1.
Norman Rockwell
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Norman Perceval Rockwell was a 20th-century American author, painter and illustrator. His works enjoy a broad appeal in the United States for their reflection of American culture. Rockwell is most famous for the illustrations of everyday life he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine over nearly five decades. Among the best-known of Rockwells works are the Willie Gillis series, Rosie the Riveter, The Problem We All Live With, Saying Grace, and the Four Freedoms series. He also is noted for his 64-year relationship with the Boy Scouts of America, during which he produced covers for their publication Boys Life, calendars, and other illustrations. These works include images that reflect the Scout Oath and Scout Law such as The Scoutmaster, A Scout is Reverent and A Guiding Hand. Norman Rockwell was born on February 3,1894, in New York City, to Jarvis Waring Rockwell and Anne Mary Nancy Rockwell and he had one brother, Jarvis Waring Rockwell, Jr. older by a year and a half. Jarvis Waring, Sr. was the manager of the New York office of a Philadelphia textile firm, George Wood, Sons & Company, Rockwell transferred from high school to the Chase Art School at the age of 14. He then went on to the National Academy of Design and finally to the Art Students League, as a student, Rockwell was given small jobs of minor importance. His first major breakthrough came at age eighteen with his first book illustration for Carl H. Claudys Tell Me Why, after that, Rockwell was hired as a staff artist for Boys Life magazine. In this role, he received 50 dollars compensation each month for one completed cover and it is said to have been his first paying job as an artist. At 19, he became the art editor for Boys Life and he held the job for three years, during which he painted several covers, beginning with his first published magazine cover, Scout at Ships Wheel, which appeared on the Boys Life September edition. Rockwells family moved to New Rochelle, New York, when Norman was 21 years old and they shared a studio with the cartoonist Clyde Forsythe, who worked for The Saturday Evening Post. With Forsythes help, Rockwell submitted his first successful cover painting to the Post in 1916 and he followed that success with Circus Barker and Strongman, Gramps at the Plate, Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins, People in a Theatre Balcony, and Man Playing Santa. Rockwell was published eight times on the Post cover within the first year, ultimately, Rockwell published 323 original covers for The Saturday Evening Post over 47 years. His Sharp Harmony appeared on the cover of the issue dated September 26,1936, it depicts a barber, the image was adopted by SPEBSQSA in its promotion of the art. During World War I, he tried to enlist into the U. S. Navy but was refused entry because, at 140 pounds, to compensate, he spent one night gorging himself on bananas, liquids and doughnuts, and weighed enough to enlist the next day. He was given the role of a military artist, however, in 1943, during World War II, Rockwell painted the Four Freedoms series, which was completed in seven months and resulted in his losing fifteen pounds
2.
Henry King (director)
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Henry King was an American film director. Before coming to film, King worked as an actor in various repertoire theatres and he directed for the first time in 1915, and grew to become one of the most commercially successful Hollywood directors of the 1920s and 30s. He was twice nominated for the Best Director Oscar, in 1944, he was awarded the first Golden Globe Award for Best Director for his film The Song of Bernadette. He worked most often with Tyrone Power and Gregory Peck and for 20th Century Fox, henry King was one of the 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which awards excellence of cinematic achievements every year, and was the last surviving founder. He directed over 100 films in his career, in 1955, King was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. During World War II, King served as the deputy commander of the Civil Air Patrol coastal patrol base in Brownsville, TX, in his final years, he was the oldest licensed private pilot in the United States, having obtained his license in 1918
3.
George Seaton
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George Seaton was an American screenwriter, playwright, film director and producer, and theatre director. Seaton was born George Stenius in South Bend, Indiana, of Swedish descent and he grew up in a Detroit Jewish neighborhood, and described himself as a Shabas goy. So he went on to learn Hebrew in an Orthodox Jewish Yeshiva and was bar mitzvahed. Seaton moved to Detroit after graduating from college to work as an actor on radio station WXYZ. John L. Barrett played The Lone Ranger on test broadcasts of the series in early January 1933, in later years he claimed to have devised the cry Hi-yo, Silver because he couldnt whistle for his horse as the script required. Seaton, along with writer and friend Robert Pirosh, joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a contract writer in 1933. His first major credit was the Marx Brothers comedy A Day at the Races in 1937. But Not Goodbye, Seatons 1944 Broadway debut as a playwright, closed after only 23 performances, in 1967 he returned to Broadway to direct the Norman Krasna play Love in E Flat, which was a critical and commercial flop. The musical Heres Love, adapted from his screenplay for Miracle on 34th Street by Meredith Willson, Seaton won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay twice, for Miracle on 34th Street and The Country Girl, and was nominated for Oscars three additional times. He received The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1961 and he directed 1970s blockbuster hit Airport, which earned 10 Oscar nominations, including one for Seatons screenplay. Seaton died of cancer in Beverly Hills, California in 1979, Airport Showdown George Seaton at the Internet Movie Database George Seaton Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
4.
Franz Werfel
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Franz Viktor Werfel was an Austrian-Bohemian novelist, playwright, and poet whose career spanned World War I, the Interwar period, and World War II. Born in Prague, Werfel was the first of three children of a manufacturer of gloves and leather goods, Rudolf Werfel. His mother, Albine Kussi, was the daughter of a mill owner and his two sisters were Hanna and Marianne Amalie. As a child, Werfel was raised by his Czech Catholic governess, Barbara Šimůnková, in 1912, Werfel moved to Leipzig, where he became an editor for Kurt Wolff’s new publishing firm, where Werfel championed and edited Georg Trakl’s first book of poetry. With the outbreak of World War I, Werfel served in the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Russian front as a telephone operator. His duties both exposed him to the vicissitudes of war as well as provided him with enough of a haven to continue writing Expressionist poems, ambitious plays. His strange mix of humanism, confessionalism, autobiography, as well as mythology and religiosity developed further during this time. His poems and plays ranged from scenes of ancient Egypt to occult allusions and incorporate a parable from the Baháí Faith in the poem “Jesus and the Carrion Path. ”His bias for Christian subjects, as well as his antipathy for Zionism, eventually alienated many of his Jewish friends and readers, including early champions such as Karl Kraus. Others, however, stood by him, including, Martin Buber and their love affair culminated in the premature birth of a son, Martin, in August 1918. Martin, who was given the surname of Gropius, died in May of the following year, despite attempts to save his marriage to Alma, with whom he had a young daughter, Manon, Gropius reluctantly agreed to a divorce in 1920. Ironically, Alma refused to marry Werfel for the nine years. They married on 6 July 1929, in April 1924, Verdi - Roman der Oper was published by Zsolnay Verlag, establishing Werfels reputation as a novelist. In 1926, Werfel was awarded the Grillparzer Prize by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, by the end of the decade, Werfel had become one of the most important and established writers in German and Austrian literature and had already merited one full-length critical biography. Werfel lectured on this subject across Germany, the Nazi newspaper Das Schwarze Corps denounced him as a propagandist of alleged Turkish horrors perpetrated against the Armenians. The same newspaper, suggesting a link between the Armenian and the later Jewish genocide, condemned Americas Armenian Jews for promoting in the U. S. A. the sale of Werfels book, Werfel was forced to leave the Prussian Academy of Arts in 1933. His books were burned by the Nazis, Werfel left Austria after the Anschluss in 1938 and went to France, where they lived in a fishing village near Marseille. Visitors to their home at this time included Bertolt Brecht and Thomas Mann, after the German invasion and occupation of France during World War II, and the deportation of French Jews to the Nazi concentration camps, Werfel had to flee again. With the assistance of Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee in Marseille, he and his wife escaped the Nazi regime
5.
Jennifer Jones
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Jennifer Jones, also known as Jennifer Jones Simon, was an American actress during the Hollywood golden years. Jones, who won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Song of Bernadette, was also Academy Award-nominated for her performances in four other films and she was married three times, most notably to film producer David O. Selznick. Jones starred in more than 20 films over a 30-year career, in 1980, she founded the Jennifer Jones Simon Foundation For Mental Health and Education after her daughters suicide. In later life, Jones withdrew from life to live in quiet retirement with her son and his family in Malibu. Jones was born Phylis Lee Isley in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the daughter of Flora Mae, an only child, she was raised Roman Catholic. Her parents toured the Midwest in a tent show that they owned and operated. It was there that she met and fell in love with fellow acting student Robert Walker, the couple married on January 2,1939. Isley and Walker returned to Tulsa for a 13-week radio program, arranged by her father, Isley landed two small roles, first in a 1939 John Wayne western titled New Frontier, followed by a serial entitled Dick Tracys G-Men. She failed a screen test for Paramount Pictures and decided to return to New York City, while Walker found steady work in radio programs, Isley worked part-time modeling hats for the Powers Agency while looking for possible acting jobs. Selznick, however, had overheard her audition and was impressed enough to have his secretary call her back, following an interview, she was signed to a seven-year contract. She was carefully groomed for stardom and given a new name, director Henry King was impressed by her screen test as Bernadette Soubirous for The Song of Bernadette and she won the coveted role over hundreds of applicants. Jones apologized to Bergman, who replied, No, Jennifer, Jones presented the Best Actress Oscar the following year to Bergman for Gaslight. Over the next two decades, Jones appeared in a range of roles selected by Selznick. Her dark beauty and sensitive nature appealed to audiences and she projected a variable range, the portrait of Jones for the film Portrait of Jennie was painted by Robert Brackman. Her last big-screen appearance came in the disaster film The Towering Inferno. Her performance earned her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress, early scenes in the film showed paintings lent to the production by the art gallery of Jones husband, Norton Simon. Jones had two sons from her first marriage, Robert Walker, Jr. and Michael Walker, Robert was the only child of Jones three children who would not predecease her. Jones had an affair with film producer David O. Selznick and she separated from Walker in November 1943, co-starred with him in Since You Went Away, and divorced him in June 1945
6.
Charles Bickford
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Charles Ambrose Bickford was an American actor best known for his strong supporting roles. He was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for The Song of Bernadette, The Farmers Daughter, other notable roles include Whirlpool, A Star is Born and The Big Country. Bickford was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, during the first minute of 1891, the fifth of seven children, Charles was an intelligent but very independent and unruly child. He had a strong relationship with his maternal grandfather who was a powerful influence during his formative years. In his late teens he drifted aimlessly around the United States for a time, before breaking into acting he worked as a lumberjack, investment promoter, and for a short time, ran a pest extermination business. He was a stoker and fireman in the United States Navy when a friend dared him to get a job in Burlesque, Bickford served as an Engineer Lieutenant in the United States Army during World War I. His first entry into acting was on the stage, eventually including Broadway and this venue provided him with an occasional living and served as the principal training ground for developing his acting and vocal talents. DeMille and offered a contract with MGM studios to star in DeMilles first talking picture and he soon became a star after playing Greta Garbos lover in Anna Christie but never developed into a leading man. During the production of DeMilles Dynamite, he punched out his director following a string of heated arguments primarily, throughout his early career on both the stage and later films Bickford rejected numerous scripts and made no secret of his disdain for much of the material he was offered. Not surprisingly, his association with MGM was short-lived, with Bickford asking for, however, he soon found himself blacklisted at other studios, forcing him, 274-277 to take the highly unusual step of becoming an independent actor for several years. His career took another turn when in 1935 he was mauled by a lion, much preferring the character roles that now became his forte, Bickford appeared in many notable films, including The Farmers Daughter, Johnny Belinda, A Star is Born, and Not As a Stranger. Most often he played lovable father figures, stern businessmen, heavies, during the 1940s, he was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He served as host of the 1950s television series The Man Behind the Badge, on April 16,1958, Bickford appeared with Roger Smith in The Daniel Barrister Story on NBCs Wagon Train. In this first-season episode, Daniel Barrister, played by Bickford, objects to medical treatment for his wife, Jenny, meanwhile, Dr. Peter H. Culver, played by Smith, has successfully fought a smallpox epidemic in a nearby town. He is brought to the train by scout Flint McCullough, portrayed by series regular Robert Horton. Viewers never knew if Barrister yielded to allow Dr. Culver to treat Jenny, Bickford continued to act in generally prestigious projects right up to his death. He guest-starred on ABCs The Islanders and on NBCs The Barbara Stanwyck Show, in his final years, Bickford played rancher John Grainger, owner of the Shiloh Ranch, on NBCs The Virginian western series. Two of the actors most memorable late-career big-screen roles came in the western The Big Country and in the drama Days of Wine and Roses
7.
Vincent Price
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Vincent Leonard Price Jr. was an American actor, well known for his distinctive voice and performances in horror films. His career spanned other genres, including film noir, drama, mystery, thriller and he appeared on stage, television, radio, and more than one hundred films. He has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures, and one for television, born and raised in the Saint Louis, Missouri area, he has a star on the Saint Louis Walk of Fame. Price was an art collector and consultant, with a degree in art history and he lectured and wrote books on the subject. He was the founder of the Vincent Price Art Museum in California and he was also a noted gourmet cook. Price was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the youngest of the four children of Vincent Leonard Price, Sr. president of the National Candy Company and his grandfather, Vincent Clarence Price, invented Dr. Prices Baking Powder, the first cream of tartar-based baking powder, Price was of English descent and was a descendant of Peregrine White, the first white child born in Colonial Massachusetts, being born on the Mayflower while it was in the harbor of Massachusetts. Price had some Welsh ancestry as well, Price attended St. Louis Country Day School. In 1933, he graduated with a degree in art history from Yale University, after teaching for a year, he entered the University of London, intending to study for a masters degree in fine arts. Instead, he was drawn to the theater, first appearing on stage professionally in 1934 and his acting career began in London in 1935, performing with Orson Welless Mercury Theatre. In 1936, Price appeared as Prince Albert in the American production of Laurence Housmans play, Victoria Regina, Price started out in films as a character actor. He made his debut in 1938 with Service de Luxe and established himself in the film Laura, opposite Gene Tierney. His first venture into the genre, for which he became famous, was in the 1939 Boris Karloff film Tower of London. The following year Price portrayed the character in The Invisible Man Returns. In 1946, Price reunited with Tierney in two films, Dragonwyck and Leave Her to Heaven. There were also many villainous roles in film noir thrillers like The Web, The Long Night, Rogues Regiment and The Bribe, with Robert Taylor, Ava Gardner and his first starring role was as conman James Addison Reavis in the 1950 biopic The Baron of Arizona. He also did a comedic turn as the tycoon Burnbridge Waters, co-starring with Ronald Colman in Champagne for Caesar and he was active in radio, portraying the Robin Hood-inspired crime-fighter Simon Templar in The Saint, which ran from 1947-51. In the 1950s, Price moved into films, with a role in House of Wax
8.
Arthur Miller (cinematographer)
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Arthur Charles Miller, A. S. C. was an American cinematographer. He was born in Roslyn, New York and he began his movie career at the age of 13. According to a 1970 interview with Leonard Maltin, he stated he went to work for a horse dealer. One day, he was returning home from delivering some horses and was sitting on a horse when a man offered him a job in motion pictures because he could ride bareback. Miller recalled, The first day we went out to a course in Brooklyn, and I rode this horse all over, got chased. He found himself working as an assistant to filmmaker Fred J. Balshofer, Miller eventually joined Pathé Frères and, although only 19 years old, became the cinematographer for the 1914 adventure serial The Perils of Pauline. In 1918, he and his brother Bill founded the Motion Picture Industry Union and he moved to Hollywood and had a lengthy tenure at Paramount from the late teens throughout the 1920s. In 1932, Miller signed a contract with Fox Film Corporation to be the cinematographer for every Shirley Temple film. He retired in 1951 for health reasons, but remained active in the industry as president of the American Society of Cinematographers and he died in Los Angeles, California, in 1970 and was interred in the Hollywood Memorial Park Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Mae, in August 1973, Mrs. Miller and Donald Crisp attended the dedication of the Arthur Miller Memorial Fountain and Arbor at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills. Arthur C. Miller at the Internet Movie Database Miller profile at the Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers
9.
Barbara McLean
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Barbara McLean was an American film editor with 62 film credits. She won the Academy Award for Film Editing for the film Wilson and she was nominated for the same award another six occasions, with All About Eve being among them. Her total of seven nominations for Best Editing Oscar was not surpassed until 2012 by Michael Kahn and she had a extensive collaboration with the director Henry King over twenty-nine films, including Twelve OClock High. Her impact was summarized by Adrian Dannatt in 1996, McLean was an editor who perhaps single-handedly established women as vital creative figures in an otherwise patriarchal industry. McLean was born in Palisades Park, New Jersey, she was the daughter of Charles Pollut, as a child she worked on release prints from the adjacent studio of E. K. Lincoln, who was an early producer of films. In 1924 she married J. Gordon McLean, who was a film projectionist and later, after marrying, the couple moved to Los Angeles, California. McLean found work as an assistant editor at First National Studio and she subsequently joined Twentieth Century Pictures, where initially, she assisted the editor Alan McNeil. In 1933 she received her first editing credit for Gallant Lady, in 1935, 20th Century Pictures merged with the Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox. Darryl F. Zanuck was the head of the merged studio, John Gallagher has written that Studio chief Darryl F. Zanuck was himself a brilliant editor and maintained the best editorial department in Hollywood. McLean retained this position until her retirement in 1969, the pressures of production turn-over during the hey-day of the studio system often meant that the director could not be around to supervise since they were on to their next production. In 1940, a Los Angeles Times story noted that Barbara McLean and she was also instrumental in the careers of such other film editors as Hugh S. Fowler, William H. Reynolds, and Robert Simpson. McLean began her association with the director Henry King on the films The Country Doctor and Lloyds of London. McLean received three nominations for editing films directed by King, for Alexanders Ragtime Band, The Song of Bernadette. The 1944 film was something of a tour de force. Wilson, which rarely is seen anymore, was the film for which McLean won an Academy Award for Film Editing. While the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, nearly half of the sixty-two films crediting McLean as editor were directed by Henry King. The other films she edited at 20th Century Fox involved many different directors and she was nominated for an Academy Award for editing The Rains Came, which was the only time she worked with director Clarence Brown. She edited one of John Fords films, Tobacco Road, and one of George Cukors, in 1950-1951, McLean edited three of Joseph L. Mankiewiczs films, including All About Eve, for which she received her final Academy Award nomination
10.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
11.
Biographical film
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A biographical film, or biopic, is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people. Such films show the life of a person and the central characters real name is used. Because the figures portrayed are actual people, whose actions and characteristics are known to the public, biopic roles are considered some of the most demanding of actors and actresses. Biopic scholars include George F. Custen of the College of Staten Island, Custen, in Bio/Pics, How Hollywood Constructed Public History, regards the genre as having died with the Hollywood studio era, and in particular, Darryl F. Zanuck. On the other hand, Binghams 2010 study Whose Lives Are They Anyway, ellen Cheshires Bio-Pics, a life in pictures examines UK/US films from the 1990s and 2000s. Each chapter reviews key films linked by profession and concludes with further viewing list, christopher Robé has also written on the gender norms that underlie the biopic in his article, Taking Hollywood Back in the 2009 issue of Cinema Journal. The Hurricane is not a documentary but a parable, some biopics purposely stretch the truth. Confessions of a Dangerous Mind was based on game show host Chuck Barris widely debunked yet popular memoir of the same name, Kafka incorporated both the life of author Franz Kafka and the surreal aspects of his fiction. The Errol Flynn film They Died with Their Boots On tells the story of Custer but is highly romanticized, casting can be controversial for biographical films. Casting is often a balance between similarity in looks and ability to portray the characteristics of the person, anthony Hopkins felt that he should not have played Richard Nixon in Nixon because of a lack of resemblance between the two. The casting of John Wayne as Genghis Khan in The Conqueror was objected to because of the American Wayne being cast as the Mongol warlord. Egyptian critics criticized the casting of Louis Gossett, Jr. an African American actor, also, some objected to the casting of Jennifer Lopez in Selena because she is a New York City native of Puerto Rican descent while Selena was Mexican-American. Biographical novel Biography in literature List of biographical films
12.
Bernadette Soubirous
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Bernadette Soubirous was the firstborn daughter of a miller from Lourdes, France, and is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. She would later receive recognition when the lady who appeared to her herself as the Immaculate Conception. These masks were placed on her face and hands before she was moved to her crystal reliquary in June 1925, the Marian shrine at Lourdes went on to become a major pilgrimage site, attracting over five million pilgrims of all denominations each year. On 8 December 1933, Pope Pius XI declared Bernadette Soubirous a Saint of the Catholic Church. Her feast-day was initially fixed for 18 February—the day her Lady promised to make her happy, not in this life, Bernadette was the daughter of François Soubirous, a miller, and Louise, a laundress. She was the eldest of nine children—Bernadette, Jean, Toinette, Jean-Marie, Jean-Marie, Justin, Pierre, Jean, Bernadette was born on 7 January 1844 and baptized at the local parish church, St. Pierres, on 9 January, her parents wedding anniversary. Bernadettes godmother was Bernarde Casterot, her mothers sister, a wealthy widow who owned a tavern. Hard times had fallen on France and the lived in extreme poverty. She contracted cholera as a toddler and suffered severe asthma for the rest of her life, Bernadette attended the day school conducted by the Sisters of Charity and Christian Instruction from Nevers. On 11 February 1858, Bernadette, then aged 14, was out gathering firewood with her sister Marie and a friend near the grotto of Massabielle when she experienced her first vision. While the other girls crossed the stream in front of the grotto and walked on, Bernadette stayed behind. She finally sat down to take her shoes off in order to cross the water and was lowering her stocking when she heard the sound of rushing wind, a wild rose in a natural niche in the grotto, however, did move. From the niche, or rather the dark alcove behind it, came a light. This was the first of 18 visions of what she referred to as aquero, in later testimony, she called it a small young lady. Her sister and her stated that they had seen nothing. On 14 February, after Sunday Mass, Bernadette, with her sister Marie and some other girls, Bernadette knelt down immediately, saying she saw aquero again and falling into a trance. When one of the girls threw holy water at the niche and another threw a rock from above that shattered on the ground, on her next visit,18 February, she said that the vision asked her to return to the grotto every day for a fortnight. This period of almost daily visions came to be known as la Quinzaine sacrée, initially, her parents, especially her mother, were embarrassed and tried to forbid her to go
13.
Canonization
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Originally, persons were recognized as saints without any formal process. Later, different processes were developed, such as used today in the Eastern Orthodox Church. The first persons honored as saints were the martyrs, pious legends of their deaths were considered affirmations of the truth of their faith in Christ. The Roman Rites Canon of the Mass contains only the names of martyrs, along with that of the Blessed Virgin Mary and, since 1962, that of St. Joseph her spouse. By the fourth century, however, confessors—people who had confessed their faith not by dying but by word, examples of such people are Saint Hilarion and Saint Ephrem the Syrian in the East, and Saint Martin of Tours and Saint Hilary of Poitiers in the West. Their names were inserted in the diptychs, the lists of saints venerated in the liturgy. Since the witness of their lives was not as unequivocal as that of the martyrs and this process is often referred to as local canonization. This approval was required even for veneration of a reputed martyr, and Saint Cyprian recommended that the utmost diligence be observed in investigating the claims of those who were said to have died for the faith. Evidence was sought from the records of the trials or from people who had been present at the trials. Saint Augustine of Hippo tells of the procedure which was followed in his day for the recognition of a martyr, the bishop of the diocese in which the martyrdom took place set up a canonical process for conducting the inquiry with the utmost severity. Other churches still use the older practice, in the Catholic Church, canonization is a decree that allows universal veneration of the saint in the liturgy of the Roman Rite. For permission to venerate merely locally, only beatification is needed, only acceptance of the cultus by the Pope made the cultus universal, because he alone can rule the universal Catholic Church. In the Medieval West, the Apostolic See was asked to intervene in the question of canonizations so as to more authoritative decisions. Swibert by Pope Leo III in 804, thereafter, recourse to the judgment of the Pope was had more frequently. Pope Urban II, Pope Calixtus II, and Pope Eugene III conformed to this discipline, a decree of Pope Alexander III1170 gave the prerogative to the ope thenceforth, so far as the Western Church was concerned. However, the procedure initiated by the decretal of Pope Alexander III was confirmed by a bull of Pope Innocent III issued on the occasion of the canonization of St. Cunegunda in 1200. The bull of Pope Innocent III resulted in increasingly elaborate inquiries to the Apostolic See concerning canonizations and he further regulated both of these acts by issuing his Decreta servanda in beatificatione et canonizatione Sanctorum on 12 March 1642. His work published from 1734-8 governed the proceedings until 1917, the article Beatification and canonization process in 1914 describes the procedures followed until the promulgation of the Codex of 1917
14.
Lourdes
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Lourdes is a small market town lying in the foothills of the Pyrenees. It is part of the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region in south-western France, prior to the mid-19th century, the town was best known for the Château fort de Lourdes, a fortified castle that rises up from a rocky escarpment at its centre. In 1858 Lourdes rose to prominence in France and abroad due to the Marian apparitions seen by the peasant girl Bernadette Soubirous, shortly thereafter the city with the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes became one of the worlds most important sites of pilgrimage and religious tourism. Today Lourdes hosts around six million visitors every year from all corners of the world, as of 2011, of French cities only Paris had more hotel capacity. According to believers, the Virgin Mary appeared to Marie-Bernadette Soubirous on a total of eighteen occasions at Lourdes, Lourdes has become a major place of Roman Catholic pilgrimage and of miraculous healings. The 150th Jubilee of the first apparition took place on 11 February 2008 with an outdoor Mass attended by approximately 45,000 pilgrims. Today Lourdes has a population of around 15,000, but it is able to take in some 5,000,000 pilgrims, with about 270 hotels, Lourdes has the second greatest number of hotels per square kilometre in France after Paris. Some of the deluxe hotels like Grand Hotel Moderne, Hotel Grand de la Grotte, Hotel St. Etienne, Hotel Majestic, although the Lady did not tell Bernadette her name when asked at first, she told her to return to the grotto. On subsequent visits, the Lady revealed herself to be the Immaculate Conception, Bernadette, having only a rudimentary knowledge of the Catholic faith, did not understand what this meant but she reported it to her parish priest, Father Peyremale. He, though initially very skeptical of Bernadettes claims, became convinced when he heard this because he knew the girl had no knowledge of the doctrine. The Lady also told Bernadette to dig in the ground at a certain spot, almost immediately cures were reported from drinking the water. And yet the water has shown through repeated testing to not have any special curative properties. Today thousand of gallons of water gush from the source of the spring, countless miracle cures have been documented there, from the healing of nervous disorders and cancers to cases of paralysis and even of blindness. The estimate that about 4000 cures have been obtained at Lourdes within the first fifty years of the pilgrimage is undoubtedly considerably less than the actual number, during the Apparitions, Bernadette Soubirous prayed the Rosary. Pope John Paul II wrote, The Rosary of the Virgin Mary is a prayer with great significance, Lourdes is located in southern France in the foothills of the Pyrenees mountains near the prime meridian. The Grand Jer is accessible via the railway of the Pic du Jer. The Béout was once accessible by car, although this has fallen into disrepair. A pavilion is still visible on the summit, the Gave then branches off to the west towards the Béarn, running past the banks of the Grotto and on downstream to Pau and then Biarritz
15.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
16.
Lourdes apparitions
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The Marian Apparitions at Lourdes were reported in 1858 by Bernadette Soubirous, a 14-year-old millers daughter from the town of Lourdes in southern France. From 11 February to 16 July 1858, she reported 18 apparitions of a Lady, Soubirous described the lady as wearing a white veil and a blue girdle, she had a golden rose on each foot and held a rosary of pearls. According to Soubirous, her visions occurred at the grotto of Massabielle, on 16 July 1858, Soubirous visited the grotto for the last time and said, I have never seen her so beautiful before. On 18 January 1860, the bishop declared, The Virgin Mary did appear indeed to Bernadette Soubirous. In 1958, Pope Pius XII issued the encyclical Le pèlerinage de Lourdes on the 100th anniversary of the apparitions, Pope John Paul II visited Lourdes three times, Pope Benedict XVI visited Lourdes on 15 September 2008 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the apparitions. Soubirous was canonized a saint in 1933 by Pope Pius XI and her sister and her friend stated that they had seen nothing. On realising that she alone, and not her companions, had seen the apparition, Toinette, however, was unable to keep silent, and told their mother, Louise Soubirous. Because their mother had suspected the children were lying, both received a beating, and Soubirous was forbidden to return to the grotto again. A few days passed and Soubirous asked for permission to go again with her siblings, the second time was the following Sunday. I went back because I felt myself interiorly impelled and my mother had forbidden me to go. After High Mass, the two girls and myself went to ask my mother again. She did not want to let us go, she said that she was afraid that I should fall in the water, Then she gave me permission to go. I went to the Parish Church to get a bottle of holy water, to throw over the Vision. When we arrived, we all took our rosaries and we knelt down to say them, I had hardly finished the first decade when I saw the same Lady. Then I started to throw water in her direction, and at the same time I said that if she came from God she was to stay. She started to smile, and bowed, and the more I sprinkled her with water, the more she smiled and bowed her head. When I had finished it she disappeared and we came back to Vespers, troubled by the notion that the apparition might represent an evil spirit, Soubirous used the holy water as a test. A further and positive reassuring sign was the apparitions beautiful bare feet, the Apparition did not speak until the third appearance, and therefore its identity was a matter of considerable speculation
17.
Mary, mother of Jesus
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Mary, also known by various titles, styles and honorifics, was a 1st-century Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran. The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin, the miraculous birth took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph and was awaiting the concluding rite of marriage, the formal home-taking ceremony. She married Joseph and accompanied him to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born, the Gospel of Luke begins its account of Marys life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to canonical gospel accounts, Mary was present at the crucifixion and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to the Catholic and Orthodox teaching, at the end of her life her body was assumed directly into Heaven. Mary has been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion and she is claimed to have miraculously appeared to believers many times over the centuries. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, there is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas, namely her status as the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her perpetual virginity, many Protestants minimize Marys role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary also has a position in Islam, where one of the longer chapters of the Quran is devoted to her. Marys name in the manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Aramaic name ܡܪܝܡ. The English name Mary comes from the Greek Μαρία, which is a form of Μαριάμ. Both Μαρία and Μαριάμ appear in the New Testament, in Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that she conceived Jesus miraculously through the Holy Spirit without her husbands involvement. The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are Theotokos, Aeiparthenos as confirmed in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions. For example, the title Our Lady of Sorrows has inspired such masterpieces as Michelangelos Pietà, the title Theotokos was recognized at the Council of Ephesus in 431. However, this phrase in Greek, in the abbreviated form ΜΡ ΘΥ, is an indication commonly attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God, some Marian titles have a direct scriptural basis. For instance, the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, the scriptural basis for the term Queen can be seen in Luke 1,32 and the Isaiah 9,6. Queen Mother can be found in 1 Kings 2, 19-20 and Jeremiah 13, other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary
18.
Screenplay
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A screenplay or script is a written work by screenwriters for a film, video game, or television program. These screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing, in them, the movement, actions, expression, and dialogues of the characters are also narrated. A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay, the format is structured in a way that one page usually equates to one minute of screen time. In a shooting script, each scene is numbered, and technical direction may be given, in a spec or a draft in various stages of development, the scenes are not numbered, and technical direction is at a minimum. The standard font for a screenplay is 12 point,10 pitch Courier Typeface, the major components are action and dialogue. The action is written in the present tense, the dialogue are the lines the characters speak. Unique to the screenplay is the use of slug lines, a slug line, also called a master scene heading, occurs at the start of every scene, and is usually made up of three parts. Part one states whether the scene is set inside outside, or both, Part two states location of the scene. Part three, separated from Part two by a hyphen, refers to the time of the scene, each slug line begins a new scene. In a shooting script, the lines are numbered consecutively. These scene numbers serve as mile-post markers in a script and this allows any part of the script to be referred to by scene number. In the United States letter size paper and Courier 12 point are mandatory, the tab settings of the scene elements, which constitute the screenplays layout. The dialogue must be centered and the names must be capitalized, a script usually begins with FADE IN, followed by the first scene description. It might get more specific, e. g. FADE IN ON AN ECU of Ricky as he explains the divorce to Bob, a script will usually end with FADE TO BLACK, though there are variables, like CUT TO BLACK for abrupt endings. The style consists of a grammar that is specific to screenplays and this grammar also consists of two aspects, A prose that is manifestation-oriented, i. e. focuses largely on what is audible and what is visible on screen. This prose may only supply interpretations and explanation if clarity would otherwise be adversely affected, American screenplays are printed single-sided on three-hole-punched paper using the standard American letter size. They are then together with two brass brads in the top and bottom hole. The middle hole is left empty as it would make it harder to quickly read the script
19.
Belasco Theatre
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The Belasco Theatre is a Broadway theatre opened in 1907 at 111 West 44th Street in midtown-Manhattan. Originally known as the Stuyvesant Theatre, it was designed by architect George Keister for impresario David Belasco, the theatre opened as the Stuyvesant Theatre on October 16,1907 with the musical A Grand Army Man with Antoinette Perry. The theatre was outfitted with the most advanced stagecraft tools available including extensive lighting rigs, a hydraulics system, meyer R. Bimberg was the actual owner of the Stuyvesant/Belasco. He made his fortune selling political campaign buttons, in 1910 Belasco attached his own name to the venue. After his death in 1931, it was leased first by actress Katharine Cornell, marlon Brando had his first widely noticed success in this theater, in a production of Maxwell Andersons Truckline Cafe which opened on February 27,1946. He played the small but crucial role of Sage MacRae, the play flopped, but the press celebrated Brando as a new genius actor. The Shuberts bought the theater in 1949 and leased it to NBC for three years before returning it to legitimate use and this theater is the subject of an urban legend that David Belascos ghost haunts the theater every night. Some performers in the shows that there have even claimed to have spotted him or other ghosts during performances. It was also reported that after Oh, played at the theater, the ghost of David Belasco stopped appearing. She then asks audience members in one of the boxes to tell her if the ghost appears, on Neil Patrick Harris final night playing Hedwig, a man dressed as the ghost appeared during curtain call. Warfields Play a Page of Real Life, official website Belasco Theatre at the Internet Broadway Database Belasco Theatre history Broadway Theatre Guide Belascos Ghost from the Museum of the City of New Yorks Collections blog
20.
Anne Revere
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Anne Revere was an American stage, film, and television actress. Born in New York City, Revere was a descendant of Boston silversmith. Her father, Clinton, was a stockbroker, and she was raised on the Upper West Side and in Westfield, in 1926, she graduated from Wellesley College. Despite her unsuccessful attempts to join groups in high school and in college, she eventually was successful at Wellesley. She went on to enroll at the American Laboratory School to study acting with Maria Ouspenskaya, Revere made her Broadway debut in 1931 in The Great Barrington. Three years later, she went to Hollywood to reprise her role in the film adaptation of Double Door. Revere worked steadily as an actress in films, appearing in nearly three dozen between 1934 and 1951. She frequently was cast in the role of a matriarch and played mother to Elizabeth Taylor, Jennifer Jones, Gregory Peck, John Garfield and she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress three times and won for her performance in National Velvet. Additional screen credits included The Song of Bernadette, Gentlemans Agreement, The Keys of the Kingdom, Body and Soul, in 1951, Revere resigned from the board of the Screen Actors Guild. At the time she was an member of the American Communist Party. She later pleaded the Fifth Amendment and refused to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee and she would not appear again on film for the next 20 years, finally returning to the screen in Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon. She began appearing on television in 1960, notably in operas such as A Flame in the Wind, The Edge of Night, Search for Tomorrow. Revere and her husband, theatre director Samuel Rosen, moved to New York and opened an acting school, Revere died of pneumonia in her Locust Valley, New York, home at the age of 87. She was survived by one sister, Anne Revere at the Internet Broadway Database Anne Revere at the Internet Movie Database
21.
Sisters of Charity of Nevers
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The motherhouse, the convent at St. Gildard in Nevers, is built on the ruins of the priory of Saint-Gildard, and was supervised by the bishop of the diocese of Nevers. Struck by the poverty he found in rural area, he offered the young ladies of the village of Saint-Saulge a challenge, Have no other business. Have no other interests but those of the unfortunate and this challenge led to the congregations foundation. Delaveyne organized a house with Sisters who ministered to the sick. The congregation was housed in Château-Chinon in 1706, in 1710 they moved to Decize to serve in the local hospital, and in 1716 they consecrated a chapel in Saint-Saulge to the Immaculate Conception. In 1748 they returned to Château-Chinon, to its hospital, while the Sisters initially ministered to the poor, during the nineteenth century they were more oriented toward the middle classes, and by the 1860s operated 260 convents in France. In 1866, she was accepted to take her novitiate in Nevers and her body is enshrined in the St. Gildard Convents chapel in Nevers. Another notable Sister was Marcelline Pauper, born 1663, who entered at Nevers at age twenty-two. Her autobiography was published in 1871, in it, she described how she made reparations for a sacrilege that had occurred in the chapel by receiving the stigmata, on 26 April 1702. A daughter organization of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, the Sisters are active in Asia, Africa, and South America
22.
Gladys Cooper
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Dame Gladys Constance Cooper, DBE was an English actress whose career spanned seven decades on stage, in films and on television. Beginning on the stage as a teenager in Edwardian musical comedy and pantomime, she was starring in dramatic roles and she also became a manager of the Playhouse Theatre from 1917 to 1933, where she played many roles. Beginning in the early 1920s, Cooper was winning praise in plays by W. Somerset Maugham, in the 1930s, she was starring steadily both in the West End and on Broadway. Moving to Hollywood in 1940, Cooper found success in a variety of character roles, throughout the 1950s and 1960s, she mixed her stage and film careers, continuing to star on stage until her last year. Cooper was born at 23 Ennersdale Road, Hither Green, Lewisham, London and her two younger sisters were Doris Mabel and Grace Muriel. Gladys Cooper spent most of her childhood in Chiswick, where her family moved when she was an infant and she made her stage debut in 1905 touring with Seymour Hicks in his musical Bluebell in Fairyland. The young beauty was also a photographic model. In 1906, she appeared as Lady Swan in London in The Belle of Mayfair, the following year she became a chorus girl at the Gaiety Theatre, creating the small role of Eva in The Girls of Gottenberg. That Christmas, she was Molly in Babes in the Wood, in 1911, she appeared in a production of The Importance of Being Earnest and in Man and Superman. Among several other plays, the year she was Muriel Pym in Milestones at the Royalty Theatre. A highlight of 1913 was Dora in Diplomacy at Wyndhams Theatre and that year she also played the title role in The Pursuit of Pamela at the Royalty. In 1913 Cooper appeared in her first film, The Eleventh Commandment, going on to several more silent films during the First World War. She continued full-time stage work, however, including appearances as Lady Agatha Lazenby in The Admirable Crichton in 1916, in addition, in 1917, Cooper became co-manager, with Frank Curzon, of the Playhouse Theatre, taking over sole control from 1927 until she left in 1933. During these years, she starred several times in My Ladys Dress and she appeared in W. Somerset Maughams Home and Beauty in 1919, repeated Dora at His Majestys Theatre in 1920 and elsewhere thereafter, and played numerous roles at the Playhouse Theatre. It was not until 1922, however, now in her mid thirties, early in her stage career, she was criticised for being too stiff. Evidently, her acting improved during this period, as Maugham praised her for turning herself from an indifferent actress to a competent one through her common sense. For both the 1923 and 1924 Christmas shows at the Adelphi Theatre, Cooper played the character in Peter Pan. She appeared in Maughams The Letter in London and on tour in 1927 and 1928, in Excelsior in 1928 and she was Dorothy Hilton in Call it a Day, again in both London and New York, from 1935 to 1936
23.
Catechism
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Catechisms are doctrinal manuals - often in the form of questions followed by answers to be memorised - a format that has been used in non-religious or secular contexts as well. The term catechumen refers to the recipient of the catechetical work or instruction. In the Catholic Church, catechumens are those who are preparing to receive the Sacrament of Baptism, traditionally, they would be placed separately during Holy Mass from those who baptized, and would be dismissed from the liturgical assembly before the Profession of Faith and General Intercessions. Today, they are characteristic of Western Christianity but are present in Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Before the Protestant Reformation, Christian catechesis took the form of instruction in and memorisation of the Apostles Creed, Lords Prayer, the word catechism for a manual for this instruction appeared in the Late Middle Ages. The use of a question and answer format was popularized by Martin Luther in his 1529 Small Catechism, the format calls upon two parties to participate, a master and a student, or a parent and a child. The Westminster Shorter Catechism is an example, Q, what is the chief end of man. To glorify God and enjoy Him forever, what rule hath God given to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy Him. The word of God which is contained in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments is the rule to direct us how we may glorify. The catechisms question-and-answer format, with a view toward the instruction of children, was a form adopted by the various Protestant confessions almost from the beginning of the Reformation. Among the first projects of the Reformation was the production of catechisms self-consciously modelled after the older traditions of Cyril of Jerusalem, Luthers Large Catechism typifies the emphasis which the churches of the Augsburg Confession placed on the importance of knowledge and understanding of the articles of the Christian faith. Primarily intended as instruction to teachers, especially to parents, the catechism consists of a series of exhortations on the importance of each topic of the catechism. It is meant for those who have the capacity to understand, and is meant to be memorized and then repeatedly reviewed so that the Small Catechism could be taught with understanding. The catechism, Luther wrote, should consist of instruction in the rule of conduct, which always accuses us because we fail to keep it, the rule of faith, the rule of prayer, and the sacraments. Luthers Small Catechism, in contrast, is written to accommodate the understanding of a child or an uneducated person and it begins, The First Commandment You shall have no other gods. We should fear, love, and trust in God above all things, Catechists not intent on this end, besides fatally injuring the Church, by sowing the materials of dissension in religion, also introduce an impious profanation of baptism. For where can any longer be the utility of baptism unless this remain as its foundation — that we all agree in one faith, the scandal of diverse instruction is that it produces diverse baptisms and diverse communions, and diverse faith. However, forms may vary without introducing substantial differences, according to the Reformed view of doctrine, John Calvin produced a catechism while at Geneva, which underwent two major revisions
24.
Dominique Peyramale
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Abbé Dominique Peyramale was a Catholic priest in the town of Lourdes in France during the apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes to the peasant girl Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. According to Bernadette, her visions occurred at the grotto of Massabielle, Peyramale, under instructions from his bishop, Monsignor Laurence, never visited the grotto during any of the apparitions. He therefore never saw first-hand the effects that these apparitions produced in Bernadette, nevertheless, he was deeply involved in the events, interviewing Bernadette on a number of occasions. Initially convinced he was dealing with a prank or hoax. A street in the town of Lourdes was named after him, in the 1943 film The Song of Bernadette, based on Franz Werfels novel of the same name, Abbé Peyramale is portrayed by actor Charles Bickford
25.
Holy card
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In the Christian tradition, holy cards or prayer cards are small, devotional pictures mass-produced for the use of the faithful. They usually depict a scene or a saint in an image about the size of a playing card. The reverse typically contains a prayer, some of which promise an indulgence for its recitation, later engraving or etching were more commonly used. Some had elaborate borders of paper surrounding the images, these were called dévotes dentelles in France. The invention of lithography made it possible to reproduce coloured images cheaply. Belgium and Germany also became centres of the manufacture of holy cards, Catholic printing houses produced large numbers of cards, and often a single design was printed by different companies in different countries. Other specialized holy cards record baptisms, confirmations, and other religious anniversaries, others are not customized, and are circulated to promote the veneration of the saints and images they bear. At the end of the century, some Protestants also produced similar images of their own. The reverse typically held a sermonette instead of a prayer, the Head of Christ painting has been printed more than 500 million times, including pocket-sized cards for carrying in a wallet. In the World War II era, millions of cards featuring the Head of Christ were distributed through the USO by the Salvation Army, during the Cold War, both Catholics and Protestants helped to popularize these cards, presenting a united front against the menace of godless Communism. In Ireland, cards are sold certifying that a Mass has been said for the benefit of sick or dead people, disputes arose over the validity of cards issued by priests living outside Ireland. A court challenge to the new law by a business that sold 120,000 cards a year failed in late 2009, a breach of the law can result in a 10-year prison sentence or a €300,000 fine. Saint symbolism Icon Votive candle Devotional medal Andachtsbilder Andreas Untersberger Ball, Ann Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions, gärtner, Hans Andachtsbildchen, Kleinode privater Frömmigkeitskultur. München, Verlag Sankt Michaelsbund ISBN 3-920821-45-9 Dipasqua, Sandra & Calamari, new York, Harry N. Abrams ISBN 0-8109-4338-7 Holy card collection, University of Dayton Special Collections
26.
Mary Anderson (actress, born 1918)
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Mary Anderson was an American actress, who appeared in 31 films and 22 television productions between 1939 and 1965. She was best known for her supporting role in the film Gone With the Wind. Bebe Anderson was born and raised in Birmingham, Alabama and her younger brother James Anderson was also an actor, best known as Bob Ewell in To Kill a Mockingbird. After two uncredited roles, she made her first important screen appearance in Gone With the Wind, after auditioning as one of the 1,400 actresses involved in the search for Scarlett, she received the supporting role of Maybelle Merriwether. In 1944, she played Alice the nurse, one of the ten characters in the Alfred Hitchcock film Lifeboat, ending her film career in the early 1950s, she occasionally acted on television, for example as Catherine Harrington on Peyton Place in 1964. She made a guest appearance in Perry Mason as Arlene Scott in The Case of the Rolling Bones, Anderson was married to Leonard M. Behrens from 1940 to 1950. Her second marriage was to cinematographer Leon Shamroy from 1953 until his death in 1974 and they had one child, Anderson Alexander Shamroy, who died July 1,1956 at the age of two months. Mary Anderson died on April 6,2014 in Burbank, California and she was under hospice care and died in a condo in Toluca Lake that she shared with her long-time companion, Gordon Carnon. Her death left two surviving credited Gone With the Wind credited cast members, Mickey Kuhn and Olivia de Havilland and she is often confused with the stage actress Mary Anderson or the silent film actress Mary Anderson. Mary Anderson at Find a Grave Mary Anderson at the Internet Movie Database Profile, allmovie. com, accessed April 7,2014
27.
Linda Darnell
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Linda Darnell was an American film actress. Darnell progressed from modeling as a child to acting in theater, at the encouragement of her mother, she made her first film in 1939, and appeared in supporting roles in big-budget films for 20th Century Fox throughout the 1940s. She rose to fame with co-starring roles opposite Tyrone Power in adventure films and she won critical acclaim for her work in Unfaithfully Yours and A Letter to Three Wives. Monetta Eloyse Darnell was born in Dallas, Texas, as one of four children, to postal clerk Calvin Roy Darnell and she was the younger sister of Undeen and the older sister of Monte Maloya and Calvin Roy, Jr. Her parents were not happily married, and she grew up as a shy, starting at an early age, her mother Pearl had big plans for Darnell in the entertainment industry. She believed that Linda was her child with potential as an actress. According to her siblings, Darnell enjoyed the limelight and shared her mothers dream, Darnell herself, though, once commented, Mother really shoved me along, spotting me in one contest after another. I had no talent, and I didnt want to be a movie star particularly. But Mother had always wanted it for herself, and I guess she attained it through me, one elocution teacher recalled, didnt stand out particularly, except that she was so sweet and considerate. In her theater work she wasnt outstanding, but her mother was right behind her everywhere she went. Unlike her husband, Pearl had a reputation in the neighborhood of being aggressive or downright mean. Despite some financial problems, Darnell insisted on having had a joyful childhood, Darnell was a model by the age of 11 and was acting on the stage by the age of 13. She initially started modeling to earn money for the household, before leaving school for Hollywood, Darnell was a student at Sunset High School, which she entered in September 1937, majoring in Spanish and art. She did not have a lot in common with her peers and usually spent her time at home as a teen, in 1936, she entered the Dallas Little Theater and was cast in the southwestern premiere of Murder in the Cathedral. The same year, she was hired as one of the hostesses at the Texas Centennial Exposition, in November 1937, a talent scout for 20th Century Fox arrived in Dallas, looking for new faces. Encouraged by her mother, Darnell met him, and after a few months, arriving in California alongside Mary Healy and Dorris Bowdon in February 1938, Darnell was initially rejected by film studios and was sent home because she was declared too young. Although originally wanting to become an actress on the stage, Darnell was featured in a Gateway to Hollywood talent-search, there was no certainty, though, and she soon returned to Dallas. When 20th Century Fox offered her a part, Darnell wanted to accept, nevertheless, by age 15, she was signed to a contract at 20th Century Fox and moved to a small apartment in Hollywood all alone on April 5,1939
28.
Rosary
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The Rosary, usually in the form of the Dominican Rosary, is a form of prayer used especially in the Catholic Church named for the string of knots or beads used to count the component prayers. When used of the form of prayer, the word is capitalized, as is customary for other names of prayers, such as the Lords Prayer, the Hail Mary. When referring to the beads, it is written with a lower-case initial. The prayers that essentially compose the Rosary are arranged in sets of ten Hail Marys with each set preceded by one Lords Prayer and followed by one Glory Be. During recitation of each set, known as a decade, thought is given to one of the Mysteries of the Rosary, normally, five decades are recited in a session. Other prayers are added after each decade and before. The rosary as an object is an aid towards saying these prayers in the proper sequence. In 2002 Pope John Paul II said that it is fitting that a new set of five be added, called the Luminous Mysteries, for over four centuries, the rosary has been promoted by several popes as part of the veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism. The rosary is part of Catholic veneration of Mary, which has been promoted by numerous popes, in the 16th century, Pope Pius V associated the rosary with the General Roman Calendar by instituting the Feast of Our Lady of Victory, which is celebrated on 7 October. Pope Leo XIII, known as The Rosary Pope, issued twelve encyclicals and five apostolic letters on the rosary and added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto. Pope Pius XII and his successors actively promoted veneration of the Virgin in Lourdes and Fatima, Pope John Paul II issued the Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae which built on the total Marian devotion. On 3 May 2008, Pope Benedict XVI stated that the Rosary was experiencing a new springtime, It is one of the most eloquent signs of love that the young generation nourish for Jesus and his Mother. To Benedict XVI, the rosary is a meditation on all important moments of salvation history, the Congregation for Divine Worship also emphasizes the importance of the rosary as a formative component of spiritual life. The theologian Romano Guardini thus defined the Roman Catholic emphasis on the rosary as participation in the life of Mary and this view had been endorsed by Leo XIII who viewed the rosary as a vital means to participate in the life of Mary and to find the way to Christ. Devotion to the rosary is one of the most notable features of popular Catholic spirituality, Pope John Paul II placed the rosary at the very center of Christian spirituality and called it among the finest and most praiseworthy traditions of Christian contemplation. From the sixteenth century onwards, rosary recitations often involved picture texts that assisted meditation, such imagery continues to be used to depict the mysteries of the rosary. Saints have stressed the importance of meditation and contemplation, scriptural meditations on the rosary build on the Christian tradition of Lectio Divina, as a way of using the Gospel to start a conversation between the soul and Christ. Padre Pio, who was devoted to the rosary, said, Through the study of books one seeks God, references to the rosary have been part of a number of reported Marian Apparitions spanning two centuries
29.
Blanche Yurka
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Blanche Yurka was a celebrated American stage and film actress and director. Yurka was a singer, with minor roles at the Metropolitan Opera. She made her Broadway debut in 1906 and established herself as an actor of the classical stage. In addition to her stage roles, which included Queen Gertrude opposite John Barrymores Hamlet, she was an occasional director. She remained active in theater and film until the late 1960s and her most famous film role was Madame Defarge in MGMs version of A Tale of Two Cities, but she was also the compassionate aunt in The Song of Bernadette. Another memorable role was as Zachary Scotts widowed mother in The Southerner, born Blanch Jurka, apparently in St. Paul, Minnesota, she was the fourth of five children of Karolína and Antonín Jurka, ethnic Hungarian Roman Catholic emigrants from Bohemia. Her father was a teacher and librarian and she inherited her fathers artistic and scholarly interests, including a love of music and acting. She finished grade school before her father lost his job teaching Czech language at the Jefferson School in St. Paul and he found a new position with the Czech Benevolent Society in New York and moved the family to the Upper East Side of Manhattan in 1900. Her parents used their modest income to provide Blanche with singing lessons in New York even before she entered high school. Her vocal talent attracted the admiration of composer and singer Harry Burleigh and she continued her studies at the Met Opera School but was dismissed when she injured her voice singing the role of Leonora in Verdis Il Trovatore in an amateur production. She transferred to the Institute for Musical Art, forerunner of the Juilliard School but was dismissed from there for the same reason, having lost her chance at an operatic career, she took the Institute directors suggestion and tried for a career on the theater stage. Through persistence, she managed to get an audition with the theater impresario David Belasco, according to her autobiography, he said to her, Your diction is clear and pure. I can sense that you have temperament and we must find out if you can act. He gave her a bit part in The Rose of the Rancho, and the year, he extended her a contract, at which time she changed her surname to Yurka. Beginning with The Warrens of Virginia, Blanche spent the decade alternating between stock and touring productions. In 1909, she had a part in Leo Ditrichstein’s Is Matrimony a Failure. There, she met actress Jane Cowl, who was starring in the production as Fanny Perry. Yurka had minor roles in plays, including An Old New Yorker, The House of Bondage Our American Cousin
30.
Immaculate Conception
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The Catholic Church teaches that Mary was conceived by normal biological means in the womb of her mother, Saint Anne, but God acted upon her soul, keeping it immaculate. The Immaculate Conception is commonly confused with the Virgin Birth of Jesus, jesuss birth is covered by the Doctrine of Incarnation, while the Immaculate Conception deals with the conception of Mary, not that of her son. The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth. The definition makes no declaration about the Churchs belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin, however, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, free from all sin, original or personal. The doctrine of the conception is not to be confused with the virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, the Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day, another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ. In Luke 1,47, Mary proclaims, My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour and this is referred to as Marys pre-redemption by Christ. A feast of the Conception of the Most Holy and All Pure Mother of God was celebrated in Syria on 8 December perhaps as early as the 5th century, note that the title of achrantos refers to the holiness of Mary, not specifically to the holiness of her conception. Marys complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as prokathartheisa, gregorys doctrines surrounding Marys purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzens title of Mary at the Annunciation as prepurified was subsequently adopted by all interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, about the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the Conception of St. Ann was becoming popular. It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century and it is also agreed that no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture
31.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes is a Roman Catholic Latin Rite diocese in France. Until 2002 Tarbes was a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Auch and it is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Toulouse. The name of the diocese was changed from the Tarbes to the Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes on 20 April 1912, the earliest known bishop of Tarbes appears to be Syagrius, who attended the Council of Nîmes in 394. The Cathedral had been burned and seriously damaged in the French Wars of Religion by the Huguenots, until 1524 the Canons served under the Rule of Saint Augustine, thereafter they were secular canons. The Chapter had a large number of dignitaries, a Provost, eight Archdeacons, the Cantor, the Sacristan, the Chamberlain. In 1676 the city of Tarbes, which was under the jurisdiction of the King of France, had approximately 2000 Catholic inhabitants, in the city were convents of the Franciscans, Carmelites, Capucines, and Doctrinarii, there was a convent of Ursuline nuns. Elsewhere in the diocese there were convents of Dominicans, Repenties, Capucines, Carmelites, there were also five houses of Benedictine monks, Saint-Sever-de-Rustan, Saint-Savin-in-Lavadan, Saint-Pé-de-Generest, Saint-Pierre-de-Tasque, and Saint-Orenz-de-Reulle. Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae, quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo, ratisbon, Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. pp. 634–635. Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V. Patavii, Messagero di S. Antonio, hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI. Monographie de la cathédrale de Tarbes, les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusquà1801. Le Diocèse de Tarbes et Lourdes, lafforque, E. Histoire des évêques du diocèse de Tarbes. Gallia Christiana, In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa, paris, Excudebat Johannes-Baptista Coignard, Regis & Academiae Gallicae Architypographus. Centre national des Archives de lÉglise de France, L’Épiscopat francais depuis 1919, retrieved, 2016-12-24
32.
Charles Waldron
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Charles Waldron was an American stage and film actor, sometimes credited as Charles Waldron Sr. Chas. Waldron Sr. Charles D. Waldron or Mr. Waldron and he was born and grew up in Waterford, New York. His parents, Mr. and Mrs. George B, Waldron, were themselves actors of some note, but they did not want their son to follow in their profession and tried to steer him to a career in finance. He worked in Philadelphia as a bank clerk, however, he jumped at the chance to play the juvenile lead in Kidnapped. Nine years of stock and a tour of Australia performing in The Virginian, in 1905, he was praised for his performance in the leading role in the play The Eternal City at San Franciscos Alcazar Theatre. He made his Broadway debut in 1907 in David Belascos The Warrens of Virginia, from 1907 to 1946, he acted in over forty Broadway productions in New York City. He played the role in the original 1914 production of Daddy Long Legs, opposite future film star Ruth Chatterton. He performed alongside his son, Charles Belasco Jr. in the debut in Lucrece c. Over his long career, he appeared in over sixty films. He is perhaps best known for his film role, that of General Sternwood in the film The Big Sleep, starring Humphrey Bogart. He also played U. S. President James Monroe in The Monroe Doctrine and he died, aged 71, in Hollywood, California. He was survived by his wife Alice, son Charles and daughter Donnee, Charles Waldron at the Internet Movie Database Charles Waldron at the Internet Broadway Database Charles Waldron at Find a Grave
33.
Napoleon III
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Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was the only President of the French Second Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I and he was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote. He remains the longest-serving French head of state since the French Revolution, during the first years of the Empire, Napoleons government imposed censorship and harsh repressive measures against his opponents. Some six thousand were imprisoned or sent to penal colonies until 1859, thousands more went into voluntary exile abroad, including Victor Hugo. From 1862 onwards, he relaxed government censorship, and his came to be known as the Liberal Empire. Many of his opponents returned to France and became members of the National Assembly, Napoleon III is best known today for his grand reconstruction of Paris, carried out by his prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. He launched similar public works projects in Marseille, Lyon, Napoleon III modernized the French banking system, greatly expanded and consolidated the French railway system, and made the French merchant marine the second largest in the world. He promoted the building of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture, Napoleon III negotiated the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier free trade agreement with Britain and similar agreements with Frances other European trading partners. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike and the right to organize, womens education greatly expanded, as did the list of required subjects in public schools. In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and he was a supporter of popular sovereignty and of nationalism. In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War and his regime assisted Italian unification and, in doing so, annexed Savoy and the County of Nice to France, at the same time, his forces defended the Papal States against annexation by Italy. Napoleon doubled the area of the French overseas empire in Asia, the Pacific, on the other hand, his armys intervention in Mexico which aimed to create a Second Mexican Empire under French protection ended in failure. Beginning in 1866, Napoleon had to face the power of Prussia. In July 1870, Napoleon entered the Franco-Prussian War without allies, the French army was rapidly defeated and Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan. The French Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris, and Napoleon went into exile in England, charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, later known as Louis Napoleon and then Napoleon III, was born in Paris on the night of 20–21 April 1808. His presumed father was Louis Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. His mother was Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter by the first marriage of Napoleons wife Joséphine de Beauharnais, as empress, Joséphine proposed the marriage as a way to produce an heir for the Emperor, who agreed, as Joséphine was by then infertile. Louis married Hortense when he was twenty-four and she was nineteen and they had a difficult relationship, and only lived together for brief periods
34.
Jerome Cowan
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Jerome Palmer Cowan was an American stage, film, and television actor. Cowan was born in New York City, at eighteen he joined a travelling stock company, shortly afterwards enlisting in the United States Navy during World War I. After the war he returned to the stage and became a vaudeville headliner and he was spotted by Samuel Goldwyn and was given a film contract, his first film being Beloved Enemy. Cowan also played Dagwood Bumsteads boss Mr. Radcliffe in several installments of Columbia Pictures Blondie series and he also appeared in Deadline at Dawn, June Bride, and High Sierra. In 1959 he played Horatio Styles in the episode Winter Song of the ABC/Warner Brothers western television series, The Alaskans and that same year, he made two guest appearances in the CBS courtroom drama series, Perry Mason, starring Raymond Burr. He played murdered playwright Royce in The Case of the Lost Last Act and he guest starred on the David Janssen crime drama, Richard Diamond, Private Detective. In 1962, he guest starred on Fess Parkers ABC sitcom and he also appeared on Parkers historical series Daniel Boone and on the ABC religion drama, Going My Way, starring Gene Kelly. In 1964 and 1965, Cowan appeared as the demanding Herbert Wilson alongside Walter Brennan in the 32-episode ABC series, earlier in 1963 he appeared on Brennans previous series, The Real McCoys, in its final season on CBS. Jerome Cowan at the Internet Movie Database Jerome Cowan at the Internet Broadway Database Jerome Cowan at Find a Grave
35.
Patricia Morison
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Eileen Patricia Augusta Fraser Morison is a retired American stage and film actress and mezzo-soprano singer. She made her film debut in 1939 after several years on the stage. She was lauded as a beauty with large eyes and extremely long, during this period of her career, she was often cast as the femme fatale or other woman. It was only when she returned to the Broadway stage that she achieved her greatest success as the lead in the production of Cole Porters Kiss Me. She lives in Los Angeles, California, where she celebrated her 100th birthday on March 19,2015, eileen Patricia Augusta Fraser Morison was born in New York City on March 19,1915, although some sources have erroneously given her year of birth as 1914. Her father, William Morison, was a playwright and occasional actor who billed himself under the name Norman Rainey and her mother, Selena Morison worked for British Intelligence during World War I. After graduating from Washington Irving High School in New York, Morison studied at the Arts Students League while taking acting classes at the Neighborhood Playhouse and she also studied dance under Martha Graham. During this time she was employed as a dress shop designer at Russeks Department Store, Morison made her stage debut at the Provincetown Playhouse in the musical revue Dont Mind the Rain, in which she sang a song Simple Silly I. Her Broadway debut came in November 1933, with a short-lived play, after that, she proceeded to understudy Helen Hayes in the role of Victoria Regina. She understudied all the women in the cast. Hayes, however, never missed a performance and Morison never had the opportunity to play the lead role, in 1935, four years before her official film debut, Morison made her first appearance on film in an automobile propaganda short, Wreckless. In 1938, Morison appeared in the musical The Two Bouquets, among the other cast members was Alfred Drake, who, years later, would star opposite Morison in the Broadway hit Kiss Me, Kate. Morison was subsequently signed to a contract with Paramount and she made her feature film debut in the B film Persons in Hiding. Also in 1939, Paramount considered her for the role of Isobel in their adventure film Beau Geste, starring Gary Cooper and Ray Milland, the following year she appeared opposite Milland in the Technicolor romance Untamed, a remake of the Clara Bow vehicle, Man Trap. On a loan-out to 20th Century-Fox she played one of her first villainess roles in Romance of the Rio Grande and she left Paramount after a series of unrewarding roles, such as Night in New Orleans, Beyond the Blue Horizon, and Are Husbands Necessary. By 1942, the United States had become involved in World War II and, as a result, Morison became one of many celebrities who entertained American troops and their allies. In November of that year she joined Al Jolson, Merle Oberon, Allen Jenkins, Morison returned to acting in the cinema as a freelance performer. One of her better roles — albeit a small supporting one — was that of Empress Eugénie in The Song of Bernadette starring Jennifer Jones
36.
Mother of God
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Theotokos is a title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity. The usual Latin translations, Dei Genetrix or Deipara, are translated as Mother of God or God-bearer, the Council of Ephesus decreed in 431 that Mary is the Theotokos because her son Jesus is both God and man, one divine person with two natures intimately and hypostatically united. Similar to this is the title of Mother of God, Mother of God is most often used in English, largely due to the lack of a satisfactory equivalent of Greek τόκος / Latin genetrix. The title has been in use since the 3rd century, in the Syriac tradition in the Liturgy of Mari and Addai, Theotokos is an adjectival compound of two the Greek words Θεός God and τόκος childbirth, parturition, offspring. A close paraphrase would be whose offspring is God or who gave birth to one who was God, the usual English translation is simply Mother of God, Latin uses Deipara or Dei Genetrix. The Church Slavonic translation is Bogoroditsa, in an abbreviated form, ΜΡ ΘΥ, it often is found on Eastern icons, where it is used to identify Mary. The Russian term is Матерь Божия, variant forms are the compounds Θεομήτωρ and Μητρόθεος, which are found in patristic and liturgical texts. The theological dispute over the term concerned the term Θεός God vs. Χριστός Christ, and not τόκος vs. μήτηρ, to make it explicit, it is sometimes translated Mother of God Incarnate. This decree created the Nestorian Schism, Cyril of Alexandria wrote, I am amazed that there are some who are entirely in doubt as to whether the holy Virgin should be called Theotokos or not. For if our Lord Jesus Christ is God, how is the holy Virgin who gave birth, not. But the argument of Nestorius was that divine and human natures of Christ were distinct, at issue is the interpretation of the Incarnation, and the nature of the hypostatic union of Christs human and divine natures between Christs conception and birth. Within the Orthodox doctrinal teaching on the economy of salvation, Marys identity, role, for this reason, it is formally defined as official dogma. The only other Mariological teaching so defined is that of her virginity, both of these teachings have a bearing on the identity of Jesus Christ. The term was certainly in use by the 3rd century, athanasius of Alexandria in 330, Gregory the Theologian in 370, John Chrysostom in 400, and Augustine all used theotokos. Origen is often cited as the earliest author to use theotokos for Mary, although this testimony is uncertain, the term was used c.250 by Dionysius of Alexandria, in an epistle to Paul of Samosata. The Greek version of the hymn Sub tuum praesidium contains the term, in the vocative, the oldest record of this hymn is a papyrus found in Egypt, mostly dated to after 450. But according to a suggestion by de Villiers possibly older, dating to the mid-3rd century, the use of Theotokos was formally affirmed at the Third Ecumenical Council held at Ephesus in 431. Nestorius opponents, led by Cyril of Alexandria, viewed this as dividing Jesus into two persons, the human who was Son of Mary, and the divine who was not
37.
Saint Gildard (Lurcy-le-Bourg)
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Saint Gildard, or Saint Gildardus, is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a priest in the century of Lurcy-le-Bourg, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nevers. His name remains in the convent of St. Gildard, operated by the Sisters of Charity of Nevers, the Bollandists have little to say on the saint—he was a priest in the seventh century who edified with his virtues the parish of Lurcy-le-Bourg. Local historians agree that little is known of this saint and repeat what was written in Les Petits Bollandistes, crosnies also reports that an ancient ceremony directs that the celebration is to be accompanied with wine and warm bread rolls. Gildards body was buried in a church dedicated to a Saint Loup. In the course of time, after miracles had occurred, the church came to be called after both saints, and later again the name of Lupus was forgotten. The church suffered greatly during the Hundred Years War, and the parish became so depopulated that the church was empty, by the mid-nineteenth century, a wine press was in operation in two of the church bays, while the grounds were overgrown with vines. In 1853, Dominique-Augustin Dufêtre, bishop of Nevers, assigned the church to be rebuilt as a house for the Sisters of Charity of Nevers. By that time, not much was left but a building, the remains of the thirteenth-century were used to build the Saint Gildard Convent. This is the motherhouse of the Sisters of Charity of Nevers, where in 1866 Bernadette of Lourdes entered to do her novitiate and her body was buried on the convent grounds, in a special crypt, separate from the graves of the other sisters
38.
Marie Therese Vauzou
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She was born in Collonges-la-Rouge, France, her father was a notary. She rose through the ranks of the Saint Gildard Convent and in 1861 became Mistress of Novices, a few years later Marie-Bernard Bernadettte Soubirous began to visit stating she was interested in becoming a postulant, a process she started in 1865. Soubirous later became famous within the Catholic religion after having claimed she had visions of seeing the Immaculate Conception and she disagreed with the decision of Canonization for Soubirous after she died in 1879 at the age of 35. Vauzou became Mother Superior and she was forced to testify in front of religious officials about Soubirous in 1899. She told them that she knew Sister Bernadette better than most, having spent much time with her during her years at the convent. She asked religious officials to wait until she was dead to begin the process of sainthood, when Vauzou died in 1907, investigations began in 1909 and Bernadette was officially canonized in 1933. Sister Vauzou is buried on the grounds of the motherhouse in Nevers, Sister Vauzou was portrayed by English actress Gladys Cooper in the 1943 film The Song of Bernadette and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Vauzou. In the 1946 Broadway play of the name, Sister Vauzou was portrayed by actress Jean Mann
