The Screwtape Letters

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The Screwtape Letters
Thescrewtapeletters.jpg
First edition dust wrapper
AuthorC. S. Lewis
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
GenreEpistolary novel, Christian apologetics, satire
PublisherGeoffrey Bles
Publication date
1942
1961 (first omnibus)
Media typePrint (hardcover and paperback)
Pages160 (1st)[a]
157 (1st omnibus)
LC ClassBR125
Followed byScrewtape Proposes a Toast 

The Screwtape Letters is a Christian apologetic novel by C. S. Lewis and dedicated to J. R. R. Tolkien. It is written in a satirical, epistolary style and while it is fictional in format, the plot and characters are used to address Christian theological issues, primarily those to do with temptation and resistance to it.

First published in February 1942,[1] the story takes the form of a series of letters from a senior demon Screwtape to his nephew Wormwood, a Junior Tempter; the uncle's mentorship pertains to the nephew's responsibility in securing the damnation of a British man known only as "the Patient".

Summary[edit]

In The Screwtape Letters, Lewis provides a series of lessons in the importance of taking a deliberate role in Christian faith by portraying a typical human life, with all its temptations and failings, seen from devils' viewpoints. Screwtape holds an administrative post in the bureaucracy ("Lowerarchy") of Hell, and acts as a mentor to his nephew Wormwood, an inexperienced (and incompetent) tempter.

In the 31 letters which constitute the book, Screwtape gives Wormwood detailed advice on various methods of undermining God's words and of promoting abandonment of God in "the Patient", interspersed with observations on human nature and on the Bible. In Screwtape's advice, selfish gain and power are seen as the only good, and neither demon can comprehend God's love for man or acknowledge human virtue.

Versions of the letters were originally published weekly in the Anglican periodical The Guardian, in wartime between May and November 1941,[2][3] and the standard edition contains an introduction explaining how the author chose to write his story.

Lewis wrote the sequel "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" in 1959 – a critique of certain trends in British public education. (Although Britain calls its major private schools "public schools", Lewis is referring to state schools when he criticizes "public education".) Omnibus editions with a new preface by Lewis were published by Bles in 1961 and by Macmillan in 1962.

The Screwtape Letters became one of Lewis' most popular works, although he said it was "not fun" to write and "resolved never to write another 'Letter'".[4]

Both The Screwtape Letters and "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" have been released on both audio cassette and CD, with narrations by John Cleese, Joss Ackland and Ralph Cosham.

Plot overview[edit]

The Screwtape Letters comprises 31 letters written by a senior demon named Screwtape to his nephew, Wormwood (named after a star in Revelation), a younger and less experienced demon, charged with guiding a man (called "the patient") toward "Our Father Below" (Devil / Satan) from "the Enemy" (Jesus).

After the second letter, the Patient converts to Christianity, and Wormwood is chastised for allowing this. A striking contrast is formed between Wormwood and Screwtape during the rest of the book, wherein Wormwood is depicted through Screwtape's letters as anxious to tempt his patient into extravagantly wicked and deplorable sins, often recklessly, while Screwtape takes a more subtle stance, as in Letter XII wherein he remarks: "... the safest road to hell is the gradual one – the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts".

In Letter VIII, Screwtape explains to his protégé the different purposes that God and the devils have for the human race: "We want cattle who can finally become food; He wants servants who can finally become sons". With this end in mind, Screwtape urges Wormwood in Letter VI to promote passivity and irresponsibility in the Patient: "(God) wants men to be concerned with what they do; our business is to keep them thinking about what will happen to them".

With his own views on theology, Lewis goes on to describe and discuss sex, love, pride, gluttony, and war in successive letters. Lewis, an Oxford and Cambridge scholar himself, suggests in his work that even intellectuals are not impervious to the influence of such demons, especially during complacent acceptance of the "Historical Point of View" (Letter XXVII).

In Letter XXII, after several attempts to find a licentious woman for the Patient "to promote a useful marriage", and after Screwtape's narrowly avoiding a painful punishment for having divulged to Wormwood God's genuine love for humanity (about which Wormwood had promptly informed the Infernal authorities), Screwtape notes that the Patient has fallen in love with a Christian girl and through her and her family a very Christian way of life. Toward the end of this letter, in his anger Screwtape becomes a large centipede, mimicking a similar transformation in Book X of Paradise Lost, wherein the demons are changed into snakes. Later in the correspondence, it is revealed that the young man may be placed in harm's way by his possibly civil defence duties (it is stated in an earlier letter that he is eligible for military service, but it is never actually confirmed that he was indeed called up). While Wormwood is delighted at this and by the war in general, Screwtape admonishes Wormwood to keep the Patient safe, in hopes that they can compromise his faith over a long lifetime.

In the last letter, the Patient has been killed during a World War II air raid and has gone to Heaven, and for his ultimate failure Wormwood is doomed to suffer the consumption of his spiritual essence by the other demons, especially by Screwtape himself. Screwtape responds to Wormwood's final letter by saying that he may expect as little assistance as Screwtape would expect from Wormwood were their situations reversed ("My love for you and your love for me are as alike as two peas ... The only difference is that I am the stronger."), mimicking the situation where Wormwood himself informed on his uncle to the Infernal Police for Infernal Heresy (making a religiously positive remark that would offend Satan).

Literary sequels[edit]

"Screwtape Proposes a Toast"[edit]

The short sequel "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" (1959), first published as an article in the Saturday Evening Post, is an addendum to The Screwtape Letters; the two works are often published together as one book.[5] "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" takes the form of an after-dinner speech given by Screwtape at the Tempters' Training College for young demons. In stage adaptations it is sometimes added as a prelude, making the work a prequel. "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" is Lewis' criticism of leveling and featherbedding trends in public education; more specifically, as he reveals in the foreword to the American edition, public education in America (though in the text, it is English education that is held up as the purportedly awful example).[citation needed]

The Cold War opposition between the West and the Communist World is explicitly discussed as a backdrop to the educational issues. Screwtape and other demons are portrayed as consciously using the subversion of education and intellectual thought in the West to bring about its overthrow by the communist enemy from without and within. In this sense "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" is more strongly political than The Screwtape Letters, wherein no strong stand is made on political issues of the day, such as World War II.[6]

Other literary sequels[edit]

Though C. S. Lewis had resolved not to write another letter, and only revisited the character of Screwtape once, in Screwtape Proposes a Toast, the format, referred to by Lewis himself as a kind of "demonic ventriloquism", has inspired other authors to prepare sequels or similar works, such as:

  • Breig, Joseph A. (1952). The Devil You Say.
  • Martin, Walter R. (1975). Screwtape Writes Again. ISBN 978-0-88449-033-3.[7]
  • Kreeft, Peter (1998). The Snakebite Letters: Devilishly Devious Secrets for Subverting Society as Taught in Tempter's Training School. ISBN 978-0-89870-721-2.
  • Alcorn, Randy (2001). Lord Foulgrin's Letters. ISBN 978-1-57673-861-0.
  • Miles, Bryan (2003). The Wormwood Letters. ISBN 978-0-595-28392-7. Wormwood, who has somehow survived, now finds himself in a new era writing to his own nephew, Soulsniper.
  • Forest, Jim (2004). The Wormwood File: E-mail From Hell. ISBN 978-1-57075-554-5. Another Wormwood series of instructions.
  • Laymon, Barbara (2004). The Devil's Inbox. ISBN 978-0-8066-4945-0.
  • Williams, Arthur H., Jr. (2006). The Screwtape Email. ISBN 978-1-4120-0067-3.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Longenecker, Dwight (2009). The Gargoyle Code: Lenten Letters between a Master Tempter and his diabolical Trainee. ISBN 978-0615673851. Master Tempter Slubgrip advises Dogwart how to corrupt a young Catholic, while struggling to control his own ‘patient.’
  • Peschke, Jim (2010). The Michael Letters: Heaven's answer to Screwtape. ISBN 978-1-4536-6027-0. The Archangel Michael provides advice to Jacob, a guardian angel.
  • Platt, Richard (2012). As One Devil to Another: A Fiendish Correspondence in the Tradition of C. S. Lewis' The Screwtape Letters. ISBN 978-1-4143-7166-5.
  • Deace, Steve. (2016). A Nefarious Plot. ISBN 978-1-61868-823-1.[8]
  • Spinaze, Nathan (2018). Screwtape Takes Note. ISBN 978-1980727453.[9]

Adaptations[edit]

Audio drama[edit]

Focus on the Family Radio Theatre, a project of Focus on the Family, was granted the rights to dramatize The Screwtape Letters as a feature length audio drama. Production began in 2008, and the product was released in the fall of 2009.[10] Andy Serkis, known for playing Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, provides the voice for Screwtape, with Bertie Carvel as Wormwood, Philip Bird as The Patient (identified in this production as "John Hamilton"), Laura Michael Kelly as The Girl (identified in this production as "Dorothy"), Roger Hammond as Toadpipe, Christina Greatrex as Slumtrimpet, Janet Henfrey as Glubose, Philip Sherlock as the Messenger, Susie Brann as the Presenter and Geoffrey Palmer as C.S. Lewis. There is a 7-and-a-half minute video preview of the Radio Theatre production with interviews and making-of footage;[11] this production was a 2010 Audie Award finalist.

Comic book adaptation[edit]

Marvel Comics and religious book publisher Thomas Nelson produced a comic book adaptation of The Screwtape Letters in 1994.[12]

Film adaptation[edit]

The Screwtape Letters is a planned film based on the novel. 20th Century Fox bought the film rights to the book in the 1950s and partnered with Walden Media to make this film as they were doing with The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010). Walden originally intended to release the film in 2008.[13] Ralph Winter, the producer, credited the success of the Chronicles of Narnia film series for the greenlighting of The Screwtape Letters.[14] The Screwtape Letters is to be a live-action film;[15] because the novel is a series of letters with limited action, critics have questioned how a film adaptation is possible.[16]

Stage adaptation[edit]

The stage play Dear Wormwood (later renamed Screwtape), written by James Forsyth, was published in 1961; the setting is changed to wartime London, where we actually see Wormwood going about the business of tempting his "patient" (in the play, given the name "Michael Green"). The ending is changed as well, with Wormwood trying to repent and beg for forgiveness, when it appears that his mission has failed. "Dear Wormwood" premiered in Luther High School North, Chicago, IL in April, 1961.

Philadelphia playwright and actor Anthony Lawton's original adaptation of The Screwtape Letters has been staged several times since 2000 by Lantern Theater Company, most recently in May/June 2014. In Lawton's adaptation, each of Screwtape's letters is punctuated by varied dances including tap, Latin ballroom, jazz, martial arts, and rock – and whips and fire-eating. Screwtape performs these dances with his secretary, Toadpipe.

The Fellowship for the Performing Arts obtained from the Lewis estate the rights to adapt The Screwtape Letters for the stage; the initial production opened off-off-Broadway at Theatre 315 in New York City in January 2006. The initial three-week run was extended to eleven and finally closed because the theater was contractually obligated to another production,[17] it was co-written by Max McLean (who also starred) and Jeffrey Fiske (who also directed). A second, expanded production opened off Broadway at the Theatre at St. Clements on 18 October 2007, originally scheduled to run through 6 January 2008; the production re-opened at the Mercury Theater in Chicago in September 2008, and continued on a national tour including San Francisco, Phoenix, Louisville, Chattanooga, Fort Lauderdale, Houston and Austin, through January 2010 as well as playing at The Shakespeare Theatre in Washington, D.C. for ten weeks.[18] The Screwtape Letters played for 309 performances at New York City's Westside Theatre in 2010; the 2011 tour visited performing arts venues in cities throughout the United States including Los Angeles, Houston, Dallas, Atlanta, Seattle, Minneapolis, and Boston. The 2012–2013 tour began in Los Angeles in January 2012, with return engagements in San Francisco, San Diego, Seattle, Chicago and Atlanta as well as stops in several other cities. The Screwtape Letters has been described as "Humorous and lively ... the Devil has rarely been given his due more perceptively!" by The New York Times, "A profound experience" by Christianity Today and "Wickedly witty ... One hell of good show!" by The Wall Street Journal.[18]

The Barley Sheaf Players of Lionville, Pennsylvania performed James Forsyth's play Screwtape in September 2010, it was directed by Scott Ryan and the play ran the last 3 weekends in September.[19] The production was reviewed by Paul Recupero for Stage Magazine.[20]

In popular culture[edit]

Comics[edit]

In Calvin and Hobbes, Bill Watterson named Mrs. Wormwood (Calvin's elementary school teacher) after Lewis' apprentice devil.

Documentary[edit]

Affectionately Yours, Screwtape: The Devil and C.S. Lewis (January 1, 2007), directed by Tom Dallis and written by Amy Dallis, aired on the History Channel[21]

Literature[edit]

In 2010, the Marine Corps Gazette began publishing a series of articles entitled "The Attritionist Letters" styled in the manner of The Screwtape Letters. In the letters, General Screwtape chastises Captain Wormwood for his inexperience and naivete while denouncing the concepts of maneuver warfare in favor of attrition warfare.[22]

Writer David Foster Wallace praised the book in interviews and placed it first on his list of top ten favorite books.[23]

Music[edit]

Called To Arms' concept album Peril and the Patient (August 10, 2010) is based entirely on The Screwtape Letters.[24][25]

In U2's music video for the song "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" (1995), an animated Bono is seen walking down the street holding the book The Screwtape Letters. While on stage during the Zoo TV Tour Bono would dress as Mr. MacPhisto, his alter ego. Bono would wear a gold suit and devil horns and usually make prank calls to politicians.

The lyrics for The Receiving End of Sirens' song "Oubliette (Disappear)", from the album The Earth Sings Mi Fa Mi (2007) were inspired by a passage from The Screwtape Letters.[26]

In the Christian metal band Living Sacrifice's album Ghost Thief, there is a track titled "Screwtape". Frontman of Living Sacrifice, Bruce Fitzhugh, explained that the song is "about temptation and the proverbial 'devil on your shoulder.' It's about the thought process we go through to justify a thought or action that is not good for the soul". Fitzhugh also explains how he thought it was interesting Lewis wrote from the perspective of Screwtape and that he wrote from the same perspective in the song.[27]

The group The Oh Hellos released the album Dear Wormwood which they have described as a form of speculative fiction from the point of view of "the patient".

Political discourse[edit]

U.S. President Ronald Reagan quoted from The Screwtape Letters in his famous 1983 speech to the National Association of Evangelicals.[28]

In an October 2013 interview in New York magazine, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia professed his admiration for the book. Scalia remarked, "The Screwtape Letters is a great book, it really is, just as a study of human nature." The book was mentioned in the highly publicized interview during Scalia's discourse regarding the nature of his Catholic faith.[29]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The Screwtape Letters title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Select a title to see its linked publication history and general information. Select a particular edition (title) for more data at that level, such as a front cover image or linked contents.
    • ISFDB shows unillustrated covers, and credits no cover artists, for both first editions published by Geoffrey Bles, the Letters (1942) and the omnibus with "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" and a new preface by Lewis (1961).

References[edit]

  1. ^ Roger & Hooper 2002, p. 237.
  2. ^ Roger & Hooper 2002, p. 236.
  3. ^ Griffin, William (2005), C. S. Lewis: The Authentic Voice, Oxford: Lion Hudson, p. 188, ISBN 0-7459-5208-9.
  4. ^ Lewis, C. S. (2001), The Screwtape Letters, New York: HarperCollins, p. 184
  5. ^ Lewis, C. S. (2001). The Screwtape Letters, with Screwtape Proposes a Toast. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-065293-4.
  6. ^ Hein, David (2007). "A Note on C. S. Lewis's The Screwtape Letters". The Anglican Digest. 49 (2). pp. 55–58.
  7. ^ "9780884490333: Screwtape Writes Again - AbeBooks - C. S. Lewis: 0884490335". Abebooks.com. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  8. ^ results, search (16 February 2016). "A Nefarious Plot". Post Hill Press. Retrieved 24 November 2018 – via Amazon.
  9. ^ [1][dead link]
  10. ^ "Radio Theatre". Radio Theatre. 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
  11. ^ "Video preview of The Screwtape Letters Audio Drama". Chriskou.com. May 22, 2009.
  12. ^ Lewis, C. S; the Screwtape Letters. The Christian classic series. New York: Marvel Comics, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8407-6261-0
  13. ^ Nicole Laporte (2007-01-31). "'Screwtape' attaches Walden". Variety. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  14. ^ "Update on The Screwtape Letters Movie From Producer Ralph Winter". The Stone Table. 2007-02-17. Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  15. ^ "'Screwtape Letters' to be released on film". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  16. ^ "Another CS Lewis Film In The Works". Empire. January 2, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  17. ^ "About the NYC Production of C.S. Lewis' The Screwtape Letters". Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  18. ^ a b "About The Screwtape Letters" Archived 2016-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, ScrewtapeOnStage. Retrieved on 27 January 2012.
  19. ^ "Screwtape". The Barley Sheaf Players. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  20. ^ Recupero, Paul. "Turn of the SCREWTAPE", Stage Magazine Review, September 10, 2010.
  21. ^ Dallis, Tom (Director) & Dallis, Amy (Writer) (January 1, 2007). "Affectionately Yours, Screwtape: The Devil and C.S. Lewis". IMDb.com.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  22. ^ "The Attritionist Letters (Archives)". Marine Corps Gazette. MCA Marines. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
  23. ^ "David Foster Wallace: R.I.P." News observer. September 16, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
  24. ^ "Called to Arms is Rad" (news). Indie Vision Music. 2010-05-21. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
  25. ^ "Called To Arms" (profile). Absolute Punk. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
  26. ^ "Disappear (Oubliette) Lyric Meaning – The Receiving End of Sirens Meanings". Song meanings. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
  27. ^ "Living Sacrifice's "Screwtape" song premiere". Lambgoat. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  28. ^ "Remarks at the Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida" (PDF). The Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library. March 8, 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-10. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  29. ^ "In Conversation: Antonin Scalia". New York. Retrieved October 6, 2013.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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