1.
Stanley Hotel, Nairobi
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The Stanley Hotel is a five-star hotel in Nairobi, Kenya. It is the oldest hotel in the city, having established in 1902 by English businesswoman Mayence Bent. It is named after Sir Henry Morton Stanley, a Welsh explorer who is best known for his explorations of central Africa and his search for missionary. Since the early 1900s, the Stanley Hotel has been known as the meeting place for those going on safari in Kenya. It has played host to royalty, politicians, movie stars and it is still used for national business conferences and tourism concerns. The Sarova Stanley has a total of 217 rooms as of 2015, the Stanley Presidential Suite, named for famed explorer Henry Morton Stanley, has been used by Namibian President Sam Nujoma. The hotel has three restaurants, the Thorn Tree Café, named for the original tree used for years as a message depot, the Thai Chi Restaurant. The Exchange Bar, named for the Nairobi Securities Exchange, is the successor to the Long Bar, Mayence had taken the job at the store in 1898 after moving to Nairobi with her husband William Stanley Bent, and their daughter Gladys. Mayence would bring fresh butter and vegetables from her husbands 40-acre farm in Kikuyu for the hotels guests, in 1904, after a disagreement with Wood, Mayence entered into a business arrangement with a farmer from Sotik, Daniel Ernest Cooper, and opened the first Stanley Hotel. That first Stanley Hotel was a wooden building with 15 beds. In 1905, a license was granted to D. E. Cooper for the hotel. Later that year, a fire destroyed much of Victoria Street, Mayence quickly moved her tenants to an unused rail-road building on Government Road. W. S. Bent declared insolvency in 1908, soon after, Mayence married Frederick Francis Tate, brother of James William Tate and Dame Maggie Teyte. D. E. Cooper moved back to Sotik in 1909, in 1912, Fred Tate purchased two plots of land and had a new hotel designed by architects Robertson, Gow & Davidson, and built on Delamere Avenue. This building had 60 rooms in three stories, in 1913, with the new hotels completion, the original site was sold to ex-postmaster Daniel William Noble. The Tates had originally planned to transfer the Stanley Hotel name to the new location, thus the New Stanley Hotel was born. During the first World War, Fred Tate served as a lieutenant with the local forces, soon after he returned, he was struck with blindness and general paralysis. In 1926, he and Mayence moved to London, leaving the hotel to be run by Albert Ernest Waterman, his wife Florence Annie, in 1932, after six years in London, the Tates returned to Nairobi for the opening of the New Stanley Long Bar
2.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
3.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
4.
Estes Park, Colorado
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The Town of Estes Park /ˈɛstɪs/ is a statutory town in Larimer County, Colorado, United States. A popular summer resort and the location of the headquarters for Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park had a population of 5,858 at the 2010 census. The town overlooks Lake Estes and Olympus Dam, before Europeans came to the Estes Park valley, the Arapaho Indians lived there in the summertime and called the valley the Circle. When three elderly Arapahoes visited Estes Park in 1914, they pointed out sites they remembered from their younger days, toll, recorder, and David Robert Hawkins, a Princeton student. In the 1850s, the Arapaho had spent summers camped around Marys Lake, where their rock fireplaces, tipi sites and they also recalled building eagle traps atop Longs Peak to get the war feathers coveted by all tribes. They remembered their routes to and from the valley in detail, naming trails and they pointed out the site of their buffalo trap, and described the use of dogs to pack meat out of the valley. Their recollections included a battle with Apaches in the 1850s, and fights with Utes who came to the area to hunt bighorn sheep, whites probably came into the Estes Park valley before the 1850s as trappers, but did not stay long. The town is named after Missouri native Joel Estes, who founded the community in 1859, Estes moved his family there in 1863. One of Estes early visitors was William Byers, an editor who wrote of his ascent of Longs Peak in 1864. Griff Evans and his came to Estes Park in 1867 to act as caretakers for the former Estes ranch. Recognizing the potential for tourism, he began building cabins to accommodate travelers, soon it was known as the first dude ranch in Estes Park, with guides for hunting, fishing, and mountaineering. Lord Dunravens land grab didnt work, but he controlled 6,000 acres before he changed tactics and opened the areas first resort, the Estes Park Hotel, in 1873, Englishwoman Isabella Bird, the daughter of an Anglican minister, came to the United States. Landing at San Francisco, she came overland to Colorado, where she borrowed a horse and set out to explore the Rocky Mountains with a guide, the notorious James Nugent, aka Rocky Mountain Jim. She wrote a memoir of their travels, including the ascent of Longs Peak. On June 19th 1874 Rocky Mountain Jim and neighbor Griff Evans had an argument, having had bitter history with each other, Nugent and Evans hated each other and were deep personal rivals when it came to tour guiding tourists. The argument escalated until Evans blasted Jim in the head with his rifle shotgun, Evans then traveled to Fort Collins to file an assault charge against Nugent, but he was arrested and tried for first degree murder when Jim Nugent died on September 9th 1874 of the bullet wound. Evans was put on trial, but the case was dismissed due to the lack of witnesses to the shooting. On August 9th 1875, the Loveland court-house acquitted Evans of any charges in the case, William Henry Jackson photographed Estes Park in 1873
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Freelan Oscar Stanley
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Freelan Oscar Stanley was an American inventor, hotelier and businessman. He was the co-founder, along with his twin brother Francis Edgar Stanley, F. O. Stanley was inducted into the Colorado Business Hall of Fame by Junior Achievement-Rocky Mountain and the Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce in 2016. Freelan Oscar Stanley and his twin brother Francis Edgar were born on June 1,1849, in Kingfield. They were the third and second, respectively, of the six children of Solomon P. Stanley II, although their family was not wealthy, education was highly valued and knowledge of science, poetry and music were encouraged from a young age. Their elder brother Isaac Newton Stanley was named for the eminent English scientist while their youngest brother received the name of Bayard Taylor and their younger sister Chansonetta Stanley Emmons achieved significant recognition as a photographer. In 1859, At the age of ten, Freelan and Francis started their first business together refining and selling maple sugar. The object of their money was wool for new school suits. At eleven, their great-uncle, Liberty Stanley, who had raised their father as his own son, by the following year, Freelan had completed three instruments. He would continue to make throughout his life creating many concert-quality pieces still prized today by collectors. In 1860, at the age of twenty the brothers began their education at Western State Normal School with the intention of becoming educators. Francis Edgar soon found that education was not to his liking. Freelan continued his education at Hebron Academy from 1871 to 1873 and he never completed his degree, however, due to his participation in the so-called Drill Rebellion. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Bowdoin alumnus, former professor, and hero of Gettysburg, had become president of the college in 1871 and instituted mandatory military drills for all students. Although Stanley was exempt from the drill as a member of the band, he was nonetheless strongly opposed to it. In November 1873, the students petitioned the Board of Governors to abolish it, in May 1874, having been unsuccessful in their petition, three-quarters of the student body refused to participate. The protesters were sent home for one week and given the ultimatum of compliance or expulsion, Stanley was one of three students who refused to comply. Despite his expulsion, Freelan Oscar Stanley was granted a degree from Bowdoin in 1919 at the age of 70. The drills were repealed after Chamberlains resignation in 1883, following his time at Bowdoin, Stanley accepted a position as headmaster of the high school in Mechanic Falls, Maine where he met Flora Jane Record Tileston
7.
Colonial Revival architecture
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Colonial Revival architecture was and is a nationalistic design movement in the United States. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 reawakened Americans to their colonial past, successive waves of revivals of British colonial architecture have swept the United States since 1876. In the 19th century, Colonial Revival took a formal style, public interest in the Colonial Revival style in the early 20th century helped popularize books and atmospheric photographs of Wallace Nutting showing scenes of New England. Historical attractions such as Colonial Williamsburg helped broaden exposure in the 1930s, in the post-World War II era, Colonial design elements were merged with the then popular ranch-style house design. In the early part of the 21st century, certain regions of the United States embraced aspects of Anglo-Caribbean, Colonial Revival sought to follow American colonial architecture of the period around the Revolutionary War, which drew strongly from Georgian architecture of Great Britain. Structures are typically two stories with the ridge running parallel to the street, have a symmetrical front facade with an accented doorway. William Butler, Another City Upon a Hill, Litchfield, Connecticut, richard Guy Wilson and Noah Sheldon, The Colonial Revival House 2004. Richard Guy Wilson, Shaun Eyring and Kenny Marotta, Re-creating the American Past, Essays on the Colonial Revival 2006
8.
Rocky Mountain National Park
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The park is situated between the towns of Estes Park to the east and Grand Lake to the west. The eastern and westerns slopes of the Continental Divide run directly through the center of the park with the headwaters of the Colorado River located in the northwestern region. The main features of the park include mountains, alpine lakes, the Rocky Mountain National Park Act was signed by then–President Woodrow Wilson on January 26,1915, establishing the park boundaries and protecting the area for future generations. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the main route, named Trail Ridge Road. In 1976, UNESCO designated the park as one of the first World Biosphere Reserves, in 2016, more than four and a half million recreational visitors entered the park, which is an increase of about nine percent from the prior year. The history of Rocky Mountain National Park began when Paleo-Indians traveled along what is now Trail Ridge Road to hunt, Ute and Arapaho people subsequently hunted and camped in the area. In 1820, the Long Expedition, led by Stephen H. Long for whom Longs Peak was named, approached the Rockies via the Platte River. Settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, displacing the Native Americans who mostly left the area voluntarily by 1860, lulu City, Dutchtown, and Gaskill in the Never Summer Mountains were established in the 1870s when prospectors came in search of gold and silver. The boom ended by 1883 with miners deserting their claims, the railroad reached Lyons, Colorado in 1881 and the Big Thompson Canyon Road—a section of U. S. Route 34 from Loveland to Estes Park—was completed in 1904. The 1920s saw a boom in building lodges and roads in the park, prominent individuals in the effort to create a national park included Enos Mills from the Estes Park area, James Grafton Rogers from Denver, and J. Horace McFarland of Pennsylvania. The national park was established on January 26,1915, Precambrian metamorphic rock formed the core of the North American continent during the Precambrian eon 4. 5–1 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic era, western North America was submerged beneath a sea, with a seabed composed of limestone. Concurrently, in the period from 500–300 million years ago, the region began to sink while lime, eroded granite produced sand particles that formed strata—layers of sediment—in the sinking basin. About 300 million years ago, the land was uplifted creating the ancestral Rocky Mountains, fountain Formation was deposited during the Pennsylvanian period of the Paleozoic era, 290–296 million years ago. Over the next 150 million years, the uplifted, continued to erode. Wind, gravity, rainwater, snow, and glacial ice eroded the mountains over geologic time scales. The Ancestral Rockies were eventually buried under subsequent strata, the Pierre Shale formation was deposited during the Paleogene and Cretaceous periods about 70 million years ago. The region was covered by a deep sea—the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway—which deposited massive amounts of shale on the seabed
9.
Rocky Mountains
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The Rocky Mountains, commonly known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the Southwestern United States. Within the North American Cordillera, the Rockies are somewhat distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges, the Rocky Mountains were initially formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny, in which a number of plates began to slide underneath the North American plate. The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers have sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks, at the end of the last ice age, humans started to inhabit the mountain range. The first mention of their present name by a European was in the journal of Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre in 1752, the Rocky Mountains are commonly defined as stretching from the Liard River in British Columbia south to the Rio Grande in New Mexico. The United States definition of the Rockies includes the Cabinet and Salish Mountains of Idaho and their counterparts north of the Kootenai River, the Columbia Mountains, are considered a separate system in Canada, lying to the west of the huge Rocky Mountain Trench. This runs the length of British Columbia from its beginnings in the middle Flathead River valley in western Montana to the bank of the Liard River. The Rockies vary in width from 70 to 300 miles, also west of the Rocky Mountain Trench, farther north and facing the Muskwa Range across the trench, are the Stikine Ranges and Omineca Mountains of the Interior Mountains system of British Columbia. A small area east of Prince George, British Columbia on the side of the Trench. In Canada geographers define three main groups of ranges, the Continental Ranges, Hart Ranges and Muskwa Ranges, the Muskwa and Hart Ranges together comprise what is known as the Northern Rockies. The western edge of the Rockies includes ranges such as the Wasatch near Salt Lake City, the Great Basin and Columbia River Plateau separate these sub-ranges from distinct ranges further to the west, most prominent among which are the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range and Coast Mountains. The Rocky Mountain System within the United States is a United States physiographic region, the Rocky Mountains are notable for containing the highest peaks in central North America. The ranges highest peak is Mount Elbert located in Colorado at 14,440 feet above sea level, Mount Robson in British Columbia, at 12,972 feet, is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies. The Continental Divide of the Americas is located in the Rocky Mountains, triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park is so named because water that falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific, but Hudson Bay as well. Farther north in Alberta, the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the Mackenzie River, see Rivers of the Rocky Mountains for a list of rivers. Human population is not very dense in the Rocky Mountains, with an average of four people per square kilometer, however, the human population grew rapidly in the Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990. The 40-year statewide increases in range from 35% in Montana to about 150% in Utah
10.
Longs Peak
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Longs Peak is a high and prominent mountain summit in the northern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 14, 259-foot fourteener is located in the Rocky Mountain National Park Wilderness,9.6 miles southwest by south of the Town of Estes Park, Colorado, United States. Longs Peak is the northernmost fourteener in the Rocky Mountains and the highest point in Boulder County, the mountain was named in honor of explorer Stephen Harriman Long and is featured on the Colorado state quarter. Longs Peak can be seen from Longmont, Colorado, as well as from most of the northern Front Range Urban Corridor. Longs Peak is one of the most prominent mountains in Colorado, the peak is named for Major Stephen Long, who is said to be the first to spot the great mountains on behalf of the U. S. Government on June 30,1820. Together with the nearby Mount Meeker, the two are referred to as the Twin Peaks. As the only fourteener in Rocky Mountain National Park, the peak has long been of interest to climbers, the easiest route is not technical during the summer season. It was probably first used by indigenous people collecting eagle feathers. The first recorded ascent was in August 23,1868 by the party of John Wesley Powell via the south side. The East Face of the mountain is 1,675 feet steep and is surmounted by a 1,000 feet steep sheer cliff known as The Diamond. Another famous profile belongs to Longs Peak, to the southeast of the summit is a series of rises which, the photo shows the beaver climbing the south of the mountain. In 1954 the first proposal made to the National Park Service to climb The Diamond was met with an official closure, the Diamond was first ascended by Dave Rearick and Bob Kamps that year, by a route that would come to be known simply as D1. This route would later be listed in Allen Steck and Steve Ropers influential book Fifty Classic Climbs of North America, the easiest route on the face is the Casual Route, first climbed in 1977. It has since become the most popular route up the wall, the oldest person to summit Longs Peak was Rev. William Col. Billy Butler, who climbed it on September 2,1926, his 85th birthday. In 1932, Clerin “Zumie” Zumwalt summited Longs Peak 53 times, on June 6,2016, a group of US Special Forces were rescued after members of the team suffered from altitude sickness. Longs Peak has one remaining glacier named Mills Glacier, the glacier is located around 12,800 feet at the base of the Eastern Face, just above Chasm Lake. A permanent snowfield, called The Dove, is located north of Longs Peak, Longs Peak is one of fewer than 50 mountains in Colorado that have a glacier. Trails that ascend Longs Peak include the East Longs Peak Trail, the Longs Peak Trail, the Keyhole Route, Clarks Arrow, only some technical climbing is required to reach the summit of Longs Peak during the summer season, which typically runs from mid July through early September
11.
Stanley Motor Carriage Company
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The Stanley Motor Carriage Company was an American manufacturer of steam-engine vehicles, it operated from 1902 to 1924. The cars made by the company were colloquially called Stanley Steamers, twins Francis E. Stanley and Freelan O. Stanley founded the company, after selling their photographic dry plate business to Eastman Kodak. They made their first car in 1897, during 1898 and 1899, they produced and sold over 200 cars, more than any other U. S. maker. In 1899, Freelan and his wife Flora drove one of their cars to the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire, the Stanleys later sold the rights to this early design to Locomobile, and in 1902 they formed their own Stanley Motor Carriage Company. Early Stanley cars had wooden bodies mounted on tubular steel frames by means of full-elliptic springs. Steam was generated in a vertical boiler, mounted beneath the seat. The boiler was reinforced by several layers of wire wound around it. In early models, the vertical fire-tubes were made of copper, in later models, the installation of a condenser caused oil-fouling in the expansion joints, and welded steel fire-tubes had to used. The boilers were reasonably safe, since they were fitted with safety valves, even if these failed, any dangerous over pressure would rupture one of the joints long before the boiler shell itself could burst. The resulting leakage would relieve the pressure and douse the burner. There is not a single documented incident of a Stanley boiler exploding, the engine had two double-acting cylinders, side-by-side and equipped with slide-valves, and it was a simple-expansion type. Drive was transmitted directly by the crankshaft to a rear-mounted differential through using a chain, owners often modified their Locomobiles by adding third-party accessories, including improved lubricators, condensers, and devices which eased the laborious starting procedure. To overcome patent difficulties with the design they had sold to Locomobile, later models had aluminium coachwork that resembled the internal combustion cars of the time, but they retained steam-car features by having no transmission, clutch, or driveshaft. They also had a fully sprung tubular steel frame, when they later moved the steam boiler to the front of the vehicle, the owners dubbed it the coffin nose. The twin cylinder engines were at that time 10HP, with 3. 25inch bore and 4. 25inch stroke, and 20HP with 4inch bore and 5inch stroke. In order to range, condensers were added from 1915. A Stanley Steamer set the record for the fastest mile in an automobile in 1906. This record was not broken by any automobile until 1911, although Glen Curtiss beat the record in 1907 with a V-8 powered motorcycle at 136 mph, the record for steam-powered automobiles was not broken until 2009
12.
American upper class
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The American upper class is a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich. People of this class are socioeconomically distinguishable from other classes by its greater influence, power. The study of attitudes is reasonably easy its concluded that for roughly 70% of the population – the lower 70% on the wealth/income scale – they have no influence on policy whatsoever, as you move up the wealth/income ladder, you get a little bit more influence on policy. When you get to the top, which is maybe a tenth of one percent, people essentially get what they want, so the proper term for that is not democracy, its plutocracy. Many Politicians, heirs to fortunes, top executives, CEOs, successful venture capitalists, those born into high society. Some prominent and high-rung professionals may also be included if they attain great influence, the main distinguishing feature of this class, which is estimated to constitute roughly 1% of the population, is the source of income. While the vast majority of people and households derive their income from wages or salaries, estimates for the size of this group commonly vary from 1% to 2%, while some surveys have indicated that as many as 6% of Americans identify as upper class. Sociologist Leonard Beeghley sees wealth as the only significant distinguishing feature of class and, therefore. The members of the tiny capitalist class at the top of the hierarchy have an influence on economy and they make investment decisions that open or close employment opportunities for millions of others. They contribute money to political parties, and they often own media enterprises that allow them influence over the thinking of other classes, the capitalist class strives to perpetuate itself, Assets, lifestyles, values and social networks. Are all passed from one generation to the next, –Dennis Gilbert, The American Class Structure,1998 Sociologists such as W. Lloyd Warner, William Thompson and Joseph Hickey recognize prestige differences between members of the upper class. But its money buys plenty of access, notably, this view does not address wealth, which plays an important role in allocating status and power. In order to make sure important and complex tasks are handled by qualified and motivated personnel, society offers incentives such as income. The more scarce qualified applicants are and the more essential the given task is and that a position does not bring power and prestige because it draws a high income. Rather, it draws a high income because it is functionally important and it is therefore superficial and erroneous to regard high income as the cause of a mans power and prestige, just as it is erroneous to think that a mans fever is the cause of his disease. The economic source of power and prestige is not income primarily, such ownership should be distinguished from the possession of consumers goods, which is an index rather than a cause of social standing. – Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, Principles of Stratification, as mentioned above, income is one of the most prominent features of social class, but not necessarily one of its causes. In other words, income does not determine the status of an individual or household, income and prestige are the incentives in order to fill all positions with the most qualified and motivated personnel possible
13.
Stephen King
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Stephen Edwin King is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have more than 350 million copies, many of which have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, television shows. King has published 54 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman and he has written nearly 200 short stories, most of which have been collected in book collections. Many of his stories are set in his state of Maine. His novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption was the basis for the movie The Shawshank Redemption which is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. King has received Bram Stoker Awards, World Fantasy Awards, and his novella The Way Station was a Nebula Award novelette nominee. In 2003, the National Book Foundation awarded him the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters and his short story The Man in the Black Suit received the O. Henry Award. In 2015, King was awarded with a National Medal of Arts from the United States National Endowment for the Arts for his contributions to literature, King was born September 21,1947, in Portland, Maine. His father, Donald Edwin King, was born circa 1913 in Peru, Indiana, when Donald was born, his surname was Pollock, but as an adult, he used the surname King. Kings mother, Nellie Ruth, was born in Scarborough, Maine, Donald and Nellie were married July 23,1939, in Cumberland County, Maine. The family moved to De Pere, Wisconsin, Fort Wayne, Indiana, when King was 11, the family returned to Durham, Maine, where his mother cared for her parents until their deaths. She then became a caregiver in a residential facility for the mentally challenged. King was raised Methodist and remains religious as an adult, as a child, King apparently witnessed one of his friends being struck and killed by a train, though he has no memory of the event. His family told him that leaving home to play with the boy, King returned, speechless. Only later did the family learn of the friends death, some commentators have suggested that this event may have psychologically inspired some of Kings darker works, but King makes no mention of it in his memoir On Writing. King related in detail his primary inspiration for writing fiction in his non-fiction Danse Macabre. King compares his uncles successfully dowsing for water using the bough of a branch with the sudden realization of what he wanted to do for a living. King told Barnes & Noble Studios during a 2009 interview, I knew that Id found home when I read that book, King attended Durham Elementary School and graduated from Lisbon Falls High School, in Lisbon Falls, Maine
14.
The Shining (novel)
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The Shining is a horror novel by American author Stephen King. Published in 1977, it is Kings third published novel and first hardback bestseller, the setting and characters are influenced by Kings personal experiences, including both his visit to The Stanley Hotel in 1974 and his recovery from alcoholism. The novel was followed by a sequel, Doctor Sleep, published in 2013 and his family accompanies him on this job, including his young son Danny Torrance, who possesses the shining, an array of psychic abilities that allow Danny to see the hotels horrific past. Soon, after a storm leaves them snowbound, the supernatural forces inhabiting the hotel influence Jacks sanity, leaving his wife. The novel was adapted into a 1980 feature film of the same name directed by Stanley Kubrick, a television mini-series later premiered in 1997, with the making closely monitored by King to ensure it had followed the novels narrative. King wrote the series himself and was unable to criticize the Kubrick version due to his contract. The Shining mainly takes place in the fictional Overlook Hotel, an isolated, haunted resort located in the Colorado Rockies. The plot centers on Jack Torrance, his wife Wendy Torrance, and their 5-year-old son Danny Torrance, Jack hopes that the hotels seclusion will help him reconnect with his family and give him the motivation needed to work on a play. Danny, unknown to his parents, possesses telepathic abilities referred to as the shining that enable him to read minds and experience premonitions. Dick Hallorann, the chef at the Overlook, also possesses similar abilities to Dannys and helps to explain them to him, giving Hallorann, as the Torrances settle in at the Overlook, Danny sees ghosts and frightening visions. Although Danny is close to his parents, he not tell either of them about his visions because he senses that the care-taking job is important to his father. Wendy considers leaving Jack at the Overlook to finish the job by himself, Danny refuses, however, Danny soon realizes that his presence in the hotel makes the supernatural activity more powerful, turning echoes of past tragedies into dangerous threats. Apparitions take form and the topiary animals come to life. The Overlook has difficulty possessing Danny, so it begins to possess Jack by frustrating his need, Jack starts to develop cabin fever and becomes increasingly unstable. One day, after a fight with Wendy, Jack finds the hotels bar fully stocked with alcohol despite being previously empty, as he gets drunk, the hotel urges Jack to kill his wife and son. He initially resists, but the influence of the hotel proves too great. He becomes a monster under the control of the hotel, succumbing to his dark side. Wendy and Danny get the better of Jack, locking him inside the walk-in pantry, Jack attacks Wendy with one of the hotels roque mallets, but she escapes to the caretakers suite and locks herself in the bathroom
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The Shining (film)
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The film is based on Stephen Kings 1977 novel The Shining. The initial European release of The Shining was 25 minutes shorter than the American version, although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time, critics, scholars, and crew members have discussed the films enormous influence on popular culture. Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain-isolated Overlook Hotel, which is 25 miles from the closest town, once hired, Jack plans to use the hotels solitude to write. The hotel, built on the site of a Native American burial ground, becomes snowed-in during the winter, manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself. In Boulder, Jacks son, Danny Torrance, has a premonition about the hotel, viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door. Jacks wife, Wendy, tells a doctor that Danny has a friend named Tony. The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour, the chef, Dick Hallorann, surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream. Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability, Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel, particularly room 237. Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a shine to it along with many memories and he also tells Danny to stay away from room 237. A month passes, while Jacks writing goes nowhere, Danny and Wendy explore the hotels hedge maze, Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall, and Danny has frightening visions. Jack, increasingly frustrated, starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts, Dannys curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the rooms door open. Later, Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter, after she awakens him, Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny. Danny arrives and is traumatized with a bruise on his neck. Jack wanders into the hotels Gold Room and meets a bartender named Lloyd. Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage, Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a crazy woman in one of the rooms attempted to strangle him. Jack investigates room 237, encountering the ghost of a dead woman, Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room, now filled with ghosts attending a ball. He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must correct his wife and child, meanwhile, Hallorann grows concerned about whats going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado
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The Shining (miniseries)
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The Shining is a three-part television miniseries based on Stephen Kings novel of the same name. Directed by Mick Garris from Kings teleplay, the series was first aired in 1997, Jack Torrances alcoholism and explosive temper have cost him his teaching job at Stovington, a respectable prep school. He is also on the verge of losing his family, after assaulting his young son Danny Torrance in a drunken rage just a year earlier. Hoping to succeed and move on as a writer, Jack is happy to take the job as it will provide desperately needed funds, upon entering the Overlook and meeting its head cook, Dick Hallorann, Danny discovers that his psychic powers grant him a form of telepathy. Hallorann tells Danny that he too shines, and that Danny can contact him anytime he needs assistance. It gradually becomes evident that the ghosts are more than figurative. There is a force within the building that seems determined to use Danny for an unknown and this force manifests itself with flickering lamps and spectral voices and eventually a full-on masked ball from the Overlooks past. Danny is the first to notice the darker character of the hotel, having experienced visions and warnings that foreshadow what he. Jacks character becomes darker, first by scolding Danny for violating his rules that he was to stay out of the guest rooms. In order to achieve its goal, the hotel takes over the person dearest to Danny, Halloran, who had been contacted telepathically by Danny, travels from Florida to Colorado only to be assaulted by Jack with a roque mallet and left for dead. Danny telepathically communicates with his father, who breaks free of the ghosts grip. Danny, Wendy, and Halloran escape to safety as Jack runs to the room to sacrifice himself by allowing the boiler to explode. 10 years later, Danny graduates from school with his mother and Halloran present at the ceremony. Back in Colorado, the Overlook is being rebuilt as a resort for the summer, aside from the motive behind the creation of the miniseries, the 1997 rendition featured an important set piece that helped to inspire the original story, The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado. King used the hotel that inspired him to write the book as the main exterior, scenes were also shot using the real interior, however, specific pieces of set dressing were used to enhance the old-fashioned feel of the building. This mini earns its length, using every minute to paint a picture of surprising emotional complexity. The Shining won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries or a Special and it was also nominated for Outstanding Miniseries. It also won two Saturn Awards for Best Single Genre Television Presentation and Best Genre TV Actor, courtland Mead was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Movie / Pilot / Mini-Series, Young Actor Age 10 or Under
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Paranormal
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A paranormal phenomenon is different from hypothetical concepts such as dark matter and dark energy. Unlike paranormal phenomena, these concepts are based on empirical observations. The most notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to ghosts, extraterrestrial life, unidentified flying objects, psychic abilities or extrasensory perception, the term paranormal has existed in the English language since at least 1920. The word consists of two parts, para and normal, the definition implies that the scientific explanation of the world around us is normal and anything that is above, beyond, or contrary to that is para. On the classification of paranormal subjects, Terence Hines in his book Pseudoscience, what sets the paranormal apart from other pseudosciences is a reliance on explanations for alleged phenomena that are well outside the bounds of established science. Thus, paranormal phenomena include extrasensory perception, telekinesis, ghosts, poltergeists, life after death, reincarnation, faith healing, human auras, the explanations for these allied phenomena are phrased in vague terms of psychic forces, human energy fields, and so on. This is in contrast to many pseudoscientific explanations for other nonparanormal phenomena, in traditional belief and fiction, a ghost is a manifestation of the spirit or soul of a person. Alternative theories expand on that idea and include belief in the ghosts of deceased animals, sometimes the term ghost is used synonymously with any spirit or demon, however in popular usage the term typically refers to a deceased persons spirit. The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely tied to the concept of animism, as the 19th-century anthropologist George Frazer explained in his classic work, The Golden Bough, souls were seen as the creature within that animated the body. Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread, the possibility of extraterrestrial life is not, by itself, a paranormal subject. Many scientists are engaged in the search for unicellular life within the solar system, carrying out studies on the surface of Mars. Projects such as SETI are conducting a search for radio activity that would show evidence of intelligent life outside the solar system. Scientific theories of how life developed on Earth allow for the possibility that life developed on other planets as well, the paranormal aspect of extraterrestrial life centers largely around the belief in unidentified flying objects and the phenomena said to be associated with them. Early in the history of UFO culture, believers divided themselves into two camps, the first held a rather conservative view of the phenomena, interpreting them as unexplained occurrences that merited serious study. They began calling themselves ufologists in the 1950s and felt that logical analysis of sighting reports would validate the notion of extraterrestrial visitation, the second camp consisted of individuals who coupled ideas of extraterrestrial visitation with beliefs from existing quasi-religious movements. These individuals typically were enthusiasts of occultism and the paranormal, many had backgrounds as active Theosophists, Spiritualists, or were followers of other esoteric doctrines. In contemporary times, many of these beliefs have coalesced into New Age spiritual movements, both secular and spiritual believers describe UFOs as having abilities beyond what are considered possible according to known aerodynamic constraints and physical laws. The transitory events surrounding many UFO sightings also limits the opportunity for repeat testing required by the scientific method, acceptance of UFO theories by the larger scientific community is further hindered by the many possible hoaxes associated with UFO culture
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Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
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Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
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Anglo-Irish people
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Many became eminent as administrators in the British Empire and as senior army and naval officers. The term is not usually applied to Presbyterians in the province of Ulster, whose ancestry is mostly Scottish, rather than English or Irish, the Anglo-Irish held a wide range of political views, with many of them being outspoken Irish Nationalists. And while many of the Anglo-Irish were part of the English diaspora in Ireland, in the course of the 17th century, this Anglo-Irish landed class replaced the Gaelic Irish and Old English aristocracies as the ruling class in Ireland. They were also referred to as New English to distinguish them from the Old English who descended from the medieval Hiberno-Norman settlers and those who converted to the Church of Ireland were usually able to keep or regain their lost property, as the issue was primarily one of allegiance. In the late 18th century the Parliament of Ireland in Dublin won legislative independence, the Anglo-Irish social class was usually of mixed English and Irish or Welsh ancestry. Members of this class commonly identified themselves as Irish, while retaining English habits in politics, commerce. They participated in the popular English sports of the day, particularly racing and fox hunting, many of the more successful of them spent much of their careers either in Great Britain or in some part of the British Empire. Many constructed large houses, which became known in Ireland as Big Houses. The Dublin working class playwright Brendan Behan, a staunch Irish Republican, saw the Anglo-Irish as Irelands leisure class, the Anglo-Irish novelist and short story writer Elizabeth Bowen memorably described her experience as feeling English in Ireland, Irish in England and not accepted fully as belonging to either. Due to their prominence in the military and their conservative politics and they also controlled financial companies such as the Bank of Ireland and Goodbody Stockbrokers. Prominent Anglo-Irish poets, writers, and playwrights include Jonathan Swift, George Berkeley, Oliver Goldsmith, Bram Stoker, Oscar Wilde, J. M. Synge, W. B. Yeats, Cecil Day-Lewis, Bernard Shaw, Augusta, Lady Gregory, Samuel Beckett, Giles Cooper, C. S. Lewis, Lord Longford, the polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton was also an Anglo-Irishman. Medical experts included Sir William Wilde, Robert Graves, Thomas Wrigley Grimshaw, William Stokes, Robert Collis, Sir John Lumsden, William Desmond Taylor was an early and prolific maker of silent films in Hollywood. Philanthropists included Thomas Barnardo and The 1st Earl of Iveagh, the Anglo-Irish, as a class, were mostly opposed to the notions of Irish independence and Home Rule. Most were supporters of continued political union with Great Britain, which existed between 1800 and 1922, however, Protestants in Ireland, and the Anglo-Irish class in particular, were by no means universally attached to the cause of continued political union with Great Britain. For instance, author Jonathan Swift, a clergyman in the Church of Ireland, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was led by members of the Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots class, some of whom feared the political implications of the impending union with Great Britain. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, however, Irish nationalism became increasingly tied to a Roman Catholic identity, by the beginning of the twentieth century, many Anglo-Irishmen in southern Ireland had become convinced of the need for a political settlement with Irish nationalists. Anglo-Irish politicians such as Sir Horace Plunkett and Lord Monteagle became leading figures in finding a solution to the Irish question
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Homestead Acts
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The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a homestead, at little or no cost. The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, any adult who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible, the 1866 Act explicitly included and encouraged blacks to participate. Several additional laws were enacted in the half of the 19th. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction. The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to a homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a section to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909, another amended act, the national Stock-Raising Homestead Act, was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved, this time to 640 acres. The Homestead Act of 1860 did pass in Congress, but it was vetoed by President James Buchanan, after the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, the bill passed and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. Daniel Freeman became the first person to file a claim under the new act, between 1862 and 1934, the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States, Homesteading was discontinued in 1976, except in Alaska, where it continued until 1986. About 40% of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it, the Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the Oregon Territory, then including the modern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of Wyoming. Settlers were able to claim 320 or 640 acres of land for free between 1850 and 1854, and then at a cost of $1.25 per acres until the law expired in 1855. Southern Democrats had continually fought previous homestead law proposals, as they feared free land would attract European immigrants, after the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and other supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act. The intent of the first Homestead Act, passed in 1862, was to liberalize the homesteading requirements of the Preemption Act of 1841 and its leading advocates were Andrew Johnson, George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley. The homestead was an area of land in the West granted to any US citizen willing to settle on. The law required a three-step procedure, file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government and was at least 21 years old or the head of a household, could file an application to claim a land grant
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Pre-emption right
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A pre-emption right, or right of pre-emption, is a contractual right to acquire certain property newly coming into existence before it can be offered to any other person or entity. Also called a first option to buy and it comes from the Latin verb emo, emere, emi, emptum, to buy or purchase, plus the inseparable preposition pre, before. A right to existing property in preference to any other person is usually referred to as a right of first refusal. In practice, the most common form of right is the right of existing shareholders to acquire new shares issued by a company in a rights issue. In this context, the right is also called subscription right or subscription privilege. This is the right, but not the obligation, of existing shareholders to buy the new shares before they are offered to the public, in this way, existing shareholders can maintain their proportional ownership of the company, preventing stock dilution. In such countries shareholder rights are often violated leading to proceedings at the Court of Justice of the European Union, overall, pre-emption right is similar to the concept of a call option. The Companies Act 2006 is the source of shareholder pre-emption rights in English companies, by virtue of section 562, the period given to the shareholders to accept such an offer must not be less than 14 days. The effect of these provisions is that a company cannot allot shares to new shareholders until it has offered them to their existing shareholders, the company must give the shareholders at least 14 days to decide whether or not they wish to purchase the shares. In earlier time, pre-emption right has had a separate and distinct meaning to that given to it today and this form of right was sometimes regulated by treaty. In the United States in the century, when an individual bought the preemption right to land. He was only buying the right to buy the land, preemption Act of 1841 First look deal Option Right of first refusal Drag-along right Tag-along right Rights issue Follow-on offering
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Charles King (general)
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Charles King was an American soldier and a distinguished writer. He graduated from West Point in 1866 and served in the Army during the Indian Wars under George Crook and he was wounded in the arm and head during the Battle of Sunset Pass forcing his retirement from the regular army as a captain in 1879. During this time he became acquainted with Buffalo Bill Cody, King would later write scripts for several of Codys silents films. He also served in the Wisconsin National Guard from 1882 until 1897, in the spring of 1885, General King was riding in the area of Delafield, Wisconsin after visiting the Cushing homestead on the Bark River and the parents of the three historic Cushing Brothers. Captain King came upon a man dressed in a bathrobe drilling young men with broomsticks, watching this futile exercise by toy soldiers, General King began to chuckle. Reverend Sydney T. Smythe asked what was so funny, and the reply was, I mean no disrespect, sir and he then proceeded to teach the young men the West Point Manual of Arms. The now Impressed Head Master of the St. Johns Military Academy inquired as to the gentlemens name, upon answering, Reverend Smythe shook hands and inquired on the spot of General Kings availability. In 1898, he was appointed general of volunteers and sailed to the Philippines during the Spanish–American War. The fighting with Spain was over by the time he arrived, during the following Philippine-American War, King was placed in command of the 1st Brigade in Henry W. Lawtons division. He led his brigade during the Battle of Manila and sailed for Santa Cruz with Lawtons division and he was incapacitated by sickness during the Battle of Santa Cruz, but he returned to fight in the following Battle of Pagsanjan. He took part in the major campaigns before the fighting turned primarily to guerilla warfare. He returned to the United States and was active in the Wisconsin National Guard and he wrote and edited over 60 books and novels. Among his list of titles are Campaigning with Crook, Fort Frayne, Under Fire, General King and his wife lived in the Carlton Hotel in Milwaukee. King commuted daily by train to Saint Johns Military Academy and he routinely sat on the porch of the Holt house on campus and told the cadets, which included his grandson, tales of the old west. General King was a Companion of the Wisconsin Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, General King died in Milwaukee at the age of 88 and is buried at the citys Forest Home Cemetery. Civil War Campaign Medal Indian Campaign Medal Spanish Campaign Medal Philippine Campaign Medal Charles King, the Life of Charles King St. Johns Historical Archives – Validated by Dr. MacIntyre of Centerville, Tennessee King, Charles. Campaigning With Crook and Stories of Army Life, new York City, Harper & Brothers. Campaigning with King, Charles King, Chronicler of the Old Army, lincoln, Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press
24.
James A. Michener
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Michener was known for the popularity of his works, he had numerous bestsellers and works selected for Book of the Month Club. He was also known for his meticulous research behind the books and his non-fiction works include Iberia, about his travels in Spain and Portugal, his memoir titled The World Is My Home, and Sports in America. Return to Paradise combines fictional short stories with Micheners factual descriptions of the Pacific areas where they take place. His first book was adapted as the popular Broadway musical South Pacific by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein and he also wrote an analysis of the Electoral College system of the United States in a book which condemned it, entitled Presidential Lottery, The Reckless Gamble in Our Electoral System. It was published in 1969, and republished in 2014 and 2016, Michener wrote that he did not know who his biological parents were or exactly when or where he was born. He said he was raised a Quaker by a mother, Mabel Michener, in Doylestown, Bucks County. Michener graduated from Doylestown High School in 1925 and he attended Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, where he played basketball and was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. After graduating summa cum laude in 1929 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and History, Michener took a job as a high school English teacher at The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. From 1933 to 1936, he taught English at George School in Newtown and he attended Colorado State College of Education in Greeley, Colorado, in 1970 renamed the University of Northern Colorado, where he earned a Master of Arts degree in Education. After graduation, he taught at the university, and at College High School for several years, the library at the University of Northern Colorado was later named after him in October 1972. In 1935, Michener married Patti Koon and he accepted a Guest Lecturer position at Harvard, from 1939 to 1940, but left to join Macmillan Publishers as their social studies education editor. Michener was called to duty during World War II in the United States Navy. He traveled throughout the South Pacific Ocean on various assignments which he gained because his base commanders mistakenly thought his father was Admiral Marc Mitscher and his experiences during these travels inspired his stories published in his breakout work Tales of the South Pacific. In 1960, Michener was chairman of the Bucks County committee to elect John F. Kennedy, in 1962, he unsuccessfully ran as a Democratic candidate for a seat in the U. S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, a decision he later considered a misstep. My mistake was to run in 1962 as a Democratic candidate for Congress, kept saying, Dont do it, dont do it. I lost and went back to writing books, in 1968, Michener served as the campaign manager for twice-elected US senator Joseph S. Clarks third-term run. Michener was later Secretary for the 1967–68 Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, also that year, Michener was a member of the Electoral College, serving as a Pennsylvania Democrat. He wrote about that experience in Presidential Lottery, The Reckless Gamble in Our Electoral System, in it, he suggested alternate systems, including a direct popular vote
25.
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
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Pine Bluff is the ninth largest city in the state of Arkansas. It is the county seat of Jefferson County, Arkansas and it is also the principal city of the Pine Bluff Metropolitan Statistical Area and part of the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Pine Bluff Combined Statistical Area. The population of the city was 49,083 in the 2010 Census, the city is situated in the Southeast section of the Arkansas Delta and straddles the Arkansas Timberlands region to its west. Its topography is flat with wide expanses of farmland consistent with other places in the Delta Lowlands, Pine Bluff is home to a number of creeks, streams, bayous, and larger bodies of water such as Lake Pine Bluff, Lake Langhofer and the Arkansas River. Pine Bluff is home to over three-quarters of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, the area along the Arkansas River had been inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous peoples of various cultures. They used the river for transportation like settlers after them, by the time of encounter with Europeans, the historical Quapaw were the chief people in the area, having migrated from the Ohio River valley centuries before. The city of Pine Bluff was founded by Europeans on a bank of the Arkansas River heavily forested with tall pine trees. The high ground furnished settlers a safe haven from annual flooding, Joseph Bonne, a Métis fur trader and trapper of mixed Quapaw and French ancestry, settled on this bluff in 1819. In 1829 Thomas Phillips claimed a section of land where Pine Bluff is located. Jefferson County was established by the Territorial Legislature on November 2,1829, at the August 13,1832 county election, the pine bluff was chosen as the county seat. The Quorum Court voted to name the village Pine Bluff Town on October 16,1832, Pine Bluff was incorporated January 8,1839, by the order of County Judge Taylor. At the time, the village had about 50 residents, improved transportation facilities aided in the growth of Pine Bluff during the 1840s and 1850s. With its proximity to the Arkansas River, the town served as a port for travel. Steamships provided the primary mode of transport, arriving from downriver ports such as New Orleans, from 1832-1858, Pine Bluff was also a station on the passage of Seminole and Black Seminoles who were forcibly removed from Florida to the Territory. They included the legendary John Horse, who landed in the city on the steamboat Swan in 1842. Pine Bluff was prospering by the outbreak of the Civil War with wealth built on the commodity crop of cotton, the city had one of the largest slave populations in the state by 1860 and Jefferson County, Arkansas was second in cotton production in the state. Union troops under Colonel Powell Clayton arrived September 17,1863, marmaduke tried to expel the Union Army in the Battle of Pine Bluff October 25,1863, but was repulsed by a combined effort of soldiers and freedmen. In the final year of the war, the 1st Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry, was the first African-American regiment in the war to go into combat
26.
Georgian architecture
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Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable
27.
Federal architecture
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Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing architecture built in the newly founded United States between c.1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815. This style shares its name with its era, the Federal Period, the name Federal style is also used in association with furniture design in the United States of the same time period. The style broadly corresponds to the classicism of Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Regency architecture in Britain, in the early American republic, the founding generation consciously chose to associate the nation with the ancient democracies of Greece and the republican values of Rome. Grecian aspirations informed the Greek Revival, lasting into the 1850s, American Federal architecture typically uses plain surfaces with attenuated detail, usually isolated in panels, tablets, and friezes. It also had a flatter, smoother façade and rarely used pilasters and it was most influenced by the interpretation of ancient Roman architecture, fashionable after the unearthing of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The bald eagle was a symbol used in this style. 1800, men such as Charles Bulfinch, architect of the Massachusetts State House, Boston, the two brothers, Robert Adam and James Adam, were Scottish architects who never visited America, but through their books were leading influences. Young Modern reassessment of the American architecture of the Federal period began with Fiske Kimball, Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies, Adam style Federal furniture Lyre arm Craig, Lois A. The Federal Presence, Architecture, Politics and National Design
28.
Maine law
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The Maine Law, passed in 1851 in Maine, was one of the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance movement in the United States. Temperance activist and mayor of Portland, Maine, Neal Dow helped craft the Maine liquor law, known as dry states, these states were the opposite of wet states, where no prohibition laws existed. The act was unpopular with many working people and immigrants. Opposition to the law turned violent in Portland, Maine on June 2,1855 during an incident known as the Portland Rum Riot, opponents of the Maine Law stormed Portland City Hall because they thought Mayor Dow was keeping liquor in the basement. Newspapers reported that Dow ordered rioters to be fired upon, killing one, the riot was a contributing factor to the law being repealed in 1856. However, despite repeal, prohibition was re-enacted in various forms, the Maine Law gained recognition internationally and was the inspiration for United Kingdom Alliance in Manchester, England. That organization grew and during the late 19th Century a street in Manchester, originally known as Dog Kennel Lane, the street was renamed due to the influence of the Temperance Movement. In February 1855, a second prohibitory liquor law passed by the state legislature, the Massachusetts legislature passed a Maine Law in 1852 which was struck down a year later by that states Supreme Court. Two years later, in 1855, the legislature passed a prohibitory liquor law to avoid the constitutional flaws of the first law. The Rhode Island General Assembly passed its own Maine Law in 1852, Liquor was banned again in 1874 and 1886. When statewide prohibition ended in 1889, the decision was left to the individual cities. Vermonts legislature also passed a prohibitory liquor law in 1852 which was ratified by the people of the state the year after, connecticuts legislature passed a prohibitory liquor law in 1853 but was vetoed by the governor. The next year, with a new governor, the once again passed a Maine Law with a majority in both houses. In 1853, Indiana passed a Maine Law which was invalidated by the supreme court. But in 1855, a new prohibitory liquor law was passed, also in 1853, Michigan passed a prohibitory liquor law which was ratified by 2/3 of the electorate. However, in 1854, the law was declared unconstitutional, the next year the state legislature passed a revised liquor law. In 1854, the people of Texas voted to prohibit the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart, in 1854, Ohio passed a law forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquor, which was ruled unconstitutional by state appellate courts. However, in 1855, the Ohio State Supreme Court overturned the court rulings
29.
Boston Symphony Hall
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Symphony Hall is a concert hall located at 301 Massachusetts Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts. Designed by McKim, Mead and White, it was built in 1900 for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the hall was designated a U. S. National Historic Landmark in 1999 and is a pending Boston Landmark. It was then noted that Symphony Hall remains, acoustically, among the top three concert halls in the world, and is considered the finest in the United States. Symphony Hall was inaugurated on October 15,1900, after the Orchestras original home was threatened by road-building, admired for its lively acoustics from the time of its opening, the hall is often cited as one of the best sounding classical concert venues in the world. The hall is modeled on the second Gewandhaus concert hall in Leipzig, the Hall is relatively long, narrow, and high, in a rectangular shoebox shape like Amsterdams Concertgebouw and Viennas Musikverein. It is 18. 6m high,22. 9m wide, stage walls slope inward to help focus the sound. With the exception of its floors, the Hall is built of brick, steel. Side balconies are very shallow to avoid trapping or muffling sound, conductor Herbert von Karajan, in comparing it to the Musikverein, stated that for much music, it is even better. Because of its slightly lower reverberation time, in 2006, due to years of wear and tear, the original concert stage floor was replaced at a cost of $250,000. In order to any change to the sound of the hall. These included tongue-in-groove, three-quarter inch, hard maple boards, a compressed wool underlayment and hardened steel cut nails, the vertical grain fir subfloor from 1899 was in excellent shape and was left in place. The nails used in the new floor were hand cut using the size and construction as the originals. Beethovens name is inscribed over the stage, the musicians name that appears in the hall since the original directors could agree on no other name. The halls leather seats are the ones installed in 1900. The hall seats 2,625 people during Symphony season and 2,371 during the Pops season, sixteen replicas of Greek and Roman statues line the upper level of the halls walls. Ten are of subjects, and six of historical figures. All are of plaster cast by P. P. Caproni, the Symphony Hall organ, a 4, 800-pipe Aeolian-Skinner was designed by G. Donald Harrison, installed in 1949, and autographed by Albert Schweitzer. It replaced the halls first organ, built in 1900 by George S. Hutchings of Boston, the Hutchings organ had fallen out of fashion by the 1940s when lighter, clearer tones became preferred
30.
McKim, Mead & White
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McKim, Mead & White was a prominent American architectural firm that thrived at the turn of the twentieth century. The firms founding partners were Charles Follen McKim, William Rutherford Mead and they hired many other architects, partners, associates, designers and draftsmen, who came to prominence during or after their time at the firm. The firms New York City buildings include Manhattans former Pennsylvania Station, the Brooklyn Museum, elsewhere in New York State and New England, the firm designed college, library, school and other buildings such as the Boston Public Library and Rhode Island State House. In Washington, D. C. the firm renovated the West and East Wings of the White House, and designed Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair and the National Museum of American History. Across the United States, the firm designed buildings in Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington, other examples are in Canada, Cuba and Italy. McKim and Mead joined forces in 1872 and they were joined in 1879 by White, who, like McKim, had worked for architect Henry Hobson Richardson. Its vision was to clean up the confusion of American cities and imbue them with a sense of order. The firm retained its name long after the deaths of founding partners White, McKim, among the firms final works under the name McKim, Mead & White was the National Museum of American History in Washington, D. C. Designed primarily by partner James Kellum Smith, it opened in 1964, Smith died in 1961, and the firm was soon renamed Steinmann, Cain and White. In 1971, it became Walker O. Cain and Associates, lewis Colt Albro – who formed a partnership with Harrie T. Lindeberg from 1906 to 1914. Henry Bacon – worked at the firm from about 1886 through 1897, boring – worked at the firm in 1890 before forming a separate partnership with Edward Lippincott Tilton. Page Brown - worked with the beginning in the 1880s, went to California. Walker O. Cain – worked at the firm, he took it over in 1961, john Merven Carrère – worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885, then joined Thomas Hastings to form the firm Carrère and Hastings. Arthur Loomis Harmon – later of Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, Thomas Hastings – of Carrère and Hastings, worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885. William Mitchell Kendall, worked with the firm from 1882 until his death, Harrie T. Lindeberg – started at the firm in 1895 as an assistant to Stanford White and remained with the firm until Whites death in 1906. Austin W. James Kellum Smith – a member of the firm from 1924 to 1961, full partner in 1929, and he primarily designed academic buildings, but his last major work was the National Museum of American History. Egerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout – both Tracy and Swartwout worked together for the firm on multiple projects prior to starting their own practice, robert von Ezdorf – took over much of the firms business after Whites death. William M. Wells – worked as firms first Chief Draftsman from 1879–90, often considered to be the fourth partner
31.
Newton Free Library
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In 1866, one of these groups, the Newton Library Association, purchased land to establish a public library for the residents of Newton. Along with donations from citizens, construction of the building began in August 1868. Designed by architect Alexander Rice Esty, the Newton Free Library was dedicated on Friday June 17,1870 and it opened with about 7,000 volumes, composed of previous library associations collections, new purchases, as well as private donations. By 1875, the collection had grown to 11,003 volumes, today, the collection has grown to about 530,000 items. As the library’s collection and membership grew, the space needed to be expanded. Several expansions were added to the building on Centre Street, first in 1886. Groundbreaking for the new building took place on July 27,1989, the 91, 000-square-foot Theodore D. Mann Building opened to the public on September 15,1991, at a cost of just over $15 million. It was believed that Branches were no necessary and were in fact usurping the main of patrons. The remaining Branches were continued with reduced hours and staffing in four outlying locations, Auburndale, Waban, Newton Corner, the latter two were closed July 1,2008 due to budget cuts while Auburndale and Waban continue as community run Library Centers. Since its move to the new building, the Newton Free Library’s circulation has increased to almost 2 million items per year. The Newton Free Library has been recognized as one of the top ten libraries in the country within its population range category by Hennen’s American Public Library Ratings. The library is a department of the city of Newton and has a board of trustees appointed by the mayor who serve a staggered five-year term. Architectural Features Style and Material, Neo-Georgian architecture made of brick and stone Layout, Three floors, in 1870, a total of 1360 people had registered their names with the Newton Free Library. The first telephone for the library was installed in 1904, from 1905 to 1916 book deliveries between branches were carried out in a horse and buggy. In 1870, the largest number of items loaned in a day was 250. The distinguishing term is the Free Library, the Newton Free Library, A pictorial history 1870-1991. Hennen Jr. Thomas J. Hennens American Public Library Ratings 2006, available at http, //www. haplr-index. com/ Newton Free Library
32.
Topiary
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The term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. As an art form it is a type of living sculpture, the plants used in topiary are evergreen, mostly woody, have small leaves or needles, produce dense foliage, and have compact and/or columnar growth habits. Common species chosen for topiary include cultivars of European box, arborvitae, bay laurel, holly, myrtle, yew, the hedge is a simple form of topiary used to create boundaries, walls or screens. European topiary dates from Roman times, the clipping and shaping of shrubs and trees in China and Japan have been practised with equal rigor, but for different reasons. The goal is to achieve an artful expression of the form of venerably aged pines, given character by the forces of wind. Their most concentrated expressions are in the arts of Chinese penjing. Japanese cloud-pruning is closest to the European art, the forms of clipped growth are designed to be best appreciated after a fall of snow. Japanese Zen gardens make use of Karikomi and Hako-zukuri. Since its European revival in the 16th century, topiary has been seen on the parterres and terraces of gardens of the European elite, traditional topiary forms use foliage pruned and/or trained into geometric shapes such as balls or cubes, obelisks, pyramids, cones, or tapering spirals. Representational forms depicting people, animals, and man-made objects have also been popular, sculptural forms were provided by stone and lead sculptures. In Holland, however, the fashion was established for more complicated topiary designs, the tower of Babel, not yet finished. St George in box, his arm scarce long enough, a quickset hog, shot up into a porcupine, by its being forgot a week in rainy weather. In the 1720s and 1730s, the generation of Charles Bridgeman and William Kent swept the English garden clean of its hedges, mazes and he accordingly built an authentically styled Tudor village to accommodate the overflow, with an Old English Garden including buttressed hedges and free-standing topiary. Topiary, which had featured in very few 18th-century American gardens, came into favour with the Colonial Revival gardens and the grand manner of the American Renaissance, 1880–1920. Interest in the revival and maintenance of gardens in the 20th century led to the replanting of the topiary maze at the Governors Palace, Colonial Williamsburg. American portable style topiary was introduced to Disneyland around 1962, walt Disney helped bring this new medium into being - wishing to recreate his cartoon characters throughout his theme park in the form of landscape shrubbery. This style of topiary is based on a suitably shaped steel wire frame through which the plants eventually extend as they grow, the frame, which remains as a permanent trimming guide, may be either stuffed with sphagnum moss and then planted, or placed around shrubbery. The sculpture slowly transforms into a permanent topiary as the fill in the frame
33.
Boulder, Colorado
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Boulder is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County, and the 11th most populous municipality in the U. S. state of Colorado. Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,430 feet above sea level, the city is 25 miles northwest of Denver. The population of the City of Boulder was 97,385 people at the 2010 United States Census, while the population of the Boulder, furthermore, the city of Boulder frequently receives high rankings in art, health, well-being, quality of life, and education. The university officially opened on September 5,1877, Boulder adopted an anti-saloon ordinance in 1907. Statewide prohibition started in Colorado in 1916 and ended with the repeal of prohibition in 1933. As of the census of 2010, there were 97,385 people,41,302 households, the population density is 3,942.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 43,479 housing units at a density of 1,760.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 0% White,0. 9% Black or African American,0. 4% Native American,4. 7% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,3. 2% some other race, and 2. 6% from two or more races. 8. 7% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race,35. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7. 1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16, and the family size was 2.84. Boulders population is younger than the average, largely due to the presence of university students. The median age at the 2010 census was 28.7 years compared to the U. S. median of 37.2 years. In Boulder,13. 9% of the residents were younger than the age of 18,29. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 6% from 25 to 44,20. 3% from 45 to 64, for every 100 females there were 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and older, there were 106.2 males, in 2011 the estimated median household income in Boulder was $57,112, and the median family income was $113,681. Male full-time workers had an income of $71,993 versus $47,574 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,600,24. 8% of the population and 7. 6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the population,17. 4% of those under the age of 18 and 6. 0% of those 65. Boulder housing tends to be priced higher than surrounding areas, for the 2nd quarter of 2006, the median single-family home in Boulder sold for $548,000 and the median attached dwelling sold for $262,000
34.
Carrie (novel)
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Carrie is an American novel and author Stephen Kings first published novel, released on April 5,1974, with an approximate first print-run of 30,000 copies. Set primarily in the year of 1979, it revolves around the eponymous Carrietta N. King has commented that he finds the work to be raw and with a surprising power to hurt. It is one of the most frequently banned books in United States schools, the book is dedicated to Kings wife Tabitha, This is for Tabby, who got me into it – and then bailed me out of it. Carietta Carrie White is a 16-year-old girl from Chamberlain, Maine, Carrie does not fare much better at school, where her frumpy looks and lack of friends make her the subject of ridicule. At the beginning of the novel, Carrie has her first period while showering after an education class. She has no understanding of menstruation as her mother never told her about it and her classmates use the event as an opportunity to taunt her, led by Chris Hargensen, they throw tampons and sanitary napkins at her. When gym teacher Rita Desjardin happens upon the scene, she at first berates Carrie for her stupidity, however, she realizes that Carrie has no idea what is happening to her. In the midst of the commotion a lightbulb shatters above Carries head, Miss Desjardin excuses this and helps Carrie clean up and tries to explain. Carries mother shows no sympathy for her, she beats her and locks her into a closet, however, the principal instead punishes the girls by forcing them to attend boot-camp style detention with Miss Desjardin. When Chris, after an altercation with Miss Desjardin, refuses to appear for the detention, at her behest, her father, a prominent local lawyer, tries to intimidate the assistant principal into reinstating her privileges. Carrie gradually discovers her dormant telekinetic powers which she had possessed since birth. They were once again awoken during the incident which caused her to unknowingly shatter the light bulb. She also begins to understand that she is telepathic. Meanwhile, Sue Snell, another girl who had earlier teased Carrie. With the prom fast approaching, Sue convinces her boyfriend, Tommy Ross, one of the most popular boys in the school, Carrie is suspicious but accepts his offer, and makes a red velvet gown. Carries mother wont hear of her doing anything so carnal as attending a school dance, as she believes that sex in any form is sinful. She also reveals that she knows about Carries telekinetic powers, which she considers a form of witchcraft, Carrie, however, is tired of hearing that everything is a sin, she wants a normal life and sees the prom as a new beginning. The prom initially goes well for Carrie, Tommys friends are welcoming, Chris, still furious, devises her own revenge with her boyfriend Billy Nolan, they fill two buckets full of pigs blood and suspend the buckets over the stage
35.
'Salem's Lot
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Salems Lot is a 1975 horror fiction novel written by the American author Stephen King. It was his published novel. The town is revisited in the short stories Jerusalems Lot and One for the Road, the novel was nominated for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel in 1976, and the Locus Award for the All-Time Best Fantasy Novel in 1987. In two separate interviews King said that, of all his books, Salems Lot was his favorite, in 1987 he told Phil Konstantin in The Highway Patrolman magazine, In a way it is my favorite story, mostly because of what it says about small towns. They are kind of a dying organism right now, the story seems sort of down home to me. I have a cold spot in my heart for it. The book is dedicated to Kings daughter Naomi, For Naomi Rachel King, Ben Mears, a writer who spent part of his childhood in Jerusalems Lot, Maine, has returned after twenty-five years. He quickly becomes friends with high school teacher Matt Burke and strikes up a romantic relationship with Susan Norton. Ben starts writing a book about the Marsten House, a house where he had a bad experience as a child. Barlow is on a buying trip, only his business partner. Danny fails, however, to infect Mark Petrie, who resists him successfully by holding a cross in Dannys face. Within several weeks many of the townspeople are turned into vampires, Ben Mears and Susan are joined by Matt Burke and his doctor, Jimmy Cody, along with young Mark Petrie and the local priest, Father Callahan, in an effort to fight the spread of new vampires. Susan is captured by Barlow and made into a vampire, eventually being staked through the heart by Mears, Marks parents are killed next, but Barlow does not infect them, so they are later given a clean burial. Barlow holds Mark and Father Callahan hostage, but Father Callahan has the hand, securing Marks release, agreeing to Barlows demand that he toss aside his cross. Barlow says Sad to see a mans faith fail him, Callahan then has to drink blood from Barlows neck, Callahan resists but is forced to drink, leaving him in a netherworld, as Barlow has left his mark. When Callahan tries to re-enter his church he receives an electric shock, Callahan never goes near another church again. Ben Mears and Mark Petrie succeed in destroying the master vampire Barlow, Mark is received into the Catholic Church by a friendly local priest and confesses for the first time what they have experienced. The epilogue has the two returning to the town a year later, intending to renew the battle, while teaching a high school Fantasy and Science Fiction course at Hampden Academy, King was inspired by Dracula, one of the books covered in the class
36.
Stanley Kubrick
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Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas, the war picture Paths of Glory and the historical epic Spartacus. His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew, and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks, though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself. His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, which he shared with his wife Christiane, became his workplace, where he did his writing, research, editing, and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete control over his films. His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers, Lolita and Dr. Strangelove and he often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie, which resulted in many conflicts with his casts. Despite the resulting notoriety among actors, many of Kubricks films broke new ground in cinematography, Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generations big bang, and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon, Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, with The Shining, he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots. His last film, Eyes Wide Shut, was completed shortly before his death in 1999, Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26,1928, in the Lying-In Hospital at 307 Second Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He was the first of two children of Jacob Leonard Kubrick, known as Jack or Jacques, and his wife Sadie Gertrude Kubrick, known as Gert and his sister, Barbara Mary Kubrick, was born in May 1934. At Stanleys birth, the Kubricks lived in an apartment at 2160 Clinton Avenue in the Bronx, although his parents had been married in a Jewish ceremony, Kubrick did not have a religious upbringing, and would later profess an atheistic view of the universe. By the district standards of the West Bronx, the family was fairly wealthy, soon after his sisters birth, Kubrick began schooling in Public School 3 in the Bronx, and moved to Public School 90 in June 1938. Although his IQ was discovered to be average, his attendance was poor. He displayed an interest in literature from an age, and began reading Greek and Roman myths. When Kubrick was 12, his father Jack taught him chess, the game remained a lifelong interest of Kubricks, appearing in many scenes of his films. Kubrick himself, who became a member of the United States Chess Federation, explained that chess helped him develop patience. At the age of 13, Kubricks father bought him a Graflex camera and he became friends with a neighbor, Marvin Traub, who shared his passion for photography
37.
Timberline Lodge
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Timberline Lodge is a mountain lodge on the south side of Mount Hood in Clackamas County, Oregon, about 60 miles east of Portland. Constructed from 1936 to 1938 by the Works Progress Administration, it was built, Timberline Lodge was dedicated September 28,1937, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The National Historic Landmark sits at an elevation of 5,960 feet, publicly owned and privately operated, Timberline Lodge is a popular tourist attraction that draws two million visitors annually. It is notable in film for serving as the exterior of the Overlook Hotel in The Shining, Timberline Lodge, a mountain lodge and resort hotel, is a four-story structure comprising approximately 40,000 square feet. The ground-level exterior walls are heavy rubble masonry, using boulders from the immediate area, the central head house section is hexagonal and 60 feet in diameter, with a six-sided stone chimney stack 92 feet high and 14 feet in diameter. Each of the six fireplace openings—three on the floor, three on the first floor—is five feet wide and seven feet high. Two wings, running west and southeast, flank the head house, Oregon woods used throughout the building include cedar, Douglas fir, hemlock, western juniper and ponderosa pine. The architect of record for Timberline Lodge is Gilbert Stanley Underwood, noted for the Ahwahnee Hotel and his central head house was modified from an octagon to a hexagon by U. S. Forest Service architect W. I. Turner and a team comprising Linn A. Forrest, Howard L. Gifford, a recent graduate of the University of Washington, forest service engineer Ward Gano was structural designer. Timberline Lodge was constructed between 1936 and 1938 as a Works Progress Administration project during the Great Depression, eighty percent of the WPAs $695,730 total expenditure on building costs paid for labor. Skilled building trade workers received 90 cents an hour, unskilled laborers received 55 cents an hour, some of the skilled stonemasons on the project were Italian immigrants who had worked on the Historic Columbia River Highway and other roads in Oregon. About 100 construction workers were on site at a given time, jobs were rotated to provide work to as many of the unemployed as possible. Materials costs were minimized by the use of recycled materials. Women wove draperies, upholstery and bedspreads, and hooked rugs were made from strips of old Civilian Conservation Corps camp blankets, discarded cedar utility poles became newel posts with their crowns hand-carved into birds, bears and seals. Fireplace screens were fashioned from tire chains, andirons and other iron work was forged from old railroad tracks. WPA workers used large timbers and local stone from the site, All classes, from the most elementary hand labor, through the various degrees of skill to the technically trained were employed, reported the WPAs Federal Writers Project. Federal Art Project contributions to the project were directed by Margery Hoffman Smith, Oregon Arts Project administrator and she designed the iconic snow goose, the 750-pound bronze weather vane above the head house. Smith based the abstract forms incised into the chimney on the art of the local Tenino people
38.
Mount Hood
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Mount Hood, called Wyeast by the Multnomah tribe, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc of northern Oregon. It was formed by a zone on the Pacific coast. It is located about 50 miles east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties, in addition to being Oregons highest mountain, it is one of the loftiest mountains in the nation based on its prominence. The height assigned to Mount Hoods snow-covered peak has varied over its history, the peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snowfields. It is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range, Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt, though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. Timberline Lodge is a National Historic Landmark located on the flank of Mount Hood just below Palmer Glacier. The mountain has six ski areas, Timberline, Mount Hood Meadows, Ski Bowl, Cooper Spur, Snow Bunny and they total over 4,600 acres of skiable terrain, Timberline offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America. The most northwestern pass around the mountain is called Lolo Pass, native Americans crossed the pass while traveling between the Willamette Valley and Celilo Falls. The Multnomah name for Mount Hood was Wyeast, in one version of the legend, the two sons of the Great Spirit Sahale fell in love with the beautiful maiden Loowit, who could not decide which to choose. The two braves, Wyeast and Pahto, burned forests and villages in their battle over her, Sahale became enraged and smote the three lovers. Seeing what he had done, he erected three mountain peaks to mark where each fell and he made beautiful Mount St. Helens for Loowit, proud and erect Mount Hood for Wyeast, and the somber Mount Adams for the mourning Pahto. There are other versions of the legend, in another telling, Wyeast battles Pahto for the fair La-wa-la-clough. Or again Wyeast, the chief of the Multnomah tribe, competed with the chief of the Klickitat tribe and their great anger led to their transformation into volcanoes. Their battle is said to have destroyed the Bridge of the Gods, the mountain was given its present name on October 29,1792, by Lt. William Broughton, a member of Captain George Vancouvers discovery expedition. Lt. and seemed to announce a termination to the river, Lt. Broughton named the mountain after Lord Hood, a British Admiral at the Battle of the Chesapeake. Lewis and Clark spotted the mountain on October 18,1805 and it is at this time topped with snow. We called this the Falls Mountain, or Timm Mountain, Timm was the native name for Celilo Falls. Clark later noted that it was also Vancouvers Mount Hood, two French explorers from the Hudsons Bay Company may have traveled into the Dog River area east of Mount Hood in 1818
39.
Elstree Studios
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Elstree Studios is a generic term which can refer to several current and defunct British film studios and television studios based in or around the towns of Borehamwood and Elstree in Hertfordshire. Studios have been located here since film production began in the area during 1914, while some facilities have been built and demolished since then, two sites remain in use in Borehamwood, Elstree Studios on Shenley Road and the BBC Elstree Centre on Clarendon Road. Despite being called Elstree Studios, only one studio has ever been located in Elstree itself, when the studios were being established, Elstree was significantly larger than Borehamwood. Nowadays, Borehamwood is the larger, but the old names have remained in use, the civil parish that contains the town was called Elstree. The local railway station was known as Elstree. The local telephone exchange was also called Elstree, the Neptune Film Company opened the first studios in Borehamwood in 1914. Production ceased during 1917 and the studio was sold to the Ideal Film Company who used the site up until 1924, during 1928, the studio was sold to Ludwig Blattner who connected it to the electricity mains and introduced a German system of sound recording. The Blattner Studio was leased to Joe Rock Productions during 1934, Rock Productions built four new large stages. During 1953, the studios were bought by Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. mainly for production and were later sold to Lew Grades Associated Television. The Clarendon Road centre became the television production hub for ATV. The smaller Studios A and B were used for schools and sitcoms, Studio D, with permanent audience seating, was used for light entertainment programmes such as the ATV Morecambe and Wise series and The Muppet Show. They remained in operation by Central up until July 1983, the BBC bought the Elstree site in 1984 to produce its new soap opera EastEnders. In addition to EastEnders, many other programmes have been there including Top of the Pops. Grange Hill, Hangar 17 and Holby City, British National Pictures Ltd. purchased 40 acres of land on the south side of Shenley Road and began construction of two large film stages in 1925. The first film produced there was Madame Pompadour, the company was renamed British International Pictures and a second stage was ready for production in 1928. Alfred Hitchcock made Blackmail, the first British talkie at the studios in 1929, at the end of the silent-film era, six new sound stages were built, three of these were sold to the British & Dominions Film Corporation. BIP became Associated British Picture Corporation in 1933, during World War II, the studios were used by the War Office for storage. In 1946, Warner Brothers acquired a substantial interest in ABPC, appointed a new board, in 1969, EMI gained control of ABPC and the studios were renamed EMI-Elstree Studios
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Ahwahnee Hotel
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The Ahwahnee Hotel is a grand hotel in Yosemite National Park, California, on the floor of Yosemite Valley, constructed from steel, stone, concrete, wood and glass, which opened in 1927. It is an example of National Park Service rustic architecture and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The hotel was built by two companies that were merged when the National Park Service began leasing concessions to a single concessionaire in 1925. The Curry Company, owned by David and Jennie Curry and the Yosemite Park Company, the structure originally served as both a luxury hotel and the company offices of YPC&CC. Delaware Norths contract ended on March 1,2016 when The National Park Service selected Aramark as the new concessionaire, David and Jennie Curry, owners and operators of Curry Village, were schoolteachers who arrived in Yosemite Valley in 1899. The couple offset some of their costs by giving camping tours. For three summers in a row, the Currys led teachers on camping outings to Yellowstone with horse and wagon, arriving in Yosemite with a cook, despite the two week, round trip travel period from Merced, California, the camp registered 292 guests its first year. The couple brought their three children with them, foster, Mary and Marjorie all helped out where they were able. The Curry Company came to dominate the politics of the park for decades, David wrote the Secretary of the Interior, Franklin Lane, in an effort extend the parks tourist season, hoping to expand his business. The Currys were adept at promotion and revived an old tradition started by James McCauley on the Fourth of July 1872, at sunset, piles of burning logs were pushed off Glacier Point creating what was known as the Fire Fall. The theory was, national parks were for recreational use, David Curry died in 1917 and left the management of Camp Curry to his widow Jennie, now known as Mother Curry. She received help from her children, particularly Mary and Marys husband Donald Tresidder, in 1915, Stephen T. Mather convinced D. J. Desmond to convert an old army barracks into the Yosemite Lodge, desmond also began a hotel at Glacier Point the following year, while buying out a number of businesses to improve Yosemite Park Companys position in upcoming park leasing contracts. A congressional act allowed for efficient supervision of the parks for the enjoyment of the public, beginning in 1916, the newly formed National Park Service began a concerted effort to attract visitors to the parks and create better accommodations and services. Under the direction of Mather, whose greatest desire was to build a hotel in Yosemite, an attempt was made to build near Yosemite Falls. Prominent socialite Lady Astor and other wealthy tourists had refused to stay at the due to the horrible conditions of the facilities. In 1925, the Park Service, unhappy with the declining concessions situation within the parks, decided to grant a monopoly to single entities to run the hotel and food services in each park. Two existing companies, Curry Company and The Yosemite Park Company, were merged to create one company to run all of the hotels
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Yosemite National Park
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Yosemite National Park is a national park spanning portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in Northern California. The park, which is managed by the National Park Service, on average, about 4 million people visit Yosemite each year, and most spend the majority of their time in the seven square miles of Yosemite Valley. The park set a record in 2016, surpassing 5 million visitors for the first time in its history. Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness, Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea. First, Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada, and the park supports a diversity of plants and animals. The park has a range from 2,127 to 13,114 feet and contains five major vegetation zones, chaparral/oak woodland, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, subalpine zone. Of Californias 7,000 plant species, about 50% occur in the Sierra Nevada, there is suitable habitat for more than 160 rare plants in the park, with rare local geologic formations and unique soils characterizing the restricted ranges many of these plants occupy. The geology of the Yosemite area is characterized by granitic rocks, about 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes. The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in formation of deep, about one million years ago, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys. Ice thickness in Yosemite Valley may have reached 4,000 feet during the early glacial episode, the downslope movement of the ice masses cut and sculpted the U-shaped valley that attracts so many visitors to its scenic vistas today. The name Yosemite originally referred to the name of a tribe which was driven out of the area by the Mariposa Battalion. Before then the area was called Ahwahnee by indigenous people, as revealed by archeological finds, the Yosemite Valley has been inhabited for nearly 3,000 years, though humans may have first visited the area as long as 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The indigenous natives called themselves the Ahwahneechee, meaning dwellers in Ahwahnee and they are related to the Northern Paiute and Mono tribes. Many tribes visited the area to trade, including nearby Central Sierra Miwoks, a major trading route went over Mono Pass and through Bloody Canyon to Mono Lake, just to the east of the Yosemite area. Vegetation and game in the region were similar to that present today, acorns were a staple to their diet, as well as seeds and plants, salmon. In 1851 as part of the Mariposa Wars intended to suppress Native American resistance and he was pursuing forces of around 200 Ahwahneechee led by Chief Tenaya. Accounts from this battalion were the first well-documented reports of ethnic Europeans entering Yosemite Valley, attached to Savages unit was Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, the company physician, who later wrote about his awestruck impressions of the valley in The Discovery of the Yosemite. Bunnell is credited with naming Yosemite Valley, based on his interviews with Chief Tenaya, Bunnell wrote that Chief Tenaya was the founder of the Pai-Ute Colony of Ah-wah-nee
42.
Aspen, Colorado
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Aspen is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Pitkin County, Colorado, United States. Its population was 6,658 at the 2010 United States Census, founded as a mining camp during the Colorado Silver Boom and later named Aspen because of the abundance of aspen trees in the area, the city boomed during the 1880s, its first decade of existence. In the late 20th century, the city became a retreat for celebrities. Gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson worked out of a downtown hotel, singer John Denver wrote two songs about Aspen after settling there. Today the musicians and movie stars have been joined by corporate executives, as a result of this influx of wealth, Aspen boasts some of the most expensive real estate prices in the United States and many middle-class residents can no longer afford to live there. It remains a popular tourist destination, with outdoor recreation in the surrounding White River National Forest serving as a complement to the four ski areas in the vicinity. Production expanded due to the passage of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, by 1893, Aspen had banks, a hospital, a police department, two theaters, an opera house and electric lights. Economic collapse came with the Panic of 1893, when President Cleveland called a session of Congress. Within weeks, many of the Aspen mines were closed and thousands of miners were put out of work, eventually, after wage cuts, mining revived somewhat, but production declined and by the 1930 census only 705 residents remained. Remaining, however, were fine stocks of old buildings and residences. Aspens development as a ski resort first flickered in the 1930s when investors conceived of a ski area, friedl Pfeifer, a member of the 10th Mountain Division who had trained in the area, returned to the area and linked up with industrialist Walter Paepcke and his wife Elizabeth. The Aspen Skiing Corporation was founded in 1946 and the city became a well-known resort. Paepcke also played an important role in bringing the Goethe Bicentennial Convocation to Aspen in 1949, Aspen was now on the path to becoming an internationally known ski resort and cultural center, home of the Aspen Music Festival and School. The area would continue to grow with the development of three ski areas, Buttermilk, Aspen Highlands, and Snowmass. In 1977, notorious serial killer Ted Bundy, while in the Pitkin County Courthouse in Aspen for a hearing, jumped from a second-story window. He remained free for six days, hiding out on Aspen Mountain, in 1977, Aspen was thoroughly photographed for the Aspen Movie Map project funded by the U. S. Department of Defense. The Movie Map is one of the earliest examples of virtual reality software, Aspen is notable as the smallest radio market tracked by Arbitron, ranked at #302. Aspen is a Home Rule Municipality under Colorado law, an elected council of four members and the mayor supervise the citys operations, managed on a day-to-day basis by the city manager, an appointed official who serves at their pleasure
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Dumb and Dumber
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Dumb and Dumber is a 1994 American comedy road film starring Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels. It was written by the Farrelly brothers and Bennett Yellin, and is the Farrelly brothers directorial debut, the film was released on December 16,1994. It grossed $247 million at the box office and has developed a following in the years since its release. The success of Dumb and Dumber launched the career of the Farrelly brothers, the film also spawned an animated TV series, a 2003 prequel, and a 2014 sequel. Lloyd Christmas and Harry Dunne, two good-natured but dim-witted men, are best friends and roommates living in Providence, Rhode Island, Lloyd, a limousine driver, immediately falls in love when he meets Mary Swanson, a woman he is driving to the airport. She leaves a briefcase in the terminal, Lloyd, unaware that it contains ransom money for her kidnapped husband Bobby, retrieves it and her Aspen-bound plane has already departed, leading to Lloyd running through and falling out of the jetway. Fired from his job, Lloyd returns to his apartment and learns that Harry has also fired from his dog-grooming job after delivering dogs late to a show. Bobbys kidnappers, Joe Mental Mentalino and J. P. Shay, mistaking the crooks for debt collectors, the duo flee the apartment and return later to find that Mental and Shay have decapitated Harrys parakeet. Lloyd suggests they head to Aspen to find Mary and return the briefcase, at first, Harry opposes the idea, but he eventually agrees and the duo leaves the next day. Mental and Shay catch up to the duo at a motel that night, posing as a hitchhiker, Mental is picked up by Harry and Lloyd while Shay secretly follows them. During a lunch stop, the duo prank Mental with chili peppers in his burger, when Mental reacts adversely, they accidentally kill him with rat poison pills after mistaking it for his medication. Nearing Colorado, Lloyd takes a turn and ends up driving all night through Nebraska. Upon waking up and realizing Lloyds mishap, Harry gives up on the journey and decides to walk home, the two arrive in Aspen, but are unable to locate Mary. After a short scuffle over some gloves that night, the briefcase breaks open and they borrow it for a hotel suite, clothes and a Lamborghini Diablo. They learn that Mary and her family are hosting a gala, at the gala, Harry, attempting to lure Mary over to Lloyd, reluctantly agrees to go skiing with her the next day and lies to Lloyd that he got him a date. The next day, Lloyd finds out Harry lied to him after waiting all day for Mary at the hotel bar, in retaliation, Lloyd pranks Harry with coffee spiked with laxatives, causing him to defecate in a broken toilet at Marys house. Lloyd arrives at Marys house and informs her he has her briefcase and he takes her to the hotel, shows her the briefcase, and confesses his love after some initial struggle, she rejects him. Before Nicholas can kill them, an FBI team raids the suite and arrests him, Lloyd, realizing he came all this way for nothing, fantasizes about shooting Bobby dead
