1.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
2.
Crime
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In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term crime does not, in criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition. The most popular view is that crime is a created by law, in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence is an act not only to some individual. Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law, the notion that acts such as murder, rape and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely is an offence is defined by criminal law of each country. While many have a catalogue of crimes called the criminal code, the state has the power to severely restrict ones liberty for committing a crime. In modern societies, there are procedures to which investigations and trials must adhere, usually, to be classified as a crime, the act of doing something criminal must – with certain exceptions – be accompanied by the intention to do something criminal. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime, breaches of private law are not automatically punished by the state, but can be enforced through civil procedure. With institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the State can compel populations to conform to codes, authorities employ various mechanisms to regulate certain behaviors in general. In addition, authorities provide remedies and sanctions, and collectively these constitute a criminal justice system, Legal sanctions vary widely in their severity, they may include incarceration of temporary character aimed at reforming the convict. Some jurisdictions have penal codes written to inflict permanent harsh punishments, legal mutilation, usually a natural person perpetrates a crime, but legal persons may also commit crimes. Conversely, at least under U. S. law, nonpersons such as animals cannot commit crimes, the sociologist Richard Quinney has written about the relationship between society and crime. When Quinney states crime is a phenomenon he envisages both how individuals conceive crime and how populations perceive it, based on societal norms. The word crime is derived from the Latin root cernō, meaning I decide, originally the Latin word crīmen meant charge or cry of distress. The Ancient Greek word krima, from which the Latin cognate derives, typically referred to a mistake or an offense against the community. In 13th century English crime meant sinfulness, according to etymonline. com and it was probably brought to England as Old French crimne, from Latin crimen. In Latin, crimen could have signified any one of the following, charge, indictment, accusation, crime, fault, the word may derive from the Latin cernere – to decide, to sift
3.
Mystery fiction
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Mystery fiction is a genre of fiction usually involving a mysterious death or a crime to be solved. In a closed circle of suspects, each suspect must have a credible motive, the central character must be a detective who eventually solves the mystery by logical deduction from facts fairly presented to the reader. Mystery fiction can be detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle or suspense element, Mystery fiction can be contrasted with hardboiled detective stories, which focus on action and gritty realism. Mystery fiction may involve a mystery where the solution does not have to be logical. This contrasted with parallel titles of the names which contained conventional hardboiled crime fiction. The first use of mystery in this sense was by Dime Mystery, the genre of mystery novels is a young form of literature that has developed over the past 200 years. The rise of literacy began in the years of the English Renaissance and, as began to read over time. As people became more individualistic in their thinking, they developed a respect for human reason, perhaps a reason that mystery fiction was unheard of before the 1800s was due in part to the lack of true police forces. Before the Industrial Revolution, many of the towns would have constables, naturally, the constable would be aware of every individual in the town, and crimes were either solved quickly or left unsolved entirely. As people began to crowd into cities, police forces became institutionalized and the need for detectives was realized – thus the mystery novel arose. An early work of mystery fiction, Das Fräulein von Scuderi by E. T. A. Hoffmann, was an influence on The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe as may have been Voltaires Zadig. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, in 1887 Arthur Conan Doyle introduced Sherlock Holmes, whose mysteries are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. The genre began to expand near the turn of century with the development of dime novels, books were especially helpful to the genre, with many authors writing in the genre in the 1920s. An important contribution to fiction in the 1920s was the development of the juvenile mystery by Edward Stratemeyer. Stratemeyer originally developed and wrote the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries written under the Franklin W. Dixon, the massive popularity of pulp magazines in the 1930s and 1940s increased interest in mystery fiction. The detective fiction author Ellery Queen is also credited with continuing interest in mystery fiction, interest in mystery fiction continues to this day because of various television shows which have used mystery themes and the many juvenile and adult novels which continue to be published. There is some overlap with thriller or suspense novels and authors in those genres may consider themselves mystery novelists. Comic books and like graphic novels have carried on the tradition, Mystery fiction can be divided into numerous categories, including traditional mystery, legal thriller, medical thriller, cozy mystery, police procedural, and hardboiled
4.
Cyborg (novel)
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Cyborg is the title of a science fiction/secret agent novel by Martin Caidin which was first published in 1972. Wells also happens to be a friend of Austins, so when OSO chief Oscar Goldman invites Wells to rebuild Austin with bionics limbs. Steve Austin is outfitted with two new legs capable of propelling him at speed, and a bionic left arm with almost human dexterity. One of the fingers of the hand incorporates a poison dart gun and his left eye is replaced with a false, removable eye that is used to house a miniature camera. Other physical alterations include the installation of a steel plate to replace bone smashed by the crash. This mixture of man and machine is known as a cyborg, the operation has a price, Austin is committed to working for the OSO as a reluctant agent. The second half of the novel describes Austin being teamed with an experienced female operative. Austin, already coming to appreciate his bionic implants, relies heavily on his augmentation during the mission, during 1973, Cyborg was adapted as a 90-minute, made-for-television movie titled The Six Million Dollar Man. The movie featured Lee Majors as Austin and Martin Balsam as Rudy Wells, for reasons unknown, it was decided to change the name of the OSO chief to Oliver Spencer. Real-life footage of a crash was incorporated into the movie to depict Austins accident. The first half of the movie follows Cyborg fairly well, including Austins initial suicide attempt, the movie was a ratings success. A second movie, Wine, Women and War was commissioned, for this second movie, Oscar Goldman was reinstated, but the agency was renamed the Office of Scientific Intelligence. Alan Oppenheimer replaced Martin Balsam as Dr. Wells, a third TV movie, Solid Gold Kidnapping followed, after which The Six Million Dollar Man was begun as a weekly television series during 1974, running until 1978 for a total of five seasons. The original pilot movie was re-edited with new footage to make it an episode and syndicated as the two-part The Moon. During 1976, a spin-off, The Bionic Woman, was begun, playing also until 1978, during 1987,1989, and 1994, three made-for-television movies reunited the casts of both series. Due to his agreement with Universal Studios, Caidin received credit on all these productions. Only nine episodes of the remake were produced, a number of changes to Austins bionic abilities and his demeanor were made as Caidins original novel and its concepts were modified. To increase the appeal, Austins bionics were made more powerful
5.
Lee Majors
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Lee Majors is an American film, television and voice actor. In the television series The Six Million Dollar Man, Steve Austin takes on special high-risk government missions using his superhuman bionic powers, the television character Steve Austin became a pop culture icon of the 1970s. Majors reprised the role of Colonel Steve Austin in several reunion television movies in the late 1980s and 1990s. He appeared in a number of supporting, recurring and cameo roles in films and television series. Majors was born in Wyandotte, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit and his parents, Carl and Alice Yeary, were both killed in separate accidents. At age two, Majors was adopted by an uncle and aunt and moved them to Middlesboro. He participated in track and football at Middlesboro High School and he graduated in 1957, and earned a scholarship to Indiana University, where he again competed in sports. Majors transferred to Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, Kentucky, in 1959 and he played in his first game the following year, but suffered a severe back injury which left him paralyzed for two weeks, and ended his college football career. Following his injury, he turned his attention to acting and performed in plays at the Pioneer Playhouse in Danville, Majors graduated from Eastern Kentucky in 1962 with a degree in History and Physical Education. After college, he received an offer to try out for the St. Louis Cardinals football team, instead, he moved to Los Angeles and found work at the Los Angeles Park and Recreation Department as the Recreation Director for North Hollywood Park. In LA, Majors met many actors and industry professionals, including Dick Clayton, who had been James Deans agent, after one year of acting school, Clayton felt that Majors was ready to start his career. At this time, he picked up the stage name Lee Majors as a tribute to childhood hero Johnny Majors who was a player, Majors also studied at Estelle Harmons acting school at MGM. At age 25, Majors landed his first, although uncredited, role in Strait-Jacket, also starring on the show was another newcomer, Linda Evans, who played Heaths younger sister, Audra. Richard Long and Peter Breck played his brothers Jarrod and Nick, One of Heaths frequently used expressions during the series was Boy howdy. Big Valley was an immediate hit, the film was one of the very first films to deal with the subject matter of Vietnam veterans coming home. That same year, he was offered the chance to star in Midnight Cowboy, when The Big Valley was cancelled in 1969, he signed a long-term contract with Universal Studios. In 1970, Majors appeared in William Wylers final movie The Liberation of L. B, jones, and joined the cast of The Virginian for its last season. Majors was called a blond Elvis Presley because of his resemblance to Elvis during this period of his career
6.
Richard Anderson
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Richard Norman Anderson is an American film and television actor. Anderson was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, the son of Olga, Anderson served a tour of duty in the United States Army. He was Don Diego De La Vegas joke-playing best friend and romantic rival, Ricardo Del Amo and he was the object of the unrequited love of Clara Varner in The Long, Hot Summer and a suspicious military officer in Seven Days in May. He also appeared on The Untouchables, Stagecoach West, The Rifleman, Daniel Boone, Thriller, The Eleventh Hour, Redigo, twelve OClock High, I Spy, The Man from U. N. C. L. E. The Fugitive, Bonanza, The Green Hornet, The Invaders, in 1961–62, Anderson co-starred with Marilyn Maxwell in an ABC production of Bus Stop. He guest-starred in the last episode of season 1 of Mission Impossible as Judge Wilson Chase, Anderson first appeared as Oscar Goldman in episode 2 of The Six Million Dollar Man in 1974. He would portray the character through the end in 1978 as well as on the spinoff series The Bionic Woman for its entire run from 1976 to 1978. In addition, Anderson guest-starred on other TV series in the 1970s, including Hawaii Five-O, Gunsmoke, Ironside, Columbo and he appeared in the television movie, The Night Strangler as the villain, Dr. Richard Malcolm. Anderson was just as busy in the 1980s on Charlies Angels, Matt Houston, Knight Rider, Remington Steele, Cover Up, The A-Team, The Fall Guy, Simon & Simon, and Murder, She Wrote. In 1985, he played murderer Ken Braddock in the first two-hour episode of Perry Mason, starring Raymond Burr, Anderson had a recurring role as Senator Buck Fallmont on Dynasty from 1986 to 1987. He portrayed President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1987 miniseries, in the 1990s, he served as narrator and a recurring guest star for Kung Fu, The Legend Continues. He served also as a spokesperson for the Shell Oil Company in the United States known as The Shell Answer Man. The Shell Answer Man appeared in commercials from 1976-82, in 2007, Anderson was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Richard Anderson at the Internet Movie Database Richard Anderson at AllMovie Interview, The Spectrum, August 13,2015 An hour-long video interview with Retro Rewind covering his career
7.
Stu Phillips (composer)
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Stu Phillips is an American composer of film scores and television-series theme music, conductor and record producer. He is perhaps best known for composing the themes to the television series Knight Rider, Phillips studied music at The High School of Music & Art in New York City, New York, and at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York. While at Eastman, he began arranging music for the Rochester Civic Orchestra, in 1958, Phillips began composing television and film scores. One of his first scores was for Columbias 1964 movie, Ride the Wild Surf and he also founded Colpix Records and produced hits for Nina Simone, The Skyliners and Shelley Fabares. Stu Phillips produced Johnny Angel for Shelly Fabares, who played the daughter on The Donna Reed Show. According to Joel Whitburns Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits Johnny Angel was released March 17,1962 and was a #1 hit from April 7 -20,1962 staying on the charts for 13 weeks. There was also a hit to Johnny Angel called Johnny Loves Me which also made the Top 40 in July of 62. In the mid-1960s, he worked for Capitol Records and created, produced and arranged for the Hollyridge Strings, in 1974, he began working at Universal Studios scoring television series, Glen Larson made extensive use of his compositions. During this time, he scored music for the television series The Six Million Dollar Man, McCloud and his Battlestar Galactica theme was featured prominently in the film Airplane II, The Sequel. He also composed music for the television series The Amazing Spider-Man during this time, Phillips went into semi-retirement in the 1990s. Since that time, he has appeared at fan conventions for Battlestar Galactica and has attended cult-film screenings for Beyond the Valley of the Dolls, in 2002, Phillips published his autobiography Stu Who. Forty Years of Navigating the Minefields of the Music Business, in 2006, he also participated in a documentary film featured on the special edition DVD re-release of Beyond the Valley of the Dolls. Long a serious musician, Phillips has also orchestrated pieces by Ludwig van Beethoven, Phillips can be heard on FaLaLaLaLa. com discussing the history of The Hollyridge Stringss Christmas album, which it released in 2008. Forty Years of Navigating the Minefields of the Music Business, ISBN 978-0-9720363-3-7 stuwho. com, official website Stu Phillips at the Internet Movie Database
8.
Benny Golson
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Benny Golson is an American bebop/hard bop jazz tenor saxophonist, composer, and arranger. While in high school in Philadelphia, Golson played with other promising young musicians, including John Coltrane, Red Garland, Jimmy Heath, Percy Heath, Philly Joe Jones. Golson was so moved by the event that he composed the threnody I Remember Clifford, as a tribute to a fellow musician, in addition to I Remember Clifford, many of Golsons compositions have become jazz standards. Songs such as Stablemates, Killer Joe, Whisper Not, Along Came Betty, from 1959 to 1962 Golson co-led the Jazztet with Art Farmer. Golson then left jazz to concentrate on studio and orchestral work for 12 years, during this time he composed music for such television shows as Mannix, Ironside, Room 222, M*A*S*H, The Partridge Family and Mission, Impossible. During the mid-1970s Golson returned to playing and recording. In 1982 he re-organized the Jazztet, in 1995 Golson received the NEA Jazz Masters Award of the National Endowment for the Arts. Golson made a appearance in the 2004 movie The Terminal, related to his appearance in the A Great Day in Harlem photo, as of 2016. His song Something in b Flat can actually be heard in one of the scenes of the movie, in October 2007 Golson received the Mellon Living Legend Legacy Award presented by the Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation at a ceremony at the Kennedy Center. In November 2009, Benny was inducted into the International Academy of Jazz Hall of Fame during a performance at the University of Pittsburghs annual jazz seminar, the Howard University Jazz Studies program created a prestigious award in his honor called the Benny Golson Jazz Master Award in 1996. Several distinguished jazz artists have received this award
9.
Harve Bennett
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Harve Bennett was an American television and film producer and screenwriter. Bennett was born to a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois in 1930, the son of Kathryn, a journalist, and Yale Fishman, Yale was an LLD rather than a JD which most lawyers are. He was also Jack Webs financial fixit man, harve had a brother, Ruel, also known as Sparkie. Everybody knew his mother as Kitty. and she played the mandolin, as a young boy, Bennett appeared on the radio program Quiz Kids, which introduced him to show business. By the time Bennett had reached college age, the radio business—aside from music radio—was in decline and he entered the University of California, Los Angeles and graduated from their film school. Following his graduation from college, in 1953 Bennett joined the United States Army and he served in the Military Police Corps, based at the United States Disciplinary Barracks in Lompoc, California. He was honorably discharged in 1955 with the rank of corporal, Bennett then began his career as a production executive. He first worked at CBS in New York City and later moved to the department of ABC. At ABC, he rose to become Vice President of Programming for a time and he also produced a little-known daytime show called Johnny Carsons Coffee Klatch. Following his work with ABC, Bennett moved over to production and his first project was to develop a television series with producer Aaron Spelling called The Mod Squad, which Bennett produced from 1968 until 1973. Following The Mod Squad, Bennett joined Universal Studios where he produced a variety of series and miniseries. The best known of series are probably The Six Million Dollar Man. Other series and miniseries he produced at Universal include Rich Man, Poor Man, The Invisible Man, Bennett then moved to Columbia Pictures Television where he continued as a television producer. While working at Columbia Pictures TV, Bennett was also brought to Paramount Pictures to work in their television division producing television series. Bluhdorn, dissatisfied with the results of Star Trek, The Motion Picture, was looking for new to take over the next film in the series. When Bennett said that he could, Bluhdorn said do it, to prepare for the job of producing a Star Trek film, Bennett first screened all 79 episodes of the original Star Trek series in a projection room at Paramount. He was particularly drawn to the episode Space Seed which featured Ricardo Montalban as the genetically enhanced supervillain Khan Noonien Singh, at the conclusion of the episode, Khan and his followers are exiled to an uninhabited planet, and Kirk and Spock wonder what will become of them. This gave Bennett the hook he was looking for, and led him to develop a sequel to the episode, Bennetts idea formed the beginnings of what would become The Wrath of Khan
10.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
11.
Science fiction film
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Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition. The genre has existed since the years of silent cinema. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie, from the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubricks landmark 2001, A Space Odyssey, the fiction film genre was taken more seriously. This definition suggests a continuum between empiricism and transcendentalism, with science fiction film on the side of empiricism, and horror film, however, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as Frankenstein and Alien. The visual style of fiction film can be characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in A Clockwork Orange, as well, familiar images become alien, as in the films Repo Man and Liquid Sky. For example, in Dr. Strangelove, the, distortion of the make the familiar images seem more alien. Finally, alien and familiar images are juxtaposed, as in The Deadly Mantis, Science fiction films appeared early in the silent film era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a theme and were often intended to be humorous. In 1902, Georges Méliès released Le Voyage dans la Lune, generally considered the first science fiction film, several early films merged the science fiction and horror genres. Examples of this are Frankenstein, a adaptation of Mary Shelleys novel. Taking a more adventurous tack,20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a based on Jules Verne’s famous novel of a wondrous submarine. In the 1920s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as Metropolis and Frau im Mond. In the 1930s, there were big budget science fiction films, notably Just Imagine, King Kong, Things to Come. Starting in 1936, a number of science fiction comic strips were adapted as serials, notably Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and these serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with the general public. Other notable science fiction films of the 1930s include Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Doctor X, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, F. P. The 1940s brought us Before I Hang, Black Friday, Dr. Cyclops, The Devil Commands, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Man Made Monster, It Happened Tomorrow, It Happens Every Spring and The Perfect Woman
12.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
13.
Astronaut
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An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists. Starting in the 1950s up to 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, with the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created, the commercial astronaut. The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed an altitude of 100 kilometers. In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles are awarded astronaut wings. As of 17 November 2016, a total of 552 people from 36 countries have reached 100 km or more in altitude, of which 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond. Of these,24 people have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon, the three astronauts who have not reached low Earth orbit are spaceplane pilots Joe Walker, Mike Melvill, and Brian Binnie. As of 17 November 2016, under the U. S. definition 558 people qualify as having reached space, of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles in altitude, only one exceeded 100 kilometers. Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days in space, as of 2016, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman,377 days, dryden preferred cosmonaut, on the grounds that flights would occur in the cosmos, while the astro prefix suggested flight to the stars. Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred astronaut, which survived by common usage as the preferred American term, when the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term which anglicizes to cosmonaut. In English-speaking nations, a space traveler is called an astronaut. The term derives from the Greek words ástron, meaning star, the first known use of the term astronaut in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story The Deaths Head Meteor in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier, for example, in Percy Gregs 1880 book Across the Zodiac, astronaut referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de lInfini of J. -H, rosny aîné, the word astronautique was used. The word may have inspired by aeronaut, an older term for an air traveler first applied to balloonists. An early use in a publication is Eric Frank Russells poem The Astronaut in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society. NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond, NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps
14.
Bionics
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Bionics is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. The word bionic was coined by Jack E. Steele in 1958, possibly originating from the technical term bion, meaning unit of life, some dictionaries, however, explain the word as being formed as a portmanteau from biology and electronics. It was popularized by the 1970s U. S. television series The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman, all feature humans given superhuman powers by electromechanical implants. A classical example is the development of dirt- and water-repellent paint from the observation that the surface of the lotus flower plant is practically unsticky for anything, the term biomimetic is preferred when reference is made to chemical reactions. In that domain, biomimetic chemistry refers to reactions that, in nature, examples of bionics in engineering include the hulls of boats imitating the thick skin of dolphins, sonar, radar, and medical ultrasound imaging imitating animal echolocation. In the field of science, the study of bionics has produced artificial neurons, artificial neural networks. Evolutionary computation was also motivated by ideas but it took the idea further by simulating evolution in silico. The name biomimetics was coined by Otto Schmitt in the 1950s, the term bionics was coined by Jack E. Steele in 1958 while working at the Aeronautics Division House at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. However, terms like biomimicry or biomimetics are more preferred in the world in efforts to avoid confusion between the medical term bionics. Coincidentally, Martin Caidin used the word for his 1972 novel Cyborg, Caidin was a long-time aviation industry writer before turning to fiction full-time. Often, the study of bionics emphasizes implementing a function found in rather than just imitating biological structures. The conscious copying of examples and mechanisms from natural organisms and ecologies is a form of applied case-based reasoning, treating nature itself as a database of solutions that already work, proponents argue that the selective pressure placed on all natural life forms minimizes and removes failures. In robotics, bionics and biomimetics are used to apply the way animals move to the design of robots, bionicKangaroo was based on the movements and physiology of kangaroos. Velcro is the most famous example of biomimetics, in 1948, the Swiss engineer George de Mestral was cleaning his dog of burrs picked up on a walk when he realized how the hooks of the burrs clung to the fur. It revolutionized the industry because the blades worked so much faster at felling trees, cats eye reflectors were invented by Percy Shaw in 1935 after studying the mechanism of cat eyes. He had found that cats had a system of reflecting cells, known as tapetum lucidum, leonardo da Vincis flying machines and ships are early examples of drawing from nature in engineering. Resilin is a replacement for rubber that has created by studying the material also found in arthropods. Julian Vincent drew from the study of pinecones when he developed in 2004 smart clothing that adapts to changing temperatures, I wanted a nonliving system which would respond to changes in moisture by changing shape, he said
15.
Pop icon
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A pop icon is a celebrity, character, or object whose exposure in popular culture constitutes a defining characteristic of a given society or era. The categorization is usually associated with such as longevity, ubiquity. Moreover, pop icon status is distinguishable from other kinds of notoriety outside of pop culture, some historic figures are recognized as having reached pop icon status during their era, and such status may continue into the present. Pop icons of previous eras include Benjamin Franklin and Mozart, usually, the pop icon status of a celebrity is contingent upon longevity of notoriety. This is in contrast to cult icons, whose notoriety or recognition may be limited to a specific subculture. Some pop icons have left a lasting and indelible mark in the area of their career, a common element of pop icon status is the ubiquity of imagery and allusions to the iconic figure. It is common for the figure to be recognized and even celebrated in areas outside the source of celebrity status. An example of this is Albert Einstein, a physicist whose image and legacy have been represented in comic strips, T-shirts, greeting cards, often pop icon status implies distinguished association with a societal ideal or archetype. It is not uncommon for iconic figures to have a nickname or sobriquet that is used to emphasize this association, sometimes the very name of such individuals is even used as a synonym for common words or ideas. Some pop icons, such as Mickey Mouse, Winnie the Pooh, Bugs Bunny, Superman, Spider-Man, Batman, Darth Vader, The X-Men, Harry Potter, the Simpsons, even inanimate objects have been recognized as pop icons. Some figures attain transitory or context-specific pop icon status for particular events that captivate public attention, cultural icon Popular culture Teen idol List of honorific titles in popular music Danesi, Marcel. Cullen, Jim, ed. Popular Culture in American History
16.
The Bionic Woman
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The Bionic Woman is an American television science fiction action series starring Lindsay Wagner that aired between 1976 and 1978. The Bionic Woman series features Jaime Sommers, who takes on special high-risk government missions using her superhuman bionic powers, the Bionic Woman series is a spin-off from the 1970s The Six Million Dollar Man television science fiction action series. Wagner stars as professional tennis player Jaime Sommers, who becomes injured during a skydiving accident. Jaimes life is saved by Oscar Goldman and Dr. Rudy Wells with bionic surgical implants similar to those of The Six Million Dollar Man Steve Austin. She also has strength in her bionic right arm and in both legs that enables her to run at speeds exceeding 60 miles per hour. She is then assigned to spy missions of her own as an agent of the Office of Scientific Information. The series proved popular worldwide, gaining high ratings in the US. The series ran for three seasons, from 1975 to 1978, and was first shown on the ABC network, years after its cancelation, three spin-off TV movies were produced between 1987 and 1994. Reruns of the show aired on Sci-Fi Channel from 1997 to 2001, a remake of the series was produced in 2007. The character of Jaime Sommers first appears in a episode of The Six Million Dollar Man in 1975 titled The Bionic Woman. In the first episode, Steve travels to his old hometown of Ojai, California, to buy a ranch that is for sale, during his visit, he rekindles his old relationship with Jaime Sommers, now one of Americas top tennis players. Their relationship progresses rapidly to the point where Steve proposes marriage, during an outing, Steve and Jaime take part in some skydiving. Jaimes parachute malfunctions and she plummets to the ground, falling tree branches, hitting the ground and suffering traumatic injuries to her head, legs. Goldman agrees to assign Dr. Rudy Wells and the team to rebuild her. Jaimes body is reconstructed with parts similar to Steves, but the actual cost of rebuilding her is not revealed and it is said humorously in dialogue to be less than the $6 million it cost to rebuild Austin because the replacement parts for her were smaller. Jaime discovers on vacation in the Bahamas her artificial bionic skin cannot suntan with exposure to sunlight, after Jaime recovers from her operation, Steve tries to break his agreement with Oscar that she will serve as an agent for OSI. Jaime agrees to undertake a mission for Oscar despite Steves concerns, during the mission her bionics malfunction, and she experiences severe and crippling headaches. Dr. Wells determines that Jaimes body is rejecting her bionic implants, soon after, she goes berserk and forces her way out of the hospital
17.
Jaime Sommers (The Bionic Woman)
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Jaime Sommers is a fictional character from the science fiction action series The Bionic Woman. She is portrayed by American actress Lindsay Wagner, Sommers takes on special high-risk government missions using her superhuman powers. Wagner first played the role in the 1970s American television series The Six Million Dollar Man, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, she reprised the role in several reunion television films. In the series history, Jaime Sommers is a former professional tennis star. She is assigned to spy missions of her own as an agent of the Office of Scientific Information. She also has strength in her bionic right arm. In 2004, the character was listed in Bravos 100 Greatest TV Characters, AOL named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters. Jaime is portrayed as the cyborg and first female. She followed the astronaut/test pilot Steve Austin and the car driver Barney Hiller. Jaimes bionics were thus Rudy Wells third generation and she has been shown to be able to run slightly faster than he could. Also, her life as a professional athlete gave her greater natural agility than Steve. Her difficult transition to life, along with later degrees in psychology. She trained Steves son, Michael, to control his bionics after his operation, according to the opening credits of The Bionic Woman, the cost of Jaime Sommers bionic implants was classified information. This lack of specificity has sparked frequent debates among fans as to whether it is appropriate to call Jaime The Six Million Dollar Woman, the scripts reveal only a few contradictory clues. In the spin-offs opening story Welcome Home, Jaime, she suggests to Oscar that she must have cost as much as Steve, the parts are smaller, after all. In a season-one episode, Fly Jaime, where Jaime and Dr. Rudy Wells are trapped on an island and trying to get some food out of a tin, Rudy says. That was a political thing wasnt it. She couldnt cost more than the man and they were going to make it more, but there was this whole political thing with the network because it was the beginning of the feminine revolution
18.
NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
19.
Lifting body
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A lifting body is a fixed-wing aircraft or spacecraft configuration in which the body itself produces lift. In contrast to a wing, which is a wing with minimal or no conventional fuselage. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight safety, lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 70s as a means to build a small and lightweight manned spacecraft. The US built a number of lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, advanced spaceplane concepts in the 1990s and 2000s did use lifting-body designs. Examples include the HL-20 Personnel Launch System and the Prometheus spaceplane, in 2015 ESA Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle performed first ever successful reentry of a lifting body spacecraft. Aerospace-related lifting body research arose from the idea of spacecraft re-entering the Earths atmosphere, following atmospheric re-entry, the traditional capsule-like spacecraft from the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo series had very little control over where they landed. A steerable spacecraft with wings could significantly extend its landing envelope, however, the vehicles wings would have to be designed to withstand the dynamic and thermal stresses of both re-entry and hypersonic flight. A proposed solution eliminated wings altogether, design the body itself to produce lift. NASAs refinements of the lifting body concept began in 1962 with R. Dale Reed of NASAs Armstrong Flight Research Center, the first full-size model to come out of Reeds program was the NASA M2-F1, an unpowered craft made of wood. Initial tests were performed by towing the M2-F1 along a California dry lakebed at present-day Edwards Air Force Base, later the craft was towed behind a C-47 and released. Since the M2-F1 was a glider, a rocket motor was added in order to extend the landing envelope. The M2-F1 was soon nicknamed the Flying Bathtub, in 1963, NASA began programs with heavier rocket-powered lifting-body vehicles to be air launched from under the starboard wing of a NB-52B, a derivative of the B-52 jet bomber. The first flights started in 1966, of the Dryden lifting bodies, all but the unpowered NASA M2-F1 used an XLR-11 rocket engine as was used on the Bell X-1. A follow-on design designated the Northrop HL-10 was developed at NASA Langley Research Center, Air flow separation caused the crash of the Northrop M2-F2 lifting body. The HL-10 attempted to solve part of this problem by angling the port and starboard vertical stabilizers outward, starting 1965 the Russian lifting-body Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105 or EPOS was developed and several test flights made. Work ended in 1978 when the efforts shifted to the Buran program, the IXV is a European Space Agency lifting body experimental re-entry vehicle intended to validate European reusable launchers which could be evaluated in the frame of the FLPP program. The IXV made its first flight in February 2015, launched by a Vega rocket, Orbital Sciences proposed a commercial lifting-body spaceplane in 2010. The Prometheus is more fully described below, lifting bodies pose complex control, structural, and internal configuration issues
20.
Bulldozer
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Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites, mines and quarries, military bases, heavy industry factories, engineering projects and farms. The term bulldozer correctly refers only to a tractor fitted with a dozer blade, a very small bulldozer is sometimes called a calfdozer, Google search for images. Most often bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment, the tracks give them excellent ground holding capability and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help distribute the weight over a large area. Extra wide tracks are known as tracks or LGP tracks. Bulldozers have transmission systems designed to take advantage of the track system, another type of bulldozer is the wheeled bulldozer, which generally has four wheels driven by a 4-wheel-drive system and has a hydraulic, articulated steering system. The blade is mounted forward of the joint, and is hydraulically actuated. The bulldozers primary tools are the blade and the ripper, the word bulldozer is sometimes used inaccurately for other similar construction vehicles such as a large front loader. The bulldozer blade is a metal plate on the front of the tractor, used to push objects. Dozer blades usually come in three varieties, A straight blade which is short and has no lateral curve and no side wings, a universal blade which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to carry more material. An S-U combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature and this blade is typically used for pushing piles of large rocks, such as at a quarry. Blades can be fitted straight across the frame, or at an angle, the bottom edge of the blade can be sharpened, e. g. to cut tree stumps. Sometimes a bulldozer is used to push another piece of moving equipment known as a scraper. Many dozer blades have a center section with this purpose in mind. In military use, dozer blades are fixed on combat engineering vehicles and can optionally be fitted on other vehicles, Dozer blades can also be mounted on main battle tanks, where it can be used to clear antitank obstacles, mines, and dig improvised shelters. Combat applications for dozer blades include clearing battlefield obstacles and preparing fire positions, the ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer. Rippers can come as a single or in groups of two or more, usually, a single shank is preferred for heavy ripping. The ripper shank is fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy tip, ripping rock breaks the ground surface rock or pavement into small rubble easy to handle and transport, which can then be removed so grading can take place
21.
Espionage
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Espionage is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring, in the service of a government or a company, the practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources, Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term is associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage, one of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy is by infiltrating the enemys ranks. This is the job of the spy, Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology, counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets, and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every country has strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally great enough that most governments, events involving espionage are well documented throughout history. The Old Testament of the Christian Bible, which is based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, speaks about Joshua and Caleb, the ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakyas student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire in India, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, the ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used ninjas to gather intelligence, aztecs used Pochtecas, people in charge of commerce, as spies and diplomats, and had diplomatic immunity. Many modern espionage methods were established by Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England, in 1585, Mary, Queen of Scots was placed in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet, who was instructed to open and read all of Marys clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to expose her, Walsingham arranged a single exception, Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsinghams agents. He succeeded in intercepting letters that indicated a conspiracy to displace Elizabeth I with Mary, in foreign intelligence, Walsinghams extensive network of intelligencers, who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean. While foreign intelligence was a part of the principal secretarys activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition
22.
Chariots of the Gods?
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Unsolved Mysteries of the Past is a book authored in 1968 by Erich von Däniken. It involves the hypothesis that the technologies and religions of ancient civilizations were given to them by ancient astronauts who were welcomed as gods. The first draft of the publication had been rejected by a variety of publishers, the book was extensively rewritten by its editor, Wilhelm Roggersdorf, Utermann had been a Nazi bestselling author and had held a leading position with the Völkischer Beobachter. Chariots of the Gods posits a variety of hypotheses dealing with the possibility of extraterrestrial beings influencing ancient technology, von Däniken suggests that some ancient structures and artifacts appear to represent higher technological knowledge than is presumed to have existed at the times they were manufactured. Von Däniken maintains that these artifacts were produced either by extraterrestrial visitors or by humans who learned the necessary knowledge from them, such artifacts include the Egyptian pyramids, Stonehenge, and the Moai of Easter Island. He uses this same explanation to argue that cart-ruts in Malta may have had extraterrestrial purposes along with similar lines in Australia, Saudi Arabia, and the Aral Sea. The book also suggests that ancient artwork throughout the world could be interpreted as depicting astronauts, air and space vehicles, extraterrestrials, von Däniken describes elements that he believes are similar in art of unrelated cultures. Some artwork that von Däniken cites include the ancient Japanese Dogū figurines and 3,000 year-old carvings in the Egyptian New Kingdom Temple that appear to depict helicopter-like machines. The book goes on to suggest that the origins of religions, according to von Däniken, humans considered the technology of the aliens to be supernatural and the aliens themselves to be gods. Von Däniken asks if the oral and literal traditions of most religions contain references to visitors from stars and vehicles traveling through air and these, he says, should be interpreted as literal descriptions which have changed during the passage of time and become more obscure. This would, he writes, mimic the ancient extraterrestrial contact von Däniken believed to have happened on Earth, for example, Ronald Story wrote a book rebutting von Dänikens ideas in 1976 titled The Space Gods Revealed. A similar internationally bestselling book, titled Crash Go The Chariots by Clifford Wilson, soon after the publication of Chariots of the Gods. von Däniken was accused of stealing the ideas of French author Robert Charroux. P. Lovecrafts short stories The Call of Cthulhu and At the Mountains of Madness, one artifact offered as evidence in the book has been disclaimed by von Däniken himself. Neither this nor any other discredited evidence has been removed from subsequent editions of Chariots of the Gods, Chariots of the Gods was on The New York Times bestseller list and has sold 70 million copies as of January 2017. The book was adapted as a German documentary film, Chariots of the Gods, the film was released in 1970 in West Germany and first appeared in the United States the following year. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 43rd Academy Awards in 1971, in 1972, an edited version of the film appeared as a TV documentary called In Search of Ancient Astronauts on NBC and was produced by Alan Landsburg Productions. The documentary was narrated by Rod Serling, a follow-up called In Search of Ancient Mysteries aired the following year and was also narrated by Rod Serling. A different TV documentary, The Case of the Ancient Aliens directed by Graham Massey, was released in 1977 and is based on von Dänikens work, in 1993, von Däniken produced a 25-part series entitled Auf den Spuren der All-Mächtigen for German television station, Sat.1
23.
Spaceplane
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A spaceplane is an aerospace vehicle that operates as an aircraft in Earths atmosphere, as well as a spacecraft when it is in space. Typically, it takes the form of a spacecraft equipped with wings, the propulsion to reach space may be purely rocket based or may use the assistance of airbreathing jet engines. The spaceflight is then followed by an unpowered glide return to landing, all five are considered rocket gliders. As of 2015, only these aircraft and rockets have succeeded in reaching space, three are vertical takeoff horizontal landing vehicles relying upon rocket lift for the ascent phase in reaching space and atmospheric lift for reentry, descent and landing. Of the five vehicles, three have been piloted by astronauts, with the Buran and X-37 flying unmanned missions, significant features distinguish spaceplanes from spacecraft. All aircraft utilize aerodynamic surfaces in order to generate lift, for spaceplanes a variety of wing shapes can be used. Delta wings are common, but straight wings, lifting bodies, typically the force of lift generated by these surfaces is many times that of the drag that they induce. The Space Shuttle thermal protection system, for example, protects the orbiter from surface temperatures that could reach as high as 1,650 °C. A spaceplane operates as an aircraft in Earths atmosphere, Aircraft may land on firm runways, helicopter landing pads, or even water, snow or ice. To land, the airspeed and the rate of descent are reduced such that the aircraft descends at a slow rate to allow for a gentle touch down. Landing is accomplished by slowing down and descending and this speed reduction is accomplished by reducing thrust and/or inducing a greater amount of drag using flaps, landing gear or speed brakes. Splashdown is a technical feat to accomplish, requiring only the deployment of a parachute. Project Geminis original concept design was as a spaceplane, with paraglider, however, this concept was abandoned in favor of parachute splashdowns, because of expensive technical failures during testing and development. Whereas Project Geminis splashdown parachutes took only 5 months to develop in 1963, all spaceplanes to date have used rocket engines with chemical fuels. As the orbital insertion burn has to be done in space, a difference between rocket based and air-breathing aerospace plane launch systems is that aerospace plane designs typically include minimal oxidizer storage for propulsion. Air-breathing aerospace plane designs include engine inlets so they can use oxygen for combustion. Since the mass of the oxidizer is, at takeoff, the single largest mass of most rocket designs, types of air breathing engines proposed for spaceplanes include scramjet, liquid air cycle engines, precooled jet engines, pulse detonation engine and ramjets. Some engine designs combine several types of features into a combined cycle
24.
Monte Markham
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Monte Markham is an American actor. He has appeared in films, television series and on Broadway, Markham was born in Manatee County, Florida, the son of Millie Content and Jesse Edward Markham, Sr. who was a merchant. One of his earliest stage experiences was at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in the summer of 1961, Markham made his Broadway debut in 1973 in Irene, for which he won the Theatre World Award. He also appeared on stage in Same Time, Next Year, markhams film work includes Hour of the Gun, Guns of the Magnificent Seven, Midway and Airport 77. He has served as a consultant, director, producer, and narrator for A&Es Classroom, randolph Life Partners We Are Still Here - Dave McCabe Monte Markham at the Internet Movie Database Monte Markham interview http, //www. wonderland-site. com/html/interviews4. htm
25.
Hugo Award
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The Hugo Awards are a set of awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The awards are named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the science fiction magazine Amazing Stories. Organized and overseen by the World Science Fiction Society, the awards are given each year at the annual World Science Fiction Convention as the focus of the event. They were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, the Hugo Awards have been termed as among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing. Works that have won have been published in collections. The 2016 awards were presented at the 74th Worldcon, MidAmeriCon II, in Kansas City, United States, the 2017 Hugos will be presented at the 75th Worldcon, Worldcon 75, in Helsinki, Finland, on August 12,2017. For lists of winners and nominees for each category, see the list of categories below. The World Science Fiction Society gives out the Hugo Awards each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works, the award is named after Hugo Gernsback, who founded the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories and who is considered one of the fathers of the science fiction genre. Works are eligible for an award if they were published in English in the calendar year. There are no rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy. Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, the selection process is defined in the WSFS constitution as instant-runoff voting with five nominees per category, except in the case of a tie. The awards are split over more than a dozen categories, for each category of Hugo, the voter may rank No Award as one of their choices. Voters are instructed that they should do so if they feel that none of the nominees are worthy of the award, or if they feel the category should be abolished entirely. A vote for No Award other than as ones first choice signifies that the voter believes the nominee ranked higher than No Award are worthy of a Hugo in that category, while those ranked lower are not. The five works on the ballot for each category are the most-nominated by members that year, from 1953 to 1958 the awards did not include any recognition of runner-up novels, but since 1959 all of the candidates have been recorded. Worldcons are generally held near the start of September, and take place in a different city around the world each year, the idea of giving out awards at Worldcons was proposed by Harold Lynch for the 1953 convention. The idea was based on the Academy Awards, with the name Hugo being given by Robert A. Madle, the award trophy was created by Jack McKnight and Ben Jason in 1953, based on the design of hood ornaments of 1950s cars. It consisted of a rocket ship on a wooden base
26.
Oscar Goldman
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Oscar Goldman is a fictional character created by Martin Caidin and introduced in his 1972 novel Cyborg. In the 1970s, he was portrayed by Richard Anderson in both The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman television series which were based upon Cyborg and he served as the bionic heroes, Steve Austin and Jaime Sommers, immediate superior. In the original novel by Caidin, and subsequent sequels Operation Nuke, High Crystal and Cyborg IV Goldman was the head of the Washington, D. C. When Cyborg was adapted for television in 1973, the character of Oscar Goldman was replaced by that of Oliver Spencer, played by Darren McGavin. When this television film, titled The Six Million Dollar Man, proved to be a hit, ABC commissioned a sequel, Wine, the character of Oscar Goldman was reinstated, with Richard Anderson cast in the role. Andersons portrayal of Goldman was that of a warm, fatherly figure—though he could also be a calculating bureaucrat when the need arose, following a third TV film, The Six Million Dollar Man became a weekly series in 1974 and Anderson remained with the show throughout its run. He also played the role in the subsequent Bionic Woman spin-off series, the pair are the first known actors to have done so as series regulars. Born in 1930, Goldman is in his 40s during the events of the two series and he followed the lead of his late elder brother, Samuel, into a career in the U. S. intelligence community. During the series, Goldman and Austin develop a close, if occasionally testy friendship, despite sending Sommers on dangerous missions, Goldman was particularly protective of her, and bristled when a Senator repeatedly mispronounced her name. Goldman usually referred to Sommers as babe, however, when this situation arose, Steve Austin disobeyed the order and rescued Goldman, unaware that he actually extracted an android imposter. Eventually after the imposter was discovered and defeated, the real Goldman was rescued in defiance of his own orders, Goldman was a snappy dresser, who had a propensity for loud patterns. His briefcase featured in episodes, as he would often open it to produce a solution to various problems. Goldman, who served as head of the OSI under six presidents, wielded considerable influence in the Federal government, and was able to get the Secretary of State on the telephone on short notice. He is not immune to attractive females, while in Monte Carlo for a mission, although never explicitly stated during either series, it was implied that Oscar is Jewish - or, at least, that others would assume him to be. In one episode of The Bionic Woman, he used a pseudonym when travelling to a Middle Eastern country because he thought the name would not make him any friends. In another episode, the shah of a fictional Persian Gulf country told Sommers he would never deal with a man named “Goldman”, the character of Oscar Goldman is absent from Bionic Woman, a remake of the 1976 series which aired on NBC starting in September 2007. Goldman has been replaced by a new character, Jonas Bledsoe, the Canadian television show Trailer Park Boys named a chicken Oscar Goldman in a 2006 episode called Where in the Fuck is Oscar Goldman. The chicken was part of Trinitys science project, which Ricky states that he helped name, in the movie 40 Year Old Virgin, the main character, portrayed by Steve Carell, makes reference to owning an Oscar Goldman action figure
27.
Darren McGavin
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McGavin was born in Spokane, Washington, the son of Reed D. Richardson and his wife Grace Watson. According to McGavin, his childhood was turbulent and he ran away from home at age eleven, and lived in abandoned warehouses in Tacoma, Washington during his teenage years. McGavin spent a year at the University of the Pacific in Stockton, untrained as an actor, he worked as a painter at Columbia Pictures movie studios in 1945. When an opening available for a bit part in A Song to Remember, McGavin applied. Shortly afterwards, he moved to New York City and studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse and he began working in live TV and on Broadway, including The Rainmaker, The King and I, and Death of a Salesman. McGavin returned to Hollywood and became busy in a variety of TV. In 1955, he appeared in the short film A Word to the Wives with Marsha Hunt, McGavin narrated and appeared in The Big Picture TV series in 1967, The Inner Ring episode, produced for the Office of the Chief of Information by the Army Pictorial Center. When the comedy team Martin and Lewis broke up, McGavin played the role originally earmarked for Dean Martin in The Delicate Delinquent, McGavin was also known for his role as Sam Parkhill in the miniseries adaptation of The Martian Chronicles. He appeared as a regular in The Name of the Game in an episode entitled Goodbye Harry and was featured as a reporter in one of the Gene Barry segments. The first of his two roles came in 1972, in the supernatural-themed TV movie The Night Stalker. He would write his stories in a sensational, tabloid style which advised readers that the true story was being withheld from them. McGavin and the cast were enthusiastic about the series, McGavin reportedly entered into a verbal agreement with Sid Sheinberg to produce The Night Stalker as a TV series as a coproduction between Universal and McGavins Taurean Productions. Early promises were never fulfilled, and McGavin expressed concern over script quality and his concerns appeared justified, as the series drifted into camp humor and the production values declined in later episodes. McGavin was asked to play the role of Arthur Dales, founder of the X-Files, failing health forced him to withdraw from the latter, and the script was rewritten to feature M. Emmet Walsh as Daless brother, also called Arthur. In 1983, he starred as Old Man Parker, the narrators father, McGavin allegedly received a fee of $2 million to play the role, making him one of the highest-paid actors of the time. During the filming of The Natural, Robert Redford was so pleased with McGavins portrayal of his character that began to expand the role. However, after a point, union rules dictated that the actors contract needed to be renegotiated for salary. After haggling on salary, and holding up production of the movie because of it, McGavin became somewhat fed up with the proceedings and instructed his agent to waive his billing in the credits entirely so they could get back to filming
28.
Martin Balsam
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Martin Henry Balsam was an American character actor. Martin Balsam was born in the Bronx borough of New York City, to Russian Jewish parents, Lillian and Albert Balsam and he attended DeWitt Clinton High School, where he participated in the drama club. He studied at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York with the German director Erwin Piscator, Martin Balsam made his professional debut in August 1941 in a production of The Plays the Thing in Locust Valley. During World War II he served as a sergeant radio operator in a B-24 in the China-Burma-India theater of operations, in early 1948, he was selected by Elia Kazan to be a member in the recently formed Actors Studio. Balsam would go on to perform in episodes of the Studios dramatic television anthology series. He appeared in other television drama series, including Decoy with Beverly Garland, The Twilight Zone, as a psychologist in the pilot episode, Five Fingers, Target. The Eleventh Hour, Breaking Point, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Fugitive, agent in The Man from U. N. C. L. E. Episode, The Odd Man Affair, and guest starred in the two-part Murder, She Wrote episode and he also appeared in the Route 66 episode, Somehow it Gets to be Tomorrow. Balsam appeared in films as On the Waterfront,12 Angry Men, Time Limit, Breakfast at Tiffanys, The Carpetbaggers, Seven Days in May, The Anderson Tapes, Hombre, Catch-22. Little Big Man, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, All the Presidents Men, Murder on the Orient Express, The Delta Force, in 1960, he appeared in one of his best remembered roles as Detective Arbogast in Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho. Along with Gregory Peck and Robert Mitchum, Martin Balsam appeared in both the original Cape Fear, and the 1991 Martin Scorsese remake and he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Arnold Burns in A Thousand Clowns. In 1968, he won a Tony Award for his appearance in the 1967 Broadway production of You Know I Cant Hear You When the Waters Running. He played Dr. Rudy Wells when the Martin Caidin novel Cyborg was adapted as a TV-movie pilot for The Six Million Dollar Man and he appeared as a spokesman/hostage in the TV movie Raid on Entebbe and as a detective in the TVM Contract on Cherry Street. He also appeared on an episode of Quincy ME, Balsam starred as Murray Klein on the All in the Family spin-off Archie Bunkers Place for two seasons and returned for a guest appearance in the shows 4th and final season. He even filled in for Charles Nelson Reilly on Match Game for one question when Reilly was late for a taping, in 1951, Balsam married his first wife, actress Pearl Somner. His second wife was actress Joyce Van Patten and this marriage lasted for four years and produced one daughter, Talia Balsam. He married his wife, Irene Miller, in 1963. They had two children, Adam and Zoe Balsam, and divorced in 1987, on February 13,1996, Balsam died of a sudden stroke in his hotel room in Rome, Italy, while on vacation
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Glen A. Larson
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The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries, B. J. and the Bear, The Fall Guy, Magnum, P. I. and Knight Rider. Larson began his career in the entertainment industry in 1956 as a member of the vocal group The Four Preps, with whom he appeared in one of the Gidget films. The Four Preps ultimately produced three gold records for Capitol, all of which Larson himself wrote and/or composed,26 Miles, Big Man, after working for Quinn Martin on productions including The Fugitive, Larson signed a production deal with Universal Studios. His first hit series was Alias Smith and Jones, a Western which described the activities of Hannibal Heyes and Jedediah Kid Curry, Larson later secured a then-unprecedented $1 million per episode budget for Battlestar Galactica. Originally, the series was intended to be called Adams Ark, and the show incorporated many themes from Mormon theology, such as marriage for time and eternity, even with its generous budget, the series often recycled effects shots, it was canceled after one season. The pilot episode of Galactica, titled Saga of a Star World in the continuity, was edited into a two-hour theatrical film released in North America. After the series was canceled, Larson went on to create a relatively low-budget sequel to the series, titled Galactica 1980, which was set years later. This series was successful than the original and was canceled after 10 episodes. Larson re-used some of the sets, props, costumes, based on the comic-book character created in 1928 by Philip Francis Nowlan, Larson co-developed the series with Leslie Stevens. The feature-length pilot episode was released as a film in March 1979. The weekly television series began in September 1979, running for two seasons until April 1981, in the 1980s, Larson had further success as one of the creators of Magnum, P. I. which ran from 1980-88. Additionally, Larson created The Fall Guy, which ran from 1981-86, larsons next prominent series was Knight Rider, which featured science-fiction elements with a light-hearted action-adventure scenario and limited violence. Larsons profile declined, though he made a comeback in the 1990s with an adaptation of the Ultraverse comic Night Man. Larson was not involved in any capacity with the new series, much was different in the new series, which was now aimed at mature audiences rather than being family fare like the original. After the series ended in 2009, a prequel series, Caprica. Larson was not involved with this series either, though he was given a credit for the creation of certain characters. Although Bryan Singer was listed to direct and co-produce, the project stalled for time before being reannounced in 2011 by Singer himself. The film version was now no longer a continuation of the original series, J. and the Bear from Every Which Way but Loose, Automan from Tron and The Fall Guy from Hooper
