1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
Cowles Company
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The Cowles Company is a diversified media company in Spokane, Washington in the US. The company owns and operates the newspaper The Spokesman-Review in Spokane, the company operates Inland Empire Paper Company, television stations, and interests in real estate, insurance, marketing and financial services. William Stacey Cowles, the publisher of The Spokesman-Review, is the great-grandson of the founder, William H. Cowles. His sister, Elizabeth A. Cowles, is chairwoman of the parent company, William H. Cowles came to Spokane at age 24 to be the business manager of the Spokesman, which was founded less than two years before, and excelled at local news coverage. He had experience as a reporter for the Chicago Tribune and was the son of the Tribunes treasurer, Alfred Cowles. He soon bought the Spokesman from his partners, in 1893, he bought a rival paper, the Review, and merged the two papers into The Spokesman-Review. He acquired the Chronicle in 1897, according to Time in 1952, he was a determined man who had an artificial leg yet walked two miles to the office each day. Cowles set the Chronicle on a course to be independent, Time magazine related the papers success gaining lowered rates for freight carried to the Northwest United States and an improved park system and that helped the region. Increasing its reputation for local news and by opposing gambling, liquor and prostitution. The Scripps Leagues Press closed in 1939, making Cowles the only publisher in Spokane. Cowles created four weeklies, the Idaho Farmer, Washington Farmer, Oregon Farmer, when William H. Cowles, Jr. succeeded his father as publisher, James Bracken received much more news and editorial control as managing editor. The original Review Building, designed by Seaton & Ferris in 1891 in a style closest to Richardson Romanesque, is ten stories with a tower that reaches 146 feet, in 1975, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Cowles television operations are centered around the two NBC affiliates in eastern Washington, the flagship is KHQ-TV in Spokane, which was founded by Cowles as Washingtons second television station. Cowles also owns KNDO in Yakima and its Tri-Cities semi-satellite KNDU and they are KCOY-TV in Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-San Luis Obispo, California and KION-TV in Monterey, California. KION carries The CW on a digital channel. The deal closed on May 7,2008, on September 20,2013, News-Press & Gazette Company announced that it would purchase Monterey stations, KION-TV and KMUV-LP, as well as San Luis Obispo station KKFX-CA. NPG will also take some of the operations of Santa Maria sister station KCOY-TV. The existing LMA for KCBA was terminated on December 1,2013 as that stations operations were assumed by Entravision Communications through a joint sales agreement, on September 30, Cowles announced that it would acquire Max Medias Montana television station cluster for $18 million
4.
Spokane, Washington
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Spokane is a city in the state of Washington, in the northwestern United States. It is the seat of Spokane County, and the economic and cultural center of the Spokane Metropolitan Area, the Greater Spokane Area, the city, along with the whole Inland Northwest, is served by Spokane International Airport,5 miles west of downtown Spokane. According to the 2010 Census, Spokane had a population of 208,916, making it the second largest city in Washington and the 102nd largest city in the United States. The first humans to live in the area, the Spokane people, known as the birthplace of Fathers Day, Spokane is officially nicknamed the Lilac City. David Thompson explored the area with the expansion and establishment of the North West Companys Spokane House in 1810. This trading post was the first long-term European settlement in Washington, completion of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1881 brought settlers to the Spokane area, and that same year it was officially incorporated as a city with the name of Spokan Falls. In the late 19th century, gold and silver were discovered in the Inland Northwest, the local economy depended on mining, timber, and agriculture until the 1980s. Spokane hosted the first environmentally themed Worlds Fair at Expo 74, many of the older Romanesque Revival-style buildings in the downtown area were designed by architect Kirtland Kelsey Cutter after the Great Fire of 1889. The city also features Riverfront and Manito parks, the Smithsonian-affiliated Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, the Davenport Hotel, and the Fox and Bing Crosby theaters. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Lourdes serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane, the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist represents the Anglican community. Gonzaga University was established in 1887 by the Jesuits, and the private Presbyterian Whitworth University opened three years later in north Spokane, in sports, the Gonzaga Bulldogs collegiate basketball team competes at the Division I level. Professional and semi-professional sports teams include the Spokane Indians in Minor League Baseball, Spokane Empire in arena football, as of 2010, Spokanes only major daily newspaper, The Spokesman-Review, has a daily circulation of over 76,000. The first humans to live in the Spokane area arrived between 13,000 and 8,000 years ago and were hunter-gatherer societies that lived off plentiful game. The Spokane tribe, after which the city is named, are believed to be either their direct descendants, when asked by early white explorers, the Spokanes said their ancestors came from up North. Early in the 19th century, the Northwest Fur Company sent two white fur trappers west of the Rocky Mountains to search for fur. These were the first white men met by the Spokanes, who believed they were sacred, the explorer-geographer David Thompson, working as head of the North West Companys Columbia Department, became the first European to explore the Inland Empire. Crossing what is now the Canada–US border from British Columbia, Thompson wanted to expand the North West Company further south in search of furs, after establishing the Kullyspell House and Saleesh House trading posts in what are now Idaho and Montana, Thompson then attempted to expand further west. He sent out two trappers, Jacques Raphael Finlay and Finan McDonald, to construct a fur trading post on the Spokane River in Washington and trade with the local Indians
5.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
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Media of the United States
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Media of the United States consist of several different types of media, television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based Web sites. The U. S. also has a music industry. Many of the media are controlled by large corporations who reap revenue from advertising, subscriptions. American media conglomerates tend to be leading global players, generating large revenues as well as opposition in many parts of the world. These mergers enable tighter control of information, currently, five corporations control roughly 90% of the media. Theories to explain the success of companies include reliance on certain policies of the American federal government or a tendency to natural monopolies in the industry. See Media bias in the United States, the organisation Reporters Without Borders compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisations assessment of their press freedom records. In 2013–14 United States was ranked 46th out of 180 countries, American radio broadcasts in two bands, FM and AM. Some stations are only talk radio – featuring interviews and discussions – while music radio stations broadcast one particular type of music, Top 40, hip-hop, country, Radio broadcast companies have become increasingly consolidated in recent years. National Public Radio is the primary public radio network, but most radio stations are commercial. The Federal Communications Commission in 1970 had limited the number of radio station one person or company could own to 1 AM and 1 FM locally, and 7 AM and 7 FM stations nationally. But due to concentration of media ownership stemming from the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Most stations are now owned by major companies such as iHeartMedia, Cumulus Media, Townsquare Media. A new form of radio that is gaining popularity is satellite radio, the two biggest subscriptions based radio services are Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio, which have recently merged to form Sirius XM Radio. Unlike terrestrial radio music channels are free and other channels feature minimal commercials. Satellite radio also is not regulated by the FCC, during the advent of the internet in the 21st century, internet radio and digital streaming services have been emerged. Among popular brands are Pandora and iHeartRadio, arbitron, a consumer research company, provides ratings for national and local radio stations in the United States. Ninety-nine percent of American households have at least one television and the majority of households have more than one, the four major broadcasters in the U. S. are the National Broadcasting Company, CBS, the American Broadcasting Company and the Fox Broadcasting Company
9.
Northwestern United States
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The Northwestern United States is an informal geographic region of the United States. The region consistently includes the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho—and usually Montana, some sources include southeast Alaska in the Northwest. The related but distinct term Pacific Northwest generally excludes areas from the Rockies eastward, the Northwestern United States is a subportion of the Western United States. In contrast, states included in the regions and Utah are not simultaneously considered part of both regions. Like the southwestern United States, the Northwest definition has moved westward over time, the current area includes the old Oregon Territory. The region is similar to Federal Region X, which comprises Oregon, Washington, Idaho and it is home to over 14.2 million citizens. As the US westward expansion, the western border also shifted westward. In the early years of the United States, newly colonized lands lying immediately west of the Allegheny Mountains were detached from Virginia, during the decades that followed, the Northwest Territory covered much of the Great Lakes region east of the Mississippi River. Together, these states have a population of 14,273,965. The largest cities and metropolitan areas in the Northwest are, Lavender, land of Giants, The Drive to the Pacific Northwest, 1750-1950 online Schwantes, Carlos. The Pacific Northwest, An Interpretive History online Warren, Sidney, farthest Frontier, The Pacific Northwest online Winther, Oscar Osburn
10.
Eastern Washington
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Eastern Washington is the portion of the US state of Washington east of the Cascade Range. The region contains the city of Spokane, the Tri-Cities, the Columbia River and the Grand Coulee Dam, the Hanford Nuclear Reservation and the farmlands of the Yakima Valley. Unlike in Western Washington, the climate is dry, including some desert environments, a significant difference between Eastern Washington and the western half of the state is its climate. While the west half of the state is located in an oceanic climate. Also, due to being farther from the sea, the east side has both hotter summers and colder winters than the west, most communities in Eastern Washington, for example, have significant yearly snowfall, while in the west snowfall is minimal and not seen every year. The east and west do still have some traits in common, though, more rainfall in winter than summer, a lack of severe storms. There is some variation in rainfall throughout Eastern Washington. Generally, lower elevations are hotter and drier than higher elevations. This is easily seen in the comparison between low-elevation Richland with higher elevation Spokane, compared to Western Washington, Eastern Washington has roughly twice the land area and one-third the population. According to the U. S. Census Bureau the population estimate as of July 2014 was 1,547,303, the population growth rate between the two is roughly the same. Of Washingtons nine Congressional districts, Eastern Washington exactly encompasses two, aside from a portion of the 4th in Skamania County. Eastern Washington hosts a number of world-renowned universities including three of the five public universities. Bills in the Washington State Legislature which would have requested the United States Congress to take up the question were proposed in 1996,1999,2005, proposed names for the new state have included Lincoln, Columbia, Liberty, or simply Eastern Washington. Many of these proposals were to include the Idaho Panhandle as part of the state of Lincoln. Eastern Washington tends to vote Republican, whereas Western Washington usually supports the Democrats
11.
Spokane Valley, Washington
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Spokane Valley is a city in Spokane County, Washington, United States, and the largest suburb of Spokane. It is located east of Spokane, west of Coeur dAlene, Idaho, the city incorporated as the City of Spokane Valley on March 31,2003. The Washington State Office of Financial Management estimates the population as 94,919 as of 2015. Spokane Valley is named after the valley of the Spokane River, before becoming an incorporated city, the area was and still is referred to as The Valley by residents of the Spokane Metro Area. For thousands of years, the Spokane Valley area was populated by members of the Upper Band of the Interior Salish Indians, calling themselves “Sn-tutuul-i”, in about 1783, fur traders from the North West Company began traveling through the area. They called these Indians the “Spokanes” which has interpreted as meaning “Children of the Sun. ”The Spokanes were a peaceful people, on friendly terms with neighboring tribes and later the fur traders. They fished salmon, hunted game, and ate camassia roots, despite their many years of acceptance of the white settlers, and the calming influence of Chief Garry, the Spokanes protested the loss of their lands by joining in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The final battle, in 1858, culminated in the Spokane Valley with the destruction of over 800 of their horses, their food, the Spokanes were eventually forced from the lands of their ancestors to a reservation north of the Spokane River, just west of the Spokane area. The first permanent white settler in the Spokane Valley was a retired French-Canadian trapper, Antoine Plante, Plante ran a small Hudsons Bay Company trading post in the home he shared with his American Indian wife and family. In 1850, Plante constructed and operated the first ferry across the Spokane River and it was used for transportation across the river by Fort Colville military personnel, U. S. Army surveyors, and miners traveling to western Montana and southeastern British Columbia. Charley Kendall established a store on the side of the Spokane River. A bridge to cross the river at Kendalls store was built by Joe Herring, Timothy Lee. A small community, known as Spokane Bridge, began to build up near the bridge, M. M. Cowley took over the holdings of Charley Kendall in 1872, including the bridge, a trading post and a log hotel. Interestingly, the history of the settlement of the Spokane Valley predates the history of the city of Spokane, Spokane Valley holds many of the “firsts” for the Spokane area. All these firsts occurred before the 1873 arrival of James N. Glover, considered the founding father of Spokane. Before the turn of the century, early pioneers, many of them silver miners, arrived from the East by way of the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads, by 1883, the first transcontinental rail was established. The railroad activity created support for extensive shops and facilities, within a few years, Spokane was tied to the outside world by five transcontinental railroads, making it the hub of commerce it remains today. Irrigation efforts stimulated population growth in the Spokane Valley significantly in the part of the 20th century
12.
Idaho Panhandle
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Residents of the Panhandle refer to the region as North Idaho, though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho. The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, the Idaho panhandle is part of the Inland Northwest, although Idaho County is not always included. Coeur dAlene is the largest city within the Idaho Panhandle, Spokane, Washington is around 30 miles west of Coeur dAlene, and is also the location of the regional airport, Spokane International Airport. Other important cities in the region include Lewiston, Moscow, Post Falls, Hayden, Sandpoint, east of Coeur dAlene is the Silver Valley, which follows Interstate 90 to the Montana border at Lookout Pass. The region has an area of 21,012.64 square miles, around 25. 4% of the states total land area. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Idaho Panhandle was 317,751, the Idaho Panhandle observes Pacific Time north of the western-flowing Salmon River in the southern part of Idaho County. The rest of the state to the south observes Mountain Time, the Panhandle is isolated from southern Idaho due to distance and the east-west mountain ranges that naturally separate the state. The passage by vehicle was arduous until significant highway improvements were made on U. S. Route 95 in North Central Idaho from 1965 through 1995. The American Automobile Association separates Idaho into two parts, where the Panhandle is part of AAA Washington and the part is part of AAA Oregon/Idaho. North Idaho has a hunting culture. Residents are highly conservative and sometimes lean libertarian, although the Coeur dAlene area has experienced recent growth, southwestern Idaho has grown at a faster pace. North Idaho has not elected a governor since the re-election of Cecil Andrus in 1974, Andrus, an Oregon native, was a resident of Orofino when first elected in 1970. The most recent member of the U. S. Congress from the Panhandle is Compton I, white, Jr. last elected in 1964. The production of seeds and hops for beer production are also significant. Nine microbreweries have brewing operations in the area, making North Idaho highly characteristic of the Pacific Northwest, there are also many cattle ranches for raising beef
13.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
14.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
15.
Grand Coulee Dam
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Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U. S. state of Washington, built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation water. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally only two powerhouses. The third powerhouse, completed in 1974 to increase energy production, the proposal to build the dam was the focus of a bitter debate during the 1920s between two groups. One group wanted to irrigate the ancient Grand Coulee with a gravity canal, Dam supporters won in 1933, but for fiscal reasons the initial design was for a low dam 290 feet tall which would generate electricity, but not support irrigation. The U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and a consortium of three companies called MWAK began construction that year, the high dam was approved by Congress in 1935 and completed in 1942, the first water over-topped its spillway on June 1 of that year. Power from the dam fueled the industries of the Northwest United States during World War II. Between 1967 and 1974, the powerplant was constructed. Through a series of upgrades and the installation of pump-generators, the dam now supplies four power stations with an capacity of 6,809 MW. As the center-piece of the Columbia Basin Project, the reservoir supplies water for the irrigation of 671,000 acres. The reservoir is called Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lake, named after the United States President who presided over the authorization and completion of the dam, creation of the reservoir forced the relocation of over 3,000 people, including Native Americans whose ancestral lands were partially flooded. The dam has also blocked the migration of salmon and other fish upstream to spawn, the Grand Coulee is an ancient river bed on the Columbia Plateau created during the Pliocene Epoch by retreating glaciers and floods. A dam that size would have its reservoir encroach into Canada, shortly after the Bureau of Reclamation was founded, it investigated a scheme for pumping water from the Columbia River to irrigate parts of central Washington. An attempt to raise funds for irrigation failed in 1914, as a measure was rejected by Washington voters. A lawyer from Ephrata, Washington, named William M. Clapp proposed in 1917 that the Columbia be dammed immediately below the Grand Coulee and he suggested a concrete dam could flood the plateau, just as nature blocked it with ice centuries ago. Clapp was joined by James OSullivan, another lawyer, and by Rufus Woods, together, they became known as the Dam College. Woods began promoting the Grand Coulee Dam in his newspaper, often with articles written by OSullivan, the dam idea gained popularity with the public in 1918. Backers of reclamation in Central Washington split into two camps, one side, known as the pumpers, favored a dam with pumps to elevate water from the river into the Grand Coulee from which canals and pipes could be used to irrigate farmland. The other side, known as the ditchers, favored diverting water from northeast Washingtons Pend Oreille River via a gravity canal to irrigate farmland in Central and Eastern Washington
16.
New Deal
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The New Deal was a series of programs, including, most notably, Social Security, that were enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as executive orders during the first term of the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Republicans were split, with opposing the entire New Deal as an enemy of business and growth. By 1936 the term liberal typically was used for supporters of the New Deal, from 1934 to 1938, Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavours by a pro-spender majority in Congress. In the 1938 midterm elections, however, Roosevelt and his supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition. Many historians distinguish between a First New Deal and a Second New Deal, with the one more liberal. The First New Deal dealt with the banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act. The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash, the controversial work of the National Recovery Administration was also part of the First New Deal. The economic downturn of 1937–38, and the split between the AFL and CIO labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938. Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal Conservative Coalition, by 1942–43 they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and Civilian Conservation Corps and blocked major liberal proposals. Roosevelt himself turned his attention to the war effort, and won reelection in 1940 and 1944, the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional, however the AAA was rewritten and then upheld. As the first Republican president elected after Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower left the New Deal largely intact, Johnsons Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs, which Republican Richard M. Nixon generally retained. After 1974, however, the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support, the New Deal regulation of banking was suspended in the 1990s. The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System, the phrase New Deal was coined by an adviser to Roosevelt, Stuart Chase. Although the term was used by Mark Twain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court. From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third, prices fell by 20%, causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder. Unemployment in the U. S. increased from 4% to 25%, additionally, one-third of all employed persons were downgraded to working part-time on much smaller paychecks. In the aggregate, almost 50% of the nations human work-power was going unused, before the New Deal, there was no insurance on deposits at banks
17.
Harry S. Truman
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Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
18.
Far-right politics
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Far-right politics are right-wing politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right. Far-right politics often involve a focus on tradition, real or imagined, as opposed to policies, right-wing populism, a political ideology often combines laissez-faire, nationalism, ethnocentrism and anti-elitism is often described as far-right. Right-wing populism often involves appeals to common man and opposition to immigration, far-right politics include but are not limited to aspects of authoritarianism, anti-communism, and nativism. Claims that superior people should proportionally have greater rights than people are sometimes associated with the far right. The far right has historically favoured an elitist society based on its belief in the legitimacy of the rule of a supposed superior minority over the inferior masses. However, right-wing populist ideologies which are described by commentators as far-right often use appeals to the common man as opposed to the appeals of the elites. Far-right politics sometimes involves anti-immigration and anti-integration stances towards groups that are deemed inferior, hence, far right politics is associated with Othering. According to Christina Liang, this field is especially peculiar about its terminology. Each label carries with it a specific understanding of family of political parties as well as a particular set of assumptions regarding their origins. In an extensive survey of the literature, academic Cas Mudde found 26 definitions of right-wing extremism that contained 57 different ideological features, there is also debate about how appropriate the labels fascist or neo-Fascist are. Mudde lists nativism, authoritarianism, and populism as core elements of populist radical right political parties, in the United States, the term hard right and Alt-right have been used to describe groups such as the Tea Party movement and the Patriot movement. The term has also used to describe ideologies such as Paleoconservatism, Dominion Theology. The German political scientist Klaus von Beyme describes three phases in the development of far-right parties in Western Europe after World War II. From 1945 to the mid-1950s, far-right parties were marginalised, and their ideologies were discredited due to the recent existence and defeat of Nazism. Thus in the immediately following World War II, the main objective of far-right parties was survival. From the mid-1950s to the 1970s, the so-called populist protest phase emerged with sporadic electoral success, the most common demand-side theories are the social breakdown thesis, the relative deprivation thesis, the modernisation losers thesis and the ethnic competition thesis. The rise of political parties has also been viewed as a rejection of post-materialist values on the part of some voters. This theory which is known as the reverse post-material thesis blames both left-wing and progressive parties for embracing a post-material agenda that alienates traditional working class voters, another study argues that individuals who join far-right parties determine whether those parties develop into major political players or whether they remain marginalized
19.
Citizens Rule Book
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Citizens Rule Book is a handbook written to educate American citizens regarding their rights and responsibilities. The author of the Rule Book says that jurors have the right to nullify a trial if the law is unconstitutional or is being used in an unconstitutional manner. Originally published anonymously, the Citizens Rule Book is now known to have been written by Charles R. Olsen and it is distributed by the Fully Informed Jury Association, among other groups. The Citizens Rule Book is divided into three sections, the Citizens Rule Book claims that citizens are above the law and may nullify any law which is unconstitutional. It says that a citizens power comes directly from God, therefore jurors are not beholden to decisions made by judges or other government agents, according to the book, each JUROR has MORE POWER than the President, all of Congress, and all of the judges combined. By issuing a verdict of not guilty, even against the wishes of all other jurors, the Rule Book advocates the use of this tactic to overturn cases in which a person is guilty of a crime, but the law in question is unconstitutional. This section also says that the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights are based on the Biblical Ten Commandments, in contrast, many of the planks of the Communist Manifesto are now represented by law in the U. S. In this section, the Citizens Rule Book says that the founders of the United States believed all juries should be composed of people who know the accused. It quotes Patrick Henry, Representative John Holmes, and Declaration of Independence signatory James Wilson to the effect that jurors should be familiar with the character of the defendant on trial, the printers claim that over three million copies of the Citizens Rule Book have been published. Family-owned and operated Whitten Printers continues to print and distribute this booklet, the Citizens Rule Book is available in single or bulk quantities direct from the publisher and online through Homeschool Patriot. The book is given away free through such sources as radio-host and filmmaker Alex Jones with every order from his Infowars Shop, creationist Kent Hovind sold the book online through his website. The Citizens Rule Book had a significant role in the 1997 Idaho trials of three Christian Identity militants and members of the Idaho Militia, who identified themselves as Phinehas Priests. S. The book was mentioned in the statement for the defense in the trial of Timothy McVeigh as being possessed by one of the alternative suspects proposed by the defense. Official site Full text of Citizens Rule Book Downloadable PDF version at the American Patriot Friends Network Site
20.
KHQ-TV
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KHQ-TV, virtual channel 6, is the NBC affiliate for Spokane, Washington. It broadcasts its signal on UHF channel 15. The station is the flagship and namesake of The KHQ Television Group, a subsidiary of Cowles Company, KHQs studios are located on West Sprague Avenue in Downtown Spokane, and its transmitter is on Brownes Mountain Southeast of Spokane. The station also operates a 24-hour sports and weather channel called SWX Right Now on digital subchannel 6.2, on satellite, it is available on channel 6 in both standard definition and high-definition on Dish Network and DirecTV. It is also available on satellite provider Shaw Direct for most customers in Alberta, the stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 15 due to adjacent channel interference with KSPS. Through the use of PSIP, digital television display the stations virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 6. The first NBC program KHQ broadcast was an episode of Your Hit Parade, in addition to being the oldest television station east of the Cascades, KHQ is also the second-oldest station in Washington state. It was co-owned by Cowles Publishing along with KHQ radio, the radio stations were both sold off in 1985. It was originally a dual NBC/ABC affiliate, kREM-TV took the ABC affiliation when it signed on air in 1954, but KHQ kept the NBC affiliation, which it retains to this day. It is the major station in Spokane, and one of a few in the country. After being in its studio for over forty years, KHQ moved its headquarters to 1201 W. Sprague Avenue in downtown Spokane in 2001. The reason for the move was to create an all-digital facility, in the process, KHQ became the first all-digital facility in Spokane. Traditionally, KHQ has been known as Q6, but the station seems to have been shying away from that branding in recent years, KHQ still uses the Q6 logo, but its now exclusively verbally referred to on-air by its call letters. KHQs current syndicated programming include, Hot Bench, Ellen, Judge Judy, Jeopardy. Each week, one story was presented in high-definition. Until 2008, KXLY was the news station in Spokane to produce a segment of the news in HD. On May 16,2008, KHQ produced a live, on-the-air report in HD, kXLYs HD newscasts started August 3, just a mere five days before KHQs scheduled date. Despite marketing their newscasts as being in HD, KHQ did not yet present its newscasts in high definition
21.
River Park Square
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River Park Square is a shopping mall and entertainment complex in Spokane, Washington. The shopping center was opened in 1974. Following years of decline, the center was redeveloped in 1999 using public, the mall, still privately owned by Cowles Company, is anchored by AMC Theatres and Nordstrom. The original River Park Square was opened in 1974, in 1978, an expansion added a 55,000 square-foot enclosed second level and two skywalks connecting the mall to the JCPenney and Nordstrom stores. When completed, the center contained 800,000 square-feet of retail space with The Crescent, JCPenney. In February 1984, a new skywalk was constructed to connect the center to The Bon Marché, the addition of the skywalk added 20,000 square-foot of retail space to the center. In January 1987, Osco Drug closed its store at the shopping mall. The drug store, which operated as PayLess Drug and Skaggs, had been located in downtown Spokane since 1942. The space was replaced by Thrifty Drug in November 1987. In April 1994, PayLess Drug, which acquired the pharmacy from Thrifty, in 1991, JCPenney closed its store at River Park Square after relocating to the newly renovated NorthTown Mall. Burlington Coat Factory moved into the space in 1994 and remained at the mall until moving to a location in 2001. In April 1992, the mall suffered a big loss when Frederick & Nelson. In 1995, the Spokane City Council announced that it would seek a $23.8 million federal loan to build a larger Nordstrom store in an attempt bring shoppers back to the shopping center. On February 12,1998, Nordstrom signed a 20-year lease on a new building at River Park Square, the old Nordstrom building was demolished shortly after for new retail space. The redeveloped $110 million shopping center opened on August 20,1999 to a crowd of about 2,000 people, in spring 2016, Macys closed its doors. The old Macys is now being converted into luxury apartments
22.
James E. West (politician)
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James Elton Jim West was an American politician. In 2005, while Mayor of Spokane, Washington, he was the target of allegations of the abuse of boys twenty years earlier. These allegations became public after West became a target of an operation conducted by his hometown newspaper. Some journalists and academics criticized the paper for what they saw as a form of entrapment, West admitted engaging in homosexual behavior with adults, despite an earlier record of supporting anti-gay legislation. Though never charged, he was removed from office by recall in 2005, the Federal Bureau of Investigation eventually closed its investigation and took no action for lack of evidence. West was born in Oregon and raised in Spokane, Washington and he served in the U. S. Army after high school and graduated from Gonzaga University with a degree in Criminal Justice in 1978. West was good friends with David D. Hahn and both were officers with the Spokane Sheriffs Department and they also worked together as troop leaders with the Boy Scouts of America. In 1981, Hahn committed suicide after charges of his involvement in the abuse of boys became public. In 1982, West was elected to the Washington State House of Representatives as a Republican representing the 6th legislative district and he was elected to the Washington State Senate in 1986 serving until his resignation to become Mayor of Spokane, Washington, in 2003. In the Senate West held the positions of Chairman of the Committee on Health, Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, during his years in the legislature, West developed a record as an opponent of homosexual rights. He supported several bills, including one that would have banned gays and lesbians from working in schools. He unsuccessfully proposed a law banning all sexual activity among unmarried persons under the age of 18, in 1995, when West was a state senator, he advocated the impeachment of Gov. Mike Lowry for alleged sexual harassment. He served as mayor of Spokane from 2003 to 2005, in June,2003, under editor Steven A. Reporter Bill Morlin worked on the story for more than a year, the newspaper nevertheless targeted West in a sting operation. In 2004, reporter Morlin received a tip about West from a source that has never publicly identified. The source claimed that the identity of the persona on the gay. com website named Cobra82 was in fact mayor West. The Spokesman Review then hired an investigator to create a false online persona on Gay. com named Motobrock. This tactic was used by the newspaper to arrange a meeting between the two
23.
Sting operation
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In law enforcement, a sting operation is a deceptive operation designed to catch a person committing a crime. Even mass media journalists resort to sting operations to record video, sting operations are common in many countries, such as the United States, but are not permitted in some countries, such as Sweden. Law-enforcement may have to be not to provoke the commission of a crime by someone who would not otherwise have done so. Additionally, in the process of such operations, the police engage in the same crimes, such as buying or selling contraband, soliciting prostitutes. In common law jurisdictions, the defendant may invoke the defense of entrapment, contrary to popular misconceptions, however, entrapment does not prohibit undercover police officers from posing as criminals or denying that they are police. For example, if undercover officers coerced a potential suspect into manufacturing illegal drugs to sell them, however, if a suspect is already manufacturing drugs and police pose as buyers to catch them, entrapment usually has not occurred. In 1998, three joined forces to conduct a sting operation where they successfully recovered the Honduras Goodwill Moon Rock from a vault in Miami. The sting operation was known as Operation Lunar Eclipse and the agencies were NASA Office of Inspector General. The moon rock was offered to the agents for $5 million. Operation Lunar Eclipse and the Moon Rock Project were the subject of the book The Case of the Missing Moon Rocks by Joe Kloc, in White Collar, a fictional renowned thief, known as Neal Caffrey, is caught and serves as a criminal consultant for the FBI. Neal during these cases resumes a false identity to lure forgers and other out of hiding so that the FBI can arrest. In the 2008 video game Grand Theft Auto IV, the in-game police LCPD took over an in-game website Little Lacy Surprise Pageant, visiting the site results in the player attracting police attention. Spencer Ackerman, Government agents directly involved in most high-profile US terror plots, human Rights Watch documents sting operations. Report raises questions about post-9/11 civil rights, The Guardian,21 July 2014
24.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
25.
Recall election
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A recall election is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before their term has ended. Recalls, which are initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition, have a history dating back to the ancient Athenian democracy and are a feature of several contemporary constitutions, in indirect or representative democracy peoples representatives are elected and these representatives rule for a specific period of time. But if any representative is not properly discharging their responsibilities, then they can be called back with the written request of specific number of voters, the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia enacted representative recall in 1995. In that province, voters in a provincial riding can petition to have their representative in parliament removed from office, by January 2003,22 recall efforts had been launched. No one has been recalled so far, but one representative, Paul Reitsma, Reitsma resigned during the secondary verification stage and the recall count ended. While recalls are not provided for at the level in Switzerland, six cantons allow them, Bern. 30,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum, there has been one unsuccessful attempt to recall the executive in 1852. Schaffhausen, Recall of the executive and legislative is possible since 1876,1,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum. There has been one attempt to recall the executive in 2000 triggered by the lawyer. Solothurn, Recall of the executive and legislative is possible since 1869,6,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum. There has been one attempt to recall the executive and legislative in 1995. Three further attempts failed to collect the number of signatures. Ticino, Recall of the executive is possible since 1892,15,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum. There has been one unsuccessful attempt in 1942. In addition, recall of municipal executives is possible since 2011, signatures of 30% of all adult citizens are required to trigger a recall referendum. Thurgau, Recall of the executive and legislative is possible since 1869,20,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum. There have been no recall attempts, uri, Recall of the executive and legislative is possible since 1888. Since 1979600 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum, in addition, recall of municipal executives and legislatives is possible since 2011
26.
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
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The Seattle Post-Intelligencer is an online newspaper and former print newspaper covering Seattle, Washington, United States, and the surrounding metropolitan area. The newspaper was founded in 1863 as the weekly Seattle Gazette and it was long one of the citys two daily newspapers, along with The Seattle Times, until it became an online-only publication on March 18,2009. J. R. Watson founded the P-I, Seattles first newspaper, on December 10,1863, the paper failed after a few years and was renamed the Weekly Intelligencer in 1867 by the new owner, Sam Maxwell. In 1878, after publishing the Intelligencer as a morning daily, Hanford also acquired the daily Puget Sound Dispatch and the weekly Pacific Tribune and folded both papers into the Intelligencer. In 1881, the Intelligencer merged with the Seattle Post, the names were combined to form the present-day name. In 1886, Indiana businessman Leigh S. J. Hunt came to Seattle and purchased the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, circulation stood at 31,000 in 1911. In 1912, editor Eric W. Allen left the paper to found the University of Oregon School of Journalism, William Randolph Hearst took over the paper in 1921, and the Hearst Corporation owns the P-I to this day. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt had a relationship with the P-I. In 1936,35 P-I writers and members of The Newspaper Guild went on strike against arbitrary dismissals and assignment changes. The International Brotherhood of Teamsters joined the strike in solidarity, Roger Simpson and William Ames co-wrote their book Unionism or Hearst, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer Strike of 1936 on the topic. Also in 1936, their son-in-law Clarence John Boettiger took over as publisher and he brought his wife Anna, the Roosevelts daughter, to also work at the paper. Anna became editor of the womens page, Boettiger left Seattle to enter the U. S. Army in April 1943, while Anna stayed at the paper to help keep a liberal voice in the running of the paper. After Boettigers absence, the paper increasingly turned conservative with Hearsts new acting publisher, Anna left Seattle in December 1943 to live in the White House with her youngest child, Johnny. This effectively ended the Roosevelt-Boettiger ties with the P-I, on December 15,2006, no copies were printed as a result of a power outage caused by the December 2006 Pacific Northwest storms. It was the first time in 70 years that publication had been suspended, on January 9,2009, the Hearst Corporation announced that after losing money on it every year since 2000, Hearst was putting the P-I up for sale. Analysts did not expect a buyer to be found, in view of declining circulation in the U. S. newspaper industry and other newspapers on the market going unsold. Five days before the 60-day deadline, the P-I reported that the Hearst Corporation had given several P-I reporters provisional job offers for an edition of the P-I. On March 16,2009, the posted a headline on its front page, followed shortly after by a short news story
27.
Tacoma, Washington
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Tacoma is a mid-sized urban port city in and the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States. The city is on Washingtons Puget Sound,32 miles southwest of Seattle,31 miles northeast of the capital, Olympia. The population was 198,397, according to the 2010 census, Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third largest in the state. Tacoma also serves as the center of activity for the South Sound region. Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, originally called Takhoma or Tahoma and it is locally known as the City of Destiny because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century. The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacomas neighboring deep-water harbor, by connecting the bay with the railroad, Tacomas motto became When rails meet sails. Today, Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a center of trade on the Pacific Coast. Like most central cities, Tacoma suffered a decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization. Neighborhoods such as the 6th Avenue District have become revitalized, tacoma-Pierce County has been named one of the most livable areas in the United States. In 2006, Tacoma was listed as one of the most walkable cities in the country and that same year, the womens magazine Self named Tacoma the Most Sexually Healthy City in the United States. In contrast, Tacoma was also ranked as the most stressed-out city in the country in a 2004 survey, Tacoma gained notoriety in 1940 for the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which earned the nickname Galloping Gertie. The city of Tacoma and surrounding areas were inhabited for thousands of years by American Indians, predominantly the Puyallup people, mcCarver, who named his project Tacoma City, derived from the indigenous name for the mountain. Tacoma was incorporated on November 12,1875, following the merger of Old Tacoma, the transcontinental link was effected in 1887, but the railroad built its depot on New Tacoma, two miles south of the Carr-McCarver development. The two communities together and joined. The population grew from 1,098 in 1880 to 36,006 in 1890, rudyard Kipling visited Tacoma in 1889 and said it was literally staggering under a boom of the boomiest. George Francis Train was a resident for a few years in the late 19th century, in 1890, he staged a global circumnavigation starting and ending in Tacoma to promote the city. A plaque in downtown Tacoma marks the start and finish line, in November 1885, white citizens led by then-mayor Jacob Weisbach expelled several hundred Chinese residents peacefully living in the city. The next day two Chinese settlements were burned to the ground, the discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1898 led Tacomas prominence in the region to be eclipsed by the booming development of Seattle
28.
Frontline (U.S. TV series)
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Frontline is a public affairs television program which produces and broadcasts in-depth documentaries about various subjects. Produced at WGBH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts, and distributed through the Public Broadcasting Service in the United States, some programs are made by independent filmmakers and broadcast as part of the Frontline series. Since the debut of the series, there have more than 500 films released. Traditionally viewed via the medium of television, today some of the episodes are available on the web. The program debuted in 1983, with NBC anchorwoman Jessica Savitch as the shows first host, but Savitch died later after the first season finale. PBS NewsHours Judy Woodruff took over as host in 1984, and hosted the program for five years, in 1990, episodes of Frontline began airing without a host, and the narrator was left to introduce each episode. The Choice 2016 is the most recent installment, aired on September 27,2016, featuring Hillary Clinton, the previous version aired on October 9,2012, and featured a dual biography tracing the lives and careers of incumbent President Barack Obama and his challenger, Mitt Romney. A prior installment aired on October 14,2008, using the same format for Barack Obama. Most Frontline reports are an hour in length, but some are extended to 90 minutes,2 hours, Frontline also produces and transmits such occasional specials as From Jesus to Christ, The Farmers Wife, and Country Boys. Since 1995, Frontline has been producing deep-content, companion web sites for all of its documentaries, Frontline has made many of its documentaries available via streaming Internet video, from their website. Will Lyman is the voice who has narrated most of the installments of the series since its inception in 1983. However, certain reports have been narrated by David Ogden Stiers, also sometimes the reporter puts their voice on some reports like Michael Kirk. The show is produced by the WGBH Educational Foundation, the parent company of WGBH-TV in Boston, WGBH is the creator of The Documentary Consortium, with another 4 PBS stations, including WNET in New York and KCTS in Seattle. Fanning, however, remains editor-at-large of Frontline as a founding member, frontline/World is a spin-off series from Frontline, first transmitted on May 23rd,2002, which was transmitted four to eight times a year on Frontline until it was canceled in 2010. It focused on issues from around the globe, and used a magazine format and its tagline was, Stories from a small planet. Frontline/World also streamed stories on its website, which won two Webby awards in 2008 for its series of online videos called Rough Cuts. In 2005, the Overseas Press Club of America gave the series its Edward R. Murrow Award for the best TV coverage of international events. The series broke new ground in 2007 by winning two Emmys, one of these was for a broadcast story, Saddams Road to Hell, other Frontline reports focus on political, social, and criminal justice issues
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PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid-2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations, each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a program production arm or news division
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American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
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KFBB-TV
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KFBB-TV is a full-service television station in Great Falls, Montana, broadcasting locally on digital VHF channel 8 as an affiliate of ABC. Founded March 21,1954, the station is owned by Cowles Company and it broadcasts from a transmitter at its studios on Old Havre Highway in Black Eagle. KFBB-TV also operates a semi-satellite for the Helena area, KHBB-LD channel 21, both stations offer Fox via their digital subchannels KFBB-TV is also repeated on several translators. KFBB KFBB-TV began broadcasting on March 21,1954, KFBB-TV continued to air CBS and ABC programming as a member of the Skyline Network. At first KFBB-TV was owned by Wilkins Broadcasting along with KFBB radio, Anaconda, through its Fairmount division, controlled most of the major newspapers in Montana and was notorious for manipulating the states political visions for its own needs. Then in 1959, Anaconda sold its holdings to Lee Enterprises of Davenport. Because of anti-trust concerns, Lee decided to sell KFBB, the station was sold in 1962 to Harriscope Broadcasting, which in 1965 scored a deal for a primary ABC affiliation - Montanas first. The new affiliation took effect on February 1,1966, Harriscope severed KFBBs links with the Skyline Network, and sold off KFBB radio in February 1969, but continued to run KFBB-TV, eventually selling it to Donald P. Nathanson in 1977. KFBB also carried Sesame Street for several years, before Montana had a PBS service of its own and this arrangement continued until 1986, when KFBB was largely replaced by a satellite signal from WXYZ-TV, the ABC affiliate in Detroit. An April 1981 application with the Federal Communications Commission requested transfer of control of the corporation from owner Donald P. Nathanson to his estate. In June 2003, Wooster Republican Printing made deep cuts in news production, ending morning, noon. It retained KFBB until November 2004, when it was sold to Max Media of Montana, in 2012, the station returned to the ABC5 branding. On September 30,2013, the Cowles Company acquired Max Medias Montana television station cluster for $18 million, the sale was completed on November 29. The stations digital signal is multiplexed, The stations digital signal is multiplexed, KFBB-TV received its digital television allocation from the FCC in April 1997. Originally, KFBB-DT was to be on channel 39, but in June 2001, the FCC agreed to change the allocation to channel 8, by the end of April 2002, the station was already on the air and was licensed on November 1,2002. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 8, through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the stations virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 5. On November 27,2008, KHBB closed its analog signal and began broadcasting in digital, with ABC programming on 21.1, both subchannels are broadcasting at 720P High Definition. As an ABC affiliate, KFBB-TV airs most of the schedule, including ABC Daytime
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KTMF
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KTMF is a full-service television station in Missoula, Montana, broadcasting locally in digital on UHF channel 23 as an affiliate of ABC. Founded April 12,1989, the station is owned by Cowles Publishing Company, the stations signal is rebroadcast on station KTMF-LD channel 42 in Kalispell and on three other low-power translator stations in the Flathead Lake area of northwestern Montana. On April 12,1989, the Federal Communications Commission granted a construction permit to Continental Television Network for a full-service station on channel 23 to serve Missoula. The station, at first known by its application number,881130 kg, soon took the call letters KLFV, but before the station went on air, had changed calls again. The station was issued a license on February 28,1991 and this made Missoula one of the last cities in the nation to get full service from all three major networks. Previously, ABC had been relegated to limited clearances on KECI-TV and KPAX-TV, in February 2001, CTN sold KTMF, along with the then-KTMF-LP in Kalispell, KWYB in Butte, KWYB-LP in Bozeman and KTGF in Great Falls, to Max Media of Montana. They were the first television station acquisitions in Montana for Max Media, on September 30,2013, the Cowles Company acquired Max Medias Montana television station cluster for $18 million. The sale was completed on November 29, on January 6,1992, the FCC granted an original construction permit to CTN for a low-power station on channel 59 to serve Kalispell. The station was given callsign K59EQ and after a construction permit. The station changed its calls to KTMF-LP later in the same year, in February 2001, CTN sold the station to Max Media of Montana as part of the same transaction as KTMF. KTMF-LP was granted a permit to move to channel 42 in October 2003 and as of August 2006, the station had completed the move, on May 27,2010, KTMF-LP was granted a construction permit to flash-cut from analog to digital on channel 42. On January 4,2013, the changed its call sign to KTMF-LD. KTMF-LD was included in Cowles 2013 purchase of Max Medias Montana stations, the stations digital signal is multiplexed, The stations digital signal is multiplexed, On September 26,2001, the FCC granted a construction permit to build KTMF-DT on UHF channel 36. The station received Special Temporary Authority on April 22,2001 to broadcast at reduced power, KTMF elected to remain on channel 23 following the completion of the digital television transition. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 36 to channel 23 for post-transition operations. KTMF airs Fox programming on a subchannel, KTMF started its own news operation in August 2012 in preparation for the launch of a 9 p. m. newscast on its Fox subchannel a month later
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KWYB
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KWYB is a full-service television station in Butte, Montana, broadcasting locally in digital on UHF channel 19 as an affiliate of ABC. The stations signal is rebroadcast on KWYB-LD UHF channel 28 in Bozeman, the station is owned by Cowles Company. On January 9,1992, the Federal Communications Commission granted a construction permit to Continental Television Network for a full-service station on channel 18 to serve Butte. The station, at first known by its application number, 910225KE. The station signed on September 27,1996, in February 2001, CTN sold KWYB, along with KWYB-LP in Bozeman, KTMF in Missoula, KTMF-LP in Kalispell and KTGF in Great Falls, to Max Media of Montana. They were the first television station acquisitions in Montana for Max Media, on September 30,2013, the Cowles Company acquired Max Medias Montana television station cluster for $18 million. The sale was completed on November 29, on May 30,1996, the FCC granted an original construction permit to Louise K. Corbin for a low-power station on channel 28 to serve Bozeman. The station was given callsign K28FB and was quickly built, K28FB was licensed on January 14,1997. In May 1997, Continental Television Network purchased the station and six months later, in February 2001, CTN sold the station to Max Media of Montana as part of the same transaction as KWYB and participated in the same newscasts as KWYB. KWYB-LD was also included in Cowles 2013 purchase of Max Medias Montana stations, on June 14,2002, the FCC granted a construction permit to build KWYB-DT on UHF channel 19. The station received Special Temporary Authority on April 22,2003 to broadcast at reduced power, as of August 2006, the station has not completed its final digital facilities and continues to broadcast per the STA. KWYB has elected to move to channel 19 once the transition to digital television is completed. On August 11,2006, the FCC granted flash-cut authorization to KWYB-LD, as of July 13,2009, a KWYB subchannel is now a Fox television affiliate. Fox is broadcast on digital channel 18-2, and, like 18-1, is available in 720p high definition, formerly, Fox was available on KBTZ analog channel 24. Max Media obtained broadcast rights when Equity Media Holdings filed for bankruptcy, Max Media launched another attempt at a regional newscast for KWYB and its other stations in February 2005, this time branded Montana News Network, produced in Great Falls at KFBB-TV. This newscast was discontinued, and for several years the only local newscast on the station was a ten-minute late newscast. As of September 2015, KWYB airs a morning newscast and full early evening and late newscasts. ABCMontana. com Query the FCCs TV station database for KWYB-TV Query the FCCs TV station database for KWYB-LD BIAfns Media Web Database -- Information on KWYB-TV
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NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
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KNDO
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KNDO, virtual channel 23, is the NBC-affiliated television station serving the Yakima, Washington area. It is owned by the Cowles Company of Spokane as part of The KHQ Television Group and it is sister station to KNDU in the Tri-Cities, which is considered a semi-satellite of KNDO, even though newscasts for KNDO come from the studios of KNDU. KNDO is rebroadcast on K32IG-D, a digital translator in Ellensburg, Washington. On satellite, KNDO is only available on DirecTV, while Dish Network carries KNDU instead, KNDO and KNDU have been digital-only since February 17,2009. NBC Weather+ had been carried on digital subchannel 23.3, on September 1,2010, KNDO dropped Universal Sports from their subchannel line-up. KNDO debuted on the air on October 15,1959 as an ABC affiliate and it was owned by Hugh Davis and his Columbia Empire Broadcasting Corporation. During this time it also showed programs from NBC, as well as a few CBS programs turned down by KIMA-TV. In 1965 KNDO became a primary NBC affiliate but showed some ABC programming until KAPP debuted in 1970 to take the ABC affiliation, Davis sold the two stations to Farragut Communications in 1988. Federal Enterprises acquired KNDO and KNDU in 1995, federal was bought out by Raycom Media in 1997. Current owner Cowles Publishing purchased the two stations from Raycom in July 1999, on October 15,2009, KNDO celebrated 50 years of broadcasting to the Yakima Valley. Leading up to date, KNDO aired stories of local businesses. In late-2012, master control for Cowles Washington stations, including KNDO, was centralized at sister station KHQ
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KNDU
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KNDU, virtual channel 25, is an NBC affiliate television station serving south-central and southeastern Washington state. The station, which broadcasts on digital channel 26, is based in the Tri-Cities region of Pasco, Richland, the station is licensed to Richland, but its studio is located on West Kennewick Avenue in Kennewick. It is a station to KNDO in Yakima and KHQ in Spokane. Both stations are owned by Cowles Company of Spokane as part of The KHQ Television Group, though identifying as a station in its own right, KNDU is considered a semi-satellite of KNDO. It clears nearly all of KNDOs syndicated programming, though it airs separate identifications, on satellite, KNDU is only available on Dish Network, while DirecTV carries KNDO instead. KNDO and KNDU have been digital-only since February 17,2009, NBC Weather Plus had been carried on digital subchannel 25.3, the originating national network ceased operation on December 1,2008. On September 1,2010, KNDO and KNDU discontinued broadcasting Universal Sports on digital subchannel 25.2 and they will be giving this bandwidth to SWX Right Now to improve the picture of SWX programming. KNDU first took the air on October 10,1961 as a primary ABC affiliate, in 1965, KNDU became a primary NBC affiliate, but continued to air some ABC programs until 1970 when KVEW went on the air as a full-time ABC affiliate. For a brief period in 1960, a station called KNBS-TV operated in Walla Walla and it was an ABC affiliate, which could explain why KNDO waited 2 years before putting KNDU on the air. Jamie Kern Whit Johnson Jim Snyder Official website SWX Right Now Query the FCCs TV station database for KNDU Query TV Fools coverage map for KNDU BIAfns Media Web Database -- Information on KNDU-TV
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KULR-TV
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KULR-TV, virtual channel 8, is an NBC affiliate broadcasting on channel 11 in Billings, Montana. KULR is owned by Cowles Company, KULR maintains studios located on Overland Avenue in the Homestead Business Park section of Billings, and its transmitter is located on Coburn Hill southeast of downtown Billings. KULR programs and operates the station on Marks behalf, at one point known as the smallest network affiliate in America, KYUS has largely served as a satellite of other stations since 1984, and has simulcast KULR since 1998. In Miles City, KULR can also be seen on K06FE-D channel 6, this translator is owned by Cowles, Marks Radio Group also owns KXGN-TV in Glendive, Montana, which broadcasts KULRs newscasts on a digital subchannel. Channel 8s first broadcast was on March 15,1958 as KGHL-TV, the stations first studios were co-located with KGHL radio on North 30th Street in Billings. Midland Empire Broadcasting sold KGHL-AM-TV to Crain-Snyder Television in 1962, Crain-Snyder immediately spun KGHL radio off to George C, during this time, most on-air verbal references to the station called it Color 8. KULR also added an affiliation with ABC in 1963. In the late 1960s, the station moved its studios to a new building adjacent to the transmitter on Coburn Road, chicago-based Harriscope Broadcasting purchased the station in 1967 for $350,000. Channel 8 then became the fourth primary ABC affiliate in Montana and this was very unusual for a two-station market, especially one as small as Billings. NBC wouldnt return to Billings on a basis until KOUS-TV. From 1970 until KUSM in Bozeman signed on in 1984, KULR aired some PBS programming, in spring 1981, KULR dumped the Color 8 branding and became known as Straight 8. During this time, its local newscast, Straight 8 Newsservice, featured anchor Dave Rye, sports director Larry Gebert, other on-air reporters and weekend anchors at the time included Joni Earle, Monica Gayle, Kyle Safely, and David Smock. The station announced in September 1983 that it would build new studios on Overland Avenue in Billings, Harriscope sold KULR-TV and KTWO-TV in Casper, Wyoming to Dix Communications in 1986 for $12.2 million. In 1987, NBC wanted a stronger affiliate in the market, and quickly negotiated a return to KULR, Dix Communications sold KULR-TV, along with KFBB-TV in Great Falls, to Max Media on June 16,2004 for $12.25 million. Dix chairman Robert Dix said that the sale made sense, as KULR, on September 30,2013, the Cowles Company announced that it would acquire Max Medias Montana television station cluster for $18 million. The sale was completed on November 29, KYUS-TV went on the air August 29,1969 under the ownership of Custer Broadcasting Corporation. Originally an independent station, it joined NBC in 1970, in its early years, KYUS was known as the smallest network affiliate in America. The stations principal owner, David Rivenes, did the news, sports, weather and reporting himself — he was featured in the late-1970s on NBCs Real People
