1.
Stanley Hotel, Nairobi
–
The Stanley Hotel is a five-star hotel in Nairobi, Kenya. It is the oldest hotel in the city, having established in 1902 by English businesswoman Mayence Bent. It is named after Sir Henry Morton Stanley, a Welsh explorer who is best known for his explorations of central Africa and his search for missionary. Since the early 1900s, the Stanley Hotel has been known as the meeting place for those going on safari in Kenya. It has played host to royalty, politicians, movie stars and it is still used for national business conferences and tourism concerns. The Sarova Stanley has a total of 217 rooms as of 2015, the Stanley Presidential Suite, named for famed explorer Henry Morton Stanley, has been used by Namibian President Sam Nujoma. The hotel has three restaurants, the Thorn Tree Café, named for the original tree used for years as a message depot, the Thai Chi Restaurant. The Exchange Bar, named for the Nairobi Securities Exchange, is the successor to the Long Bar, Mayence had taken the job at the store in 1898 after moving to Nairobi with her husband William Stanley Bent, and their daughter Gladys. Mayence would bring fresh butter and vegetables from her husbands 40-acre farm in Kikuyu for the hotels guests, in 1904, after a disagreement with Wood, Mayence entered into a business arrangement with a farmer from Sotik, Daniel Ernest Cooper, and opened the first Stanley Hotel. That first Stanley Hotel was a wooden building with 15 beds. In 1905, a license was granted to D. E. Cooper for the hotel. Later that year, a fire destroyed much of Victoria Street, Mayence quickly moved her tenants to an unused rail-road building on Government Road. W. S. Bent declared insolvency in 1908, soon after, Mayence married Frederick Francis Tate, brother of James William Tate and Dame Maggie Teyte. D. E. Cooper moved back to Sotik in 1909, in 1912, Fred Tate purchased two plots of land and had a new hotel designed by architects Robertson, Gow & Davidson, and built on Delamere Avenue. This building had 60 rooms in three stories, in 1913, with the new hotels completion, the original site was sold to ex-postmaster Daniel William Noble. The Tates had originally planned to transfer the Stanley Hotel name to the new location, thus the New Stanley Hotel was born. During the first World War, Fred Tate served as a lieutenant with the local forces, soon after he returned, he was struck with blindness and general paralysis. In 1926, he and Mayence moved to London, leaving the hotel to be run by Albert Ernest Waterman, his wife Florence Annie, in 1932, after six years in London, the Tates returned to Nairobi for the opening of the New Stanley Long Bar
Stanley Hotel, Nairobi
–
Front view of the hotel
Stanley Hotel, Nairobi
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Hotel logo
Stanley Hotel, Nairobi
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Stanley Hotel (c. 1904)
Stanley Hotel, Nairobi
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New Stanley Hotel (1913)
2.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
–
Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
3.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
Historic districts in the United States
–
The federally designated
Sycamore Historic District in
Illinois
Historic districts in the United States
–
Walker Hall, part of the
University of Florida Campus Historic District
Historic districts in the United States
–
Helvenston House, part of the
Ocala Historic District, in
Ocala, Florida
Historic districts in the United States
–
1848 Duncan House,
National Register of Historic Places Cooksville Historic District, Wisconsin
4.
Estes Park, Colorado
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The Town of Estes Park /ˈɛstɪs/ is a statutory town in Larimer County, Colorado, United States. A popular summer resort and the location of the headquarters for Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park had a population of 5,858 at the 2010 census. The town overlooks Lake Estes and Olympus Dam, before Europeans came to the Estes Park valley, the Arapaho Indians lived there in the summertime and called the valley the Circle. When three elderly Arapahoes visited Estes Park in 1914, they pointed out sites they remembered from their younger days, toll, recorder, and David Robert Hawkins, a Princeton student. In the 1850s, the Arapaho had spent summers camped around Marys Lake, where their rock fireplaces, tipi sites and they also recalled building eagle traps atop Longs Peak to get the war feathers coveted by all tribes. They remembered their routes to and from the valley in detail, naming trails and they pointed out the site of their buffalo trap, and described the use of dogs to pack meat out of the valley. Their recollections included a battle with Apaches in the 1850s, and fights with Utes who came to the area to hunt bighorn sheep, whites probably came into the Estes Park valley before the 1850s as trappers, but did not stay long. The town is named after Missouri native Joel Estes, who founded the community in 1859, Estes moved his family there in 1863. One of Estes early visitors was William Byers, an editor who wrote of his ascent of Longs Peak in 1864. Griff Evans and his came to Estes Park in 1867 to act as caretakers for the former Estes ranch. Recognizing the potential for tourism, he began building cabins to accommodate travelers, soon it was known as the first dude ranch in Estes Park, with guides for hunting, fishing, and mountaineering. Lord Dunravens land grab didnt work, but he controlled 6,000 acres before he changed tactics and opened the areas first resort, the Estes Park Hotel, in 1873, Englishwoman Isabella Bird, the daughter of an Anglican minister, came to the United States. Landing at San Francisco, she came overland to Colorado, where she borrowed a horse and set out to explore the Rocky Mountains with a guide, the notorious James Nugent, aka Rocky Mountain Jim. She wrote a memoir of their travels, including the ascent of Longs Peak. On June 19th 1874 Rocky Mountain Jim and neighbor Griff Evans had an argument, having had bitter history with each other, Nugent and Evans hated each other and were deep personal rivals when it came to tour guiding tourists. The argument escalated until Evans blasted Jim in the head with his rifle shotgun, Evans then traveled to Fort Collins to file an assault charge against Nugent, but he was arrested and tried for first degree murder when Jim Nugent died on September 9th 1874 of the bullet wound. Evans was put on trial, but the case was dismissed due to the lack of witnesses to the shooting. On August 9th 1875, the Loveland court-house acquitted Evans of any charges in the case, William Henry Jackson photographed Estes Park in 1873
Estes Park, Colorado
–
Panorama of Estes Park as seen from
Lumpy Ridge
Estes Park, Colorado
–
Lord Dunraven (1841-1926), the famous
Irish nobleman, politician and journalist, in later life. His
ancestral seat was
Adare Manor.
Estes Park, Colorado
–
Main Street in 1912.
USGS photo.
Estes Park, Colorado
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Estes Park entrance sign
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
6.
Freelan Oscar Stanley
–
Freelan Oscar Stanley was an American inventor, hotelier and businessman. He was the co-founder, along with his twin brother Francis Edgar Stanley, F. O. Stanley was inducted into the Colorado Business Hall of Fame by Junior Achievement-Rocky Mountain and the Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce in 2016. Freelan Oscar Stanley and his twin brother Francis Edgar were born on June 1,1849, in Kingfield. They were the third and second, respectively, of the six children of Solomon P. Stanley II, although their family was not wealthy, education was highly valued and knowledge of science, poetry and music were encouraged from a young age. Their elder brother Isaac Newton Stanley was named for the eminent English scientist while their youngest brother received the name of Bayard Taylor and their younger sister Chansonetta Stanley Emmons achieved significant recognition as a photographer. In 1859, At the age of ten, Freelan and Francis started their first business together refining and selling maple sugar. The object of their money was wool for new school suits. At eleven, their great-uncle, Liberty Stanley, who had raised their father as his own son, by the following year, Freelan had completed three instruments. He would continue to make throughout his life creating many concert-quality pieces still prized today by collectors. In 1860, at the age of twenty the brothers began their education at Western State Normal School with the intention of becoming educators. Francis Edgar soon found that education was not to his liking. Freelan continued his education at Hebron Academy from 1871 to 1873 and he never completed his degree, however, due to his participation in the so-called Drill Rebellion. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Bowdoin alumnus, former professor, and hero of Gettysburg, had become president of the college in 1871 and instituted mandatory military drills for all students. Although Stanley was exempt from the drill as a member of the band, he was nonetheless strongly opposed to it. In November 1873, the students petitioned the Board of Governors to abolish it, in May 1874, having been unsuccessful in their petition, three-quarters of the student body refused to participate. The protesters were sent home for one week and given the ultimatum of compliance or expulsion, Stanley was one of three students who refused to comply. Despite his expulsion, Freelan Oscar Stanley was granted a degree from Bowdoin in 1919 at the age of 70. The drills were repealed after Chamberlains resignation in 1883, following his time at Bowdoin, Stanley accepted a position as headmaster of the high school in Mechanic Falls, Maine where he met Flora Jane Record Tileston
Freelan Oscar Stanley
–
Freelan Oscar Stanley
7.
Colonial Revival
–
Colonial Revival architecture was and is a nationalistic design movement in the United States. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 reawakened Americans to their colonial past, successive waves of revivals of British colonial architecture have swept the United States since 1876. In the 19th century, Colonial Revival took a formal style, public interest in the Colonial Revival style in the early 20th century helped popularize books and atmospheric photographs of Wallace Nutting showing scenes of New England. Historical attractions such as Colonial Williamsburg helped broaden exposure in the 1930s, in the post-World War II era, Colonial design elements were merged with the then popular ranch-style house design. In the early part of the 21st century, certain regions of the United States embraced aspects of Anglo-Caribbean, Colonial Revival sought to follow American colonial architecture of the period around the Revolutionary War, which drew strongly from Georgian architecture of Great Britain. Structures are typically two stories with the ridge running parallel to the street, have a symmetrical front facade with an accented doorway. William Butler, Another City Upon a Hill, Litchfield, Connecticut, richard Guy Wilson and Noah Sheldon, The Colonial Revival House 2004. Richard Guy Wilson, Shaun Eyring and Kenny Marotta, Re-creating the American Past, Essays on the Colonial Revival 2006
Colonial Revival
–
Memorial City Hall,
Auburn, New York, built in 1929-30 in the Colonial Revival style
Colonial Revival
–
Historic Robinson Hall on the
Louisiana Tech University campus in
Ruston,
Louisiana, is named for the second president of the institution,
William Claiborne Robinson.
Colonial Revival
–
Colonial Revival post office in
Hyattsville, Maryland
Colonial Revival
–
Colonial Revival home of
Henry M. Jackson in
Everett, Washington.
8.
Colonial revival architecture
–
Colonial Revival architecture was and is a nationalistic design movement in the United States. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 reawakened Americans to their colonial past, successive waves of revivals of British colonial architecture have swept the United States since 1876. In the 19th century, Colonial Revival took a formal style, public interest in the Colonial Revival style in the early 20th century helped popularize books and atmospheric photographs of Wallace Nutting showing scenes of New England. Historical attractions such as Colonial Williamsburg helped broaden exposure in the 1930s, in the post-World War II era, Colonial design elements were merged with the then popular ranch-style house design. In the early part of the 21st century, certain regions of the United States embraced aspects of Anglo-Caribbean, Colonial Revival sought to follow American colonial architecture of the period around the Revolutionary War, which drew strongly from Georgian architecture of Great Britain. Structures are typically two stories with the ridge running parallel to the street, have a symmetrical front facade with an accented doorway. William Butler, Another City Upon a Hill, Litchfield, Connecticut, richard Guy Wilson and Noah Sheldon, The Colonial Revival House 2004. Richard Guy Wilson, Shaun Eyring and Kenny Marotta, Re-creating the American Past, Essays on the Colonial Revival 2006
Colonial revival architecture
–
Memorial City Hall,
Auburn, New York, built in 1929-30 in the Colonial Revival style
Colonial revival architecture
–
Historic Robinson Hall on the
Louisiana Tech University campus in
Ruston,
Louisiana, is named for the second president of the institution,
William Claiborne Robinson.
Colonial revival architecture
–
Colonial Revival post office in
Hyattsville, Maryland
Colonial revival architecture
–
Colonial Revival home of
Henry M. Jackson in
Everett, Washington.
9.
Rocky Mountain National Park
–
The park is situated between the towns of Estes Park to the east and Grand Lake to the west. The eastern and westerns slopes of the Continental Divide run directly through the center of the park with the headwaters of the Colorado River located in the northwestern region. The main features of the park include mountains, alpine lakes, the Rocky Mountain National Park Act was signed by then–President Woodrow Wilson on January 26,1915, establishing the park boundaries and protecting the area for future generations. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the main route, named Trail Ridge Road. In 1976, UNESCO designated the park as one of the first World Biosphere Reserves, in 2016, more than four and a half million recreational visitors entered the park, which is an increase of about nine percent from the prior year. The history of Rocky Mountain National Park began when Paleo-Indians traveled along what is now Trail Ridge Road to hunt, Ute and Arapaho people subsequently hunted and camped in the area. In 1820, the Long Expedition, led by Stephen H. Long for whom Longs Peak was named, approached the Rockies via the Platte River. Settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, displacing the Native Americans who mostly left the area voluntarily by 1860, lulu City, Dutchtown, and Gaskill in the Never Summer Mountains were established in the 1870s when prospectors came in search of gold and silver. The boom ended by 1883 with miners deserting their claims, the railroad reached Lyons, Colorado in 1881 and the Big Thompson Canyon Road—a section of U. S. Route 34 from Loveland to Estes Park—was completed in 1904. The 1920s saw a boom in building lodges and roads in the park, prominent individuals in the effort to create a national park included Enos Mills from the Estes Park area, James Grafton Rogers from Denver, and J. Horace McFarland of Pennsylvania. The national park was established on January 26,1915, Precambrian metamorphic rock formed the core of the North American continent during the Precambrian eon 4. 5–1 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic era, western North America was submerged beneath a sea, with a seabed composed of limestone. Concurrently, in the period from 500–300 million years ago, the region began to sink while lime, eroded granite produced sand particles that formed strata—layers of sediment—in the sinking basin. About 300 million years ago, the land was uplifted creating the ancestral Rocky Mountains, fountain Formation was deposited during the Pennsylvanian period of the Paleozoic era, 290–296 million years ago. Over the next 150 million years, the uplifted, continued to erode. Wind, gravity, rainwater, snow, and glacial ice eroded the mountains over geologic time scales. The Ancestral Rockies were eventually buried under subsequent strata, the Pierre Shale formation was deposited during the Paleogene and Cretaceous periods about 70 million years ago. The region was covered by a deep sea—the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway—which deposited massive amounts of shale on the seabed
Rocky Mountain National Park
–
View from
Bear Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park
Rocky Mountain National Park
–
A view of a
tundra landscape in Rocky Mountain National Park.
Rocky Mountain National Park
–
Longs Peak seen from
Dream Lake trail
Rocky Mountain National Park
–
Lord Dunraven (1841-1926), the
Irish nobleman, in later life.
10.
Rocky Mountains
–
The Rocky Mountains, commonly known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the Southwestern United States. Within the North American Cordillera, the Rockies are somewhat distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges, the Rocky Mountains were initially formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny, in which a number of plates began to slide underneath the North American plate. The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers have sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks, at the end of the last ice age, humans started to inhabit the mountain range. The first mention of their present name by a European was in the journal of Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre in 1752, the Rocky Mountains are commonly defined as stretching from the Liard River in British Columbia south to the Rio Grande in New Mexico. The United States definition of the Rockies includes the Cabinet and Salish Mountains of Idaho and their counterparts north of the Kootenai River, the Columbia Mountains, are considered a separate system in Canada, lying to the west of the huge Rocky Mountain Trench. This runs the length of British Columbia from its beginnings in the middle Flathead River valley in western Montana to the bank of the Liard River. The Rockies vary in width from 70 to 300 miles, also west of the Rocky Mountain Trench, farther north and facing the Muskwa Range across the trench, are the Stikine Ranges and Omineca Mountains of the Interior Mountains system of British Columbia. A small area east of Prince George, British Columbia on the side of the Trench. In Canada geographers define three main groups of ranges, the Continental Ranges, Hart Ranges and Muskwa Ranges, the Muskwa and Hart Ranges together comprise what is known as the Northern Rockies. The western edge of the Rockies includes ranges such as the Wasatch near Salt Lake City, the Great Basin and Columbia River Plateau separate these sub-ranges from distinct ranges further to the west, most prominent among which are the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range and Coast Mountains. The Rocky Mountain System within the United States is a United States physiographic region, the Rocky Mountains are notable for containing the highest peaks in central North America. The ranges highest peak is Mount Elbert located in Colorado at 14,440 feet above sea level, Mount Robson in British Columbia, at 12,972 feet, is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies. The Continental Divide of the Americas is located in the Rocky Mountains, triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park is so named because water that falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific, but Hudson Bay as well. Farther north in Alberta, the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the Mackenzie River, see Rivers of the Rocky Mountains for a list of rivers. Human population is not very dense in the Rocky Mountains, with an average of four people per square kilometer, however, the human population grew rapidly in the Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990. The 40-year statewide increases in range from 35% in Montana to about 150% in Utah
Rocky Mountains
–
Moraine Lake, and the
Valley of the Ten Peaks,
Banff National Park,
Alberta,
Canada
Rocky Mountains
–
The Front Range of the Rocky Mountains near
Denver, Colorado
Rocky Mountains
–
The
Tetons are a rugged subrange in Wyoming
Rocky Mountains
–
Mount Robson in
British Columbia.
11.
Stanley Motor Carriage Company
–
The Stanley Motor Carriage Company was an American manufacturer of steam-engine vehicles, it operated from 1902 to 1924. The cars made by the company were colloquially called Stanley Steamers, twins Francis E. Stanley and Freelan O. Stanley founded the company, after selling their photographic dry plate business to Eastman Kodak. They made their first car in 1897, during 1898 and 1899, they produced and sold over 200 cars, more than any other U. S. maker. In 1899, Freelan and his wife Flora drove one of their cars to the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire, the Stanleys later sold the rights to this early design to Locomobile, and in 1902 they formed their own Stanley Motor Carriage Company. Early Stanley cars had wooden bodies mounted on tubular steel frames by means of full-elliptic springs. Steam was generated in a vertical boiler, mounted beneath the seat. The boiler was reinforced by several layers of wire wound around it. In early models, the vertical fire-tubes were made of copper, in later models, the installation of a condenser caused oil-fouling in the expansion joints, and welded steel fire-tubes had to used. The boilers were reasonably safe, since they were fitted with safety valves, even if these failed, any dangerous over pressure would rupture one of the joints long before the boiler shell itself could burst. The resulting leakage would relieve the pressure and douse the burner. There is not a single documented incident of a Stanley boiler exploding, the engine had two double-acting cylinders, side-by-side and equipped with slide-valves, and it was a simple-expansion type. Drive was transmitted directly by the crankshaft to a rear-mounted differential through using a chain, owners often modified their Locomobiles by adding third-party accessories, including improved lubricators, condensers, and devices which eased the laborious starting procedure. To overcome patent difficulties with the design they had sold to Locomobile, later models had aluminium coachwork that resembled the internal combustion cars of the time, but they retained steam-car features by having no transmission, clutch, or driveshaft. They also had a fully sprung tubular steel frame, when they later moved the steam boiler to the front of the vehicle, the owners dubbed it the coffin nose. The twin cylinder engines were at that time 10HP, with 3. 25inch bore and 4. 25inch stroke, and 20HP with 4inch bore and 5inch stroke. In order to range, condensers were added from 1915. A Stanley Steamer set the record for the fastest mile in an automobile in 1906. This record was not broken by any automobile until 1911, although Glen Curtiss beat the record in 1907 with a V-8 powered motorcycle at 136 mph, the record for steam-powered automobiles was not broken until 2009
Stanley Motor Carriage Company
–
F. O. Stanley and his wife Flora drove to the top of
Mount Washington in
New Hampshire to generate publicity for their firm.
Stanley Motor Carriage Company
–
A Stanley Steamer on display at the
Cole Land Transportation Museum in
Bangor,
Maine
Stanley Motor Carriage Company
–
1912 Stanley steam car
Stanley Motor Carriage Company
–
6hp Stanley steam car engine
12.
American upper class
–
The American upper class is a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich. People of this class are socioeconomically distinguishable from other classes by its greater influence, power. The study of attitudes is reasonably easy its concluded that for roughly 70% of the population – the lower 70% on the wealth/income scale – they have no influence on policy whatsoever, as you move up the wealth/income ladder, you get a little bit more influence on policy. When you get to the top, which is maybe a tenth of one percent, people essentially get what they want, so the proper term for that is not democracy, its plutocracy. Many Politicians, heirs to fortunes, top executives, CEOs, successful venture capitalists, those born into high society. Some prominent and high-rung professionals may also be included if they attain great influence, the main distinguishing feature of this class, which is estimated to constitute roughly 1% of the population, is the source of income. While the vast majority of people and households derive their income from wages or salaries, estimates for the size of this group commonly vary from 1% to 2%, while some surveys have indicated that as many as 6% of Americans identify as upper class. Sociologist Leonard Beeghley sees wealth as the only significant distinguishing feature of class and, therefore. The members of the tiny capitalist class at the top of the hierarchy have an influence on economy and they make investment decisions that open or close employment opportunities for millions of others. They contribute money to political parties, and they often own media enterprises that allow them influence over the thinking of other classes, the capitalist class strives to perpetuate itself, Assets, lifestyles, values and social networks. Are all passed from one generation to the next, –Dennis Gilbert, The American Class Structure,1998 Sociologists such as W. Lloyd Warner, William Thompson and Joseph Hickey recognize prestige differences between members of the upper class. But its money buys plenty of access, notably, this view does not address wealth, which plays an important role in allocating status and power. In order to make sure important and complex tasks are handled by qualified and motivated personnel, society offers incentives such as income. The more scarce qualified applicants are and the more essential the given task is and that a position does not bring power and prestige because it draws a high income. Rather, it draws a high income because it is functionally important and it is therefore superficial and erroneous to regard high income as the cause of a mans power and prestige, just as it is erroneous to think that a mans fever is the cause of his disease. The economic source of power and prestige is not income primarily, such ownership should be distinguished from the possession of consumers goods, which is an index rather than a cause of social standing. – Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, Principles of Stratification, as mentioned above, income is one of the most prominent features of social class, but not necessarily one of its causes. In other words, income does not determine the status of an individual or household, income and prestige are the incentives in order to fill all positions with the most qualified and motivated personnel possible
American upper class
–
A study by
Larry Bartels found a positive correlation between Senate votes and opinions of high income people, conversely, low income people's opinions had a negative correlation with senate votes.
13.
Stephen King
–
Stephen Edwin King is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have more than 350 million copies, many of which have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, television shows. King has published 54 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman and he has written nearly 200 short stories, most of which have been collected in book collections. Many of his stories are set in his state of Maine. His novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption was the basis for the movie The Shawshank Redemption which is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. King has received Bram Stoker Awards, World Fantasy Awards, and his novella The Way Station was a Nebula Award novelette nominee. In 2003, the National Book Foundation awarded him the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters and his short story The Man in the Black Suit received the O. Henry Award. In 2015, King was awarded with a National Medal of Arts from the United States National Endowment for the Arts for his contributions to literature, King was born September 21,1947, in Portland, Maine. His father, Donald Edwin King, was born circa 1913 in Peru, Indiana, when Donald was born, his surname was Pollock, but as an adult, he used the surname King. Kings mother, Nellie Ruth, was born in Scarborough, Maine, Donald and Nellie were married July 23,1939, in Cumberland County, Maine. The family moved to De Pere, Wisconsin, Fort Wayne, Indiana, when King was 11, the family returned to Durham, Maine, where his mother cared for her parents until their deaths. She then became a caregiver in a residential facility for the mentally challenged. King was raised Methodist and remains religious as an adult, as a child, King apparently witnessed one of his friends being struck and killed by a train, though he has no memory of the event. His family told him that leaving home to play with the boy, King returned, speechless. Only later did the family learn of the friends death, some commentators have suggested that this event may have psychologically inspired some of Kings darker works, but King makes no mention of it in his memoir On Writing. King related in detail his primary inspiration for writing fiction in his non-fiction Danse Macabre. King compares his uncles successfully dowsing for water using the bough of a branch with the sudden realization of what he wanted to do for a living. King told Barnes & Noble Studios during a 2009 interview, I knew that Id found home when I read that book, King attended Durham Elementary School and graduated from Lisbon Falls High School, in Lisbon Falls, Maine
Stephen King
–
Stephen King in February 2007
Stephen King
–
King's home in
Bangor
14.
The Shining (novel)
–
The Shining is a horror novel by American author Stephen King. Published in 1977, it is Kings third published novel and first hardback bestseller, the setting and characters are influenced by Kings personal experiences, including both his visit to The Stanley Hotel in 1974 and his recovery from alcoholism. The novel was followed by a sequel, Doctor Sleep, published in 2013 and his family accompanies him on this job, including his young son Danny Torrance, who possesses the shining, an array of psychic abilities that allow Danny to see the hotels horrific past. Soon, after a storm leaves them snowbound, the supernatural forces inhabiting the hotel influence Jacks sanity, leaving his wife. The novel was adapted into a 1980 feature film of the same name directed by Stanley Kubrick, a television mini-series later premiered in 1997, with the making closely monitored by King to ensure it had followed the novels narrative. King wrote the series himself and was unable to criticize the Kubrick version due to his contract. The Shining mainly takes place in the fictional Overlook Hotel, an isolated, haunted resort located in the Colorado Rockies. The plot centers on Jack Torrance, his wife Wendy Torrance, and their 5-year-old son Danny Torrance, Jack hopes that the hotels seclusion will help him reconnect with his family and give him the motivation needed to work on a play. Danny, unknown to his parents, possesses telepathic abilities referred to as the shining that enable him to read minds and experience premonitions. Dick Hallorann, the chef at the Overlook, also possesses similar abilities to Dannys and helps to explain them to him, giving Hallorann, as the Torrances settle in at the Overlook, Danny sees ghosts and frightening visions. Although Danny is close to his parents, he not tell either of them about his visions because he senses that the care-taking job is important to his father. Wendy considers leaving Jack at the Overlook to finish the job by himself, Danny refuses, however, Danny soon realizes that his presence in the hotel makes the supernatural activity more powerful, turning echoes of past tragedies into dangerous threats. Apparitions take form and the topiary animals come to life. The Overlook has difficulty possessing Danny, so it begins to possess Jack by frustrating his need, Jack starts to develop cabin fever and becomes increasingly unstable. One day, after a fight with Wendy, Jack finds the hotels bar fully stocked with alcohol despite being previously empty, as he gets drunk, the hotel urges Jack to kill his wife and son. He initially resists, but the influence of the hotel proves too great. He becomes a monster under the control of the hotel, succumbing to his dark side. Wendy and Danny get the better of Jack, locking him inside the walk-in pantry, Jack attacks Wendy with one of the hotels roque mallets, but she escapes to the caretakers suite and locks herself in the bathroom
The Shining (novel)
–
First edition cover
15.
The Shining (film)
–
The film is based on Stephen Kings 1977 novel The Shining. The initial European release of The Shining was 25 minutes shorter than the American version, although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time, critics, scholars, and crew members have discussed the films enormous influence on popular culture. Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain-isolated Overlook Hotel, which is 25 miles from the closest town, once hired, Jack plans to use the hotels solitude to write. The hotel, built on the site of a Native American burial ground, becomes snowed-in during the winter, manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself. In Boulder, Jacks son, Danny Torrance, has a premonition about the hotel, viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door. Jacks wife, Wendy, tells a doctor that Danny has a friend named Tony. The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour, the chef, Dick Hallorann, surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream. Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability, Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel, particularly room 237. Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a shine to it along with many memories and he also tells Danny to stay away from room 237. A month passes, while Jacks writing goes nowhere, Danny and Wendy explore the hotels hedge maze, Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall, and Danny has frightening visions. Jack, increasingly frustrated, starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts, Dannys curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the rooms door open. Later, Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter, after she awakens him, Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny. Danny arrives and is traumatized with a bruise on his neck. Jack wanders into the hotels Gold Room and meets a bartender named Lloyd. Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage, Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a crazy woman in one of the rooms attempted to strangle him. Jack investigates room 237, encountering the ghost of a dead woman, Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room, now filled with ghosts attending a ball. He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must correct his wife and child, meanwhile, Hallorann grows concerned about whats going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado
The Shining (film)
–
Theatrical release poster by
Saul Bass
The Shining (film)
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Saint Mary Lake with its Wild Goose Island is seen during the opening scene
The Shining (film)
–
Exterior shots of the
Timberline Lodge were used to depict the fictional Overlook Hotel
The Shining (film)
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One of the sequences in which the camera tracks Danny, shot with a special low-pole version of the Steadicam developed for this film
16.
The Shining (TV miniseries)
–
The Shining is a three-part television miniseries based on Stephen Kings novel of the same name. Directed by Mick Garris from Kings teleplay, the series was first aired in 1997, Jack Torrances alcoholism and explosive temper have cost him his teaching job at Stovington, a respectable prep school. He is also on the verge of losing his family, after assaulting his young son Danny Torrance in a drunken rage just a year earlier. Hoping to succeed and move on as a writer, Jack is happy to take the job as it will provide desperately needed funds, upon entering the Overlook and meeting its head cook, Dick Hallorann, Danny discovers that his psychic powers grant him a form of telepathy. Hallorann tells Danny that he too shines, and that Danny can contact him anytime he needs assistance. It gradually becomes evident that the ghosts are more than figurative. There is a force within the building that seems determined to use Danny for an unknown and this force manifests itself with flickering lamps and spectral voices and eventually a full-on masked ball from the Overlooks past. Danny is the first to notice the darker character of the hotel, having experienced visions and warnings that foreshadow what he. Jacks character becomes darker, first by scolding Danny for violating his rules that he was to stay out of the guest rooms. In order to achieve its goal, the hotel takes over the person dearest to Danny, Halloran, who had been contacted telepathically by Danny, travels from Florida to Colorado only to be assaulted by Jack with a roque mallet and left for dead. Danny telepathically communicates with his father, who breaks free of the ghosts grip. Danny, Wendy, and Halloran escape to safety as Jack runs to the room to sacrifice himself by allowing the boiler to explode. 10 years later, Danny graduates from school with his mother and Halloran present at the ceremony. Back in Colorado, the Overlook is being rebuilt as a resort for the summer, aside from the motive behind the creation of the miniseries, the 1997 rendition featured an important set piece that helped to inspire the original story, The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado. King used the hotel that inspired him to write the book as the main exterior, scenes were also shot using the real interior, however, specific pieces of set dressing were used to enhance the old-fashioned feel of the building. This mini earns its length, using every minute to paint a picture of surprising emotional complexity. The Shining won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries or a Special and it was also nominated for Outstanding Miniseries. It also won two Saturn Awards for Best Single Genre Television Presentation and Best Genre TV Actor, courtland Mead was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Movie / Pilot / Mini-Series, Young Actor Age 10 or Under
The Shining (TV miniseries)
–
Intertitle
The Shining (TV miniseries)
–
DVD cover
17.
Paranormal
–
A paranormal phenomenon is different from hypothetical concepts such as dark matter and dark energy. Unlike paranormal phenomena, these concepts are based on empirical observations. The most notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to ghosts, extraterrestrial life, unidentified flying objects, psychic abilities or extrasensory perception, the term paranormal has existed in the English language since at least 1920. The word consists of two parts, para and normal, the definition implies that the scientific explanation of the world around us is normal and anything that is above, beyond, or contrary to that is para. On the classification of paranormal subjects, Terence Hines in his book Pseudoscience, what sets the paranormal apart from other pseudosciences is a reliance on explanations for alleged phenomena that are well outside the bounds of established science. Thus, paranormal phenomena include extrasensory perception, telekinesis, ghosts, poltergeists, life after death, reincarnation, faith healing, human auras, the explanations for these allied phenomena are phrased in vague terms of psychic forces, human energy fields, and so on. This is in contrast to many pseudoscientific explanations for other nonparanormal phenomena, in traditional belief and fiction, a ghost is a manifestation of the spirit or soul of a person. Alternative theories expand on that idea and include belief in the ghosts of deceased animals, sometimes the term ghost is used synonymously with any spirit or demon, however in popular usage the term typically refers to a deceased persons spirit. The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely tied to the concept of animism, as the 19th-century anthropologist George Frazer explained in his classic work, The Golden Bough, souls were seen as the creature within that animated the body. Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread, the possibility of extraterrestrial life is not, by itself, a paranormal subject. Many scientists are engaged in the search for unicellular life within the solar system, carrying out studies on the surface of Mars. Projects such as SETI are conducting a search for radio activity that would show evidence of intelligent life outside the solar system. Scientific theories of how life developed on Earth allow for the possibility that life developed on other planets as well, the paranormal aspect of extraterrestrial life centers largely around the belief in unidentified flying objects and the phenomena said to be associated with them. Early in the history of UFO culture, believers divided themselves into two camps, the first held a rather conservative view of the phenomena, interpreting them as unexplained occurrences that merited serious study. They began calling themselves ufologists in the 1950s and felt that logical analysis of sighting reports would validate the notion of extraterrestrial visitation, the second camp consisted of individuals who coupled ideas of extraterrestrial visitation with beliefs from existing quasi-religious movements. These individuals typically were enthusiasts of occultism and the paranormal, many had backgrounds as active Theosophists, Spiritualists, or were followers of other esoteric doctrines. In contemporary times, many of these beliefs have coalesced into New Age spiritual movements, both secular and spiritual believers describe UFOs as having abilities beyond what are considered possible according to known aerodynamic constraints and physical laws. The transitory events surrounding many UFO sightings also limits the opportunity for repeat testing required by the scientific method, acceptance of UFO theories by the larger scientific community is further hindered by the many possible hoaxes associated with UFO culture
Paranormal
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Medium Eva Carrière photographed in 1912, with an apparent light appearing between her hands.
Paranormal
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Charles Fort, 1920. Fort is perhaps the most widely known collector of paranormal stories.
Paranormal
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Participant of a
Ganzfeld experiment which proponents say may show evidence of
telepathy.
Paranormal
–
James Randi is a well-known investigator of paranormal claims.
18.
Francis Edgar Stanley
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He and his twin brother, Freelan Oscar Stanley learned to carve violins as taught by their grandfather, Liberty Stanley, at the age of ten. He attended Western State Normal School, now known as the University of Maine at Farmington, while F. O. initially became a teacher, F. E. took a different path, moving to Lewiston, Maine and opening a photography studio in 1874. Within a few years, the studio was one of the largest in New England, during that time, F. E. patented the first photographic airbrush, which he used to colorize photos. Several years later, they were dissatisfied with the quality of the dry plates that at the time were entering major use in the industry and they patented a machine for coating mass quantities of dry plates, and set up the Stanley Dry Plate Company in Watertown, Massachusetts. By the 1890s, that business had over $1 million in annual sales, however, the brothers abandoned photography when they became interested in automobile development, and sold the dry plate business to George Eastman of Eastman-Kodak for $500,000. He died in 1918 in Wenham, Massachusetts when he drove his car into a woodpile while attempting to farm wagons travelling side by side on the road
Francis Edgar Stanley
–
Francis Edgar Stanley
19.
Kingfield, Maine
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Kingfield is a town in Franklin County, Maine, United States. The population was 997 at the 2010 census, Kingfield is the principal gateway to Sugarloaf, a major ski resort, and is headquarters to Maine Huts and Trails. The history of Kingfield is one of falling bridges, opening and closing roads, numerous floods and fires, and citizens and generosity, leadership, the first white men recorded to have visited the present location of Kingfield were John W. Dutton and Nathaniel Kimball in 1805. The following year, Dutton and Kimball, after spending time the year hunting in the area, returned to the area with their families. In 1807, William King, in partnership with three others, purchased townships 1,2, and 3 of Bingham’s West Kennebec Purchase, today, those townships are known as Concord, Lexington, and Kingfield. The Stanley family settled in Kingfield at this time, salomon Stanley came as William King’s personal envoy in 1807. He and his descendents were business, political, social, as farmers and businessmen, they also served as town clerks, school teachers, school superintendent, and selectmen. Their sister, Chansonetta, became a renowned for her portraits of local rural life of the turn of the century. Ten years after the first settlement of the area, Kingfield was incorporated as the 210th town in the Maine District of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. By this time, much of the land was being cleared along the rivers, in the Tufts Pond area, the principal crops at the time were potatoes, corn, and wheat. Most of the also had small orchards growing apples and pears. The first industry was a located on the bank of the Carrabassett River to supply the building needs of the new community. As the population grew so did the extent of available to the town. By the nineteenth century there were stores in town, at least one shoemaker, a resident physician, several sawmills, a clover mill, carding mill, tannery, flour mill. The bridge across the pond to what is now Maple Street was a source of constant debate. Another concern was the running at-large of horses, cattle, Farmington & Carrabasset Railroad Company proposed a two-foot railway in 1883 but lost out to the Franklin & Kingfield Depot. Megantic Railroad for funding in an August 11 vote at Winter Hall in Kingfield, the line was to start at either Farmington or South Strong and go over a route that included New Vineyard and New Portland and Kingfield. There’s an interesting history of the Franklin County two-foot railroads here, the Town’s population reached its peak of 1,024 in 1930
Kingfield, Maine
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Downtown in 2003
Kingfield, Maine
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Bird's-eye view in 1909
Kingfield, Maine
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Bandstand and common in 1907
Kingfield, Maine
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Old High School c. 1908, now the Stanley Museum
20.
Newton, Massachusetts
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Newton is a suburban city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. Rather than having a city center, Newton resembles a patchwork of thirteen villages. According to the 2010 U. S. Census, the population of Newton was 85,146, Newtons proximity to Boston along with its historic homes, good public schools, and safe and quiet neighborhoods make it a desirable community for those who commute to Boston. Newton is served by three modes of transit run by the MBTA, light rail, commuter rail. Newton has been ranked as one of the best cities to live in in the country. In August 2012, Money magazine named Newton fourth best small city among places to live in America and has named the safest city in the country according to Aneki. Newton was settled in 1630 as part of the newe towne, there are several historical sites of interest in the Newton area. These include Crystal Lake, the East Parish and West Parish Burying Grounds, and the Jackson Homestead, historian and local resident Diana Muir has written about the history surrounding Bulloughs Pond, a scene from the 2008 production of The Women was also filmed there. Portions of the 2016 drama film Patriots Day, about the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and starring Boston native Mark Wahlberg, were filmed at Lasell College in the city, Newton was settled in 1630 as part of the newe towne, which was renamed Cambridge in 1638. Newton was incorporated as a town, known as Cambridge Village, in 1688, then renamed Newtown in 1691. It became a city in 1873, Newton is known as The Garden City. Newton, according to Muir, became one of Americas earliest commuter suburbs, the Boston and Worcester, one of Americas earliest railroads, reached West Newton in 1834. Wealthy Bostonian businessmen took advantage of the new commuting opportunity offered by the railroad, building homes on erstwhile farmland of West Newton hill. Muir points out that these early commuters needed sufficient wealth to employ a groom and keep horses, one wave began with the streetcar lines that made many parts of Newton accessible for commuters in the late nineteenth century. The next wave came in the 1920s when automobiles became affordable to a upper middle class. Even then, however, Oak Hill continued to be farmed, mostly market gardening, Newton is not a typical commuter suburb since many people who live in Newton do not work in downtown Boston. Most Newtonites work in Newton and other surrounding cities and towns, the city has two symphony orchestras, the New Philharmonia Orchestra of Massachusetts and the Newton Symphony Orchestra. Each April on Patriots Day, the Boston Marathon is run through the city and it then turns right onto Route 30 for the long haul into Boston
Newton, Massachusetts
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Emily Lavan, Heartbreak Hill, 2005 Boston Marathon
Newton, Massachusetts
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Location in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Newton, Massachusetts
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Union Street, Newton Centre
Newton, Massachusetts
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The Jackson Homestead
21.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
Colorado
–
The
Elk Mountains near
Aspen, Colorado
Colorado
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Flag
Colorado
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Mountains and lakes near
Breckenridge, Colorado
Colorado
–
A view of the arid high plains in Southeastern Colorado
22.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
Denver
–
Top to Bottom, Left to Right: Denver Skyline,
Colorado State Capitol,
Red Rocks Amphitheatre,
Sports Authority Field at Mile High, RTD Light Rail train Downtown.
Denver
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Former
Kansas Territorial Governor
James W. Denver visited his namesake city in 1875 and in 1882.
Denver
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The "Bronco Buster", a variation of
Frederic Remington 's "
Bronco Buster "
western sculpture at the Denver capitol grounds, a gift from J.K. Mullen in 1920
Denver
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"Pioneer Mothers of Colorado" statue at
The Denver Post building
23.
Estes Park
–
The Town of Estes Park /ˈɛstɪs/ is a statutory town in Larimer County, Colorado, United States. A popular summer resort and the location of the headquarters for Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park had a population of 5,858 at the 2010 census. The town overlooks Lake Estes and Olympus Dam, before Europeans came to the Estes Park valley, the Arapaho Indians lived there in the summertime and called the valley the Circle. When three elderly Arapahoes visited Estes Park in 1914, they pointed out sites they remembered from their younger days, toll, recorder, and David Robert Hawkins, a Princeton student. In the 1850s, the Arapaho had spent summers camped around Marys Lake, where their rock fireplaces, tipi sites and they also recalled building eagle traps atop Longs Peak to get the war feathers coveted by all tribes. They remembered their routes to and from the valley in detail, naming trails and they pointed out the site of their buffalo trap, and described the use of dogs to pack meat out of the valley. Their recollections included a battle with Apaches in the 1850s, and fights with Utes who came to the area to hunt bighorn sheep, whites probably came into the Estes Park valley before the 1850s as trappers, but did not stay long. The town is named after Missouri native Joel Estes, who founded the community in 1859, Estes moved his family there in 1863. One of Estes early visitors was William Byers, an editor who wrote of his ascent of Longs Peak in 1864. Griff Evans and his came to Estes Park in 1867 to act as caretakers for the former Estes ranch. Recognizing the potential for tourism, he began building cabins to accommodate travelers, soon it was known as the first dude ranch in Estes Park, with guides for hunting, fishing, and mountaineering. Lord Dunravens land grab didnt work, but he controlled 6,000 acres before he changed tactics and opened the areas first resort, the Estes Park Hotel, in 1873, Englishwoman Isabella Bird, the daughter of an Anglican minister, came to the United States. Landing at San Francisco, she came overland to Colorado, where she borrowed a horse and set out to explore the Rocky Mountains with a guide, the notorious James Nugent, aka Rocky Mountain Jim. She wrote a memoir of their travels, including the ascent of Longs Peak. On June 19th 1874 Rocky Mountain Jim and neighbor Griff Evans had an argument, having had bitter history with each other, Nugent and Evans hated each other and were deep personal rivals when it came to tour guiding tourists. The argument escalated until Evans blasted Jim in the head with his rifle shotgun, Evans then traveled to Fort Collins to file an assault charge against Nugent, but he was arrested and tried for first degree murder when Jim Nugent died on September 9th 1874 of the bullet wound. Evans was put on trial, but the case was dismissed due to the lack of witnesses to the shooting. On August 9th 1875, the Loveland court-house acquitted Evans of any charges in the case, William Henry Jackson photographed Estes Park in 1873
Estes Park
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Panorama of Estes Park as seen from
Lumpy Ridge
Estes Park
–
Lord Dunraven (1841-1926), the famous
Irish nobleman, politician and journalist, in later life. His
ancestral seat was
Adare Manor.
Estes Park
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Main Street in 1912.
USGS photo.
Estes Park
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Estes Park entrance sign
24.
Anglo-Irish people
–
Many became eminent as administrators in the British Empire and as senior army and naval officers. The term is not usually applied to Presbyterians in the province of Ulster, whose ancestry is mostly Scottish, rather than English or Irish, the Anglo-Irish held a wide range of political views, with many of them being outspoken Irish Nationalists. And while many of the Anglo-Irish were part of the English diaspora in Ireland, in the course of the 17th century, this Anglo-Irish landed class replaced the Gaelic Irish and Old English aristocracies as the ruling class in Ireland. They were also referred to as New English to distinguish them from the Old English who descended from the medieval Hiberno-Norman settlers and those who converted to the Church of Ireland were usually able to keep or regain their lost property, as the issue was primarily one of allegiance. In the late 18th century the Parliament of Ireland in Dublin won legislative independence, the Anglo-Irish social class was usually of mixed English and Irish or Welsh ancestry. Members of this class commonly identified themselves as Irish, while retaining English habits in politics, commerce. They participated in the popular English sports of the day, particularly racing and fox hunting, many of the more successful of them spent much of their careers either in Great Britain or in some part of the British Empire. Many constructed large houses, which became known in Ireland as Big Houses. The Dublin working class playwright Brendan Behan, a staunch Irish Republican, saw the Anglo-Irish as Irelands leisure class, the Anglo-Irish novelist and short story writer Elizabeth Bowen memorably described her experience as feeling English in Ireland, Irish in England and not accepted fully as belonging to either. Due to their prominence in the military and their conservative politics and they also controlled financial companies such as the Bank of Ireland and Goodbody Stockbrokers. Prominent Anglo-Irish poets, writers, and playwrights include Jonathan Swift, George Berkeley, Oliver Goldsmith, Bram Stoker, Oscar Wilde, J. M. Synge, W. B. Yeats, Cecil Day-Lewis, Bernard Shaw, Augusta, Lady Gregory, Samuel Beckett, Giles Cooper, C. S. Lewis, Lord Longford, the polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton was also an Anglo-Irishman. Medical experts included Sir William Wilde, Robert Graves, Thomas Wrigley Grimshaw, William Stokes, Robert Collis, Sir John Lumsden, William Desmond Taylor was an early and prolific maker of silent films in Hollywood. Philanthropists included Thomas Barnardo and The 1st Earl of Iveagh, the Anglo-Irish, as a class, were mostly opposed to the notions of Irish independence and Home Rule. Most were supporters of continued political union with Great Britain, which existed between 1800 and 1922, however, Protestants in Ireland, and the Anglo-Irish class in particular, were by no means universally attached to the cause of continued political union with Great Britain. For instance, author Jonathan Swift, a clergyman in the Church of Ireland, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was led by members of the Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots class, some of whom feared the political implications of the impending union with Great Britain. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, however, Irish nationalism became increasingly tied to a Roman Catholic identity, by the beginning of the twentieth century, many Anglo-Irishmen in southern Ireland had become convinced of the need for a political settlement with Irish nationalists. Anglo-Irish politicians such as Sir Horace Plunkett and Lord Monteagle became leading figures in finding a solution to the Irish question
Anglo-Irish people
–
Arthur Guinness •
W. B. Yeats •
The 3rd Earl of Rosse •
George Berkeley •
The 1st Duke of Wellington •
Ernest Shackleton •
Douglas Hyde •
Robert Boyle •
Jonathan Swift •
Oliver Goldsmith •
Oscar Wilde •
Edmund Burke
Anglo-Irish people
Anglo-Irish people
Anglo-Irish people
25.
Texas Jack Omohundro
–
John Baker Omohundro, also known as Texas Jack, was a frontier scout, actor, and cowboy. He was born at Pleasure Hill, near Palmyra, Virginia, to John B. in his early teens, he left home, made his way alone to Texas, and became a cowboy. He was unable to join the Confederate Army in 1861 because of his youth but, in 1864, stuarts command as a courier and scout. After the American Civil War, Omohundro resumed his life as a Texas cowboy and he participated in early cattle drives, notably on the Chisholm Trail. On one drive across Arkansas to meat-short Tennessee, grateful citizens nicknamed him Texas Jack, shortly after the Civil War, Omohundro adopted a five-year-old boy whose parents had been killed by Native Americans. He cared for him and called him Texas Jack Jr. since his real last name was unknown, in 1869, he moved to Cottonwood Springs, Nebraska, near Fort McPherson and became a scout and buffalo hunter. Omohundro and Cody traveled to Chicago in December 1872 to debut in The Scouts of the Prairie, critics described Omohundro as physically impressive and magnetic in personality. He was the first performer to introduce roping acts to the American stage, during the 1873-74 season, Omohundro and Cody invited their friend James Butler Wild Bill Hickok to join them in a new play called Scouts of the Plains. During the 1870s, Texas Jack divided his time between the Eastern stage circuit and the ranges of the Great Plains. He guided hunting parties that included European nobility, on August 31,1873, Omohundro married Giuseppina Morlacchi, a dancer and actress from Milan, Italy, who starred with him in the Scouts of the Prairie and other shows. He headed his own acting troupe in St. Louis in 1877 and he also wrote articles about his hunting and scouting experiences, published in eastern newspapers and popular magazines. The Texas Jack legend grew in many novels, particularly those written by Col. Prentiss Ingraham. In 1900, Joel Chandler Harris featured Texas Jack in a series of accounts of the Confederacy for the Saturday Evening Post. Texas Jack died in 1880, of pneumonia, in Leadville, Colorado, Texas Jack Jr. carried on in the wild west show business around the world, especially in South Africa. In 1954 Herschel Logan, a gun collector who acquired a pistol belonging to Texas Jack, in 1980, the Texas Jack Association was formed to preserve and promote Texas Jacks memory. In 1994, Texas Jack Omohundro was inducted into the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in the Hall of Great Western Performers, Buckskin and Satin, The Life of Texas Jack and His Wife. Texas Jack Association Buffalo Bill Historical Center - Texas Jack Handbook of Texas Online - Texas Jack Omohundro Texas Jack Omohundro
Texas Jack Omohundro
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Texas Jack Omohundro
Texas Jack Omohundro
–
Ned Buntline, Buffalo Bill Cody, Giuseppina Morlacchi, Texas Jack Omohundro
Texas Jack Omohundro
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The grave of Texas Jack in Evergreen Cemetery near Leadville, Colorado, in 2015.
26.
Homestead Act
–
The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a homestead, at little or no cost. The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, any adult who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible, the 1866 Act explicitly included and encouraged blacks to participate. Several additional laws were enacted in the half of the 19th. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction. The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to a homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a section to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909, another amended act, the national Stock-Raising Homestead Act, was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved, this time to 640 acres. The Homestead Act of 1860 did pass in Congress, but it was vetoed by President James Buchanan, after the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, the bill passed and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. Daniel Freeman became the first person to file a claim under the new act, between 1862 and 1934, the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States, Homesteading was discontinued in 1976, except in Alaska, where it continued until 1986. About 40% of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it, the Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the Oregon Territory, then including the modern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of Wyoming. Settlers were able to claim 320 or 640 acres of land for free between 1850 and 1854, and then at a cost of $1.25 per acres until the law expired in 1855. Southern Democrats had continually fought previous homestead law proposals, as they feared free land would attract European immigrants, after the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and other supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act. The intent of the first Homestead Act, passed in 1862, was to liberalize the homesteading requirements of the Preemption Act of 1841 and its leading advocates were Andrew Johnson, George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley. The homestead was an area of land in the West granted to any US citizen willing to settle on. The law required a three-step procedure, file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government and was at least 21 years old or the head of a household, could file an application to claim a land grant
Homestead Act
–
Norwegian settlers in 1898 North Dakota in front of their homestead, a
sod hut
Homestead Act
–
Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act, 1862.
Homestead Act
–
Dugout home from a homestead near
Pie Town, New Mexico, 1940.
27.
Pre-emption right
–
A pre-emption right, or right of pre-emption, is a contractual right to acquire certain property newly coming into existence before it can be offered to any other person or entity. Also called a first option to buy and it comes from the Latin verb emo, emere, emi, emptum, to buy or purchase, plus the inseparable preposition pre, before. A right to existing property in preference to any other person is usually referred to as a right of first refusal. In practice, the most common form of right is the right of existing shareholders to acquire new shares issued by a company in a rights issue. In this context, the right is also called subscription right or subscription privilege. This is the right, but not the obligation, of existing shareholders to buy the new shares before they are offered to the public, in this way, existing shareholders can maintain their proportional ownership of the company, preventing stock dilution. In such countries shareholder rights are often violated leading to proceedings at the Court of Justice of the European Union, overall, pre-emption right is similar to the concept of a call option. The Companies Act 2006 is the source of shareholder pre-emption rights in English companies, by virtue of section 562, the period given to the shareholders to accept such an offer must not be less than 14 days. The effect of these provisions is that a company cannot allot shares to new shareholders until it has offered them to their existing shareholders, the company must give the shareholders at least 14 days to decide whether or not they wish to purchase the shares. In earlier time, pre-emption right has had a separate and distinct meaning to that given to it today and this form of right was sometimes regulated by treaty. In the United States in the century, when an individual bought the preemption right to land. He was only buying the right to buy the land, preemption Act of 1841 First look deal Option Right of first refusal Drag-along right Tag-along right Rights issue Follow-on offering
Pre-emption right
–
Capital structure
28.
Charles King (general)
–
Charles King was an American soldier and a distinguished writer. He graduated from West Point in 1866 and served in the Army during the Indian Wars under George Crook and he was wounded in the arm and head during the Battle of Sunset Pass forcing his retirement from the regular army as a captain in 1879. During this time he became acquainted with Buffalo Bill Cody, King would later write scripts for several of Codys silents films. He also served in the Wisconsin National Guard from 1882 until 1897, in the spring of 1885, General King was riding in the area of Delafield, Wisconsin after visiting the Cushing homestead on the Bark River and the parents of the three historic Cushing Brothers. Captain King came upon a man dressed in a bathrobe drilling young men with broomsticks, watching this futile exercise by toy soldiers, General King began to chuckle. Reverend Sydney T. Smythe asked what was so funny, and the reply was, I mean no disrespect, sir and he then proceeded to teach the young men the West Point Manual of Arms. The now Impressed Head Master of the St. Johns Military Academy inquired as to the gentlemens name, upon answering, Reverend Smythe shook hands and inquired on the spot of General Kings availability. In 1898, he was appointed general of volunteers and sailed to the Philippines during the Spanish–American War. The fighting with Spain was over by the time he arrived, during the following Philippine-American War, King was placed in command of the 1st Brigade in Henry W. Lawtons division. He led his brigade during the Battle of Manila and sailed for Santa Cruz with Lawtons division and he was incapacitated by sickness during the Battle of Santa Cruz, but he returned to fight in the following Battle of Pagsanjan. He took part in the major campaigns before the fighting turned primarily to guerilla warfare. He returned to the United States and was active in the Wisconsin National Guard and he wrote and edited over 60 books and novels. Among his list of titles are Campaigning with Crook, Fort Frayne, Under Fire, General King and his wife lived in the Carlton Hotel in Milwaukee. King commuted daily by train to Saint Johns Military Academy and he routinely sat on the porch of the Holt house on campus and told the cadets, which included his grandson, tales of the old west. General King was a Companion of the Wisconsin Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, General King died in Milwaukee at the age of 88 and is buried at the citys Forest Home Cemetery. Civil War Campaign Medal Indian Campaign Medal Spanish Campaign Medal Philippine Campaign Medal Charles King, the Life of Charles King St. Johns Historical Archives – Validated by Dr. MacIntyre of Centerville, Tennessee King, Charles. Campaigning With Crook and Stories of Army Life, new York City, Harper & Brothers. Campaigning with King, Charles King, Chronicler of the Old Army, lincoln, Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press
Charles King (general)
–
Charles King
Charles King (general)
–
Cover of An Apache Princess by Charles King
29.
James A. Michener
–
Michener was known for the popularity of his works, he had numerous bestsellers and works selected for Book of the Month Club. He was also known for his meticulous research behind the books and his non-fiction works include Iberia, about his travels in Spain and Portugal, his memoir titled The World Is My Home, and Sports in America. Return to Paradise combines fictional short stories with Micheners factual descriptions of the Pacific areas where they take place. His first book was adapted as the popular Broadway musical South Pacific by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein and he also wrote an analysis of the Electoral College system of the United States in a book which condemned it, entitled Presidential Lottery, The Reckless Gamble in Our Electoral System. It was published in 1969, and republished in 2014 and 2016, Michener wrote that he did not know who his biological parents were or exactly when or where he was born. He said he was raised a Quaker by a mother, Mabel Michener, in Doylestown, Bucks County. Michener graduated from Doylestown High School in 1925 and he attended Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, where he played basketball and was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. After graduating summa cum laude in 1929 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and History, Michener took a job as a high school English teacher at The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. From 1933 to 1936, he taught English at George School in Newtown and he attended Colorado State College of Education in Greeley, Colorado, in 1970 renamed the University of Northern Colorado, where he earned a Master of Arts degree in Education. After graduation, he taught at the university, and at College High School for several years, the library at the University of Northern Colorado was later named after him in October 1972. In 1935, Michener married Patti Koon and he accepted a Guest Lecturer position at Harvard, from 1939 to 1940, but left to join Macmillan Publishers as their social studies education editor. Michener was called to duty during World War II in the United States Navy. He traveled throughout the South Pacific Ocean on various assignments which he gained because his base commanders mistakenly thought his father was Admiral Marc Mitscher and his experiences during these travels inspired his stories published in his breakout work Tales of the South Pacific. In 1960, Michener was chairman of the Bucks County committee to elect John F. Kennedy, in 1962, he unsuccessfully ran as a Democratic candidate for a seat in the U. S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, a decision he later considered a misstep. My mistake was to run in 1962 as a Democratic candidate for Congress, kept saying, Dont do it, dont do it. I lost and went back to writing books, in 1968, Michener served as the campaign manager for twice-elected US senator Joseph S. Clarks third-term run. Michener was later Secretary for the 1967–68 Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, also that year, Michener was a member of the Electoral College, serving as a Pennsylvania Democrat. He wrote about that experience in Presidential Lottery, The Reckless Gamble in Our Electoral System, in it, he suggested alternate systems, including a direct popular vote
James A. Michener
–
Author James A. Michener in 1991
James A. Michener
–
Michener's typewriter at the
James A. Michener Art Museum in
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
30.
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
–
Pine Bluff is the ninth largest city in the state of Arkansas. It is the county seat of Jefferson County, Arkansas and it is also the principal city of the Pine Bluff Metropolitan Statistical Area and part of the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Pine Bluff Combined Statistical Area. The population of the city was 49,083 in the 2010 Census, the city is situated in the Southeast section of the Arkansas Delta and straddles the Arkansas Timberlands region to its west. Its topography is flat with wide expanses of farmland consistent with other places in the Delta Lowlands, Pine Bluff is home to a number of creeks, streams, bayous, and larger bodies of water such as Lake Pine Bluff, Lake Langhofer and the Arkansas River. Pine Bluff is home to over three-quarters of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, the area along the Arkansas River had been inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous peoples of various cultures. They used the river for transportation like settlers after them, by the time of encounter with Europeans, the historical Quapaw were the chief people in the area, having migrated from the Ohio River valley centuries before. The city of Pine Bluff was founded by Europeans on a bank of the Arkansas River heavily forested with tall pine trees. The high ground furnished settlers a safe haven from annual flooding, Joseph Bonne, a Métis fur trader and trapper of mixed Quapaw and French ancestry, settled on this bluff in 1819. In 1829 Thomas Phillips claimed a section of land where Pine Bluff is located. Jefferson County was established by the Territorial Legislature on November 2,1829, at the August 13,1832 county election, the pine bluff was chosen as the county seat. The Quorum Court voted to name the village Pine Bluff Town on October 16,1832, Pine Bluff was incorporated January 8,1839, by the order of County Judge Taylor. At the time, the village had about 50 residents, improved transportation facilities aided in the growth of Pine Bluff during the 1840s and 1850s. With its proximity to the Arkansas River, the town served as a port for travel. Steamships provided the primary mode of transport, arriving from downriver ports such as New Orleans, from 1832-1858, Pine Bluff was also a station on the passage of Seminole and Black Seminoles who were forcibly removed from Florida to the Territory. They included the legendary John Horse, who landed in the city on the steamboat Swan in 1842. Pine Bluff was prospering by the outbreak of the Civil War with wealth built on the commodity crop of cotton, the city had one of the largest slave populations in the state by 1860 and Jefferson County, Arkansas was second in cotton production in the state. Union troops under Colonel Powell Clayton arrived September 17,1863, marmaduke tried to expel the Union Army in the Battle of Pine Bluff October 25,1863, but was repulsed by a combined effort of soldiers and freedmen. In the final year of the war, the 1st Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry, was the first African-American regiment in the war to go into combat
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
–
Downtown Pine Bluff
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
–
Mural in downtown Pine Bluff
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
–
Bayou Bartholomew
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
–
Jefferson County Courthouse in downtown Pine Bluff
