1.
Neighborhoods in Columbus, Ohio
–
Columbus, Ohio does not have defined neighborhoods, per the city of Columbus, making their areas difficult to define. Neighborhoods often overlap and vary in size, many of Columbuss larger neighborhoods integrate smaller neighborhoods. Additionally, modern interpretations of neighborhood borders vary significantly as historical neighborhoods, villages, towns, there are Area Commissions that exist, but these generally are larger than neighborhoods themselves and typically incorporate smaller neighborhoods. This article uses data from the Datasourcecolumbus Web site, Spotcrime. com, excerpts and border information are drawn directly from the main articles. Columbus has an immigrant population, of Hispanics, Asians and Asian Americans. In the far west side of Columbus, especially in Hilltop, there is a notable and diverse Hispanic population, with people of Mexican descent being the largest of Hispanic groups. There is also a much smaller Hispanic population, mostly made up of Puerto Ricans, in Northeast neighborhoods such as Northland and North Linden, where there is also a significant Somali population. In the northwest part of the city, in close to Ohio State University, there is significant populations with origins from India. Below are some maps to see a visual representation. Like all neighborhoods, borders are not always well-defined and might vary from map to map, city-Data. com Neighborhood Map Henkels Columbus Geo-Spatial Identity Map © Neighborhood Scout Crime Map Downtown Columbus is the Central Business District of Columbus, Ohio, United States. The area centers on the intersection of Broad and High streets, with the northeast corners being known simple as Broad & High by the surrounding businesses, Downtown as a whole encompasses all the area inside the inner belt and is home to most of the largest buildings in Columbus. The State Capitol is located on the southeast corner of Broad & High, Downtown has many neighborhoods or districts, but it can easily be separated into three main areas, The Discovery District, High Street Corridor, and the Riverfront. The Short North, Italian Village, and Victorian Village are directly north of Downtown, Olde Towne East, and the historic King-Lincoln District are directly east, while the Brewery District and German Village are directly south of Downtown. Franklinton is to the west of Downtown, with a portion of Franklinton in Downtown, the northwest area includes the Arena District, a mixed-use development centered on Nationwide Arena, the home of the Columbus Blue Jackets. The Arena District also includes the baseball stadium Huntington Park and the Lifestyle Communities Pavilion, as of 2013, over 87,000 people are employed Downtown and more than 25,000 students attend school at one of the many institutions of higher education located there. Downtown is currently home to over 6,300 residents, Arena District is a mixed-use planned development and neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio. The site was developed through a partnership between Nationwide Realty Investors, Ltd. the City of Columbus, and private investors, interpretation of the boundaries of the district are evolving as the neighboring blocks around the original 75-acre site has seen additional commercial and residential development. Currently, Arena District contains Nationwide Arena, for which the district is named, the Discovery District is located in the eastern part of Downtown Columbus
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
Ohio
–
Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
5.
Franklin County, Ohio
–
Franklin County is a county in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of 2016 census estimates, the population was 1,264,518. making it the most populous county in Ohio and its county seat is Columbus, the state capital and most populous city in Ohio. The county was established on April 30,1803, less than two months after Ohio became a state, and was named after Benjamin Franklin, Franklin County originally extended all the way north to Lake Erie before Ohio subdivided further into more counties. Franklin County is included in the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, Franklin County is home to one of the largest universities in the United States, The Ohio State University, which as of fall 2014 has an enrollment of 58,322 students on its main Columbus campus. On March 30,1803, the Ohio government authorized the creation of Franklin County, the county originally was part of Ross County. Residents named the county in honor of Benjamin Franklin, in 1816, Franklin County’s Columbus became Ohio’s state capital. Surveyors laid out the city in 1812, and officials incorporated it in 1816, Columbus was not Ohio’s original capital, but the state legislature chose to move the state government there after its location for a short time at Chillicothe and at Zanesville. Columbus was chosen as the site for the new capital because of its location within the state. The legislature chose it as Ohio’s capital over a number of competitors, including Franklinton, Dublin, Worthington. James Kilbourne was elected president and Josiah Topping secretary, on August 30,1802 James Kilbourne and Nathaniel Little arrived at Colonel Thomas Worthingtons home in Chillicothe, Ohio. They tentatively reserved land along the Scioto River on the Pickaway Plains for their new settlement, jonas Stanbery and his partner, an American Revolutionary War general, Jonathan Dayton. Sixteen thousand acres were purchased along the Whetstone River at $1.50 per acre and this land was part of the United States Military District surveyed by Israel Ludlow in 1797 and divided into townships 5 miles square. Before the state legislature’s decision in 1812, Columbus did not exist, the city was designed from the first as the state’s capital, preparing itself for its role in Ohio’s political, economic, and social life. In the years between first ground-breaking and the movement of the capital in 1816, Columbus and Franklin County grew significantly. By 1813, workers had built a penitentiary, and by the year, residents had established the first church, school. Workers completed the Ohio Statehouse in 1861, Columbus and Franklin County grew quickly in population, with the city having 700 people by 1815. Columbus officially became the county seat in 1824, by 1834, the population of Columbus was 4,000 people, officially elevating it to city status. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 544 square miles
6.
Columbus, Ohio
–
Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 as of 2015 estimates and this makes Columbus the fourth-most populous state capital in the United States, and the third-largest city in the Midwestern United States. It is the city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 2,021,632, it is Ohios third-largest metropolitan area, Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County. The city proper has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County, named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. As of 2013, the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U. S, fortune 500, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. In 2012, Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeeks 50 best cities in America. In 2013, Forbes gave Columbus an A rating as one of the top cities for business in the U. S. and later that included the city on its list of Best Places for Business. Columbus was also ranked as the No.1 up-and-coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008, and the city was ranked a top-ten city by Relocate America in 2010. In 2007, fDi Magazine ranked the city no.3 in the U. S. for cities of the future, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no.1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide. The area including modern-day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country, under the control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763. In the 18th century, European traders flocked to the area, the area found itself frequently caught between warring factions, including American Indian and European interests. In the 1740s, Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them, in the early 1750s, the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey. Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War became part of the international Seven Years War, during this period, the region routinely suffered turmoil, massacres, and battles. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire, after the American Revolution, the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District, under the control of the United States. Colonists from the East Coast moved in, but rather finding a empty frontier, they encountered people of the Miami, Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee. The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States, leading to years of bitter conflict, the decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which finally opened the way for new settlements. By 1797, a surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River
7.
ZIP Code
–
ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
8.
Ohio State University
–
The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large, primarily residential, public university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University. It has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States, along with its main campus in Columbus, Ohio State also operates a regional campus system with regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster. Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes, athletes from Ohio State have won 100 Olympic medals. The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports, the Ohio State mens ice hockey program competes in the Big Ten Conference, while its womens hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. In addition, the OSU mens volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association, OSU is one of only 14 universities that plays Division I FBS football and Division I ice hockey. As of August 2015, the university had awarded a total of 714,512 degrees, alumni and former students have gone on to prominent careers in government, business, science, medicine, education, sports, and entertainment. Championed by the Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B, Hayes, the Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally within a community on the northern edge of Columbus. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17,1873, in 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year, also in 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the Ohio legislature changed the name to the now-familiar The Ohio State University, with The as part of its official name. Ohio State began accepting students in the 1880s, and in 1891. It would later acquire colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, veterinary medicine, commerce, in 1916, Ohio State was elected into membership in the Association of American Universities. Michael V. Drake, former chancellor of the University of California, Irvine, in an attack against the campus on November 28,2016, an unrelated fluorine leak was called in for Watts Hall, resulting in the evacuation of the building to an outside courtyard. As firetrucks began to depart, Abdul Razak Ali Artan drove into the crowd, then emerged, the attack was stopped in under two minutes by OSU Police Officer Alan Horujko, who witnessed the attack after responding to the reported gas leak, and who shot and killed Artan. The universitys Buckeye Alert system was triggered and the campus was placed on lockdown, Ten were transported to local hospitals and one suspect was killed according to multiple sources. Local law enforcement and the FBI launched an investigation, according to authorities, Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. Ohio States 1, 764-acre main campus is about 2.5 miles north of the citys downtown, the historical center of campus is the Oval, quad of about 11 acres
9.
Campus
–
A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. Usually a college campus includes libraries, lecture halls, residence halls, student centers or dining halls, a modern campus is a collection of buildings and grounds that belong to a given institution, either academic or non-academic. Examples include the Googleplex and the Apple Campus, the word derives from a Latin word for field and was first used to describe the large field adjacent Nassau Hall of the College of New Jersey in 1774. The field separated Princeton from the nearby town. Some other American colleges later adopted the word to describe individual fields at their own institutions, a school might have one space called a campus, one called a field, and another called a yard. The tradition of a campus began with the medieval European universities where the students, the notion of the importance of the setting to academic life later migrated to America, and early colonial educational institutions were based on the Scottish and English collegiate system. The campus evolved from the model in Europe to a diverse set of independent styles in the United States. The meaning expanded to include the whole institutional property during the 20th century, sometimes the lands on which company office buildings sit, along with the buildings, are called campuses. The Microsoft Campus in Redmond, Washington is a good example, hospitals, and even airports sometimes use the term to describe the territory of their facilities
10.
Nationwide Arena
–
Nationwide Arena is a large multi-purpose arena, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. Since completion in 2000, the arena has served as the home of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League, in May 2012, Columbus Mayor Michael B. Coleman made a pitch to the NBA requesting an expansion or relocated team be moved to Nationwide Arena. The venue is named for the original majority owner, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. Nationwides real estate development affiliate, Nationwide Realty Investors, financed and developed the project—making it one of very few privately financed arenas in the nation. On March 30,2012, arena owners Nationwide Insurance and the Dispatch Publishing Group sold the facility to the Franklin County Convention Facilities Authority, in addition, the Ohio Department of Development agreed to a 10-year, $10 million loan to the FCCFA to assist with the facilities purchase. If the Blue Jackets meet annual roster payroll requirement, $500,000 of this loan per year will be forgiven. Nationwide Insurance will also pay the Blue Jackets $28 million to retain the arenas naming rights until 2022 as well as $58 million to purchase 30% ownership stake in the franchise. The Blue Jackets, in turn, agreed to remain in the city until 2039 or pay $36 million in damages and this arrangement made Nationwide Arena a sister venue to OSUs on-campus arena, Value City Arena. The university started booking acts in May 2010 and assumed day to day control of the arena on July 1,2010, the arena is of a brick design and serves as the center of an entertainment district located about one-half of a mile north of the Ohio State Capitol. Seating capacity is approximately 18,500 for hockey,17,171 for arena football,19,500 for basketball, the area surrounding Nationwide Arena, called the Arena District, houses bars, clubs and a movie theater. The Columbus Clippers, a AAA baseball team in the International League, Columbus uses the arena as a drawing point for the city with the other establishments feeding off of the foot traffic. The Lifestyle Communities Pavilion concert venue, and Arena Grand Theatre adjacent to the Nationwide Arena property, on March 16,2002, 14-year-old Brittanie Cecil was struck in the head by a deflected puck during the Blue Jackets game against the Calgary Flames at Nationwide Arena. She died two days later, becoming the only NHL fan to be killed in a game-related accident, as a result of her death, the NHL mandated safety netting in all its arenas. Nationwide Arena was built near the site of the former Ohio Penitentiary, the arena itself is built over the prisons former parking lot. The arenas parking lot and an apartment complex are built where the prison formerly stood, on October 7,2000, the arena hosted the Columbus Blue Jackets first game against the Chicago Blackhawks. Bruce Gardiner scored the franchises first goal in the first period, the PBRs Built Ford Tough Series bull riding tour has held an event every year at Nationwide Arena since 2000. It was the last event of the BFTS regular season between 2000 and 2007. On June 12,2004, the hosted the WWE pay-per-view Bad Blood The arena hosted first and second round games of the 2004,2007,2012
11.
Art museum
–
An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
12.
Pub
–
A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer, ale and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, New Zealand, Canadian, in many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as the heart of England, Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In 1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters who would assess the quality of ale sold, most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals, the owner, tenant or manager is known as the pub landlord or publican. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s and these alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the public house, or Pub as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, the Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses,1,631 inns, Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway, in Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old, in addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, the latter tend to provide alcohol, but less commonly accommodation. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard, there is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. In North America, the aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century, alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries, the 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin
13.
Nightclub
–
A nightclub is an entertainment venue and bar which serves alcoholic beverages that usually operates late into the night. Another distinction is that whereas many pubs and sports bars aim at a market, nightclubs typically aim at a niche market of music and dancing enthusiasts. The upmarket nature of nightclubs can be seen in the inclusion of VIP areas in some nightclubs, for celebrities, nightclubs are much more likely than pubs or sports bars to use bouncers to screen prospective clubgoers for entry. Some nightclub bouncers do not admit people with ripped jeans or other clothing or gang apparel as part of a dress code. The busiest nights for a nightclub are Friday and Saturday night, most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genres, such as house music or gothic rock. A nightclub may also be called a discothèque, disco, or dance club, from about 1900 to 1920, working class Americans would gather at honky tonks or juke joints to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox. Webster Hall is credited as the first modern nightclub, being built in 1886 and starting off as a hall, originally functioning as a home for dance. During Prohibition in the United States, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars, with Webster Hall staying open, with rumors circulating of Al Capones involvement and police bribery. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New Yorks 21 Club, Copacabana, El Morocco, in Germany, possibly the first discothèque was Scotch-Club. These discothèques were also patronized by anti-Vichy youth called zazous, there were also underground discothèques in Nazi Germany patronized by anti-Nazi youth called the swing kids. In Harlem, Connies Inn and the Cotton Club were popular venues for white audiences, before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. The Whisky à Gogo set into place the elements of the modern post World War II discothèque-style nightclub. At the end of the 1950s, several of the bars in Soho introduced afternoon dancing. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discothèque nightclub, Annabels, in Berkeley Square, in 1962, the Peppermint Lounge in New York City became popular and is the place where go-go dancing originated. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs, disco has its roots in the underground club scene. It brought together people from all walks of life and backgrounds and these clubs acted as safe havens for homosexual partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny. Disco allowed patrons to explore sexuality and push the envelope on the dance floor, disco clubs acted as an escape from such depressing environments and acted as the fantasy marginalized peoples could escape to forget oppression and racism. Disco clubs originally functioned as liberated party spaces and were seen as places of political statement, a smooth mix of long single records to keep people dancing all night long
14.
Coffeehouse
–
A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages, tea, and other hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced tea, many cafés also serve some type of food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to multinational corporations. A coffeehouse may share some of the characteristics of a bar or restaurant. Many coffee houses in the Middle East and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world offer shisha, espresso bars are a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. Since the development of Wi-Fi, coffeehouses with this capability have also become places for patrons to access the Internet on their laptops, a coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members. As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern as places for political gatherings to the imams, who banned them, as well as the drink, for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530, the first coffeehouse was opened in Damascus and not long there were many coffeehouses in Cairo. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city, they opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale. Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a Kiva Han in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, resembling checkers, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose, the narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. It often happens that two or three people talk at the time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher. The most common English spelling, café, is the French, Portuguese and Spanish spelling, thus the spelling cafe has become very common in English-language usage throughout the world, especially for the less formal, i. e. greasy spoon variety. The Italian spelling, caffè, is sometimes used in English. In southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often altered to /ˈkæf/. The English words coffee and café both descend from the Italian word for coffee, caffè—first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570— and in turn derived from the Arabic qahuwa. The Arabic term qahuwa originally referred to a type of wine but after the ban by Mohammed
15.
Terraced house
–
They are also known in some areas as row houses or linked houses. Terrace housing can be throughout the world, though it is in abundance in Europe and Latin America. The Place des Vosges in Paris is one of the examples of the style. Sometimes associated with the class, historical and reproduction terraces have increasingly become part of the process of gentrification in certain inner-city areas. Yarmouth Rows in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk is an example where the building fronts uniformly ran right to the property line, Townhouses are generally two- to three-storey structures that share a wall with a neighbouring unit. As opposed to an apartment building, townhouses do not have neighbouring units above or below them and they are similar in concept to row houses or terraced houses, except they are usually divided into smaller groupings of homes. The first and last of these houses is called an end terrace, in Australia, the term terrace house refers almost exclusively to Victorian and Edwardian era terraces or replicas almost always found in the older, inner city areas of the major cities. Terraced housing was introduced to Australia from England in the century, basing their architecture on those in the UK, France. Large numbers of terraced houses were built in the suburbs of large Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne. Detached housing became the style of housing in Australia following Federation in 1901. The most common building material used was brick, often covered with cement render, many terraces were built in the Filigree style, a style distinguished through heavy use of cast iron ornament, particularly on the balconies and sometimes depicting native Australian flora. In the 1950s, many urban renewal programs were aimed at eradicating them entirely in favour of modern development, in recent decades these inner-city areas and their terraced houses have been gentrified. The suburbs in which houses are often found are often sought after in Australia due to their proximity to the CBD of the major cities. They are therefore sometimes quite expensive even though they are not the preferred accommodation style. The lack of windows on the side, the gardens. The lack of off-street parking that most have is also an issue for the majority Australians, terraced housing has long been a popular style in Paris, France. The Place des Vosges was one of the earliest examples of the style, in Parisian squares, central blocks were given discreet prominence, to relieve the façade. Terraced building including housing was used primarily during Haussmanns renovation of Paris between 1852 and 1870 creating whole streetscapes consisting of terraced rows
16.
Condominium
–
A condominium, usually shortened to condo, is a type of real estate divided into several units that are each separately owned, surrounded by common areas jointly owned. Unlike apartments, which are leased by their tenants, condominium units are owned outright, the common areas, amenities and utilities are managed collectively by the owners through their association, such as a homeowner association. Scholars have traced the earliest known use of the form of tenure to a document from first century Babylon. The word condominium originated in Latin, the term condominium is used throughout the United States and in most Canadian provinces, where such a property is also colloquially known as a condo. Italy uses condominio, which is simply the modern Italian form of condominium, both condo and condominium are used colloquially in the Canadian Province of Quebec, where the official term is copropriété divise or co-property devise. In France, however, the term is simply copropriété, co-property, spanish-speaking nations and regions often use the term propiedad horizontal, literally meaning horizontal property but abstractly meaning that all owners of the property have equal interest. The word condominio is also used, Condominium is a Latin word formed by adding the prefix con- to the word dominium. Its meaning is therefore shared property, condominia originally referred to territories over which two or more sovereign powers shared joint dominion. This technique was used to settle border disputes when multiple claimants could not agree on how to partition the disputed territory. For example, from 1818 to 1846, Oregon was a condominium over which both the United States and Great Britain shared joint sovereignty, mainly in the context of the United States The difference between an apartment complex and condominium is purely legal. There is no way to differentiate a condominium from an apartment simply by looking at or visiting the building, what defines a condominium is the form of ownership. A building developed as a condominium could actually be built at another location as an apartment building, as a practical matter, builders tend to build condominiums to higher quality standards than apartment complexes because of the differences between the rental and sale markets. Technically, a condominium is a collection of home units. Individual home ownership within a condominium is construed as ownership of only the air space confining the boundaries of the home, the boundaries of that space are specified by a legal document known as a Declaration, filed on record with the local governing authority. Typically, these boundaries will include the surrounding a condo. Anything outside this boundary is held in an ownership interest by a corporation established at the time of the condominiums creation. The corporation holds this property in trust on behalf of the homeowners as a group—it may not have ownership itself, Condominiums have conditions, covenants, and restrictions, and often additional rules that govern how the individual unit owners are to share the space. It is also possible for a condominium to consist of single-family dwellings and these structures are preferred by some planned neighborhoods and gated communities
17.
Al fresco dining
–
Al fresco dining or dining alfresco is eating outside. In temperate climates, al fresco dining is especially popular in the months when temperatures. It is a style of dining that is casual and often party-like in its atmosphere, the phrase al fresco is borrowed from Italian for in the cool, although it is not in current use in that language to refer to dining outside. Instead, Italians use the phrases fuori or allaperto, in Italian, the expression al fresco usually refers to spending time in jail. The Spanish meaning of al fresco is similar to Italian, and Spaniards use fuera or al aire libre to refer to outside dining
18.
Union Station (mural)
–
Union Station is a mural in the Short North and Italian Village neighborhoods in Columbus, Ohio. Created by Gregory Ackers, it covers a portion of the wall of Utrects Art Supply store. It was created in 1987 - a decade after the stations demolition and it is across the parking lot of another well-known Ackers-created mural, Trains. As of 2014, a building is being built on the space served as a parking lot
19.
Bohemianism
–
Bohemianism is the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people, with few permanent ties, involving musical, artistic, literary or spiritual pursuits. In this context, Bohemians may or may not be wanderers, adventurers, Bohemians were associated with unorthodox or anti-establishment political or social viewpoints, which often were expressed through free love, frugality, and—in some cases—voluntary poverty. A more economically privileged, wealthy, or even aristocratic bohemian circle is sometimes referred to as haute bohème, the term Bohemianism emerged in France in the early nineteenth century when artists and creators began to concentrate in the lower-rent, lower class, Romani neighborhoods. Literary Bohemians were associated in the French imagination with roving Romani people, outsiders apart from conventional society, the term carries a connotation of arcane enlightenment, and also carries a less frequently intended, pejorative connotation of carelessness about personal hygiene and marital fidelity. The title character in Carmen, a French opera set in the Spanish city of Seville, is referred to as a bohémienne in Meilhac and her signature aria declares love itself to be a gypsy child, going where it pleases and obeying no laws. Henri Murgers collection of short stories Scènes de la Vie de Bohème, published in 1845, was written to glorify, Murgers collection formed the basis of Giacomo Puccinis opera La bohème. In England, Bohemian in this sense initially was popularised in William Makepeace Thackerays novel, Vanity Fair, public perceptions of the alternative lifestyles supposedly led by artists were further molded by George du Mauriers highly romanticized best-selling novel of Bohemian culture Trilby. The novel outlines the fortunes of three expatriate English artists, their Irish model, and two very colorful Central European musicians, in the artist quarter of Paris. In Spanish literature, the Bohemian impulse can be seen in Ramón del Valle-Incláns play Luces de Bohemia, in his song La Bohème, Charles Aznavour described the Bohemian lifestyle in Montmartre. Also reflects the Bohemian lifestyle in Montmartre at the turn of the 20th century, in the 1850s, aesthetic bohemians began to arrive in the United States. In New York City in 1857, a group of some 15–20 young and this group gathered at a German bar on Broadway called Pffaffs beer cellar. Members included their leader Henry Clapp, Jr, walt Whitman, Fitz Hugh Ludlow, and actress Adah Isaacs Menken. Similar groups in cities were broken up as well by the Civil War. During the war, correspondents began to assume the title bohemian, Bohemian became synonymous with newspaper writer. Mark Twain included himself and Charles Warren Stoddard in the category in 1867. Club member and poet George Sterling responded to this redefinition, Any good mixer of convivial habits considers he has a right to be called a bohemian, but that is not a valid claim. There are two elements, at least, that are essential to Bohemianism, the first is devotion or addiction to one or more of the Seven Arts, the other is poverty. Despite his views, Sterling associated very closely with the Bohemian Club, canadian composer Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and poet George Frederick Cameron wrote the song The Bohemian in the 1889 opera Leo, the Royal Cadet
20.
Suburb
–
A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
21.
Doo Dah Parade
–
The event has been copied by the Columbus, Ohio, Ocean City, New Jersey, and Kalamazoo, Michigan Doo Dah Parades. In 1978, January 1 fell on a Sunday, and the Rose Parade, so they decided it would be fun to have an alternate parade on January 1 that year. Some of the participants were Wright as first grand marshal, Snotty Scotty and the Hankies, the Lawn Mower Drill Team. It was the first Pasadena Doo Dah Parade, Snotty Scotty and the Hankies is still the official band. Many groups participate in the Doo Dah Parade as an effort for various charities. In 2010 the parade was moved to May 1, and also moved from Old Pasadena to East Pasadena and this Parade has spawned many others like it. Over 400 people attended the reception, many in costume. In 2016, Route 66 Magazine ran a story on the Doo Dah parade, a popular Doo Dah Parade takes place in Columbus, Ohio. The Columbus Doo Dah Parade takes place yearly on the Fourth of July in the Short North, the parade route begins on Park Street near Goodale Park and ends at the Short North Tavern. Also featured are the Emperor of the Short North and the King, at one time, the parade featured a limosine, a stretched Yugo. Judging takes place along the route and participants bribe judges to vote for their entries, prizes for Best and Worst Entries are rewarded with gift certificates to Short North businesses. A long-running parade, in Ocean City, New Jersey, is held every April on the New Jersey shore, the Ocean City DooDah Parade originally took place in Pitman, New Jersey, but migrated closer to the ocean a couple of years later. The route starts from 6th Street and goes down Asbury Avenue through downtown Ocean City, turns east on 12th Street and then proceeds up the boardwalk, ending at the historic Music Pier. OCs parade is billed as a salute to humor and comedy, featuring impersonators of Groucho Marx, Charlie Chaplin, Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Abbott & Costello and many other classic movie stars. Celebrity comedians and TV stars have served as marshal in this parade, including Joan Rivers, Joe Franklin, Larry Storch, Mickey Rooney, Soupy Sales, Bill Dana, Captain Noah. All parade participants receive a free commemorative T-shirt and hot dog courtesy of sponsor Dietz & Watson, also appearing are the costume character host and friends of the New York City cable & Internet TV show Rapid T. The Golden Hot Dog award is given to those entertainers from the local area. The Double Doggy DooDah Glutton-For-Punishment Award is given to anyone who appears in the Ocean City Parade after being in any other DooDah Parade elsewhere in the country
22.
Independence Day (United States)
–
It declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States, Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail, The second day of July,1776, I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, adamss prediction was off by two days. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2,1776, although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4,1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence, calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4,1872, so far he is the only U. S. President to have been born on Independence Day. In 1777 thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting. In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a ration of rum for his soldiers. Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, in 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5, in 1781 the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration. In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy and this is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today. In 1870 the U. S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees, in 1938 Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Independence Day is a holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on day to appear at a public event to praise the nations heritage, laws, history, society. Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue, many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, decorations are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag
23.
Fidel Castro
–
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008. Politically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party socialist state, industry and business were nationalized, born in Birán, Oriente as the son of a wealthy Spanish farmer, Castro adopted leftist anti-imperialist politics while studying law at the University of Havana. After a years imprisonment, he traveled to Mexico where he formed a revolutionary group, returning to Cuba, Castro took a key role in the Cuban Revolution by leading the Movement in a guerrilla war against Batistas forces from the Sierra Maestra. After Batistas overthrow in 1959, Castro assumed military and political power as Cubas Prime Minister, adopting a Marxist–Leninist model of development, Castro converted Cuba into a one-party, socialist state under Communist Party rule, the first in the Western Hemisphere. Policies introducing central economic planning and expanding healthcare and education were accompanied by control of the press. These actions, coupled with Castros leadership of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1979 to 1983 and Cubas medical internationalism, following the Soviet Unions dissolution in 1991, Castro led Cuba into its Special Period and embraced environmentalist and anti-globalization ideas. In the 2000s he forged alliances in the Latin American pink tide—namely with Hugo Chávezs Venezuela—and signed Cuba up to the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, in 2006 he transferred his responsibilities to Vice-President Raúl Castro, who was elected to the presidency by the National Assembly in 2008. Castro is a world figure. His supporters view him as a champion of socialism and anti-imperialism whose revolutionary regime advanced economic, critics view him as a dictator whose administration oversaw human-rights abuses, the exodus of a large number of Cubans, and the impoverishment of the countrys economy. He was decorated with various awards and significantly influenced various individuals. In 1960 Castro was bestowed with the Grand Slam Silver Trophy in the prestigious Ernest Hemingway International Billfishing Tournament after he caught a sailfish, Castro was born out of wedlock at his fathers farm on August 13,1926. His father, Ángel Castro y Argiz, was a migrant to Cuba from Galicia, aged six, Castro was sent to live with his teacher in Santiago de Cuba, before being baptized into the Roman Catholic Church at the age of eight. Being baptized enabled Castro to attend the La Salle boarding school in Santiago, in 1945 he transferred to the more prestigious Jesuit-run El Colegio de Belén in Havana. Although Castro took an interest in history, geography and debating at Belén, he did not excel academically, in 1945, Castro began studying law at the University of Havana. Admitting he was illiterate, he became embroiled in student activism. In 1947, Castro joined the Party of the Cuban People, a charismatic figure, Chibás advocated social justice, honest government, and political freedom, while his party exposed corruption and demanded reform. Though Chibás came third in the 1948 general election, Castro remained committed to working on his behalf, in later years anti-Castro dissidents accused him of committing gang-related assassinations at the time, but these remain unproven
24.
Victorian Village
–
Victorian Village is a neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio, United States, north and near west of downtown. It is an area with a fair number of established trees for an urban setting. He constructed a road on the property to reach his farm, after Neils death, the land was subdivided by his heirs. Southern portions of the Neil Farm were developed and became one of Columbus’s first suburbs, Streetcar lines expanded in 1879 down Neil Avenue, which connected downtown Columbus and The Ohio State University. Because of the streetcar, Neil Avenue became a major north-south route, the Neil Farm, west of current-day Neil Avenue and south of West Fifth Avenue, was platted between 1888 and 1902. Lots were reserved, almost exclusively for large homes, electric Streetcar Service along High Street in 1888, followed by Neil Avenue in 1891, further increased the demand for housing between The Ohio State University and downtown Columbus. By 1920, the majority of these parcels had filled in with Victorian, Italianate Queen Anne, Second Empire, Carpenter-Stick, following 1920, the streetcar gave way to the automobile as the main source of transportation. Increased mobility allowed residents to move away and into suburbs of Columbus. As that occurred, businesses began moving to the suburbs to be closer to their customers. The nearby Flytown, Short North and Italian Village neighborhoods suffered similar decline, renewed interest in Victorian Village was sparked in the 1970s, following the successes of German Village, which had undergone significant revival in the 1960s. Restoration begun in Victorian Village was carried out under the auspices of the Victorian Village Commission, in 1980, it was listed on the list of National Historic Places and is in the Near North Side Historic District. Victorian Village is a neighborhood located north and near west of Downtown and it is just north of the Arena District and to the East is the Italian Village. It is an area with a fair number of established trees for an urban setting. Neil Avenue is the main thoroughfare through Victorian Village, a street that crosses through the campus of The Ohio State University. It shares its High Street boundary with the Short North neighborhood to its east, harrison Avenue forms its western boundary. Cocoa Manor is located at 76 Buttles Avenue and it is a recently built Georgian Style home and could be considered a large mansion compared to other Victorian Village residences. The owner of Anthony-Thomas Candy Company, Greg Zanetos, currently lives in the home, built between 1890 and 1914, the Neil Avenue United Methodist Church was first designed by the J. W. Yost firm in 1890, but later completed by Stribling and Lum in 1914. In 1996 it became the home to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, often referred to as the hub of Victorian Village, Goodale Park is a 32-acre park at the southern tip of Victorian Village
25.
Goodale Park
–
Goodale Park is a public park in the Victorian Village area of Columbus, Ohio. It was donated to the city in 1851 by Lincoln Goodale, for a few months during the Civil War, it was a staging area for Union troops known as Camp Jackson. ComFest, a large, free, non-corporate, music and arts festival, is held in the park in June. Located immediately north of downtown Columbus, the park is bordered by Goodale Street on the South, Park Street on the East, Buttles Avenue on the North, from April to June 1861, the park was used as a staging area for new recruits for the Union Army. The camp started in April when Governor William Dennison, at the urging of President Lincoln, called on Ohio communities to revive their militias, a high picket fence is erected around the camp, and the curious public mills around all day. There are reports that the troops eat very well while in the camp, the Governor’s Guards, a corps of soldiers stationed at the camp, marched through Columbus on a Saturday morning to urge the local people to show their patriotism and enlist in the cause. A Captain Morrow was so successful that his company grew so large with new recruits that he had to start a company of troops. Any young man interested in enlisting in this company, “B” of the 3rd Regiment, is told to call at Camp Jackson at an early hour. In June, Camp Jacksons military operations are transferred to Camp Chase,4 miles west of Columbus, during its peak, about 8000 troops were stationed at the camp. Among the officers stationed at the camp were two presidents, Rutherford B. Hayes and William McKinley. Media related to Goodale Park at Wikimedia Commons Friends of Goodale Park Website
26.
The Rocky Horror Picture Show
–
The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 musical comedy horror film directed by Jim Sharman. The screenplay was written by Sharman and Richard OBrien based on the 1973 musical stage production The Rocky Horror Show, music, book, the production is a parody tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through early 1970s. The film stars Tim Curry, Susan Sarandon, Richard OBrien himself, and Barry Bostwick along with cast members from the original Royal Court Theatre, Roxy Theatre, and Belasco Theatre productions. The story centres on a young engaged couple whose car breaks down in the rain near a castle where they seek a telephone to call for help, the castle is occupied by strangers in elaborate costumes celebrating an annual convention. They discover the head of the house is Frank N. Furter, the couple is seduced separately by the mad scientist and eventually released by the servants who take control. The film was shot in the United Kingdom at Bray Studios and on location at an old country estate named Oakley Court, a number of props and set pieces were reused from the Hammer horror films. Although the film is both a parody and tribute to many of the science fiction and horror films, costume designer Sue Blane conducted no research for her designs. Blane stated that costumes from the film have affected the development of punk rock fashion trends such as ripped fishnets. Although largely critically panned on release, it soon became known as a midnight movie when audiences began participating with the film at the Waverly Theater in New York City in 1976. Audience members returned to the cinemas frequently and talked back to the screen and began dressing as the characters, at almost the same time, fans in costume at the Kings Court Theater in Pittsburgh began performing alongside the film. This shadow cast mimed the actions on screen above and behind them, still in limited release four decades after its premiere, it is the longest-running theatrical release in film history. It is often close to Halloween. Today, the film has an international following. It was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 2005, the films creative team also produced Shock Treatment in 1981, a standalone feature using the characters of Brad and Janet and featuring some of the same cast. Seeking a telephone, the walk to a nearby castle where they discover a group of strange. They are soon swept into the world of Dr. Frank N. Furter, the ensemble of convention attendees also includes servants Riff Raff, his sister Magenta, and a groupie named Columbia. In his lab, Frank claims to have discovered the secret to life itself and his creation, Rocky, is brought to life. The ensuing celebration is interrupted by Eddie who rides out of a deep freeze on a motorcycle
27.
Lingerie
–
Lingerie are womens undergarments, and may imply their being fashionable and alluring. Lingerie undergarments use flexible, stretchy, sheer, or decorative materials like Lycra, nylon, polyester, satin, lace, silk, certain cotton or synthetic undergarments are also lingerie. The word lingerie derives from the French word linge, meaning linen, so faire le linge, comes to mean do the laundry. In French the word applies to all undergarments for either sex. In English it means womens underwear or nightclothes, lingerie as a word was first used to refer to underwear and bras in 1922. Informal usage suggests visually appealing or even erotic clothing, although most lingerie is designed to be worn by women, some manufactures now design lingerie for men. The concept of lingerie is a visually appealing undergarment that was developed during the nineteenth century. Lady Duff-Gordon of Lucile was a pioneer in developing lingerie that freed women from more restrictive corsets, through the first half of the 20th century, women wore underwear for three primary reasons, to alter their outward shape, for hygienic reasons, or for modesty. Before the invention of crinoline, womens underwear was very large. During the late 19th century, corsets became smaller, less bulky and constricting, when the First World War broke out, women found themselves filling in mens work roles, creating a demand for more practical undergarments. Manufacturers began to use lighter and more breathable fabrics, in 1935 brassières were updated with padded cups to flatter small breasts and three years later underwire bras were introduced that gave a protruding bustline. There was also a return to a small waist achieved with girdles, the 1940s woman was thin, but had curvaceous hips and breasts that were pointy and shapely. In the 1960s the female silhouette was liberated along with social mores, the look was adolescent breasts, slim hips, and extreme thinness. As the 20th century progressed, underwear became smaller and more form fitting, in the 1960s, lingerie manufacturers such as Fredericks of Hollywood begin to glamorize lingerie. The lingerie industry expanded in the 21st century with designs that doubled as outerwear, the French refer to this as dessous-dessus which basically means innerwear as outerwear. Designers are putting greater emphasis on rich-looking fabrics, laces, embroideries and brighter, the global lingerie market in 2003 was estimated at $29 billion, while in 2005, Bras accounted for 56 per cent of the lingerie market and briefs represented 29 per cent. Also predominant are French lingerie houses, including Chantelle, Aubade and Simone Pérèle, each with a long history and a commitment to innovation and French style. Since the mid-1990s, women have had more choice in bra sizes, in the UK, for instance, the media is fuelling an awareness campaign about the need for each woman to have a proper bra fitting before every purchase
28.
Uncle Sam
–
Uncle Sam represents a manifestation of patriotic emotion. The first use of Uncle Sam in formal literature was in the 1816 allegorical book The Adventures of Uncle Sam in Search After His Lost Honor by Frederick Augustus Fidfaddy, Esq. An Uncle Sam is mentioned as early as 1775, in the original Yankee Doodle lyrics of the American Revolutionary War and it is not clear whether this reference is to Uncle Sam as a metaphor for the United States, or to an actual person named Sam. The lyrics as a whole celebrate the efforts of the young nation. The 13th stanza is, The earliest known personification of the United States was Columbia, with the American Revolutionary War came Brother Jonathan as another personification, and Uncle Sam finally appeared after the War of 1812. Here of late Uncle Sam alias Brother Jonathan has been doing a lot of complaining. The term Uncle Sam is reputedly derived from Samuel Wilson, a meat packer from Troy, there was a requirement at the time for contractors to stamp their name and where the rations came from onto the food they were sending. Wilsons packages were labeled E. A – US, when someone asked what that stood for, a coworker joked and said, Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam, referring to Sam Wilson, though it actually stood for United States. Doubts have been raised as to this being the source of the term, additionally, the earliest reference to the term that has been found is from 1810, predating Wilsons contract with the government. Similarly, the appearance of both personifications varied wildly, more than four million copies of this image were printed between 1917 and 1918. Flaggs image also was used extensively during World War II, during which the U. S. was codenamed Samland by the German intelligence agency Abwehr, the term was central in the song The Yankee Doodle Boy, which was featured in 1942 in the musical Yankee Doodle Dandy. Wilsons boyhood home can still be visited in Mason, New Hampshire and he died on July 31,1854, aged 87, and is buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Troy, New York. In 1989, Uncle Sam Day became official, a Congressional joint resolution designated September 13,1989 as Uncle Sam Day, the birthday of Samuel Wilson. In 2015, the family history company MyHeritage researched Uncle Sams family tree, Uncle Sam billboard Mouraux, Cecile, and Jean-Pierre Mouraux. Who Was Uncle Sam, Illustrated Story of the Life of Our National Symbol, the Straight Dope Civil War Harpers Weekly newspapers
29.
Monowheel
–
A monowheel is a one-wheeled single-track vehicle similar to a unicycle. However, instead of sitting above the wheel, the rider sits either within it or next to it, the wheel is a ring, usually driven by smaller wheels pressing against its inner rim. Most are single-passenger vehicles, though multi-passenger models have been built, hand-cranked and pedal-powered monowheels were patented and built in the late 19th century, most built in the 20th century have been motorized. Some modern builders refer to vehicles as monocycles, though that term is also sometimes used to describe motorized unicycles. Today, monowheels are generally built and used for fun and entertainment purposes, though from the 1860s through to the 1930s, the world speed record for a motorized monowheel is 98.464 km/h. In a two-wheel mode of transportation, two systems affect motion, typically one wheel provides the force to control speed, while the other handles changes in direction, steering. For a monowheel, both direction and speed are controlled through the physical apparatus, this generally makes steering more difficult. Better control can usually be achieved at lower speeds, because of the steering problem, monowheels have never caught on as a widely accepted mode of transportation. A change in direction can be effected in several ways including, Leaning, the most common steering solution is that the rider must lean towards his intended direction of travel to turn, and then centralize his weight again once the turn is complete. Turning a gyroscope to provide turning force, outboard skids to provide friction drag on one side. At speeds faster than a walk, lightly dragging a foot on the ground will cause the wheel to lean to the opposite side, Drag the other foot to bring it back upright. Small wheels used for steering, either one to side or a single unit either in front of or behind the vehicle. It is a matter of debate as to such a vehicle would still properly be called a monowheel. Steerable propellers, which could provide both steering and power to move the vehicle and it has been noted that having a propeller operating near pedestrians could be quite unsafe. Steerable tail surfaces, similar to those on airplanes and this solution would not work at low speeds. A single wheel can fall over, unless it is wide or has some form of active stabilization. Some designs have used outrigger skids or small wheels to address this, in many one-person designs, being at a stop requires the driver to put their feet on the ground, the same way as on a motorcycle. Monowheels tend to be larger than a car of similar carrying capacity, most have been kept small by being built to carry only one rider and with little or no space for baggage
30.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
31.
Arena District
–
Arena District is a mixed-use planned development and neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio. The site was developed through a partnership between Nationwide Realty Investors, Ltd. the City of Columbus and private investors, interpretation of the boundaries of the district are evolving as the neighboring blocks around the original 75-acre site has seen additional commercial and residential development. Arena District is named for Nationwide Arena, the Arena District is located on the former sites of the southern portion Olentangy Industrial cluster and the Ohio Penitentiary. The Olentangy Industrial Cluster experienced a slow but steady decline and this decline was also experienced by the adjacent residential neighborhood of Flytown, where many of the workers in the complex resided. Most of Flytown was later redeveloped into the Thurber neighborhood, the area sees a good deal of vehicular traffic but few pedestrians. ”The Arena District was also the site of the Ohio Penitentiary which operated from 1834 to 1984. The prison is famous for several occupants including General John Hunt Morgan, Bugs Moran, Chester Himes, Sam Sheppard and it was demolished March 26,1997. Around the mid-1990s the area was almost entirely abandoned and redevelopment opportunities were envisioned by the City of Columbus, following the closure of the Ohio Penitentiary the land was owned by the City of Columbus and it courted various firms and investors for redevelopment plans. At the time of the project in 1996 then City Councilman Michael B. Coleman, who was later the mayor of Columbus, said that the Ohio Penitentiary site is the “most important and potentially most valuable single site in downtown Columbus. ”After proposals were reviewed, NRI purchased an additional four acres from American Electric Power Company for $11 million. NRI worked further with The Columbus Dispatch Printing Company, private investors, NRI funded $450 million of the project, the Dispatch provided an additional $10 million, and other private investors provided $40 million more for the construction of buildings in Arena District. By the end of 2013 construction began on the last phase of the Arena District, the last major phase of construction includes the new headquarters for Columbus-based Columbia Gas of Ohio and completed second phase of the residential Flats on Vine. The 75-acre Arena District site is bounded by Vine Street to the north, Spring Street to the south, High Street to the east and Neil Avenue to the west. The commonly accepted borders of Arena District are considerably larger, as evidenced by both the Arena District website and locals when referring to it, the expanded boundaries include Huntington Park, the Lifestyles Community Pavilion and Buggyworks to the west, and Nationwide’s corporate headquarters to the east. Arena District is directly south of the North Market and Park Street Districts, north of Downtown, generally, when walking west of High Street the land falls away towards the Olentangy River, and the grade is significant, especially alongside Nationwide Arena. The neighborhood has public spaces that are used for major events throughout the year such as McFerson Commons Park, Battelle Plaza. These events include, The Arnold Sports Festival, Jazz & Rib Fest, Columbus Blue Jackets hockey games, Nationwide Arena has a seating capacity of 18,500 for hockey,19,500 for basketball and 20,000 for concerts. The Lifestyles Community Pavilion, commonly referred to as “The L. C. ” or by its previous name “Promowest, ” is a venue in Columbus. During the spring, summer and fall they host outdoor concerts on a regular basis, the venue seats 2,200 and 4,500 in its Backyard Amphitheater
32.
Brewery District, Columbus
–
The Brewery District, traditionally known as the Old German Brewing District. Is a neighborhood located in Columbus, Ohio, USA, the confluence of the Scioto River, the Columbus Feeder canal, and a spring-fed ravine made this area ideal for opening breweries. The first brewery was opened by Louis Hoster, Jacob Silbernagel, Hoster soon bought out his other two partners, and significantly increased production of the beer that bore his name. Seeing the success of the brewery, other businessmen opened additional breweries. The area has a mix of German style one and a story, brick homes. Today, many of historical homes remain and add character of the Brewery District. Carved stone lintels, round, curved windows and doors, and hood moldings are just a few examples of elements that are preserved in the district. ”The Commission considers. By 1904, the three large breweries had to merge into the Columbus Brewing Company, mostly due to Temperance movements gaining momentum in that time in Ohio. In 1919, the 18th Amendment began Prohibition and City Brewery, eventually, over the next seventy years, the buildings were sold off and used for various purposes including manufacturing and ware housing. The German character of the area was diminished as most of the German families moved away from the area in order to find jobs after the closing of the breweries. For the most part, the Brewery District is flat, with the exception of a 30-foot drop in terrain elevation further south, the Whittier Street Peninsula is also a 100-year floodplain, but there are no restrictions on development there because of this. The brewery districts four sub-areas each has a distinct personality and they are the Northern Tier, the Transitional Tier, the Southern Tier, and the Whittier Street Peninsula. The Northern Tier is bounded by 1-70 on the north, Pearl Street on the east, Sycamore on the south and this tier is close to the Scioto River and has much of the districts earliest development. It is characterized by its historic, industrial buildings that feature lots of brick. Some industry still remains in this tier, but the area has experienced large-scale re-development, for example, the Schlee Brewery was recently adapted for mixed-use, including some residential units and specialty commercial spaces. This project and others have set the tone for this tiers re-development, the Southern Tier includes the area south of Frankfort to Greenlawn Avenue, between Pearl Street and the Conrail tracks. This area is residential and is composed mainly of two or three story brick buildings with front yards, streets with side alleys, and other features common in residential neighborhoods. Architectural styles are similar to those in German Village, a loss of character has occurred in some areas of the district due to demolition and re-construction of homes
33.
Briggsdale, Columbus, Ohio
–
Briggsdale is a neighborhood of Franklin County in the city of Columbus, Ohio. The neighborhood is on the west/southwest side of the city within the Hilltop area, the area was first settled and founded by the family of Joseph M. Briggs, after whom the neighborhood was named. Joseph Briggs was a figure in the early years of the township. The Briggsdale Methodist church was founded with his help, and it now exists as the New Horizons Methodist Church, the present day Briggsdale neighborhood is located near the historical Green Lawn Cemetery to the north as well as Briggs High School to the west. Joseph M. Briggs was born on November 25,1833 to Nicholas Joseph Briggs and Martha J. Chambers in Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio. Joseph M. Briggs was raised on the home farm. Briggs died August 31,1913 of a fractured rib, Joseph M. Briggs was a prominent and influential citizen of Franklin Township. He served as the township accessor prior to serving as treasurer for six years, in 1880, he was elected as county commissioner then reelected in 1883 for a total of six years. While county commissioner, Briggs activated several substantial county improvements including the construction of the Broad Street, beginning in 1887, he served as the postmaster of Briggsdale. Briggs was also a member and trustee of the Briggsdale Methodist church to which he contributed funding for the new building. In addition to his service for the county, Joseph Briggs possessed a lot of property in the city of Columbus including 27 residences from which he accumulated great wealth from renting. Louisiana Ransburgh, wife of Joseph M. Briggs, became a cultural figure of the area known as the ″Veiled Lady of Champ Chase. Louisianas efforts helped clean up the forgotten and overgrown cemetery grounds, the present-day neighborhood is bounded by Briggs Road, Eakin Road, and Hopkins Avenue on the north, Brown Road on the east, Demorest Road on the west, and Clime Road on the South. The current neighborhood covers about 0.04 square miles, Briggsdale is approximately five miles outside of downtown Columbus. The neighborhood is located nearby Harrisburg Pike and the railroad tracks operated by the Columbus. The Briggsdale neighborhood is serviced by the COTA bus Grove City Local Line #15 and this line runs along Harrisburg Pike. Originally a pioneer class of Methodism meeting in a community members home, the meetings moved to a log house on land donated by the family of Samuel White. The log house was replaced by a building in 1844
34.
Clintonville, Columbus, Ohio
–
Clintonville is a neighborhood in north-central Columbus, Ohio, United States with around 30,000 residents. The southern border is defined as Arcadia Avenue or the Glen Echo Ravine. To the east, either Interstate 71 or the adjacent railroad tracks are commonly accepted, the western boundary is assumed to be the Olentangy River. The northern border of Clintonville is the most ambiguous, with anywhere in the 3 mi stretch from Cooke Road to the southern border of Worthington. It was not uncommon in the real estate market circa 2000 to even find homes outside of the distinct east and west borders being sold as Clintonville homes. Because Clintonville and Beechwold have no existence, however, the boundaries are a matter of opinion. The area also contains the unincorporated community of Evanston, a name that was used by the Big Four Railroad as a station along its line. Clintonville includes parts of ZIP codes 43202 and 43214, the United States Post Offices at the center of each ZIP code are known as Clintonville Station and Beechwold Station, respectively. The community of Clintonville developed as the center of Clinton Township, for years, the steep hillsides discouraged development, until farmland was purchased by the Bull family and then used for religious services. Clinton Chapel was constructed in 1838 and served as a stop on the Underground Railroad over the two decades. Thomas Bull, a Methodist minister, along with his wife, four sons and his second daughter, Chloe Brevoort and her family, joined the rest of the Bull family about a year later. The family first settled in the Worthington area while they searched for land to purchase at a suitable price, in 1813, Bull purchased 600 acres along the Columbus-Worthington Pike from John Rathbone. Rathbone was a New Yorker who had never set foot in Ohio, nonetheless, he owned a quarter section of Clinton Township which was named for George Clinton, the vice president in the Jefferson administration. Once Thomas Bull and his family settled the land and began to farm, namely, there was no one else around - - nowhere they could easily go to buy shoes, have blacksmith or carpentry work done—they were isolated. This isolation made the management of a 600-acre farm difficult at best and they offered to give these buildings away to any skilled laborers who would stay. A post office designated Clintonville opened in the center of district on September 13,1847. A business district developed in Beechwold, separated by nearly a mile of residences from the Clintonville district to the south, both communities were entirely part of Columbus by the 1950s after it annexed most of Clinton Township. The Clintonville and Beechwold neighborhoods, along with other northern Columbus neighborhoods are represented by the Clintonville Area Commission, the Old Beechwold subdivision is further subject to an architectural review process
35.
Downtown Columbus, Ohio
–
Downtown Columbus is the Central Business District of Columbus, Ohio, United States. The area centers on the intersection of Broad and High streets, with the northeast corners being known simple as Broad & High by the surrounding businesses, Downtown as a whole encompasses all the area inside the inner belt and is home to most of the largest buildings in Columbus. The State Capitol is located on the southeast corner of Broad & High, Downtown has many neighborhoods or districts, but it can easily be separated into three main areas, The Discovery District, High Street Corridor, and the Riverfront. The Short North, Italian Village, and Victorian Village are directly north of Downtown, olde Towne East, and the historic King-Lincoln District are directly east, while the Brewery District and German Village are directly south of Downtown. Franklinton is to the west of Downtown, with a portion of Franklinton in Downtown, in the northwest area is the Arena District, a mixed-use development centered on Nationwide Arena, the home of the Columbus Blue Jackets. The Arena District also includes the baseball stadium Huntington Park and the Lifestyle Communities Pavilion, over 87,000 people are employed Downtown, and more than 25,000 students attend school at one of the many institutions of higher education located there. Downtown is currently home to over 6,300 residents, the city of Columbus began development in 1812 with the purpose of being the states new capital. Originally laid out by Lucas Sullivant as the town of Franklinton, however, Sullivant laid out plans to expand east of the river for what we now know as downtown Columbus. Development began quickly and by 1814 significant buildings included a penitentiary, the first school, the statehouse, the first newspaper, the city of Columbus has spread out and around from the original 10 acres plot surrounding the Statehouse, making downtown the literal center of the city. Another pivotal element of downtown Columbus is the Scioto River, which snakes directly through downtown, the first skyscraper to adorn downtown Columbus skyline is the LeVeque Tower, built in 1927. Many other high rises and skyscrapers have been added since the LeVeque Tower, in the early 1950s, major cities began revitalization projects of slums and blighted areas in their communities. Assisted by federal and state funding, these were intended to clear slums in an effort to revitalize that area for the overall welfare of the city. In January 1952, the Department of Development for the city of Columbus began commissioning task forces in an effort for urban renewal in the blighted areas, the efforts of these task forces are evident in numerous older communities and districts, including Market Mohawk and German Village. Before this intervention in Market Mohawk, the tax return was $84,000. After revitalization efforts were made, the tax return was greater than $514,000. Columbus location was based on its central location within the state of Ohio along with the confluence of the Scioto River. The center of downtown Columbus is focused on the intersection of Broad Street, the City of Columbus includes an area of around 225 square miles, but downtown is generally referred to as the area within the Scioto River, Interstate 70, Interstate 71, and Interstate 670. The last of major highways, I-70, was completed in 1992
36.
Driving Park
–
Driving Park is an urban residential area on the Near East Side of Columbus, Ohio just south of Interstate 70. Mainly a middle-class, predominantly African American neighborhood, Driving Park, Driving Park received its name from its historic past as a large racing complex, first for horses and later for automobiles. Driving Park received its name from its historic past as a large racing complex for horses and eventually automobiles during the 19th. The Columbus Ohio Driving Realty Company bought the land in 1892, Columbus residents traveled to Driving Park to enjoy the exciting horse races being held in the area. When automobiles came on the scene during the 1900s, the track was converted to allow auto racing, the largely flat, stretched oval design made it possible for drivers to set many records at the racetrack. One major event was the world’s first 24-hour endurance race in 1905, the community of Driving Park at the time was a small community consisting of employees of the racetrack. Even though the racetrack was abandoned in the 1930s, the community continued to grow, at one point the community was thriving with a theater and many diverse commercial outlets along E. Livingston Avenue and E. Whittier Street. Historic neighborhoods exist on the side of E. Livingston Avenue bordered by Frebis Avenue. On the corner of E. Livingston and Linwood Avenue stands a 19th-century mansion that was a stop on the Underground Railroad, the area has many beautiful small middle-class homes built during the 1940s and many have been kept up by the residents. Larger, older houses called foursquares built during the 1900s or 1930s still remain as single family or partitioned as doubles. Similar to other areas of Columbus, such as Victorian Village and the Short North, in fact, the style of the homes vary to include echoes of German Village to the west part of the neighborhood, Olde Towne East to the north, and Bexley to the east. Driving Park was among the city’s first streetcar suburbs, developing with the extension of lines to what used to be outlying areas of Columbus. Residents currently living in the Driving Park area are requesting that the area be renamed the “Streetcar District, ” to spark interest and promote the history of the area. When the neighborhood is referenced, its boundaries generally consist of Mooberry Street on the north, Alum Creek Drive on the east, East Whittier Street on the south, and Kelton to the west. The Driving Park Area Commission recognizes the neighborhoods borders as I-70 on the north, N&W Railway on the east, East Whittier Street on the south, further reference places the community directly in between Bexley and German Village. The Central Ohio Transit Authority has Local Lines that run through the district including lines 1,7, Line 1 makes a stop on Livingston and connects to Line 1 Cleveland at High and Broad Streets. From there the bus travels to Dublin, Ohio Health, Grandville Rd. and Reynolds Park, Line 7 has a stop on Whittier that travels to downtown, the courthouse, and a US Post Office. The Columbus Driving Park is a landmark that defines the district
37.
Flytown
–
Flytown is a neighborhood just northwest of downtown Columbus encompassing portions of the present-day Arena District and western sections of the Victorian Village. Flytown began to spring up in the century, when primarily Irish, German. The neighborhood comprised a 25-block area west of Neil Avenue, east of the Olentangy River, the name Flytown resulted from homes which flew up over night. As the immigrants moved in, the neighborhood became distinctive, west Goodale Street became its primary artery as commercial establishments took root to cater to the inhabitants, including saloons and shops, and boarding houses sprang up to house the laborers. Naghten Street, now Nationwide Boulevard, became known as the Irish Broadway being the center of the Irish-American community in the city. Industrial firms located in the area included Columbus Forge and Iron, Columbus Coop Foundry, the Simplex Foundry, Columbus Coffin Company, Capital City Products, and the Dresser-Ideco Company. Born to Irish immigrants north of Columbus in 1853, Jeremiah OShaughnessy began working at age 17 digging the foundation of what would become the city water works, located just west of Flytown. Working his way up to engineer, he became superintendent of the Columbus City Water Works. He would collaborate with the construction of the Columbus Experiment, at the time a revolutionary environmental project, in 1913, he pushed a storage dam project, which when completed in 1925, was considered the best inland city reservoir and dam in the United States. It was named OShaughnessy Dam in his honor, oShaughnessys Public House in the Arena District is dedicated to the Irish-American experience in the city and named in honor of the family. It was completed with imported Irish fixtures constructed by native Irish artisans, as the Irish immigrants became successful, they moved out. By the late 19th century, the became a microcosm of America in becoming a melting pot neighborhood. Many Italian and eastern European natives moved in and it known as a port-of-entry for the immigrants. The St. Francis of Assisi Church was constructed in 1895 on Buttles Avenue to cater to the Irish, the Godman Guild House was built for troubled youth in 1898, eventually helping establish the neighborhoods first library, public bath, public gym, and first kindergartens. In the 1910s, many rural southern African Americans fleeing the Ku Klux Klan migrated to the city, settling in the neighborhood, many European Americans and some of the African Americans native to the neighborhood moved out and racial tensions began to flare. Segregation became commonplace and enforced at the Godman Guild House, including at their summer resort, the neighborhood, considered lower-class, was hit hard by the Great Depression, beginning a cycle of decline. By 1953, the Columbus Redevelopment Authority declared the area blighted, the Goodale Expressway, which would eventually become Interstate 670, began construction, resulting in further destruction of the neighborhood as it cut through its heart. In total,118 acres were cleared,547 families,71 individuals, the Goodale Expressway was part of the citys renewal project for Flytown, one of three such projects, which included the Market-Mohawk downtown and Bolivar Arms on the Eastside
38.
Forest Park, Columbus, Ohio
–
These properties adjoin a total of 132 distinct streets and courts maintained by the City of Columbus. The communitys approximate center is near the intersection of Karl Road, the region that includes Forest Park was originally awarded by President John Adams to James Hamilton in payment for his military service during the Revolutionary War. The land was sold, subdivided, and used primarily as farmland well into the 20th century. Forest Park was developed beginning in the late 1950s by the Metzger Brothers Company, Metzger Brothers, which was dissolved in 1980, also developed Devonshire and several other communities in the Northland area. During this period, the city of Columbus expanded significantly by way of annexation beyond its 1950 boundaries, the construction of the North Freeway immediately west of Forest Park stimulated new residential and commercial development in the area. The majority of homes in Forest Park West were built in the 1960s, in the early years of the decade, it was the site of a Parade of Homes. The Mall closed in 2002 and a new retail and government complex, development of Forest Park East followed in 1965 and continued throughout the 1970s. In the mid-1970s, E. Dublin-Granville Road was reconstructed as a highway, though the portion just north of Forest Park remains a major commercial. Forest Park was selected as the first beneficiary of the Neighborhood Pride neighborhood improvement program of the City of Columbus in 2000, a portion of the community was again designated as a Neighborhood Pride area in late 2010. The large number of different home builders involved in the original development contributes to significant diversity in styles and finishes. Nearly all have basements and attached or enclosed garages, the average lot size is 0.2 acres. Most homes are on side streets, courts or loops. Homes on collector and arterial streets reflect the styles and quality. These streets include Sandalwood Boulevard and Satinwood Drive in Forest Park West, Tamarack Circle in Forest Park East is an unusual, distinctively designed large roundabout that serves as the hub of the neighborhood. It has a commercial district at its core and is surrounded on three sides by a large apartment complex. Nearly every street in Forest Park is lined with trees in city-owned tree lawns, street names are mostly derived from species of trees. Virtually every street in Forest Park has sidewalks on both sides of the street, which was not typical of construction during this period in Columbus, the Metzger Brothers Company developed Forest Park as a well-planned, self-contained community. In 1961, Forest Park West was the first residential neighborhood in Columbus, Forest Park East also included its own central shopping and recreation district at Tamarack Circle
39.
Franklinton, Columbus, Ohio
–
Franklinton is a neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio. Franklinton is the settlement in Franklin County, Ohio. As the city of Columbus grew, the city annexed and incorporated the existing settlement, the low-lying bottom land was well suited for farming, with the river serving as a direct connection to the Ohio River. In 1795 Lucas Sullivant was employed by the Commonwealth of Virginia to survey the Central Ohio portion of the Virginia Military District, Sullivant, along with approximately 20 men surveyed the western side of the Scioto River at the confluence of the Olentangy and Scioto Rivers. As payment for his work, Sullivant was given 6000 acres in the Refugee Tract reserved for those who aided the American Revolution, Sullivant, after surveying the land, returned to Kentucky where he courted Sarah Starling, the daughter of his mentor Colonel William Starling. In 1797, Sullivant returned to the Ohio and laid out a village of 220 lots in Franklin County and this original settlement was abandoned in 1798, a year later, when a flood submerged most of the town. Sullivant relocated the town less than a mile away, off of the banks of the Scioto River, the replatted town was laid out in blocks that contained four lots in a square, with each lot measuring 99’ wide by 115’ deep. To encourage people to move to the new settlement, Sullivant offered free land for anyone willing to build a house along Gift Street, along with platting and settling the town, Sullivant also built several structures out of brick and glass from Philadelphia. These buildings included a courthouse, a home to impress Starling, a brick church. The town of Franklinton was then made the County Seat of Franklin County in 1803, the population and town grew during the War of 1812, as Franklinton served as a staging point for General William Henry Harrison’s army. Columbus’s growth eventually led to the relocation of the county seat to the City of Columbus in 1824, in 1846, traveler Henry Howe had this to say about Franklinton, Franklinton lies on the west side of the Scioto, opposite Columbus. It was the first town laid off in the Scioto valley N. of Chillicothe, from the formation of the county, in 1803, it remained its seat of justice until 1824, when it was removed to Columbus. During the late war, it was a place of rendezvous for the N. W. army. In those days, it was a place of note, it is now a small village, containing. He visited again in 1886, writing, Franklinton now is included in the city of Columbus and it has changed less than any part of the city so near the centre, and preserves to this day many of its old style village features. It is a spot, but cannot much longer so remain in the rapid progress of improvements. During the last half of the century, four railroads were established in Franklinton. In 1850, the Columbus and Xenia Railroad Company was chartered to build and operate a railroad ran from Columbus, Ohio to Xenia
Media related to The Short North at Wikimedia Commons
