1.
1.000.000 (song)
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1.000.000 is a song recorded by Romanian recording artist Alexandra Stan for her debut studio album, Saxobeats. Featuring the vocal collaboration of German-Zimbabwean rapper Carlprit, it was available as a digital download on 22 February 2012 through Vae Victis. The track was written by Andei Nemirschi, Marcel Prodan and Marcian Alin Soare, while being produced by Nemirschi and Prodan. An accompanying music video for the single was uploaded on Prodans YouTube channel on 22 December 2011, with music critics generally praising 1.000.000, the recording experienced minor commercial success in Europe. It reached number seventeen on native Airplay 100, number thirty-four in Italy, the song aired for the first time on French radio station Puls Radio. The track was written by Andrei Nemirschi, Prodan and Marcian Alin Soare, while being produced by Prodan,1.000.000 incorporates hip hop beats in its instrumentation, whilst Stan provides warm vocals. Carlprit opens the song by addressing the lyrics Youre one in a million to Stan, she repeats the word million over the chorus, according to Rodrigo of Yam-Magazine, the single is of the R&B and pop genre. The recording was acclaimed by music critics. Kevin Apaza, writing for Direct Lyrics, called the song catchy and super infectious, suggesting that if promoted correctly 1.000.000 can slay European, and US charts. He went on praising its chorus for being too cute, and labelling the recording as being so simple, so generic, german portal Mix1 expected the single to become a hit and awarded it a score 6 out of 8. Music website Digijunkies praised Carlprits contribution on 1.000.000, concluding that the recording is supple on the dance floor and affectionate in the ear canal. In a mixed review for Saxobeats, Yam Magazine declared that the single out for sounding different than the rest of the tracks. Commercially,1.000.000 experienced minor success in Europe, in Russia, the song opened the Tophit chart at position 230 on 22 January 2012, with it reaching its highest peak at number 203 after two weeks. The track managed to chart at number thirty-four in Italy in its sixth week, an accompanying music video for the song was uploaded onto the YouTube channel of Prodans label, Maan Studio, on 22 December 2011. It was directed by Iulian Moga in Bucharest in the spawn of thirty hours, in five different settings. About the clothing, she confessed during an interview that she chose to look precious and glamorous mixed with something urban, R&B, one of her pieces included a pair of shoes which were custom made in a span of forty-eight hours. Premiering on MTV on 21 December 2011 at 12,00, the clip opens with Carlprit riding a sparkling bicycle in front of a graffiti backdrop, with Stan sitting on a TV in front of him. Subsequently, they are presented in a mirrored room
2.
Chronic Town
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Chronic Town is the debut EP by American alternative rock band R. E. M. Chronic Town is the first illustration of R. E. M. s signature musical style, jangling guitars, chords played in arpeggio, murmured vocals, and obscure lyrics. After the minor success of the debut single Radio Free Europe in 1981. While he felt they were not ready to record a full album, the band was uncertain at first if they would record with producer Mitch Easter, but Easter managed to convince Holt and the band to let him produce it. Spent a weekend at Easters Drive-In Studios recording the EP, Easter was a fan of the Krautrock band Kraftwerk, which inspired him to try various sonic experiments while recording. Easter incorporated tape loops and recorded singer Michael Stipe singing outdoors, the band was open to such experimentation and used the sessions as an opportunity to learn how to use a studio. Intended to release the EP on an independent record label named Dasht Hopes run by Holt. However, the demo had caught the attention of I. R. S. The label signed the group to a deal, working the band out of its contracts with Healy and Hib-Tone. Heads Jay Boberg and Miles Copeland III felt the track listing was weakened by the song Ages of You. However, the pair felt the original take of the song was too fast, the band re-recorded Wolves, Lower with Easter in June 1982 in a quick recording session. Released Chronic Town in August 1982 as its first American release, reaction to the EP varied, one I. R. S. The band filmed its first music video for Wolves, Lower to promote the record, the EP sold 20,000 copies in its first year. NME reviewer Richard Grabel wrote, Chronic Town is five songs that spring to life full of immediacy and action, Grabel praised the songs auras of mystery, and concluded, R. E. M. Ring true, and its great to hear something as unforced and cunning as this. Creem writer Robot A. Hull began his review saying, This EP is so arcane that I had to play it six times in a row to get a handle on it – and even now, Im still not sure. Hull praised the EP for the music of the late-60s without any pretensions, mingling past, Hull concluded, Despite its eccentricity, R. E. M. s record is undoubtedly the sleeper EP of the year. Chronic Town ranked second in the EP category of the Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll in 1982
3.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
4.
Nine Inch Nails
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Nine Inch Nails is an American industrial rock band founded in 1988 by Trent Reznor in Cleveland, Ohio. Despite this, the band has had feuds with the corporate side of the recording industry. Reznor returned to self-releasing material with the second Nine Inch Nails EP, as the bands main producer, singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, Reznor is the only constant member of the group, and remains solely responsible for its direction. This changed however in 2016 when Atticus Ross was introduced as a permanent member of Nine Inch Nails alongside the announcement of Not the Actual Events, after recording a new album, Reznor usually assembles a live band to perform onstage with him. The touring band features a lineup that often rearranges songs to fit a live setting. On stage, Nine Inch Nails often employs visual elements to accompany performances, Nine Inch Nails has been nominated for thirteen Grammy Awards, and won twice for the songs Wish and Happiness in Slavery in 1992 and 1996, respectively. In 1997, Reznor appeared in Time magazines list of the years most influential people, in 2004, Rolling Stone placed Nine Inch Nails at 94 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. In 2014, Nine Inch Nails was named as nominees for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in 2015, they were nominated a second time. Koster agreed and allowed Reznor to use it whenever it was empty, while completing the early recordings, Reznor was unable to find a band that could articulate the material as he desired. Instead, inspired by Prince, Reznor played all the instruments except drums himself and this role remains Reznors on most of the bands studio recordings, though he has occasionally involved other musicians and assistants. Nine Inch Nails debut was at the Phantasy Theater in Lakewood, in 1988, after playing its first shows supporting Skinny Puppy, Reznors ambition for Nine Inch Nails was to release one 12-inch single on a small European label. Several labels responded favorably to the material and Reznor signed with TVT Records. The overall sound on Purest Feeling is lighter than that of Pretty Hate Machine, several songs feature live drumming and guitar work throughout. Reznor coined the name Nine Inch Nails because it abbreviated easily, other rumored explanations have circulated, alleging that Reznor chose to reference Jesus crucifixion with nine-inch spikes, or Freddy Kruegers nine-inch fingernails. The English letters NIN are also noted for their resemblance to the modern Hebrew characters of the Tetragrammaton, the Nine Inch Nails logo, which consists of the letters set inside a border, was designed by Reznor and Gary Talpas. The logo first appeared on the video for Nine Inch Nails debut single, Down in It. Talpas, a native of Cleveland, would continue to design Nine Inch Nails packaging art until 1997, written, arranged, and performed by Reznor, Nine Inch Nails first album Pretty Hate Machine debuted in 1989. It marked his first collaboration with Adrian Sherwood and Mark Flood Ellis, Reznor asked Sean Beavan to mix the demos of Pretty Hate Machine, which had received multiple offers for record deals
5.
Industrial rock
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Industrial rock is a musical genre that fuses industrial music and specific rock subgenres. Like most industrial subgenres, industrial rock is generally dark. Experimental 60s group Cromagnon are said to have one of the bands that helped foresee the birth of industrial rock. Specifically, their song Caledonia has been noted for its pre-industrial stomp, Industrial music was created in the mid- to late 1970s, amidst the punk rock revolution and disco fever. Prominent early industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, NON, SPK, many other artists have been cited as influences such as Kraftwerk and Gary Numan and Tubeway Army as well as Einstürzende Neubauten. Many other musical performers were incorporating industrial-musical elements into a variety of musical styles, some post-punk performers developed styles parallel to industrial musics defining attributes. Pere Ubus debut, The Modern Dance, was described as industrial, so was San Franciscos Chrome, who mixed Jimi Hendrix, The Sex Pistols and tape music experiments, and Killing Joke, considered by Simon Reynolds as a post-punk version of heavy metal. According to Chris Connelly, Foetus is the instigator when it comes to the marriage of machinery to hardcore punk, the New York City band Swans were inspired by the local No Wave scene, as well as punk rock, noise music and the original industrial groups. Steve Albinis Big Black followed a path, while also incorporating American hardcore punk. Big Black has also been associated with post-hardcore and noise rock. Industrial rocks true commercial breakthrough took place with the rise of the metal bands, Ministry, Marilyn Manson. Records Nothing Records Industrial rock musical groups Industrial rock sales and awards List of industrial music bands Blush, concrete, Bulletproof, Invisible + Fried, My Life as a Revolting Cock. The Mojo Collection, The greatest albums of all time, rip it up and start again, Postpunk 1978-1984. Atari Teenage Riot,60 second wipe out
6.
Electro-industrial
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Electro-industrial is a music genre drawing on EBM and post-industrial that developed in the mid-1980s. While EBM has a structure and clean production, electro-industrial has a deep, complex. The style was pioneered by Skinny Puppy, Front Line Assembly, in the early 1990s, the style spawned the dark electro genre, and in the mid-/late-1990s, the aggrotech offshoot. The fan base for the style is linked to the rivethead subculture, after the EBM movement faded in the early 1990s, electro-industrial increasingly attained popularity in the international club scene. In contrast to the straight EBM style, electro-industrial groups use harsher beats and raspy, distorted, in contrast to industrial rock, electro-industrial groups mostly avoided guitars, other than Skinny Puppy, who used E-Guitar Elements since the mid 80s in songs like Testure or Dig It. Electro-industrial was anticipated by 1980s groups such as SPK, Die Form, Borghesia, Klinik, Skinny Puppy, since the mid-1990s, some electro-industrial groups added guitars and became associated with industrial metal, other groups, e. g. Skinny Puppy, Download, Gridlock and Haujobb, have incorporated elements of electronic music styles like drum and bass, IDM, glitch. Electro-industrial groups tend to feature themes of control, dystopia, electro-industrial groups sometimes take aesthetic inspiration from horror films, including The Exorcist and the work of Roman Polanski, and the science fiction films Blade Runner and Alien. Dark electro is a style, developed in the early 1990s in central Europe. The term describes groups such as yelworC and Placebo Effect, and was first used in December 1992 with the announcement of Brainstorming. The style was inspired by the music of The Klinik and Skinny Puppy, compositions included horror soundscapes, and grunts or distorted vocals. YelworC were a group from Munich, formed in 1988. They laid the foundations of the electro movement in the early 1990s. In subsequent years, dark electro was displaced by techno-influenced styles such as aggrotech and futurepop. Other groups to practice the style included Das Ich, amGod, Trial, early Evils Toy, Mortal Constraint, Arcana Obscura, Splatter Squall, Seven Trees, Tri-State, GGFH, and Ice Ages. Aggrotech, is a form of electro-industrial with a strong influence from the hardstyle/hard trance music that first surfaced in the mid-late-1990s. Aggrotech typically employs aggressive beats, prominent lead synth lines, often, vocals are distorted and pitch-shifted to sound harsh and synthetic. List of industrial music festivals List of electro-industrial bands
7.
Trent Reznor
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Michael Trent Reznor, known professionally as Trent Reznor, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and film score composer. As a vocalist and multi-instrumentalist, Reznor is best known as the founder and his first release under this pseudonym, the 1989 album Pretty Hate Machine, was a commercial and critical success. He has since released eight studio albums and he left Interscope Records in 2007 and was an independent recording artist until signing with Columbia Records in 2012. Reznor was associated with the bands Option 30, The Urge, The Innocent, outside of Nine Inch Nails, he has contributed to the albums of artists such as Marilyn Manson and Saul Williams. In 1997, Reznor appeared in Times list of the years most influential people, while Spin magazine has described him as the most vital artist in music, Reznor was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, the son of Nancy Lou and Michael Reznor. He has English, German, and Irish ancestry and he is a descendant of George Reznor, who founded the Reznor Company, a heating and air conditioning manufacturer, in 1888. Reznor grew up in Mercer, Pennsylvania, after his parents had divorced, he lived with his maternal grandparents, while his sister Tera lived with their mother. Reznor began playing the piano at the age of twelve and showed an aptitude for music. In a 1995 interview, his grandfather, Bill Clark, remarked, Music was his life and his former piano teacher Rita Beglin said that he always reminded me of Harry Connick, Jr. when he played. Reznor has acknowledged that his life in Pennsylvania left him feeling isolated from the outside world. In a 1994 interview with Rolling Stone, he referenced his choices in the industry, However. At Mercer Area Junior/Senior High School, he learned to play the tenor saxophone and he was a member of both the jazz and marching band. Former Mercer High School band director Dr. Hendley Hoge remembered Reznor as very upbeat, Reznor also became involved in theater while in high school. He was voted Best in Drama by classmates for his roles as Judas in Jesus Christ Superstar, Reznor graduated in 1983 and enrolled at Allegheny College, where he studied computer engineering. While he was a student at Mercer Area Junior/Senior High School, Reznor joined local band Option 30, after a year of college, Reznor dropped out and moved to Cleveland, Ohio, to pursue a career in music. His first band in Cleveland was the Urge, a cover band, in 1985, he joined The Innocent as a keyboardist, they released one album, Livin in the Street, but Reznor left the band after three months. In 1986, he joined local band Exotic Birds and appeared with them as a band called The Problems in the 1987 film Light of Day. Reznor also contributed on keyboards to the band Slam Bamboo during this time, Reznor got a job at Clevelands Right Track Studio as an assistant engineer and janitor
8.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
9.
Atticus Ross
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Atticus Matthew Cowper Ross is an English musician, songwriter, record producer, and audio engineer. Along with Trent Reznor, Ross won the Academy Award for Best Original Score for The Social Network in 2010, in 2013, the pair won a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media for their soundtrack to The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. In 2016, Ross became a member of Reznors band Nine Inch Nails. Ross was born in Ladbroke Grove, London, the son of Roxana Lampson and Ian Ross and he has five siblings, including fashion model Liberty Ross and musician Leopold Ross. His maternal grandfather was diplomat Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn, Ross was educated at Eton College, where he was a contemporary of future Prime Minister David Cameron, and at the Courtauld Institute of Art. Ross first came to notice in the mid-1990s as a programmer for Tim Simenons Bomb the Bass during the period of the albums Unknown Territory and he worked on a number of production and remix projects with Simenon, as well as forming a collaborative relationship with Barry Adamson. He programmed The Negro Inside Me and Oedipus Schmoedipus, and produced As Above So Below before forming his own band,12 Rounds, with Claudia Sarne and they released two albums, Jitterjuice and My Big Hero. A third full-length album was produced by Trent Reznor, but was never finished. Three songs from that album have since released on the bands website. Since moving to the United States in 2000, Ross has been credited as a producer and/or programmer on the Nine Inch Nails albums With Teeth, Year Zero, Ghosts I-IV, The Slip and he performed live with the band at the Wiltern. Other work has included two co-productions with Joe Barresi, the Loverman EP Human Nurture and Coheed and Cambrias Year of the Black Rainbow and he has also produced tracks or created remixes for such artists as Grace Jones, Perry Farrell, and Telepathe. In May 2010, Ross appeared in a video and was named as a member of a secret project, later revealed to be How to Destroy Angels. In 2016, Ross composed a score for FIFA 17s new single-player story campaign mode titled The Journey. Ross work in music began in 2004 when he scored the Hughes Brothers TV series Touching Evil with his wife, Claudia Sarne. He has since provided music for two further Hughes Brothers projects, Allen Hughes vignette in the film New York, I Love You, the Book of Eli score was released through Reprise Records on 12 January 2010. It won at the BMI awards and earned Ross a nomination as Discovery of the Year at the 2010 World Soundtrack Awards, on 1 July 2010, Trent Reznor announced that he and Ross were scoring David Finchers new film The Social Network. The soundtrack was released on 28 September 2010 and was highly praised, on 16 January 2011, they won the award for Best Original Score at the 68th Golden Globe Awards for their score to The Social Network. On 27 February, they received the Academy Award Best Original Score for The Social Network, Ross and Reznor again collaborated on the soundtrack to Finchers 2011 film Girl With the Dragon Tattoo
10.
Hesitation Marks
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Hesitation Marks is the eighth studio album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, released on August 30,2013 by Columbia Records. It is the bands first release through Columbia, and their first album released on a record label since Year Zero. The albums title is derived from the term hesitation wounds, which is used to describe marks that are produced by testing a bladed weapon before attempting suicide or self-harming. On August 12,2013, Amazon UK officially made the second track Copy of a available for free to download. On August 22,2013, a rip of Find My Way was uploaded to YouTube. On August 27,2013, the album was streamed on iTunes after it was leaked online, the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. In February 2009, Trent Reznor stated, Ive been thinking for some time now its time to make NIN disappear for a while, Nine Inch Nails then entered a hiatus after touring with Janes Addiction and performing on a few subsequent shows. Afterwards, Reznor clarified that the band was done touring for the foreseeable future. Since then, Reznor pursued other projects, in 2010, he formed the post-industrial project, How to Destroy Angels with long-time collaborator Atticus Ross and West Indian Girl frontwoman Mariqueen Maandig, whom he married in 2009. In 2010, Reznor also collaborated with Atticus Ross on the score for David Finchers 2010 film. The duo won a 2010 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for a Motion Picture, Reznor and Ross again collaborated with Fincher for the official score the American adaptation of the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, released in December 2011. In an interview with BBC Radio 1, Reznor indicated that he would be writing for the majority of 2012 with Nine Inch Nails in mind, in 2012, Reznor confirmed that he was working on new Nine Inch Nails material and would possibly be performing live again. In February 2013, Reznor announced the return of Nine Inch Nails, the album was first acknowledged by Trent Reznor on May 28,2013 in a post on nin. com, Ive been less than honest about what Ive really been up to lately. For the last year Ive been secretly working non-stop with Atticus Ross and Alan Moulder on a new, full-length Nine Inch Nails record and this is the real impetus and motivation behind the decision to assemble a new band and tour again. My forays into film, HTDA and other projects really stimulated me creatively, the album began life as a couple of tracks that were meant to be included in a forthcoming greatest hits package for Interscope Records. The sessions gave way to more songs and ended up yielding an entire album, the two songs originally written and recorded for the hits package were revealed to be Everything and Satellite. Ive tried to make works that allude to the essence of the subject matter. I hope that they will invite multiple readings, mills also explained that the works explore ideas of catharsis, of being into dissolution into being, both on a personal and sociological level
11.
Nine Inch Nails discography
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Nine Inch Nails has also contributed to numerous film soundtracks as well as the soundtrack to the video game Quake. Initial ambitions for Nine Inch Nails in 1988 were to release one 12-inch single on a small European label, in response to pressures from TVT Records for a follow-up to Nine Inch Nails commercially successful debut, Reznor began recording the Broken extended play in secret. The EP was released in 1992 and reached the top 10 on the Billboard 200, another six years elapsed before Nine Inch Nails next studio album, With Teeth, which also debuted at the top of the Billboard 200. In 2007, the band released Year Zero alongside an accompanying alternate reality game, Reznor announced in late 2007 that Nine Inch Nails had fulfilled its contractual obligations with Interscope Records, and would distribute its next major album independently. The last Interscope release from Nine Inch Nails was an album based on material from Year Zero. The first Nine Inch Nails album released independently was the instrumental Ghosts I–IV in 2008, hesitation Marks was released through Columbia Records on August 30,2013. After teasing a release earlier that year, Reznor released the EP Not the Actual Events on December 23,2016, each official Nine Inch Nails release is chronologically ordered with a sequential number prefixed by the word Halo. For example, the fifth Nine Inch Nails release, Broken, is identified with the phrase Halo Five and these numbers are sometimes modified for alternate versions of a release, such as the multiple releases of The Downward Spiral. Promotional-only releases do not have their own numbers, although the singles for Piggy. A US promo for Into the Void is mislabeled as Halo 16 because this actually belongs to the Things Falling Apart remix album. The short film contains graphic depictions of a helpless victim being tortured and forced to watch Nine Inch Nails videos. Official website Nine Inch Nails at AllMusic Nine Inch Nails discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs Nine Inch Nails discography at MusicBrainz
12.
Creative Commons
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Creative Commons is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public and these licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. An easy-to-understand one-page explanation of rights, with associated visual symbols, Creative Commons licenses do not replace copyright, but are based upon it. The result is an agile, low-overhead and low-cost copyright-management regime, Wikipedia uses one of these licenses. The organization was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, the first article in a general interest publication about Creative Commons, written by Hal Plotkin, was published in February 2002. The first set of licenses was released in December 2002. In 2003 the Open Content Project, a 1998 precursor project by David A. Wiley, announced the Creative Commons as successor project, matthew Haughey and Aaron Swartz also played a role in the early stages of the project. As of January 2016 there were an estimated 1.1 billion works licensed under the various Creative Commons licenses, as of March 2015, Flickr alone hosts over 306 million Creative Commons licensed photos. Creative Commons is governed by a board of directors and their licenses have been embraced by many as a way for creators to take control of how they choose to share their copyrighted works. Beyond that, Creative Commons has provided institutional, practical and legal support for individuals and groups wishing to experiment, Creative Commons attempts to counter what Lawrence Lessig, founder of Creative Commons, considers to be a dominant and increasingly restrictive permission culture. Lessig describes this as a culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the powerful, as of 2017, they are Paul Keller, Jonathan Nightingale, Chris Thorne. As of 2015, there are more than 100 affiliates working in over 75 jurisdictions to support, Creative Commons Korea is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in South Korea. In March 2005, CC Korea was initiated by Jongsoo Yoon, the major Korean portal sites, including Daum and Naver, have been participating in the use of Creative Commons licences. In January 2009, the Creative Commons Korea Association was consequently founded as an incorporated association. Since then, CC Korea has been promoting the liberal. Since March 15,2012 he has been detained by the Syrian government in Damascus at Adra Prison, on October 17,2015 Creative Commons Board of Directors approved a resolution calling for Bassel Khartabil release. All current CC licenses require attribution, which can be inconvenient for works based on other works. Critics also worried that the lack of rewards for content producers will dissuade artists from publishing their work, Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig countered that copyright laws have not always offered the strong and seemingly indefinite protection that todays law provides
13.
Creative Commons license
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A Creative Commons license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. A CC license is used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, there are several types of CC licenses. The licenses differ by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution and they were initially released on December 16,2002 by Creative Commons, a U. S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, as of 2016, the 4.0 license suite is the most current. In October 2014 the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA, work licensed under a Creative Commons license is governed by applicable copyright law. This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright, including, books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, Creative Commons does not recommend the use of Creative Commons licenses for software. There are over 35,000 works that are available in hardcopy and have a registered ISBN number, Creative Commons splits these works into two categories, one of which encompasses self-published books. However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions, furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable. Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license, in the case of works protected by multiple Creative Common licenses, the user may choose either. The CC licenses all grant the rights, such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes. For software, Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions, the BSD License, the GNU LGPL, mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the nd and sa clauses, which are exclusive, and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the by clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, to address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called porting. As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide, the latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25,2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports. No new ports have implemented in version 4.0 of the license. Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license, since 2004, all current licenses require attribution of the original author, the BY component. The attribution must be given to the best of ability using the information available, generally this implies the following, Include any copyright notices. Cite the authors name, screen name, or user ID, if the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the persons profile page, if such a page exists
14.
Extended play
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An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
15.
Discipline (Nine Inch Nails song)
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Discipline is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their seventh studio album, The Slip. It was released on April 22,2008 as a single from the album and it is the bands first single since severing its ties with Interscope Records and publishing music independently. The MP3 download contains an album art image, full lyrics. Subsequently, on May 5,2008 a new Nine Inch Nails album, Reznor also revealed that Nine Inch Nails would likely distribute music independently. Since the announcement, Nine Inch Nails released the 36-track instrumental album Ghosts I–IV in March 2008 on Reznors independent label The Null Corporation, after the release of Ghosts I–IV, Reznor began writing and recording what would become the next full-length album, The Slip. During recording sessions for The Slip, Reznor sent the track Discipline to radio stations himself on April 22, the track was sent before the remainder of the album was completed, and less than 24 hours after the track had been mastered by Alan Moulder. On the same day, the track was made available for download at the official Nine Inch Nails website for free. Reznor reflected on the quick turnaround by saying, That was fun you never could have done that before, Discipline was the first Nine Inch Nails single to be released independently via The Null Corporation. Discipline was written and composed by Reznor, who produced it with Atticus Ross, the largely electronic instrumentation of the song has been compared to Depeche Mode, Bauhaus, Siouxsie and the Banshees, and Giorgio Moroder. Rolling Stone magazine described the track as the closest Reznor has ever come to disco, right down to a splashing high-hat, lyrically, Spin magazine wrote, As is true of nine out of every ten NIN tracks, Discipline is about submission and domination. Discipline was released on April 22,2008, and was the first single from The Slip, the song was also the first single released from the band under Reznors newly formed independent label, The Null Corporation. The ID3 tag of the track came with the message Go to www. nin. com May 5. Discipline was only available for airplay and download, a physical release was never issued. Though no music video was created for the song either, retail versions of The Slip included a DVD featuring a live rehearsal of the song by the Nine Inch Nails live band, the rehearsal video has since been posted on the bands official Vimeo and YouTube pages. The song also charted at number nine on Billboards iLike Libraries, Most Added chart, pitchforks review of The Slip called the track another solid pop song about constraint from the guy who, following Prince, brought kinky sex odes to strip-mall bars. Spin magazines review of the album called Discipline the most conventional tune from The Slip
16.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
17.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
18.
Nine Inch Nails live performances
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Nine Inch Nails, an industrial rock band fronted by Trent Reznor, did various live performances throughout the world, including tours in North America, South America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. While Reznor controls the creative and musical direction of Nine Inch Nails in-studio, prior to their 2013 tour, the band played 938 gigs. Nine Inch Nails live performances contrast with its in-studio counterpart, Reznor writes and performs nearly all Nine Inch Nails studio material, with occasional instrumental and vocal contributions from others artists. However, Reznor has typically assembled groups of backing musicians to interpret songs for tours, keyboardist Alessandro Cortini said that if you see the show and youre used to the CDs its pretty clear that the studio entity is different from the live entity. The only constant member of the band is Reznor. Live Nine Inch Nails performances are accompanied by lighting, stage. Since 1999, the design components of live shows have been curated by Reznor with Rob Sheridan. Three tours have been chronicled on live albums and tour documentaries, critical and commercial response to Nine Inch Nails live performances has generally been positive. Critics have pointed to the concerts aggressive on-stage dynamic and visual designs as high points, Reznor decided in 2008 to cease touring with the band after a 2009 farewell tour. The band resumed touring in 2013, with the planning a set of concerts in the U. S. beginning September 28. Reznor assembled the first live line-up in 1988 to support the Canadian industrial music band Skinny Puppy on tour, the three-piece band consisted of Reznor on guitars and lead vocals, Ron Musarra on drums, and Chris Vrenna on keyboards. The band was received, however, and they were asked to leave the tour after 10 dates. Nine Inch Nails toured North America as an act for The Jesus and Mary Chain in 1990. During these tours, Reznor began to smash equipment while on stage, in 1991, the band undertook a world tour that continued through the first Lollapalooza festival, where, according to biographer Martin Huxley, they stole the show. Nine Inch Nails was then invited to open for Guns N Roses on their European Tour, before the Lollapalooza date, Chris Vrenna left the band due to a fall out with Reznor, and was replaced for the remainder of the tour by drummer Jeff Ward. Vrenna would rejoin the band for the Self-Destruct tour in 1994, at the conclusion of the Pretty Hate Machine tour, Richard Patrick left the group to form his own band, Filter. After the 1994 release of The Downward Spiral, the band embarked on the Self-Destruct tour in support of the album. The Nine Inch Nails live band embarked on the Self Destruct tour in support of The Downward Spiral, Chris Vrenna and James Woolley performed drums and keyboards respectively, Robin Finck replaced Richard Patrick on guitar and bassist Danny Lohner was added to the line-up
19.
Josh Freese
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Josh Freese is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, and composer. He is a permanent member of the Vandals and Devo, having played drums for Nine Inch Nails from 2005 until 2008, A Perfect Circle from 1999 to 2012. He has appeared on nearly 400 records and he is currently performing live with Devo, The Vandals, Weezer and Sublime with Rome. Josh Freese was born on December 25,1972, in Orlando and his father, Stan Freese, conducted the Disney World and Disneyland band, and his mother was a classical pianist. Freese began playing the drums when he was 8 years old and he started playing professionally at the age of 12. He played electronic drums in the rock band named Polo. Polo already had a drummer before joining the Magic Kingdom, band founder Jimmy Keegan, other bands on the same stage were limited to performing Top 40 hits, but such constraints did not apply to Polo. The band recorded and released an eponymous EP that received airplay on KROQ. The young Freeses familial connections and corresponding exposure led to an endorsement deal with the Simmons electronic drum company, there is an old Simmons commercial, featuring Freese on the additional content section of the Vandals Live at the House of Blues DVD. At the age of 16, he high school and started touring and making records, first with Dweezil Zappa. He has worked with many respected artists in the last 15 years, as a first call session drummer, in 1998, Freese recorded a number of songs that he wrote and performed himself. The result is the lo-fi, 6-song EP Destroy Earth As Soon As Possible, in 2000, the songs Caffeine and Vaseline and Rock N Roll Chicken were revived for the 12-song album The Notorious One Man Orgy, this time released under Freeses own name by Kung Fu Records. Guest appearances include Stone Gossard, Warren Fitzgerald, Michael Ward, Lyle Workman, Josh released his second solo album, Since 1972, via his website on March 24,2009. Since 1972 was distributed similarly to the value-added packages offered by Nine Inch Nailss recent releases, Freeses album was offered as a $7 digital download, and a $15 CD/DVD on his website. As a marketing stunt, the website offers unique incentive packages at prices up to $75,000, publications covering the offer include SuicideGirls, The UKs The Guardian, NPR, and Boston Herald. Freese started his career in a Top-40 cover band at the Tomorrowland Terrace Stage at Disneyland from 1985 to 1988. In 2004, the Vandals released a live DVD as part of Kung Fu Records The Show Must Go Off, Freese played on the Infectious Grooves album Sarsipius Ark and on the Suicidal Tendencies album The Art of Rebellion in 1992. He played on the Korean group Seo Taiji and Boys 1996 album Seo Taiji and he was a member of Guns N Roses from 1997 to 1999, replacing Matt Sorum and signing a 2-year contract
20.
Robin Finck
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Robert John Robin Finck is an American guitarist. He is one of only a few artists who has played in two different bands listed on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, Nine Inch Nails and Guns N Roses. Finck grew up in Marietta, Georgia and played with several unsigned bands based primarily in the Atlanta area, including such as Prowess, Bat Your Lashes, Sik Dik. He joined Nine Inch Nails as part of their band in 1994–95 for their Self-Destruct. Finck appeared with Nine Inch Nails at Woodstock 94, and saw his first official release with them, once the tour was completed, he took a job playing for the circus troupe Cirque du Soleil in the original tour of Quidam. In 1997 Finck signed a contract with Guns N Roses as the replacement for Slash. When the two years were up the album had not been completed, although the song Oh My God was released on the End of Days soundtrack. Whether or not Finck played on the song is in dispute, Finck rejoined Nine Inch Nails as the band embarked on their Fragility v1.0 and Fragility v2.0 tours in support of the 1999 album The Fragile. These tours were recorded and released as the live album/DVD, And All That Could Have Been, a planned US tour was meant to continue through the remainder of 2002 but was called off by the promoter after two cancelled shows led to rioting by fans. After his touring obligations with GNR were fulfilled he joined the LedZAriel production, Finck was invited to rejoin NIN to tour in support of their 2005 album With Teeth but chose not to and the position was filled by Aaron North. In the summer of 2006, he toured Europe with Guns N Roses playing in front of over 700,000 people and they finished up by touring North America for the remainder of the year, and went to Mexico, Australia and Japan in 2007. On April 4,2008, it was announced via nin. com that Finck would be rejoining Nine Inch Nails as a member of the live band. He subsequently contributed to the Nine Inch Nails album The Slip, earning a performance credit alongside then-band members Josh Freese, in November 2008 Guns N Roses long-awaited album Chinese Democracy was released. Finck has a credit on the song Better, which was later released as a single. He also played guitar on track, performed 7 of the guitar solos and has additional credits for keyboards, arrangements. He chose to remain with NIN after the release and, on March 21,2009, was officially replaced as the lead guitarist of Guns N Roses by Sixx. The official Guns N Roses website states that Robin continues to be part of GNR, by virtue of Guns history and his involvement in Chinese Democracy. Finck continued to perform with the band throughout the 2009 Nine Inch Nails/Janes Addiction tour, with shows throughout North America, the band then returned to the US to play a series of shows culminating in the final live appearance of Nine Inch Nails
21.
Alessandro Cortini
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Alessandro Cortini is an Italian musician best known for touring and recording with the American band Nine Inch Nails from 2004 to 2008. He rejoined the band in spring 2013, Cortini is also the frontman for the Los Angeles based electronic-alternative band SONOIO. He was a member of The Mayfield Four from 2000 to 2002. He was also a member of Modwheelmood, an electronic/alternative band from Los Angeles. He completed a small Canadian tour with his project, blindoldfreak. Cortini was born in Bologna, and raised in Forlì, Cortini moved from Italy to the United States to study guitar at the Musicians Institute. After graduating, and straying away from the guitar, he decided to focus on keyboards, from 2001 to 2002, Cortini acted as touring guitarist for The Mayfield Four in support of their album Second Skin. While briefly teaching at the Musicians Institute, he saw an ad for open auditions for Nine Inch Nails, Reznor stated that Alessandro Cortini fit in immediately. Reznor also stated that, My first thought when Alessandro walked in was that he didnt look like what I had in mind and his presence was intense but gentle, not the Im gonna attack you energy fans might associate with NIN. Then he started, and within 30 seconds I was like Thats the guy, without taking anything away from Charlie, Alessandro is really into playing the studio parts as much as humanly possible. Cortini toured with Nine Inch Nails from 2005 to 2008, during the bands Live, With Teeth, Performance 2007 and his primary role was that of touring keyboard player, although he also played guitar and bass guitar on some songs. Besides touring with the band, Cortini also contributed to the instrumental album Ghosts I-IV and he left the band at the end of 2008, citing a desire to pursue other projects. Cortini is also the frontman of Los Angeles band Modwheelmood, which he leads with former Abandoned Pools guitarist Pelle Hillstrom, together they have released two EPs. and Enemies & Immigrants. In fall 2006, Cortini contributed to the Musicians Institutes Recording Artist Program by acting as advisor for training with students. In 2009, he filled in for Morgan Nicholls while Nicholls took a leave of absence to be with his newborn son, Alessandro Cortini worked with Ladytron in the production of two of their albums, Velocifero and Gravity the Seducer. He also co-produced the second track, We Are the Sea, from the debut album Crystal World of Ladytrons main singer, in 2010, he recorded a song called Birds of Prey with pop artist Christina Aguilera, produced by Ladytron. The song is featured on the edition of her fourth studio album Bionic. In summer 2010, Cortini formed the band SONOIO, the band name SONOIO comes from the Italian phrase sono io, which means its me, as it is a solo project consisting solely of Alessandro Cortini
22.
Audio mixing (recorded music)
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The track may be mixed in mono, stereo, or surround sound. There are numerous approaches, methods and techniques involved in Audio mixing, some of these practices include levels setting, equalization, stereo panning, Audio mixing techniques and approaches can vary widely, and these can greatly affect the qualities of the sound recording. Audio mixing techniques largely depend on music genres and the quality of sound recordings involved, the process is generally carried out by a mixing engineer, though sometimes the musical producer or music artist may assist. After mixing, a mastering engineer prepares the final product for production, Audio mixing may be transferred onto a mixing console or digital audio workstation. Jay bala ji In the late century, Thomas Edison. The recording and reproduction process itself was completely mechanical with little or no electrical parts, Emile Berliners gramophone system recorded music by inscribing spiraling lateral cuts onto a vinyl disc. Electronic recording became widely used during the 1920s. It was based on the principles of electromagnetic transduction, the possibility for a microphone to be connected remotely to a recording machine meant that microphones could be positioned in more suitable places. Even more useful was the fact that the outputs of the microphones could be mixed before being fed to the disc cutter, before the introduction of multitrack recording, all sounds and effects that were to be part of a record were mixed at one time during a live performance. If the recorded blend wasnt satisfactory, or if one made a mistake. Modern mixing emerged with the introduction of commercial multi-track tape machines, the ability to record sounds into a multitude of channels meant that treating these sounds could be postponed to a later stage– the mixing stage. In the 1980s, home recording and mixing became much easier, the 4-track Portastudio was introduced in 1979. Bruce Springsteen released the album Nebraska in 1982 using one, the Eurythmics topped the charts in 1983 with the song Sweet Dreams, recorded by band member Dave Stewart on a makeshift 8-track recorder. In the mid-to-late 1990s, computers replaced tape-based recording for most home studios, at the same time, digital audio workstations, first used in the mid-1980s, began to replace tape in many professional recording studios. A mixer is the heart of the mixing process. Mixers offer a multitude of inputs, each fed by a track from a multitrack recorder, mixers typically have 2 main outputs or 8. Mixers offer three main functionalities, Mixing – summing signals together, which is normally done by a dedicated summing amplifier or in the case of digital by a simple algorithm, routing – allows the routing of source signals to internal buses or external processing units and effects. Processing – many mixers also offer on-board processors, like equalizers and compressors, Mixing consoles used for dubbing can often be seen as large and intimidating, due to the exceptional amount of controls
23.
Audio mastering
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Mastering requires critical listening, however, software tools exist to facilitate the process. Mastering is a gateway between production and consumption and, as such, it involves technical knowledge as well as specific aesthetics. Results still depend upon the accuracy of speaker monitors and the listening environment, mastering engineers may also need to apply corrective equalization and dynamic compression in order to optimise sound translation on all playback systems. It is standard practice to make a copy of a recording, known as a safety copy, in case the master is lost. In the earliest days of the industry, all phases of the recording and mastering process were entirely achieved by mechanical processes. The cutting head, driven by the energy transferred from the horn and these masters were usually made from either a soft metal alloy or from wax, this gave rise to the colloquial term waxing, referring to the cutting of a record. Until the introduction of recording, master recordings were almost always cut direct-to-disc. Only a small minority of recordings were mastered using previously recorded material sourced from other discs, in the late 1940s, the recording industry was revolutionized by the introduction of magnetic tape. Magnetic tape was invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany, not until the end of World War II could the technology be found outside of Europe. The introduction of tape recording enabled master discs to be cut separately in time. From the 1950s until the advent of recording in the late 1970s. Once the studio recording on tape was complete, a final mix was prepared and dubbed down to the master tape. Prior to the cutting of the disc, the master tape was often subjected to further electronic treatment by a specialist mastering engineer. After the advent of tape it was found that, especially for pop recordings and this was done by making fine adjustments to the amplitude of sound at different frequency bands prior to the cutting of the master disc. Record mastering became a prized and skilled craft, and it was widely recognized that good mastering could make or break a commercial pop recording. As a result, the independent mastering studio was born, early independent mastering engineers included Doug Sax, Bob Ludwig, Bob Katz and Bernie Grundman and Denny Purcell. In large recording companies such as EMI, the process was usually controlled by specialist staff technicians who were conservative in their work practices. In the 1990s, electro-mechanical processes were largely superseded by digital technology, with digital recordings stored on disk drives or digital tape
24.
Pretty Hate Machine
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The album is compiled of reworked tracks from the bands Purest Feeling demo, as well as songs composed after its original recording. Although it was critically and commercially successful, Trent Reznor feuded with TVT Records during the albums promotion, three singles were released from the album, the most successful being its opening track Head Like a Hole, which has become a staple of Nine Inch Nails live performances. The album went out of print in 1997 because of the much publicized disagreement between Reznor and TVT, Rykodisc re-released the album worldwide in 2005, effectively putting it back into print. A remastered version with updated artwork was released on November 22,2010, during working nights as a handyman and janitor at the Right Track Studio in Cleveland, Ohio, Reznor used studio down-time to record and develop his own music. Playing most of the keyboards, drum machines, guitars, and samplers himself, the sequencing was done on a Macintosh Plus. With the help of manager John Malm, Jr. he sent the demo to record labels. Reznor received contract offers from many of the labels, but eventually signed with TVT Records, Pretty Hate Machine was recorded in various studios with Reznor collaborating with some of his most idolized producers, Flood, Keith LeBlanc, Adrian Sherwood, and John Fryer. Much like his recorded demo, Reznor refused to record the album with a conventional band, a lot of it sounds immature to me now, he stated in 1991 of the recordings that were then two years old. I couldnt function in society very well, and the LP became a product of that. Its quite small scale, introverted, claustrophobic – thats the feel I went for, after the album was released, a recording known as Purest Feeling surfaced. This bootleg album contains the demo recordings of most of the tracks featured on Pretty Hate Machine. Unlike the industrial music of Nine Inch Nails contemporaries, Pretty Hate Machine displays catchy riffs, Reznors lyrics express adolescent angst and feelings of betrayal by lovers, society, or God. Themes of despair are collocated with lovesick sentiments, pitchforks Tom Breihan categorized it as a synth-pop album that was shaped by industrial musics nascent new-wave period rather than its subsequent styles. According to Breihan, the beats were muscular, but not in the vein of metal or post-punk, and that the most rock-inspired song on the album was Head Like a Hole. If you want to dive to it, you can. Things occasionally mellow out to moody atmospherics, while Reznors vocals range from whispers to screams, popMatters A. J. Ramirez regarded the album as a synthesizer-dominated industrial dance record that on occasion slipped under the alternative rock banner. I like electronic music, but I like it to have some aggression and that first wave of electro music – Human League and Devo – thats the easiest way to use it. To be able to get some humanity and aggression into it in a cool way, Pretty Hate Machine is a record you can listen to and get more out of each time
25.
The Downward Spiral
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It is a concept album detailing the destruction of a man from the beginning of his downward spiral to his attempt at suicide. The Downward Spiral was conceived after the Lollapalooza 1991 festival tour as a pivot for Reznors personal issues, the following year, Reznor moved to 10050 Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles, where actress Sharon Tate was murdered by members of the Manson Family. It was used as a studio called Le Pig for recording Broken, the album was influenced by late-1970s rock music albums such as David Bowies Low and Pink Floyds The Wall in particular, and focused on texture and space. The Downward Spiral was promoted with the Self Destruct Tour, which debuted the bands grungy, many concerts were violent and chaotic, with band members often injuring themselves and destroying their instruments. The album spawned two singles, March of the Pigs and Closer, in addition to the promotional singles Piggy, March of the Pigs and Closer were accompanied by music videos, with the former shot twice and the latters heavily censored. A remix album titled Further Down the Spiral was released in 1995, for its tenth anniversary, the album was remastered and re-released on November 23,2004 in high-resolution Super Audio CD and DualDisc formats. The Downward Spiral was conceived after the Lollapalooza festival tour as Trent Reznor thought of a negative vibe felt by the band when they were in a European hotel. Nine Inch Nails live performances were known for its aggressive on-stage dynamic, in band members act angry, injure themselves. Reznor had a feud with TVT Records that resulted in him co-founding Nothing Records with his former manager John Malm, Jr. and signing with Interscope. He wanted to explore a character whose life is psychologically wounded and developed a concept about the albums themes. The concept was based on Reznors social issues at the time, when developing The Downward Spiral, Reznor struggled with drug addiction and was depressed as he wrote songs related to personal issues. His friends suggested that he could take Prozac, an antidepressant and he wanted the albums sound to diverge from Broken, emphasizing mood, texture, restraint and subtlety, although he was not sure about its musical direction. The album was made with full range and focused on texture and space, Reznor searched for and moved to 10050 Cielo Drive in 1992 for recording Broken and The Downward Spiral, a decision made against his initial choice to record the album in New Orleans. He called his first night in 10050 Cielo Drive terrifying because he knew it. Reznor chose the Tate house to calibrate his engineering skills and the band bought a large console, the studio was also used for the recording of Marilyn Mansons debut album Portrait of an American Family, which Reznor co-produced. Marilyn Manson accepted Reznors offer of signing a contract with Nothing Records, Reznor collaborated with former Janes Addiction and Porno for Pyros drummer Stephen Perkins, progressive rock guitarist Adrian Belew, and Nine Inch Nails drummer Chris Vrenna. Belews first visit to the studio involved playing the parts in Mr. Self-Destruct, and he was told to play freely, think on reacting to melodies, concentrate on rhythm. This approach improved Reznors confidence in the instrument, he found it to be more expressive than the due to the interface
26.
The Fragile (Nine Inch Nails album)
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It was produced by Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor and longtime collaborator Alan Moulder. The Fragile peaked at one on the US Billboard 200 chart during its debut week. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on January 4,2000. Despite some criticism for its length and lyrical substance, the received positive reviews from most music critics. The Fragile was promoted with three singles, The Day the World Went Away, Were in This Together, Into the Void and Starfuckers, a companion remix album titled Things Falling Apart was released in 2000. In 2016, as part of Nine Inch Nails campaign to all of their albums on vinyl. It is to be released on vinyl in 2017 and was available for download for people who pre-ordered, the Fragile was produced by Trent Reznor and Alan Moulder at Nothing Studios in New Orleans. Charlie Clouser and Danny Lohner contributed occasional instrumentation and composition to several tracks although the album was predominantly written, the Fragile was mixed by Alan Moulder and mastered by Tom Baker. The packaging was created by David Carson and Rob Sheridan, over a year before the albums release, Reznor suggested – presumably deliberately misleadingly – that the album would be irritating to people because its not traditional Nine Inch Nails. Think of the most ridiculous music you could imagine with nursery rhymes over the top of it. Several critics noted that the album was influenced by progressive rock, art rock, electronica. It is categorized as an art rock album by The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Edna Gundersen of USA Today, the album also features several distorted guitar parts which Powers suggests that fans can enjoy. Rob Sheffield observes a prog-rock vibe akin to Pink Floyds 1979 album The Wall, alienation and misery into paranoid studio hallucinations, each track crammed with overdubs until theres no breathing room. His vocals, for the most part, are melodic and somewhat softer. However, several critics including Reznor noticed the lack of lyrics on the album. The Bulletin interprets it as a rock album about fear. In some ways, The Fragile is a response to The Downward Spiral, Reznor compared the lyrical content of the two albums, I wanted this album to sound like there was something inherently flawed in the situation, like someone struggling to put the pieces together. The Downward Spiral was about peeling off layers and arriving at a naked and this album starts at the end, then attempts to create order from chaos, but never reaches the goal
27.
IGN
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The website was the brainchild of media entrepreneur Chris Anderson and launched on September 29,1996. It focuses on games, films, television, comics, technology, the company is located in San Franciscos SOMA district in California, United States. Originally a network of websites, IGN is now distributed on mobile platforms, console programs on the Xbox and PlayStation, FireTV, Roku, and via YouTube, Twitch, Hulu. IGN was sold to publishing company Ziff Davis in February 2013 and now operates as a J2 Global subsidiary. com, PSXPower, Saturnworld, Next-Generation. com and Ultra Game Players Online. Imagine expanded on its owned-and-operated websites by creating a network that included a number of independent fansites such as PSX Nation. com, Sega-Saturn. com, Game Sages. In 1998, the network launched a new homepage that consolidated the individual sites as system channels under the IGN brand, the homepage exposed content from more than 30 different channels. Next-Generation and Ultra Game Players Online were not part of this consolidation, dissolved with the cancellation of the magazine, and Next-Generation was put on hold when Imagine decided to concentrate on launching the short-lived Daily Radar brand. In February 1999, Imagine Media incorporated a spin-off that included IGN and its channels as Affiliation Networks. In September, the newly spun-out standalone internet media company, changed its name to Snowball. com, at the same time, small entertainment website The Den merged into IGN and added non-gaming content to the growing network. Snowball held an IPO in 2000, but shed most of its properties during the dot-com bubble. In June 2005, IGN reported having 24,000,000 unique visitors per month, with 4.8 million registered users through all departments of the site, IGN is ranked among the top 200 most-visited websites according to Alexa. In September 2005, IGN was acquired by Rupert Murdochs multi-media business empire, News Corporation, IGN celebrated its 10th anniversary on January 12,2008. IGN was headquartered in the Marina Point Parkway office park in Brisbane, California, on May 25,2011, IGN sold its Direct2Drive division to Gamefly for an undisclosed amount. In 2011, IGN Entertainment acquired its rival UGO Entertainment from Hearst Corporation, ultimately, News Corp. planned to spin off IGN Entertainment as a publicly traded company, continuing a string of divestitures for digital properties it had previously acquired. Financial details regarding the purchase were not revealed, prior to its acquisition by UGO, 1UP. com had previously been owned by Ziff Davis. Soon after the acquisition, IGN announced that it would be laying off staff and closing GameSpy, 1UP. com, the role-playing video game interest website Vault Network was acquired by IGN in 1999. GameStats, a review website, was founded by IGN in 2004. GameStats includes a GPM rating system incorporates an average press score and average gamer score
28.
Depeche Mode
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Depeche Mode /dᵻˌpɛʃˈmoʊd/ are an English electronic band that formed in 1980 in Basildon, Essex. The group consists of founders Dave Gahan, Martin Gore, Depeche Mode released their debut album Speak & Spell in 1981, bringing the band onto the British new wave scene. Original band member Vince Clarke, left the band after the release of the album, leaving the band as a trio to record A Broken Frame, released the following year. Gore took over the songwriting duties and, later in 1982, Alan Wilder officially joined the band to fill Clarkes spot. Depeche Mode have been a trio again since 1995, when Wilder left, the bands last albums of the 1980s, Black Celebration and Music for the Masses, established them as a dominant force on the mainstream electronic music scene. A highlight of this era was the concert at the Pasadena Rose Bowl. In the new decade, Depeche Mode released Violator, a mainstream success, now a trio once again, the band released Ultra in 1997, recorded at the height of Gahans near-fatal drug abuse, Gores alcoholism and seizures, and Fletchers depression. Depeche Mode have had 50 songs in the UK Singles Chart and thirteen top 10 albums in the UK chart, Q included the band in the list of the 50 Bands That Changed the World. Depeche Mode also rank number 98 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, Depeche Modes origins date to 1977, when schoolmates Vince Clarke and Andy Fletcher formed a Cure-influenced band called No Romance In China, with Clarke on vocals and guitar and Fletcher on bass. Fletcher would later recall, Why am I in the band and it was accidental right from the beginning. I was actually forced to be in the band, I played the guitar and I had a bass, it was a question of them roping me in. In 1979, Clarke played guitar in an Ultravox rip-off band, in 1978–79, Martin Gore played guitar in an acoustic duo, Norman and the Worms, with school friend Phil Burdett on vocals. In 1979, Marlow, Gore and friend Paul Redmond formed a band called the French Look, with Marlow on vocals/keyboards, Gore on guitar and Redmond on keyboards. In March 1980, Clarke, Gore and Fletcher formed a band called Composition of Sound, with Clarke on vocals/guitar, Gore on keyboards and Fletcher on bass. Soon after the formation of Composition of Sound, Clarke heard Wirral band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, along with OMD, other early influences included the Human League, Daniel Miller and Fad Gadget. Clarke and Fletcher switched to synthesisers, working odd jobs in order to buy or borrow the instruments from friends. Dave Gahan joined the band in 1980 after Clarke heard him perform at a scout hut jam session, singing a rendition of David Bowies Heroes. When explaining the choice for the new name taken from a French fashion magazine, Dépêche mode, Gore said, I like the sound of that
29.
Bauhaus (band)
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Bauhaus were an English post-punk band, formed in Northampton, England in 1978. The group consisted of Peter Murphy, Daniel Ash, Kevin Haskins, the band was originally named Bauhaus 1919 in reference to the first operating year of the German art school Bauhaus, although they shortened the name within a year of formation. Generally considered one of the first gothic rock groups, Bauhaus were known for their image and gloomy sound, although they mixed many genres, including dub, glam rock, psychedelia. Peter Murphy began a career while Ash and Haskins continued as Tones on Tail and, later, reunited with David J to form Love. Both enjoyed greater success in the United States than Bauhaus had. Bauhaus eventually reunited for a 1998 tour and again from 2005 to 2008, Ash, his friend David J. Haskins, and Haskins younger brother Kevin, had played together in various bands since childhood. One of the longer-lived of these was a called the Craze. However, The Craze still split up quickly, and Ash once again tried to convince his old school friend Murphy to join him. Murphy, who was working in a factory, decided to give it a try. During their first rehearsal, he co-wrote the song In the Flat Field, Ashs old bandmate Kevin Haskins joined as the drummer. Ash made a point of not inviting David J, the force in their previous bands. Instead, Chris Barber was brought in to play bass, however, within a few weeks S. R. had dissolved, and Ash, Murphy and Haskins teamed up with David J. under the new name Bauhaus 1919. David J. had already agreed to tour American airbases with another band, with their lineup complete, the unnamed band played their first gig at the Cromwell pub in Wellingborough on New Years Eve 1978. The band had chosen the name Bauhaus 1919, a reference to the German Bauhaus art movement of the 1920s, because of its implications and associations. The band also chose the same used on the Bauhaus college building in Dessau. Bauhaus associate Graham Bentley said that the group was unlike any Northampton band of the time, Bentley videotaped a performance by the group, which was sent to several record labels, in the hope of obtaining a contract. This approach was hindered partly because many record companies at the time did not have video equipment. After only six weeks as a band, Bauhaus entered the studio for the first time at Beck Studios in Wellingborough to record a demo
30.
Siouxsie and the Banshees
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Siouxsie and the Banshees were an English rock band formed in London in 1976 by vocalist Siouxsie Sioux and bass guitarist Steven Severin. Initially associated with the English punk rock scene, the band evolved to create a form of post-punk discord full of daring rhythmic and sonic experimentation. With the release of Juju in 1981, the group became an important influence on the emerging gothic rock scene. They disbanded in 1996, with Siouxsie and drummer Budgie continuing to record music as the Creatures, in 2004, Siouxsie began a solo career. Siouxsie and the Banshees work places highly in both polls and music papers lists. The Times cited the group as one of the most audacious, in 2006, Mojo rated guitarist John McGeoch in their list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time for his work on Spellbound. Siouxsie Sioux and Steven Severin met at a Roxy Music concert in September 1975, at a time when glam rock had faded, from February 1976, Siouxsie, Severin and some friends began to follow an unsigned band, the Sex Pistols. Journalist Caroline Coon dubbed them the Bromley Contingent, as most of them came from the Bromley region of South London, There was no such thing, it was just a bunch of people drawn together by the way they felt and they looked. They were all inspired by the Sex Pistols and their uncompromising attitude, two days later, the pair appeared at the festival held in London on 20 September 1976. With two borrowed musicians at their side, Marco Pirroni on guitar and John Simon Ritchie on drums, while the band intended to split up after the gig, they were asked to play again. Two months later, Siouxsie and Severin recruited drummer Kenny Morris, after playing several gigs in early 1977, the band realised that Fenton did not fit in because he was a real rock guitarist. John McKay finally took his place in July, while the band sold out venues in London in early 1978, they still had problems getting the right recording contract that could give them complete artistic control. Polydor finally offered this guarantee and signed them in June and their first single, Hong Kong Garden, featuring a xylophone motif, reached the top 10 in the UK shortly after. The band released their album, The Scream, in November 1978. Nick Kent of NME said of the record, The band sounds like some unique hybrid of the Velvet Underground mated with much of the ingenuity of Tago Mago-era Can, if any parallel can be drawn. At the end of the article, he added this remark, Certainly, the Banshees second album, Join Hands, was released in 1979. In Melody Maker, Jon Savage described Poppy Day as a short, powerful evocation of the Great War graveyards, the Banshees embarked on a major tour to promote the album. A few dates into the tour in September, Morris and McKay left an in-store signing after an argument, in need of replacements to fulfill tour dates, the Banshees manager called drummer Budgie, formerly with the Slits, and asked him to audition
31.
Pitchfork (website)
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Pitchfork is an American online magazine launched in 1995 by Ryan Schreiber, based in Chicago, Illinois and owned by Condé Nast. The site generally concentrates on new music, but Pitchfork journalists have also reviewed reissues, in late 1995, Ryan Schreiber, a recent high school graduate, created the magazine in Minneapolis. Influenced by local fanzines and KUOM, Schreiber, who had no writing experience. At first being Turntable, the site was updated monthly with interviews and reviews, in May 1996, the site began publishing daily and was renamed Pitchfork, alluding to Tony Montanas tattoo in Scarface. In early 1999, Schreiber relocated Pitchfork to Chicago, Illinois, by then, the site had expanded to four full-length album reviews daily, as well as sporadic interviews, features, and columns. It had also begun garnering a following for its coverage of underground music and its writing style. In October, the added a daily music news section. Pitchfork has launched a variety of subsidiary websites, Pitchfork. tv, a website displaying videos related to many independent music acts, launched in April 2008. It features bands that are found on Pitchfork. In July 2010, Pitchfork announced Altered Zones, a blog devoted to underground. On 21 May 2011, Pitchfork announced a partnership with Kill Screen, Altered Zones was closed on November 30. On December 26,2012, Pitchfork launched Nothing Major, a website that covered visual arts such as fine art, Nothing Major closed in October 2013. On October 13,2015, Condé Nast announced that it had acquired Pitchfork, following the sale, Schreiber remained as editor-in-chief. On March 13,2016, Pitchfork was redesigned, some publications have cited Pitchfork in having played a part in breaking artists such as Arcade Fire, Sufjan Stevens, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Interpol, The Go. Conversely, Pitchfork has also seen as being a negative influence on some indie artists. A dismissive 0.0 review of former Dismemberment Plan frontman Travis Morrisons Travistan album led to a sales drop. On the other hand, an endorsement from Pitchfork – which dispenses its approval one-tenth of a point at a time, up to a maximum of 10 points – is very valuable, indeed. Examples of Pitchforks impact include, Arcade Fire is among the bands most commonly cited to have benefited from a Pitchfork review
32.
Head Like a Hole
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Head Like a Hole is a song by the American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails. A song influenced by metal group Ministry, it was released as the second single from the groups debut album Pretty Hate Machine. The song received an almost overwhelmingly positive response from critics, and has noted as one of the most popular tracks from the album. Head Like a Hole nearly charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and it enjoyed heavy rotation on the radio at the time. It has also covered by new wave band Devo, Christian rock band Showbread, indie rock band Honest Bob. Trent Reznor wrote Head Like a Hole in 1988, after touring with Skinny Puppy, Flood, Adrian Sherwood, and Keith LeBlanc were co-producers of the song, and it was recorded in 1989. Head Like a Hole was one of the last songs completed for the album, Head Like a Hole has been classified as an industrial rock and electronic rock song. Also recognized as a dance anthem, it takes its influence from Ministry. The tempo is 115 BPM, and it is played in the key of E, the chords of this song are similar to the projects debut single, Down in It. In contrast to Down in It, Head Like a Hole has an intro, lasts roughly one minute longer, is heavy metal music-oriented. A well-known line in the song, youre going to get what you deserve, is an element in a number of Trent Reznor-written songs. For example, in the track of 2007s Year Zero, Meet Your Master. Labeled as Halo 3, Head Like a Hole is the third official Nine Inch Nails release, the single release is longer in duration than the album itself. The single peaked at #28 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, a three-track version of this single was released in the UK containing Head Like a Hole which is not included on the US release. The saxophone in Release It can be heard before the loop begins. Head Like A Hole samples the drum beat from Body Language. The first track is listed as Head Like a Hole on the CD. Down in It and Down in It were previously released on the Down in It single, the unlisted eleventh track is host Heather Day yelling Lets hear it for Nine Inch Nails
33.
Rob Sheridan
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Rob Sheridan is an American graphic designer, director, and photographer best known for his extensive work with the band Nine Inch Nails. He was initially hired to maintain the newly launched official Nine Inch Nails website, since then he has taken over as art director for the band, contributing photography, web design, album covers, music videos, live tour visuals, and two live concert films. He was also credited for assisting Trent Reznor with the mythology of the reality game built around Nine Inch Nails 2007 album Year Zero. Sheridan is widely known for his analog glitch art and he also created the artwork/package for the soundtrack release of the Academy Award-winning and Golden Globe-winning score for The Social Network, composed by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross. Sheridan has also known for his illustration work. Official website Rob Sheridan at the Internet Movie Database
34.
Year Zero (album)
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Year Zero is the fifth studio album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, released on April 17,2007 by Interscope Records. Frontman Trent Reznor wrote the music and lyrics while touring in support of the bands previous album With Teeth. The album is part of a larger Year Zero project which includes an album, an alternate reality game. The Year Zero alternate reality game expanded upon the fictional storyline by using media such as websites, pre-recorded phone messages. Disputes arose between Reznor and Universal Music Group, the parent company of Interscope Records, over overseas pricing of the album. Upon its release in April 2007, Year Zero sold over 187,000 copies in its first week, the album also received generally positive reviews, many of which were also favorable toward the accompanying alternate reality game. Year Zero spawned the singles Survivalism and Capital G, in a 2005 interview with Kerrang. Trent Reznor expressed his intentions to write material for a new release while on tour promoting With Teeth and he reportedly began work on the new album by September 2006. Reznor devised much of the musical direction on his laptop. The limitations of devising the albums musical direction on a tour bus forced Reznor to work differently from usual, Reznor said, I didnt have guitars around because it was too much hassle. If I were in my studio, I would have done things the way I normally do them, but not having the ability to do that forced me into trying some things that were fun to do. By the end of the tour, Reznor began work on the lyrical concepts. Reznor drew inspiration from his concern at the state of affairs in the United States and at what he envisioned as the political, spiritual. Year Zero was mixed in January 2007, and Reznor stated on his blog that the album was finished as of February 5, a song cut from the album included vocal work by Queens of the Stone Ages Josh Homme. The same year, Reznor contributed vocals to their song Era Vulgaris, the albums music has been described as incorporating industrial rock, electronic music, noise rock and digital hardcore. Reznor called Year Zero a shift in direction in that it doesnt sound like With Teeth and he also said that when he finishes a new album, he has to go into battle with the people whose job it is to figure out how to sell the record. The only time that didnt happen was With Teeth and this time, however, expecting an epic struggle. Is not a particularly friendly record and it doesnt sound like anything else out there right now
35.
With Teeth
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With Teeth is the fourth studio album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, released on May 3,2005 by Nothing Records and Interscope Records. The album was produced by Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor, Reznor has indicated that the album is influenced by his battle with and recovery from alcoholism and substance abuse. With Teeth became a commercial success, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 272,000 copies sold in its first week. The album generated three singles, The Hand That Feeds, Only and Every Day Is Exactly the Same, Reznor garnered mainstream attention with his influential second album The Downward Spiral, as well as a widely broadcast live performance at Woodstock 94. From that point onward, Nine Inch Nails was among the most popular acts of the 1990s. In 1997, Reznor appeared in Time magazines list of the years most influential people, however, Reznors musical output was infrequent, having released only three major albums from 1989 through 2005, with a rough average of five years between each release. During this time, Reznor became increasingly addicted to alcohol and drugs, resulting in erratic behavior, depression, and writers block. The bands 1999 double album The Fragile was met generally positive reviews from music critics and was a commercial success. However, it failed to attain the success of its predecessor, Reznor told Spin magazine in 2005 that I was going to just drink myself or drug myself out of it. I got back to New Orleans after the Fragile tour, after Reznor decided to go to rehab, he began work on a new album. The songwriting process moved along easier for Reznor than in the past and he said that it was due to having a pretty good game plan I had themes and subjects As my brain started working, the songs just started to come out. Reznor originally planned the album to be an album, complete with a storyline. Reznor was quoted in a 2007 article saying, Id come up with this kind of storyline. I was gonna talk about multi-layered reality and waking up in a dream you cant wake up out of and it was all kind of a big analogy for me getting sober. Reznor recorded the album at Nothing Studios in New Orleans, the last release he recorded at the location before permanently relocating to Los Angeles, the album was produced by Reznor and long-time Nine Inch Nails producer Alan Moulder, with engineering and assistance by Atticus Ross. The album was mixed in stereo and 5.1 surround sound, former Nirvana drummer and current Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl contributed drums and live percussion on seven tracks. Reznor was also inspired by the use of more analog electronic effects and instruments, specifically tape delay. A post on the official website dated May 5 indicated that Atticus Ross, Leo Herrera
36.
Portable Document Format
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The Portable Document Format is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica, in those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993 and these proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. In 2014, ISO TC171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2, on January 9,2017, the final draft for ISO 32000-2 was published, thus reaching the approval stage. The PDF combines three technologies, A subset of the PostScript page description programming language, for generating the layout, a font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents. A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming such as if. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized, any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file, therefore, the entire PostScript world remains intact. PDF supports graphic transparency, PostScript does not, PostScript is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the appearance of a given page. A PDF file is a 7-bit ASCII file, except for elements that may have binary content. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number, the format is a subset of a COS format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are eight types, Boolean values, representing true or false Numbers Strings, enclosed within parentheses, objects may be either direct or indirect
37.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
38.
ILike
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ILike was an online service that allowed users to download and share music. The website made use of a sidebar that is used with Apples iTunes or Microsofts Windows Media Player, the program and sidebar are not required in order to use the site but allow for ease in discovering new artists. The site attracted around half a million users in the first four months after it was launched, iLike also built a post-once publish-everywhere dashboard for artists – major label artists as well as independent artists. In October 2007, iLike announced that it was teaming up with Billboard to create new charts that display the weeks top 25 most added songs to music libraries. On August 19,2009, it was announced that MySpace was to acquire iLike, as of February 7,2012, the iLike website has been closed, and instead redirects users to a special MySpace Music page which displays a banner announcing the closure. ILike received private funding from contributors including Ticketmaster, Khosla Ventures, iLike had a free Facebook application which allowed users to play clips of music they like on their profile, show concerts they are going to and play a music trivia quiz. The application had great success after its release, making it one of the most popular applications on the Facebook Platform, as of November 2007, iLike had more than 15 million users. With the launch of Facebook Pages, iLike created pages for bands, a similar feature was also available for the Bebo network. In April 2009, iLike renamed this application to simply Music to maintain consistency with other Facebook apps, the website and Facebook app no longer exist. ILike Team Blog Sidebar download on Apple. com Billboard. com iLike Libraries, Most Added Interview with Ali Partovi, CEO and founder of iLike – Intruders tv video
39.
ID3
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ID3 is a metadata container most often used in conjunction with the MP3 audio file format. It allows information such as the title, artist, album, track number, ID3 is also specified by Apple as a timed metadata in HTTP Live Streaming, carried as a PID in the main transport stream or in separate audio TS. There are two unrelated versions of ID3, ID3v1 and ID3v2, ID3v1 takes the form of a 128-byte segment at the end of an MP3 file containing a fixed set of data fields. ID3v1.1 is a modification which adds a track number field at the expense of a slight shortening of the comment field. ID3v2 is structurally different from ID3v1, consisting of an extensible set of frames located at the start of the file, each with a frame identifier. 83 types of frames are declared in the ID3v2.4 specification, there are standard frames for containing cover art, BPM, copyright and license, lyrics, and arbitrary text and URL data, as well as other things. Three versions of ID3v2 have been documented, each of which has extended the frame definitions, ID3 is a de facto standard for metadata in MP3 files, no standardization body was involved in its creation nor has such an organization given it a formal approval status. It competes with the APE tag in this arena, the MP3 standard did not include a method for storing file metadata. In 1996 Eric Kemp had the idea to add a small chunk of data to the audio file, the method, now known as ID3v1, quickly became the de facto standard for storing metadata in MP3s. The format was released by Damaged Cybernetics, an group that specialized in cracking console gaming systems. There was no identifying information for any of the cracked console ROMs, Eric and associates carried this over into MP3 files. This format was used for a number of file formats unknown at that time, the ID3v1 tag occupies 128 bytes, beginning with the string TAG128 bytes from the end of the file. The tag was placed at the end of the file to maintain compatibility with older media players, some players would play a small burst of static when they read the tag, but most ignored it, and almost all modern players will correctly skip it. This tag allows 30 bytes each for the title, artist, album, and a comment, four bytes for the year, one improvement to ID3v1 was made by Michael Mutschler in 1997. Since the comment field was too small to write anything useful, such tags are referred to as ID3v1.1. Strings are either space- or zero-padded, unset string entries are filled using an empty string. ID3v1 pre-defines a set of genres denoted by numerical codes, Winamp extended the list by adding more genres in its own music player, which were later adopted by others. However, support for the extended Winamp list is not universal, in some cases, only the genres up to 125 are supported. g. for fading in
40.
MP3
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Compared to CD quality digital audio, MP3 compression commonly achieves 75 to 95% reduction in size. MP3 files are thus 1/4 to 1/20 the size of the digital audio stream. This is important for both transmission and storage concerns, the basis for such comparison is the CD digital audio format which requires 1411200 bit/s. A commonly used MP3 encoding setting is CBR128 kbit/s resulting in file size 1/11 of the original CD-quality file, the MP3 lossy compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a continuous sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is referred to as perceptual coding or psychoacoustics. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce the precision of less audible to human hearing. MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group as part of its MPEG-1 standard, the first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hanover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio, which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalised in 1992. A backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio extension with lower sample and bit rates was published in 1995, MP3 is a streaming or broadcast format meaning that individual frames can be lost without affecting the ability to decode successfully delivered frames. Storing an MP3 stream in a file enables time-shifted playback, the MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency, in 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy and this work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths. A wide variety of compression algorithms were reported in IEEEs refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. The genesis of the MP3 technology is described in a paper from Professor Hans Musmann who chaired the ISO MPEG Audio group for several years. The immediate predecessors of MP3 were Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain, the first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder in hardware, was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips. Another predecessor of the MP3 format and technology is to be found in the perceptual codec MUSICAM based on an integer arithmetics 32 sub-bands filterbank, driven by a psychoacoustic model. It was primarily designed for Digital Audio Broadcasting and digital TV and this codec incorporated into a broadcasting system using COFDM modulation was demonstrated on air and on the field together with Radio Canada and CRC Canada during the NAB show in 1991. F. As a doctoral student at Germanys University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on music compression in the early 1980s
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Digital rights management
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Digital rights management schemes are various access control technologies that are used to restrict usage of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. DRM technologies try to control the use, modification, and distribution of copyrighted works, the use of digital rights management is not universally accepted. Furthermore, works can become permanently inaccessible if the DRM scheme changes or if the service is discontinued, the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Free Software Foundation consider the use of DRM systems to be an anti-competitive practice. Worldwide, many laws have been created which criminalize the circumvention of DRM, communication about such circumvention, such laws are part of the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and the European Unions Copyright Directive. The term DRM is also referred to as copy protection, technical protection measures, copy prevention, or copy control. The advent of digital media and analog-to-digital conversion technologies has vastly increased the concerns of copyright-owning individuals and these concerns are particularly prevalent within the music and movie industries, because these sectors are partly or wholly dependent on the revenue generated from such works. This, combined with the Internet and popular file-sharing tools, has made unauthorized distribution of copies of copyrighted digital media much easier, DRM technologies enable content publishers to enforce their own access policies on content, such as restrictions on copying or viewing. These technologies have been criticized for restricting individuals from copying or using the content legally, DRM is in common use by the entertainment industry. However, Apple dropped DRM from all iTunes music files around 2009, for instance, tractor companies try to prevent the DIY repairing by the owning farmers under usage of DRM-laws as DMCA. Digital Rights Management Techniques include, Restrictive Licensing Agreements, The access to materials, copyright. Some restrictive licenses are imposed on consumers as a condition of entering a website or when downloading software, encryption, Scrambling of expressive material and embedding of a tag, This technology is designed to control access and reproduction of information. This includes backup copies for personal use, computer games sometimes use DRM technologies to limit the number of systems the game can be installed on by requiring authentication with an online server. Most games with this restriction allow three or five installs, although some allow an installation to be recovered when the game is uninstalled. In mid-2008, the publication of Mass Effect marked the start of a wave of titles primarily making use of SecuROM for DRM, the use of the DRM scheme in 2008s Spore backfired and there were protests, resulting in a considerable number of users seeking an unlicensed version instead. This backlash against the limit was a significant factor in Spore becoming the most pirated game in 2008. Additionally, other games that use intrusive DRM such as BioShock, Crysis Warhead. Although Ubisoft has not commented on the results of the experiment, Ubisoft formally announced a return to online authentication on 9 February 2010, through its Uplay online gaming platform, starting with Silent Hunter 5, The Settlers 7, and Assassins Creed II. Silent Hunter 5 was first reported to have been compromised within 24 hours of release, the Uplay system works by having the installed game on the local PCs incomplete and then continuously downloading parts of the game-code from Ubisofts servers as the game progresses
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Digipack
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Digipak is a patented style of optical disc packaging, and is a registered trademark of AGI-Shorewood, an Atlas Holdings LLC company. Digipaks typically consist of a gatefold paperboard or card stock outer binding, digipak-style cases grew in popularity among record labels and recording artists in the early 2000s. Digipak-style packaging is used for CD singles or special editions of CD albums. Such packaging is less resistant to abrasion than jewel cases, so it tends to show signs of relatively quickly. Although less vulnerable to cracking than a case, the disc tray inside the package remains rather brittle and is prone to cracking if the package is crushed. The disc tray can become detached if handled or stored improperly, another one goes one step further by totally eliminating the plastic tray and replacing it with a paper tray made from sugarcane and egg carton. Many printers use recycled or sustainable material for the board stock, IMPAC Group, Inc. originally owned the Digipak trademark. That company was acquired by MeadWestvaco in 2000 and folded into its AGI Media division, following this acquisition, the Digipak name and designs were licensed to manufacturers around the world. MWV sold AGI Media to Atlas Holdings in 2010, in 2012, Atlas purchased Shorewood Packaging from International Paper and merged the two companies to create AGI-Shorewood. Optical disc packaging Digipak Gallery from a digipak manufacturer Digipak equipment manufacturer
43.
Victoria, British Columbia
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Victoria /vɪkˈtɔːriə/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia, and is located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canadas Pacific coast. The city has a population of about 85,792, while the area of Greater Victoria, has a population of 367,770. Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada, and is located about 100 kilometres from BCs largest city of Vancouver on the mainland. Named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and, at the time, British North America, Victoria is one of the oldest cities in the Pacific Northwest, with British settlement beginning in 1843. The city has retained a number of its historic buildings. The citys Chinatown is the second oldest in North America after San Franciscos, known as the The Garden City, Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination with a thriving technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry. Victoria is in the top twenty of world cities for quality-of-life, Victoria is very popular with boaters with its beautiful and rugged shorelines and beaches. Victoria is also popular with retirees, who come to enjoy the temperate, prior to the arrival of European navigators in the late 1700s, the Victoria area was home to several communities of Coast Salish peoples, including the Songhees. The Spanish and British took up the exploration of the northwest coast, beginning with the visits of Juan Pérez in 1774 and of James Cook. In 1778, although the Victoria area of the Strait of Juan de Fuca was not penetrated until 1790, Spanish sailors visited Esquimalt Harbour in 1790,1791, the Songhees established a village across the harbour from the fort. The Songhees village was moved north of Esquimalt. When the crown colony was established in 1849, a town was out on the site. Victoria was incorporated as a city in 1862, in 1865, Esquimalt was made the North Pacific home of the Royal Navy, and remains Canadas Pacific coast naval base. In the latter half of the 19th century, the Port of Victoria became one of North Americas largest importers of opium, serving the opium trade from Hong Kong and distribution into North America. Opium trade was legal and unregulated until 1865, then the legislature issued licences and levied duties on its import, the opium trade was banned in 1908. In 1886, with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway terminus on Burrard Inlet and his son James Dunsmuir became premier and subsequently lieutenant-governor of the province and built his own grand residence at Hatley Park in the present City of Colwood. With the economic crash and a surplus of men, Victoria became a target-rich environment for recruiting. Two militia infantry battalions, the 88th Victoria Fusiliers and the 50th Gordon Highlanders, Victoria was the home of Sir Arthur Currie
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