labour Party to being Robert Maxwell’s Head of Corporate Affairs at the Daily Record. Tom Brown worked as one of the Daily Record’s highest-profile columnists and served as its editor, before advising his friend
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Evening Express (Scotland)
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The Evening Express is a daily local newspaper serving the city of Aberdeen in Scotland. It was first published in November 1879 and it was a tabloid during the 1930s to the 1950s until it resumed a broadsheet in November 1958, six days a week. By September 1989, The Saturday edition returned to a tabloid with the broadsheet formula during the weekdays and it became a tabloid six days a week in February 1995. There was also a Saturday night paper called the Green Final which ended in June 2002 after many years in which it was printed on paper instead of the usual white. It showed progress on how Aberdeen FC did in their matches as well as a check on the days football results. For many years, the Green Final was a broadsheet until it became a tabloid from 1988 till the end, the name occasionally reappears when the paper features junior football reports. To celebrate its 40, 000th edition, the Evening Express held a competition for one of its readers to win 40,000 one penny pieces – totalling £400, the paper along with the Press and Journal is published by Aberdeen Journals Ltd. It has a circulation of 30,929, in the Weekend section, every Saturday, TV critic Ewan Cameron gives his rundown on the weeks programmes. Evening Express Sports Editor Charlie Allan, Former Aberdeen F. C. footballers Stewart McKimmie, another former Don Willie Miller has recently joined them. Sports reporter Sean Wallace also has a weekly column, the paper was a staunch supporter of the building of a highly controversial golf resort by Donald Trump at the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire. The development was against the wishes of local residents. In 2007, the Evening Express ran pictures of seven councillors who voted against the application under the headline You Traitors, in 2009, the newspaper announced it would not report anything said by the protest group Tripping Up Trump, saying it was not bona fide. In 2013, Press and Journal editor Damian Bates, who was editor at the Evening Express, married the executive vice president. As of 29 February 2008 the players of Aberdeen Football Club stated that they would no longer give interviews to the Evening Express, the players cited perceived negative reporting on the part of the paper as their reason for the move. Sports Editor Charlie Allan proposed a meeting with Scott Severin, Allan instead met with club media officer Dave Macdermid, who gave a short interview to the Evening Express. Aberdeen FC manager Jimmy Calderwood did not observe the silence of his players and he did however state, as did Macdermid, that the players had taken particular offence to the papers speculation that a number of them would be leaving the club in the summer. Calderwood said that the Evening Express had been naughty to do so, in early March the ban on giving interviews to the Evening Express was lifted, and the players resumed normal communications with the paper. List of newspapers in Scotland Evening Express, the web site of the Evening Express
