1.
Patriotic music
–
The majority of national anthems are either marches or hymns in style. The countries of Latin America tend towards more operatic pieces, while a handful of countries use a simple fanfare, a national anthem is usually in the national or most common language of the country, whether de facto or official, there are notable exceptions. Amhrán na bhFiann, the anthem of the Republic of Ireland, was written in English, the current national anthem of South Africa is unique in that five of the countrys eleven official languages are used in the same anthem. One of the two national anthems of New Zealand, God Defend New Zealand, is commonly now sung with the first verse in Māori. The tune is the same but the words are not a translation of each other. God Bless Fiji has lyrics in English and Fijian which are not translations of each other, although official, the Fijian version is rarely sung, and it is usually the English version that is performed at international sporting events. There are several countries that do not have official lyrics to their anthems, one of these is the Marcha Real, the anthem of Spain. In 2007 a national competition to write words was held, other anthems with no words include Inno Nazionale della Repubblica, the anthem of San Marino, and that of Kosovo, entitled Europe. National anthems rose to prominence in Europe during the 19th century, the oldest national anthem belongs to the Netherlands and is called the Wilhelmus. It was written between 1568 and 1572 during the Dutch Revolt, but did not become the anthem until 1932. The Japanese anthem, Kimigayo, has the oldest lyrics, which were taken from a Heian period poem, in contrast, the music of Qaumi Taranah, Pakistans national anthem was composed in 1949, preceding its lyrics, which were written in 1952. The Philippine anthem Lupang Hinirang was composed in 1898 as wordless incidental music for the ceremony declaring independence from the Spanish Empire, the Spanish poem Filipinas was written the following year to serve as the anthems lyrics, the current Tagalog version dates to 1962. Spains national anthem, the Marcha Real, written in 1761, was among the first to be adopted as such, in 1770. Denmark adopted the older of its two national anthems, Kong Christian stod ved højen mast, in 1780, and La Marseillaise, Serbia became the first Eastern European nation to have a national anthem – Rise up, Serbia. – in 1804. Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu, the anthem of Kenya, is one of the first national anthems to be specifically commissioned. It was written by the Kenyan Anthem Commission in 1963 to serve as the anthem after independence from the United Kingdom, National anthems are used in a wide array of contexts. Certain etiquette may be involved in the playing of a countrys anthem and these usually involve military honours, standing up/rising, removing headwear etc. In diplomatic situations the rules may be very formal, there may also be royal anthems, presidential anthems, state anthems etc. for special occasions
Patriotic music
–
Early version of the Wilhelmus as preserved in a manuscript of 1617 (Brussels,
Royal Library, MS 15662, fol. 37v-38r)
Patriotic music
–
Schoolroom in
Turkey with the words of the
İstiklâl Marşı
Patriotic music
–
The words of the
National Anthem of the Republic of China written by Dr.
Sun Yat-sen
Patriotic music
–
Musicians from the U.S. Navy perform
The Star-Spangled Banner prior to a
baseball game in Boston
2.
American march
–
American march music is march music written and/or performed in the United States. The true march music era existed from 1850 to 1940s as it slowly became shadowed by the coming of jazz. Earlier marches, such as the ones from George Frideric Handel, Wolfgang Mozart, despite the age of these marches, the history it holds and its performance in the United States, they are generally not thought of as typical American march music. The origins of European and American march music can be traced to the music of the Ottoman Empire. The martial purpose of the music was to regulate the functioning of armies in the field by communicating orders, and keeping time during marching and maneuvers. The extensive use of percussion, such as cymbals, was used for psychological effect as their use. Indeed, the subsequent use of cymbals and other percussive instruments in European classical music was a direct importation from the Ottomans. The origins of music began before the Gunpowder Age during which armies would maintain their troops morale by marching with music playing. American march music showed during the American Revolutionary and earlier conflicts, in which a fife. This is why it can be said that music is a militarys music. This actually spawned a new tradition of playing marches as a source of entertainment. Around the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most towns, organizations, theaters and these bands, currently known today as community bands, would perform their music at special events much like the military band, but would often play at simple scheduled concerts and tours. By this time, published marches were plentiful due to prolific composers such as John Philip Sousa, Karl L. King, marches became a staple in the repertoire of these concert bands and can hence explain how the popularity of the march spread so rapidly across the world. Marches were further popularized with performances by circus bands, during the same period of the community band/concert band, circuses such as the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus would have live music being performed by their own bands. The marches played were often a variety of the march known descriptively as Screamers, Two-Steps. These marches served the purpose of exciting the crowd while circus acts were taking place, again, during the same period, college and high school marching bands were also beginning to form. March composers would often dedicate marches to university bands, marches were performed during half-time shows and pep-rallies. American composer John Philip Sousa revolutionized the march and his prolific production of quality marches added to the genres popularity
American march
–
The cover of The Stars and Stripes Forever by
John Philip Sousa.
American march
–
"Repasz Band March" by
Chas. C. Sweeley.
American march
–
"Blaze Away! March" by
Abe Holzmann, written in military march format.
3.
Composer
–
A composer is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music, instrumental music or music which combines both instruments and voices. The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation, many composers are also skilled performers, either as singers, instrumentalists, and/or conductors. Examples of composers who are well known for their ability as performers include J. S. Bach, Mozart. In many popular genres, such as rock and country. For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers interpretations of the work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen. Composers and songwriters who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others, although a musical composition often has a single author, this is not always the case. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st century, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composers written intention came to be highly valued. This musical culture is almost certainly related to the esteem in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. The movement might be considered a way of creating greater faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to improvise. In Classical music, the composer typically orchestrates her own compositions, in some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and instead compose the song in her mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music. In the development of European classical music, the function of composing music initially did not have greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. In as much as the role of the composer in western art music has seen continued solidification, for instance, in certain contexts the line between composer and performer, sound designer, arranger, producer, and other roles, can be quite blurred. The term composer is often used to refer to composers of music, such as those found in classical, jazz or other forms of art. In popular and folk music, the composer is usually called a songwriter and this is distinct from a 19th-century conception of instrumental composition, where the work was represented solely by a musical score to be interpreted by performers
Composer
–
French composer
Louis-Nicolas Clérambault composing at the keyboard
4.
John Philip Sousa
–
John Philip Sousa was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era, known primarily for American military and patriotic marches. Because of his mastery of composition, he is known as The March King. Among his best-known marches are The Stars and Stripes Forever, Semper Fidelis, The Liberty Bell, The Thunderer, Sousa began his career playing violin and studying music theory and composition under John Esputa and George Felix Benkert. His father enlisted him in the United States Marine Band as an apprentice in 1868, after departing the band in 1875, Sousa learned to conduct. From 1880 until his death, he focused exclusively on conducting and he eventually rejoined the Marine Band and served there for 12 years as director. On leaving the Marine Band, Sousa organized his own band and he toured Europe and Australia and developed the sousaphone, a large brass instrument similar to the helicon and tuba. At the outbreak of World War I, Sousa was commissioned as a lieutenant commander, following his tenure, he returned to conduct the Sousa Band until his death in 1932. In the 1920s he was promoted to lieutenant commander in the naval reserve, Sousa started his music education by playing the violin as a pupil of John Esputa and George Felix Benkert for harmony and musical composition at the age of six. He was found to have absolute pitch, during his childhood, Sousa studied voice, violin, piano, flute, cornet, baritone horn, trombone, and alto horn. When Sousa was 13, his father, a trombonist in the Marine Band, several years long after serving his apprenticeship, Sousa joined a theatrical orchestra where he learned to conduct. He returned to the U. S. Marine Band as its head in 1880, Sousa led The Presidents Own band under five presidents from Rutherford B. Hayes to Benjamin Harrison. Sousas band played at two Inaugural Balls, those of James A. Garfield in 1881, and Benjamin Harrison in 1889 and he wanted a tuba that could sound upward and over the band whether its player was seated or marching. The sousaphone was re-created in 1898 by C. G. Conn and he organized The Sousa Band the year he left the Marine Band. The Sousa Band toured from 1892 to 1931, performing at 15,623 concerts both in America and around the world, including at the World Exposition in Paris, France and at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In Paris, the Sousa Band marched through the streets to the Arc de Triomphe – one of only eight parades the band marched in over its forty years, on December 30,1879, Sousa married Jane van Middlesworth Bellis. They had three children, John Philip, Jr. Jane Priscilla, and Helen, All were buried in the John Philip Sousa plot in the Congressional Cemetery. Wife Jane, daughters Jane Priscilla and Helen Abert joined the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1907 and their ancestor was Adam Bellis, who served under several different commands for the New Jersey troops in the American Revolutionary War. Late in his life, Sousa lived in Sands Point, New York, Sousa died of heart failure at the age of 77 on March 6,1932, in his room at the Abraham Lincoln Hotel in Reading, Pennsylvania
John Philip Sousa
–
Sousa in 1900
John Philip Sousa
–
Sousa's birthplace, still standing on G St., S.E., in Washington, D.C. is currently owned by a member of "The President's Own" U.S. Marine Band
John Philip Sousa
–
US Postage,
Issue of 1940
John Philip Sousa
–
Sousa and his newly formed civilian band, 1893
5.
United States Navy Band
–
The United States Navy Band, based at the historic Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D. C. has served the nation as the official musical organization of the United States Navy since 1925. The band performs all styles of music — from ceremonial pieces such as ruffles and flourishes to classical, rock, jazz, since its official designation in 1925, the United States Navy Band has grown into a diverse organization of multiple performing units. There are also chamber music groups. The multiple ensembles help to meet the demand for different types of music as well as the needs of Navy recruiting. The United States Navy Band is composed of 172 enlisted musicians and four officers, the Concert Band is the Navys premier wind ensemble. This band, along with the Ceremonial Band, was part of the original Navy Band in 1925, the group plays concerts in the Washington, D. C. area, and performs a month-long national tour each year. The Ceremonial Band performs ceremonies in and around the Washington, D. C. area and their main mission is performing for funerals at Arlington National Cemetery. Additionally, the Ceremonial Band performs change of commands, retirements, patriotic openers, wreath-layings and arrivals. In 1956, Lt. Harold Fultz, then the assistant leader, organized a group from the Navy School of Music to sing chanteys. In 1980, the group added women to their ranks and expanded their repertoire to include everything from Brahms to Broadway, since their founding in 1969, the Commodores have become one of the most acclaimed jazz ensembles in the country. The seven-member group was formed in 1973 and quickly established itself in all aspects of country, the group is under the direction of banjoist Senior Chief Musician Keith M. Arneson. As the Navys premier contemporary entertainment ensemble, the Cruisers, feature eight of the Navys most dynamic performers, the group was formed in 1999. The earliest music of the United States Navy was the Shantymans Song and these melodies of the sea helped soften the rigors of shipboard life. Next came trumpeters, drummers and fifers who were carried on the frigates to sound calls, give general orders. Military bands became a section of the crew on many Navy vessels. The development of shore-based bands in the 19th century led to the creation of the Naval Academy Band, other band units afloat and ashore played a major role in promoting the morale of sailors and civilians alike. At the start of World War I many outstanding musicians left their famous orchestras and joined the United States Navy, in 1916, a 16-piece band from the battleship USS Kansas was ordered to the Washington Navy Yard to augment a 17-piece band aboard the Presidential Yacht Mayflower. The new unit known as the Washington Navy Yard Band and was given rehearsal space near the power plants coal pile
United States Navy Band
–
The United States Navy Band's Ceremonial Band ensemble
United States Navy Band
–
Official Seal
United States Navy Band
–
Official Logo
United States Navy Band
–
The United States Navy Band Concert Band performs traditional and popular holiday music for the television special, "Happy Holidays" at
DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., 2001.
6.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
7.
American march music
–
American march music is march music written and/or performed in the United States. The true march music era existed from 1850 to 1940s as it slowly became shadowed by the coming of jazz. Earlier marches, such as the ones from George Frideric Handel, Wolfgang Mozart, despite the age of these marches, the history it holds and its performance in the United States, they are generally not thought of as typical American march music. The origins of European and American march music can be traced to the music of the Ottoman Empire. The martial purpose of the music was to regulate the functioning of armies in the field by communicating orders, and keeping time during marching and maneuvers. The extensive use of percussion, such as cymbals, was used for psychological effect as their use. Indeed, the subsequent use of cymbals and other percussive instruments in European classical music was a direct importation from the Ottomans. The origins of music began before the Gunpowder Age during which armies would maintain their troops morale by marching with music playing. American march music showed during the American Revolutionary and earlier conflicts, in which a fife. This is why it can be said that music is a militarys music. This actually spawned a new tradition of playing marches as a source of entertainment. Around the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most towns, organizations, theaters and these bands, currently known today as community bands, would perform their music at special events much like the military band, but would often play at simple scheduled concerts and tours. By this time, published marches were plentiful due to prolific composers such as John Philip Sousa, Karl L. King, marches became a staple in the repertoire of these concert bands and can hence explain how the popularity of the march spread so rapidly across the world. Marches were further popularized with performances by circus bands, during the same period of the community band/concert band, circuses such as the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus would have live music being performed by their own bands. The marches played were often a variety of the march known descriptively as Screamers, Two-Steps. These marches served the purpose of exciting the crowd while circus acts were taking place, again, during the same period, college and high school marching bands were also beginning to form. March composers would often dedicate marches to university bands, marches were performed during half-time shows and pep-rallies. American composer John Philip Sousa revolutionized the march and his prolific production of quality marches added to the genres popularity
American march music
–
The cover of The Stars and Stripes Forever by
John Philip Sousa.
American march music
–
"Repasz Band March" by
Chas. C. Sweeley.
American march music
–
"Blaze Away! March" by
Abe Holzmann, written in military march format.
8.
Masterpiece
–
Historically, a masterpiece was a work of a very high standard produced in order to obtain membership of a guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts. The word masterpiece probably derives from the Dutch meesterstuk or German meisterstück via loan translation, masterprize was another early variant in English. In English, the term became used in a variety of contexts for an exceptionally good piece of creative work. Originally, the term referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. His fitness to qualify for membership was judged partly by the masterpiece, and if he was successful. Great care was taken to produce a fine piece in whatever the craft was, whether confectionery, painting, goldsmithing, knifemaking. In the 17th century, the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, for instance, the workhouse had been set up as part of a tightening of standards after the company became concerned that the level of skill of goldsmithing was being diluted. The same goldsmithing organization still requires the production of a masterpiece, if they failed to be admitted, then they could continue to work for other goldsmiths but not as a master themselves. In some guilds, apprentices were not allowed to marry until they had obtained full membership, the practice of producing a masterpiece has continued in some modern academies of art, where the general term for such works is now reception piece. The Royal Academy in London uses the term work and it has acquired a fine collection of diploma works received as a condition of membership. Painting the Century,101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900–2000 Virtual Collection of Masterpieces Masterpieces at the Louvre
Masterpiece
–
In painting, the
Mona Lisa by
Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1503–1506, is the archetypal masterpiece, though it was not produced for admission to a guild or academy.
Masterpiece
–
Rinaldo and Armida by
François Boucher. A masterpiece produced for admission to the
Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in Paris, 1734.
9.
United States Congress
–
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
United States Congress
United States Congress
–
United States Congress
United States Congress
–
In 1868, this committee of representatives prosecuted president
Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial, but the Senate did not convict him.
United States Congress
–
George Washington presiding over the signing of the
United States Constitution.
10.
Willow Grove Park
–
Willow Grove Park was an amusement park located in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, United States, that operated for eighty years from 1896 until the 1975 season. It was generally an alternative to the Woodside Amusement Park in Fairmount Park until its closure, the park operated under the name Six Gun Territory from 1972. After closure, announced in April 1976, the park sat vacant until the land was cleared for a shopping mall known as Willow Grove Park Mall. Willow Grove was one of the amusement parks in the United States for a long time, until it was eclipsed by the openings of Disneyland. The park was served by the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co. presidents Conference Committee design streetcars were used on Route 6 beginning in the 1940s. After the loss of trackage for the Route 309 Expressway, Route 6 was cut back to a loop and terminus at Cheltenham, starting in September 1968, Route 6 streetcar service was operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority until service was permanently discontinued by SEPTA in 1986. One of the biggest attractions in the park was the pavilion, at which John Philip Sousa and his band played every year. The pavilion was demolished in March 1959, a documentary of the park was created in 1991 titled Life was a Lark at Willow Grove Park. The title is based on the popular park slogan Life is a lark at Willow Grove Park, a book from Arcadia Publishing entitled Willow Grove Park includes over 200 photos of the park and is the only comprehensive history of the park. The thoroughly researched book also corrects many of the inaccuracies that have grown up surrounding the history of the park. James A. Harper works at an amusement park named Paradise which is based on Micheners own experiences as a young man when he worked at Willow Grove Park
Willow Grove Park
–
Willow Grove Park
11.
Grandioso
–
American march music is march music written and/or performed in the United States. The true march music era existed from 1850 to 1940s as it slowly became shadowed by the coming of jazz. Earlier marches, such as the ones from George Frideric Handel, Wolfgang Mozart, despite the age of these marches, the history it holds and its performance in the United States, they are generally not thought of as typical American march music. The origins of European and American march music can be traced to the music of the Ottoman Empire. The martial purpose of the music was to regulate the functioning of armies in the field by communicating orders, and keeping time during marching and maneuvers. The extensive use of percussion, such as cymbals, was used for psychological effect as their use. Indeed, the subsequent use of cymbals and other percussive instruments in European classical music was a direct importation from the Ottomans. The origins of music began before the Gunpowder Age during which armies would maintain their troops morale by marching with music playing. American march music showed during the American Revolutionary and earlier conflicts, in which a fife. This is why it can be said that music is a militarys music. This actually spawned a new tradition of playing marches as a source of entertainment. Around the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most towns, organizations, theaters and these bands, currently known today as community bands, would perform their music at special events much like the military band, but would often play at simple scheduled concerts and tours. By this time, published marches were plentiful due to prolific composers such as John Philip Sousa, Karl L. King, marches became a staple in the repertoire of these concert bands and can hence explain how the popularity of the march spread so rapidly across the world. Marches were further popularized with performances by circus bands, during the same period of the community band/concert band, circuses such as the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus would have live music being performed by their own bands. The marches played were often a variety of the march known descriptively as Screamers, Two-Steps. These marches served the purpose of exciting the crowd while circus acts were taking place, again, during the same period, college and high school marching bands were also beginning to form. March composers would often dedicate marches to university bands, marches were performed during half-time shows and pep-rallies. American composer John Philip Sousa revolutionized the march and his prolific production of quality marches added to the genres popularity
Grandioso
–
The cover of The Stars and Stripes Forever by
John Philip Sousa.
Grandioso
–
"Repasz Band March" by
Chas. C. Sweeley.
Grandioso
–
"Blaze Away! March" by
Abe Holzmann, written in military march format.
12.
Piccolo
–
The piccolo /ˈpɪkəloʊ/ is a half-size flute, and a member of the woodwind family of musical instruments. The modern piccolo has most of the same fingerings as its sibling, the standard transverse flute. This gave rise to the name ottavino, the name by which the instrument is referred to in the scores of Italian composers, piccolos are now manufactured in the key of C or D♭. It was for this D♭ piccolo that John Philip Sousa wrote the solo in the final repeat of the closing section of his march The Stars. In the orchestral setting, the player is often designated as piccolo/flute III. The larger orchestras have designated this position as a position due to the demands of the literature. Piccolos are often orchestrated to double the violins or the flutes, adding sparkle, in concert band settings, the piccolo is almost always used and a piccolo part is almost always available. Historically, the piccolo had no keys, and should not be confused with the fife, the piccolo is used in conjunction with marching drums in traditional formations at the Carnival of Basel, Switzerland. It is a myth that one of the earliest pieces to use the piccolo was Beethovens Symphony No.5 in C Minor, although neither Joseph Haydn nor Mozart used it in their symphonies, some of their contemporaries did, including Hoffmeister, Süssmayr and Michael Haydn. Also, Mozart used the piccolo in his opera Idomeneo, opera orchestras in Paris sometimes included small transverse flutes at the octave as early as 1735 as existing scores by Rameau show. Finely made piccolos are often available with a variety of similar to the flute. Most piccolos have a body with a cylindrical head, which is like the Baroque flute. There are a number of pieces for piccolo alone, by composers as Samuel Adler, Robert Dick, Michael Isaacson, David Loeb, Polly Moller, Vincent Persichetti. Additionally, there is a selection of chamber music that uses the piccolo. One example is the Quintet for Piccolo and String Quartet by Graham Waterhouse, another is Stockhausens Zungenspitzentanz, for piccolo and two euphoniums, with optional percussionist and dancer. Bryn Mawr, Theodore Presser Company,2008, the Symphonic Debutante Piccolo, Was it Really Beethovens Fifth. The Woodwind Fingering Guide, with piccolo fingerings
Piccolo
–
A Yamaha piccolo. The body is made of
ABS resin, and the head is plated with
silver.
Piccolo
–
The piccolo sounds one
octave higher than written. Sounding:
Piccolo
–
A piccolo being played
13.
Breakstrain
–
American march music is march music written and/or performed in the United States. The true march music era existed from 1850 to 1940s as it slowly became shadowed by the coming of jazz. Earlier marches, such as the ones from George Frideric Handel, Wolfgang Mozart, despite the age of these marches, the history it holds and its performance in the United States, they are generally not thought of as typical American march music. The origins of European and American march music can be traced to the music of the Ottoman Empire. The martial purpose of the music was to regulate the functioning of armies in the field by communicating orders, and keeping time during marching and maneuvers. The extensive use of percussion, such as cymbals, was used for psychological effect as their use. Indeed, the subsequent use of cymbals and other percussive instruments in European classical music was a direct importation from the Ottomans. The origins of music began before the Gunpowder Age during which armies would maintain their troops morale by marching with music playing. American march music showed during the American Revolutionary and earlier conflicts, in which a fife. This is why it can be said that music is a militarys music. This actually spawned a new tradition of playing marches as a source of entertainment. Around the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most towns, organizations, theaters and these bands, currently known today as community bands, would perform their music at special events much like the military band, but would often play at simple scheduled concerts and tours. By this time, published marches were plentiful due to prolific composers such as John Philip Sousa, Karl L. King, marches became a staple in the repertoire of these concert bands and can hence explain how the popularity of the march spread so rapidly across the world. Marches were further popularized with performances by circus bands, during the same period of the community band/concert band, circuses such as the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus would have live music being performed by their own bands. The marches played were often a variety of the march known descriptively as Screamers, Two-Steps. These marches served the purpose of exciting the crowd while circus acts were taking place, again, during the same period, college and high school marching bands were also beginning to form. March composers would often dedicate marches to university bands, marches were performed during half-time shows and pep-rallies. American composer John Philip Sousa revolutionized the march and his prolific production of quality marches added to the genres popularity
Breakstrain
–
The cover of The Stars and Stripes Forever by
John Philip Sousa.
Breakstrain
–
"Repasz Band March" by
Chas. C. Sweeley.
Breakstrain
–
"Blaze Away! March" by
Abe Holzmann, written in military march format.
14.
John Church Company
–
The John Church Company Building is a historic commercial building in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Designed by one of Cincinnatis most prominent architects, it was home to one of the leading vendors of sheet music and musical instruments. John Church, Jr. established the company in 1859, and after taking partners into the firm, among the companys leading ventures was the marketing of pianos produced by the Everett Piano Company of Boston, Massachusetts, which was functionally a wholly owned subsidiary. Other subsidiary companies included Cincinnatis Royal Manufacturing Company, which produced smaller musical instruments such as drums, violins, guitars, mandolins, and banjos. These firms had been separate until 1892, when they were consolidated under one management in order to expand their influence over the world of music business. Among their titles were educational works such as the School of Singing and religious works such as Choir and Congregation, the five-story facade is divided into two sections of three bays each, with storefronts on the first floor and windows higher up, and topped with a decorative cornice. Although one of its neighbors is just three stories tall, it is smaller than many of the surrounding buildings. Their building was designed by Samuel Hannaford, a leading Cincinnati architect responsible for designing many of the citys most significant buildings, including Cincinnati Music Hall. As a work of a prominent architect, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, the Imperial Method for the Drum, Timpani, Bells, Etc. etc. Book of World Famous Music, Classical, Popular, and Folk, levy, Lester S. Introduction, Sousas Great Marches in Piano Transcription, Original Music of 23 Works by John Philips Sousa. Literature in the Marketplace, Nineteenth-century British Publishing and Reading Practices, media related to John Church Company at Wikimedia Commons John Church Company, Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
John Church Company
–
John Church Company Building
15.
Mitch Miller
–
Mitchell William Mitch Miller was an American oboist, conductor, recording producer and recording industry executive. He was involved in almost all aspects of the industry, particularly as a conductor, Mitch Miller was born in Rochester, New York, on July 4,1911, to a Jewish family. His mother was Hinda Rosenblum Miller, a seamstress, and his father, Abram Calmen Miller. He had four siblings, two of whom, Leon and Joseph, survived him, Miller took up the oboe at first as a teenager, because it was the only instrument available when he went to audition for his junior high school orchestra. A talented oboist, at age fifteen he played with the Syracuse Symphony Orchestra and he graduated in 1932 with honors. Miller played the prominent English horn part in the Largo movement of Dvořáks New World Symphony in a famous 1947 recording conducted by Leopold Stokowski. As part of the CBS Symphony, Miller participated in the accompaniment to the infamous radio broadcast of Orson Welless The War of the Worlds. This was a position in a recording company, because the A&R executive decided which musicians. After arriving at Columbia, he helped direct the careers of artists who were signed to the label, such as Doris Day, Dinah Shore and Jo Stafford. Miller also discovered Aretha Franklin and signed her to the first major recording contract of her career, when Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records promised her artistic freedom to create records outside the pop mainstream in a more rhythm-and-blues-driven direction, she left Columbia after five years. Previously, Miller had offered Presley a contract, but balked at the amount Presleys manager, Colonel Tom Parker, was asking. In defense of his stance, he once told NME in January 1958, Rock n roll is musical baby food, it is the worship of mediocrity. Producer Bob Stanley had found the group during a series of early 1954 Mexican civil rights concerts in East Los Angeles and their lead guitarist Bill Aken was the only Caucasian in the Latino band. Despite his distaste for rock n roll, Miller emphasized emotional expression over vocal perfection, songs like A White Sport Coat by Marty Robbins and Rock-a-Billy by Guy Mitchell are just two examples. As a record producer, Miller gained a reputation for innovation and gimmickry. Music historian Will Friedwald wrote in his book Jazz Singing that Miller exemplified the worst in American pop and he first aroused the ire of intelligent listeners by trying to turn — and darn near succeeding in turning — great artists like Sinatra, Clooney, and Tony Bennett into hacks. Miller was hardly a rock n roller, yet without these ideas there could never have been rock n roll, mule Train, Millers first major hit and the foundation of his career, set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock. The similarities between it and, say, Leader of the Pack, need hardly be outlined here, while Millers methods were resented by some of Columbias performers, including Harry James, Frank Sinatra and Rosemary Clooney, the label maintained a high hit-to-release ratio during the 1950s
Mitch Miller
–
Miller on Sing Along with Mitch, 1961
Mitch Miller
–
Mitch Miller's single for his 1957 recording of the River Kwai March and the Colonel Bogey March
16.
Mary Healy (entertainer)
–
Mary Healy was an American actress, singer, and variety entertainer. She performed often with her husband, Peter Lind Hayes, for over 50 years, in a succession of films, television and radio shows and on the stage. Healy appeared in four Broadway shows between 1942 and 1958, and her film appearances include Second Fiddle, Star Dust and Theodore Geisels musical fantasy, in 2006 she was inducted into the Nevada Entertainment/Artist Hall of Fame at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Mary Healy was born April 14,1918, in New Orleans, crowned Miss New Orleans in 1935, Healy performed as a singer in the New Orleans area. She made her first screen appearance in Josette, in 1939 she had major film roles in Second Fiddle and Star Dust, in which she sang the title song. That year she met entertainer Peter Lind Hayes, who was performing in North Hollywood with his mother. Healy and Hayes were married from 1940 until his death in 1998, with few exceptions she and her husband worked together exclusively. Healy made her debut in Count Me In, opposite Charles Butterworth. Healy was a member of the regular cast of Hayess CBS-TV series, Inside U. S. A. with Chevrolet, Healy and Hayes were the first to sing the commercial jingle, See the USA in Your Chevrolet, which later became a signature song for Dinah Shore. They were frequent guest panelists and once were the guests on the long-running quiz show Whats My Line. The couple were also celebrity contestants on the TV game show Password, Healy and Hayes appeared in the cult fantasy film The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T and the Broadway comedy Who Was That Lady I Saw You With. During the 1960s they starred in a breakfast conversation show on New York radio station 710 WOR, WOR set up equipment in their house in suburban New Rochelle, New York so they could broadcast weekday mornings from their home. Over the years Healy and Hayes headlined on 14 occasions at the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas, the couple published a memoir, Twenty-Five Minutes from Broadway, in 1961. Healy self-published a second book, Moments to Remember with Peter and Mary — Our Life in Show Business from Vaudeville to Video, in 2006 she was inducted into the Nevada Entertainment/Artist Hall of Fame at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Healy and Hayes were the parents of two adopted children – a son, Peter Michael Hayes, and a daughter, actress Cathy Lind Hayes, Healy died of natural causes February 3,2015, in Calabasas, California, aged 96. Mary Healy at the Internet Broadway Database Mary Healy at the Internet Movie Database
Mary Healy (entertainer)
–
Healy in the
Orson Welles –
Cole Porter extravanganza
Around the World (1946)
Mary Healy (entertainer)
–
Healy in a 1939 publicity photo
Mary Healy (entertainer)
–
Healy and
Rudy Vallee in
Second Fiddle (1939)
Mary Healy (entertainer)
–
Healy and husband
Peter Lind Hayes hosting
The Tonight Show in 1962
17.
Peter Lind Hayes
–
Peter Lind Hayes was an American vaudeville entertainer, songwriter, and film and television actor. Hayes was born Joseph Conrad Lind in San Francisco, California and he spent his early childhood in Southern Illinois, and then attended school in New Rochelle, New York. He appeared in throughout the 1930s and 1940s, and had a significant television career in the 1950s. He often appeared with his wife Mary Healy, in 1946, Hayes opened at the Copacabana in New York. This led to an engagement with the Dinah Shore radio show, Hayes and Healy were the original singers of the Chevrolet jingle See The U. S. A. The couple starred in Zis Boom Bah and had supporting roles in the cult fantasy musical film The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. He also appeared on the episode of The Match Game on December 5,1962. He and his wife Mary were occasional guests on TV quiz shows To Tell the Truth, Password and he had a considerable reputation as a singer of comic songs, several of which made their way onto record, e. g. In 1964, he appeared in an episode of The Outer Limits, playing the role, Dr. Robert Stone. Hayes was married to Mary Healy from 1940 until his death in 1998, in 1961, Hayes and Healy co-authored their biography, titled Twenty-Five Minutes from Broadway, published by Duell, Sloan, and Pearce. The title was inspired by the name of the George M. Cohan musical, Forty-five Minutes from Broadway, about the community of New Rochelle and they owned Columbia Island in New Rochelle, along the Long Island Sound shore. From that house, they broadcast a weekday breakfast conversation show on New York radio station 710 WOR, in 2005, the then-current owner of the island sought to demolish the old transmitter building and replace it with a private residence. The couple had two children, Peter and Cathy, Peter Lind Hayes died in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 21,1998, at the age of 82. Peter Lind Hayes at the Internet Movie Database Peter Lind Hayes at Find a Grave Hayes obituary in The New York Times, April 23,1998
Peter Lind Hayes
–
Mary Healy and Peter Lind Hayes, guest hosts of
The Tonight Show (1962)
18.
Homer and Jethro
–
Homer and Jethro were the stage names of American country music duo Henry D. Jethro Burns, popular from the 1940s through the 1960s on radio, known as the Thinking Mans Hillbillies, they received a Grammy in 1959 and are members of the Country Music Hall of Fame. Haynes and Burns met in 1936 during a WNOX-AM audition in Knoxville, known as Junior and Dude, the pair was rechristened Homer and Jethro when WNOX Program Director Lowell Blanchard forgot their nicknames during a 1936 broadcast. In 1939 they became regulars on the Renfro Valley Barn Dance radio program in Renfro Valley, Kentucky. They were drafted into the U. S. Army during World War II but served separately, they reunited in Knoxville in 1945 and they sang exaggerated hillbilly-styled versions of pop standards as their comedic hook, with Haynes on guitar and Burns on mandolin. Signed to the RCA Victor label in 1949, RCAs country A&R man Steve Sholes suggested they switch their comedy to singing parodies of country, most were penned by Burns, the humorist of the pair. Their parody of Baby Its Cold Outside, recorded with June Carter, the songs composer, Frank Loesser, gave them permission to parody the tune with the condition that the label read, With apologies to Frank Loesser. It led to a spot on WLS-AM in Chicago in 1950, a tour with bandleader Spike Jones and an appearance on his recording of Pal-Yat-Chee. They also served as musicians on a number of late 1940s and early 1950s RCA Victor recordings by Chet Atkins and on many other RCA country sessions in Chicago. Atkins was married to Burns wifes sister, taking a cue from other comic talents of the era, most of their humor was directed inward, towards themselves. The implication of course being that there were two members of such a club. Indeed, from the introduction, by Hee Haw stalwart Archie Campbell the humor is towards them. Campbells intro noted, Ladies and gentlemen, due to circumstances beyond our control, at one point in the evening, Burns remarked to one of the patrons, Hey, you walking out. Get back in here, youre no better than the rest of them, however, taking a moment to imprint their serious musical talent, they and the other members of the band perform C-Jam Blues, to the delight of the audience. They won a Grammy for Best Comedy Performance – Musical in 1959 for The Battle of Kookamonga, the majority of their recordings were similar parodies of famous old and new popular songs. One example was their treatment of the old romantic song When You Wore a Tulip, to cover their nakedness, the couple wore the flowers. In the 1960s they also recorded a version of Lennon. Over time, Homer and Jethros patter became more sophisticated, giving access to mainstream audiences on network television
Homer and Jethro
–
"Jethro" (left) and "Homer", late 1960s
19.
Tiny Toon Adventures
–
Tiny Toon Adventures is an American animated comedy television series that was broadcast from September 14,1990 through May 28,1995 as the first collaborative effort of Warner Bros. Animation and Steven Spielbergs Amblin Entertainment after being conceived in the late 1980s by Tom Ruegger, the show follows the adventures of a group of young cartoon characters who attend Acme Looniversity to become the next generation of characters from the Looney Tunes series. The pilot episode, The Looney Beginning, aired as a special on CBS on September 14,1990. The final season was aired on Fox Kids, the series ended production in 1992 in favor of Animaniacs, however, two specials were produced in 1994. Tiny Toon Adventures is a set in the fictional town of Acme Acres. In the series, the university is founded to teach cartoon characters how to become funny, the school is not featured in every episode, as not all of its storylines revolve around the school. Like the Looney Tunes, the series use of cartoon violence. The series parodies and references the current events of the early 1990s, occasionally, episodes delve into veiled ethical and morality stories of ecology, self-esteem, and crime. The series centers on a group of cartoon characters who attend a school called Acme Looniversity to be the next generation of Looney Tunes characters. Most of the Tiny Toons characters were designed to resemble younger versions of Warner Bros. most popular Looney Tunes animal characters by exhibiting similar traits and looks. The two main characters are both rabbits, Buster Bunny, a male rabbit, and Babs Bunny, a pink female rabbit not related to Buster, Plucky Duck, a green male duck, Hamton J. Pig. Other major characters in the cast are generally nonhuman as well, two human characters, Montana Max and Elmyra Duff, are regarded as the main villains of the series and also are students of Acme Looniversity. As villains, Elmyra is seen as a pet lover while Montana Max is a spoiled rich brat who either owns lots of toys or polluting factories. Feeding off the characters are the more traditional Looney Tunes such as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, most of the adults teach classes at Acme Looniversity and serve as mentors to the Tiny Toons while others fill secondary positions as needed. Among the first writers on the series were Jim Reardon, Tom Minton, the character and scenery designers included Alfred Gimeno, Ken Boyer, Dan Haskett, Karen Haskett, and many other artists and directors. The series was planned to be a feature film. Once Steven Spielberg was attached, numerous things changed, including the idea of turning the movie into a television series, Buster and Babs Go To Hawaii was co-written by three then-teenage girls who were fans of the show. Voice director Andrea Romano auditioned over 1,200 voices for the series, the role of Buster Bunny was given to Charlie Adler, who gave the role, as producer Tom Ruegger said, a great deal of energy
Tiny Toon Adventures
–
Tiny Toon Adventures
Tiny Toon Adventures
–
Artwork displaying a majority of the
Tiny Toon cast.
20.
Sesame Street
–
Sesame Street is a long-running American childrens television series, produced by Sesame Workshop and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Hensons Muppets, animation, short films, humor. The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history, with the creation of Sesame Street, producers and writers of a childrens television show used, for the first time, educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content. It was also the first time a shows educational effects were studied, the show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements, international sales, and other media. By 2006, there were independently produced versions, or co-productions, in 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street, and by the shows 40th anniversary in 2009, it was broadcast in more than 140 countries. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was the childrens television show in the United States. A1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old, in 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children. As of 2014, Sesame Street has won 167 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards—more than any other childrens show, Sesame Street was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Foundation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a television show that would master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them. The program premiered on television stations on November 10,1969. It was the first preschool educational television program to base its contents and production values on laboratory, initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy, and high ratings. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in over 120 countries, Sesame Street has evolved from its initial inception. According to writer Michael Davis, by the mid-1970s the show had become an American institution, the cast and crew expanded during this time, with emphasis on the hiring of women crew members and the addition of minorities to the cast. The shows success continued into the 1980s, Sesame Streets curriculum has expanded to include more affective topics such as relationships, ethics, and emotions. After the turn of the 21st century, Sesame Street made major structural changes, for example, starting in 2002, its format became more narrative and included ongoing storylines. After its thirtieth anniversary in 1999 and due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, upon its fortieth anniversary in 2009, the show received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy at the 36th Daytime Emmy Awards. In April 2017, Sesame Street will introduce a new puppet called Julia with Autism to the show, and will be voiced by Stacey Gordon, who started Puppet Pie and has a son on the autism spectrum. From its first episode, Sesame Street has structured its format by using a visual style, fast-moving action, humor
Sesame Street
–
Co-creator
Joan Ganz Cooney, in 1985
Sesame Street
–
Welcome sign at entrance to ETS headquarters. The ETS conducted the early summative studies about Sesame Street.
Sesame Street
–
The
Kaufman Astoria Studios, where Sesame Street is taped.
Sesame Street
–
Jim Henson, creator of the
Muppets, in 1989
21.
Conducting
–
Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert. A conductors directions will almost invariably be supplemented or reinforced by verbal instructions or suggestions to their musicians in rehearsal prior to a performance. The conductor typically stands on a podium with a large music stand for the full score. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras, communication is typically non-verbal during a performance. However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung, Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make adjustments, work out their interpretation. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions and selecting members. Orchestras, choirs, concert bands and other musical ensembles such as big bands are usually led by conductors. The principal conductor of an orchestra or opera company is referred to as a music director or chief conductor, or by the German words Kapellmeister or Dirigent. Conductors of choirs or choruses are sometimes referred to as director, chorus master, or choirmaster. Conductors of concert bands, military bands, marching bands and other bands may hold the title of director, bandmaster. Respected senior conductors are sometimes referred to by the Italian word, an early form of conducting is cheironomy, the use of hand gestures to indicate melodic shape. This has been practiced at least as far back as the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, other devices to indicate the passing of time came into use. Rolled up sheets of paper, smaller sticks and unadorned hands are all shown in pictures from this period, the large staff was responsible for the death of Jean-Baptiste Lully, who injured his foot with one while conducting a Te Deum for the Kings recovery from illness. The wound became gangrenous and Lully refused amputation, whereupon the gangrene spread to his leg, in instrumental music throughout the 18th century, a member of the ensemble usually acted as the conductor. This was sometimes the concertmaster, who could use his bow as a baton and it was common to conduct from the harpsichord in pieces that had a basso continuo part. In opera performances, there were sometimes two conductors – the keyboard player was in charge of the singers, and the principal violinist or leader was in charge of the orchestra. By the early 19th century, it became the norm to have a dedicated conductor, the size of the usual orchestra expanded during this period, and the use of a baton became more common, as it was easier to see than bare hands or rolled-up paper
Conducting
–
Steven Sametz conducting the Lehigh University Choir, sans baton
Conducting
Conducting
–
Andrew Lee Neer conducting with a baton in Detroit in 2011
Conducting
–
Giuseppe Verdi conducting his opera
Aida in 1881
22.
Leopold Stokowski
–
Leopold Anthony Stokowski was a British conductor of Polish and Irish descent. One of the conductors of the early and mid-20th Century, he is best known for his long association with the Philadelphia Orchestra. He was especially noted for his conducting style that spurned the traditional baton. He was also the founder of the All-American Youth Orchestra, the New York City Symphony, the Hollywood Bowl Symphony Orchestra, there is some mystery surrounding his early life. For example, he spoke with an unusual, non-British accent, though he was born and raised in London. On occasion, Stokowski gave his year of birth as 1887 instead of 1882, as in a letter to the Hugo Riemann Musiklexicon in 1950, in Germany there was a corresponding rumour that his original name was simply Stock. However, Stokowskis birth certificate gives his birth on 18 April 1882, at 13 Upper Marylebone Street, Stokowski was named after his Polish-born grandfather Leopold, who died in the English county of Surrey on 13 January 1879, at the age of 49. Samaroff, born Lucy Mary Agnes Hickenlooper, was from Galveston, Texas, for professional and career reasons, she urged him to emphasize only the Polish part of his background once he became a resident of the United States. He studied at the Royal College of Music, where he first enrolled in 1896 at the age of thirteen, in his later life in the US, Stokowski would perform six of the nine symphonies composed by his fellow organ student Ralph Vaughan Williams. Stokowski sang in the choir of the St Marylebone Parish Church, by age 16, Stokowski was elected to a membership in the Royal College of Organists. In 1900, he formed the choir of St. Marys Church, Charing Cross Road, in 1902, he was appointed the organist and choir director of St. Jamess Church, Piccadilly. He also attended The Queens College, Oxford, where he earned a Bachelor of Music degree in 1903, in 1905, Stokowski began work in New York City as the organist and choir director of St. Bartholomews Church. He was very popular among the parishioners, who included members of the Vanderbilt family, Stokowski moved to Paris for additional study in conducting. There he heard that the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra would be needing a new conductor when it returned from a long sabbatical, Stokowski was selected over the other applicants, and took up his conducting duties in late 1909. Stokowskis conducting debut in London took place the week on 18 May with the New Symphony Orchestra at Queens Hall. His engagement as new permanent conductor in Cincinnati was a great success and he introduced the concept of pops concerts and, starting with his first season, he began championing the work of living composers. His concerts included performances of music by Richard Strauss, Sibelius, Rachmaninoff, Debussy, Glazunov, Saint-Saëns and he conducted the American premieres of new works by such composers as Elgar, whose 2nd Symphony was first presented there on 24 November 1911. He was to maintain his advocacy of music to the end of his career
Leopold Stokowski
–
Leopold Stokowski, photographed by
George Grantham Bain.
Leopold Stokowski
–
Edward Elgar, c. 1900.
Leopold Stokowski
–
Strauss with his wife and son, 1910.
Leopold Stokowski
–
Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the 2 March 1916 American premiere of
Mahler 's
8th Symphony.
23.
Carl Davis
–
Carl Davis CBE is an American-born conductor and composer who has made his home in the United Kingdom since 1961. In 1970 he married the English actress Jean Boht and he has written music for more than 100 television programmes, but is best known for creating music to accompany silent films. He also collaborated with Paul McCartney in the creation of the Liverpool Oratorio, Daviss music is published by Faber Music. Davis was born in New York City, to Jewish parents, Sara and he studied composition with Paul Nordoff and Hugo Kauder, and subsequently with Per Nørgaard in Copenhagen. He attended Bard College, in NY and his early work in the US provided valuable conducting experience with organisations such as the New York City Opera and the Robert Shaw Chorale. In 1959 the revue Diversions, of which he was co-author, won an off-Broadway Emmy, as a direct result of its success there, Davis was commissioned by Ned Sherrin to compose music for the original British version of That Was the Week That Was. Other radio and TV commissions followed and Daviss UK career was launched, Davis achieved early prominence with the title music for the BBCs anthology play series The Wednesday Play and later for Play for Today. Davis also worked for television producer Jeremy Isaacs in providing the music for the documentary history series The World at War for Thames Television. He also conducted the BBCs theme song for their coverage of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, adapted from George Handels See the Conquering Hero Comes. Davis has written a number of scores, including The Bofors Gun, The Only Way, I, Monster, Up Pompeii, Up the Chastity Belt, Rentadick, What Became of Jack. In the late 1970s, Davis was commissioned by documentarians Kevin Brownlow and David Gill to create music for Thames Televisions Hollywood, A Celebration of the American Silent Film. His association with them continued the year with Abel Gances epic silent film Napoléon. There was a treatment for D. W. Griffiths Intolerance. This had orchestral music originally, but Daviss new score was used instead in 1989, the Hollywood documentary series was followed by the documentaries Unknown Chaplin, Buster Keaton, A Hard Act to Follow and Harold Lloyd, The Third Genius. In the 1980s and 1990s, Davis wrote and conducted the scores for numerous Thames Silents releases, by 1993, his reputation made him the number one choice for new scores to silent films. Many DVD releases, including Ben-Hur, The Phantom of the Opera, Safety Last, DeMilles The Godless Girl, Chaplins City Lights and Erich von Stroheims Greed, Davis also created an entire re-scoring of Clarence Browns Flesh and the Devil. In many of these recordings, he is the conductor as well the composer, on several occasions he has conducted these scores live in the cinema, as well as in concert halls as the film is being screened. Lady of the Camellias, The - La Dame Aux Camelias is a ballet in two acts and was first performed at the Croatian National Theatre, Zagreb by the Croatian National Theatre Ballet, cyrano - a Birmingham Royal Ballet commission
Carl Davis
–
Carl Davis
24.
Valencia CF
–
Valencia Club de Fútbol are a Spanish football club based in Valencia. They play in La Liga and are one of the most successful and biggest clubs in Spanish football, Valencia have won six La Liga titles, seven Copa del Rey trophies, two Fairs Cups, one UEFA Cup, one UEFA Cup Winners Cup and two UEFA Super Cups. They also reached two UEFA Champions League finals in a row, losing to La Liga rivals Real Madrid in 2000, Valencia were also members of the G-14 group of leading European football clubs. In total, Valencia have reached seven major European finals, winning four of them, Valencia were founded in 1919 and have played their home games at the 55, 000-seater Mestalla since 1923. They were due to move into the new 75, 000-seater Nou Mestalla in the north-west of the city in 2013, Valencia have a fierce rivalry with fellow Valencian club Villarreal CF, with whom they contest the Derby de la Comunitat. The rivalry is fueled by the fact that they are the two most successful clubs in the region. They also have a rivalry with Levante UD, also located in the city of Valencia. Valencia is the third-most supported football club in Spain, behind heavyweights Real Madrid, over the years, the club has achieved a global reputation for their prolific youth academy, or cantera. Products of their academy include world-class talents such as Raúl Albiol, Andrés Palop, Miguel Ángel Angulo, David Albelda, Gaizka Mendieta, current stars of the game to have graduated in recent years include Isco, Jordi Alba, Juan Bernat, and Paco Alcácer. The club was established on 5 March 1919 and officially approved on 18 March 1919, with Octavio Augusto Milego Díaz as its first president, incidentally, the club played its first competitive match away from home on 21 May 1919 against Valencia Gimnástico, and lost the match 1–0. Valencia CF moved into the Mestalla Stadium in 1923, having played its matches at the Algirós ground since 7 December 1919. The first match at Mestalla pitted the side against Castellón Castalia. In another match the day after, Valencia won against the same opposition, Valencia won the Regional Championship in 1923, and was eligible to play in the domestic Copa del Rey cup competition for the first time in its history. The Spanish Civil War halted the progress of the Valencia team until 1941, in the 1941–42 season, the club won its first Spanish La Liga championship title, although winning the Copa del Rey was more reputable than the championship at that time. The club maintained its consistency to capture the title again in the 1943–44 season. In 1995 they lost 2012 they lost 6-1 to CD Binefar In the 1950s, a restructuring of Mestalla resulted in an increase in spectator capacity to 45,000, while the club had a number of Spanish and foreign stars. Players such as Spanish international Antonio Puchades and Dutch forward Faas Wilkes graced the pitch at Mestalla, in the 1952–53 season, the club finished as runners-up in La Liga behind Barcelona. In the following season, the club won its third Copa del Rey, Valencia beat holders Barça 3–0 in the final in front of over 110,000 spectators at the Estadio Chamartín, then the home ground of Real Madrid
Valencia CF
–
The Valencia squad in 1927.
Valencia CF
–
Valencia
Valencia CF
–
Faas Wilkes, the first foreigner ever played for Valencia.
Valencia CF
–
Andoni Zubizarreta finished his career with Valencia.
25.
Valencian
–
Valencian is the variety of Catalan as spoken in the Valencian Community, Spain. In the Valencian Community, Valencian is the language and is co-official with Spanish. It is considered a language from Catalan by a slight majority of the people from the Valencian Community, however. A standardized form exists, based on the Southern Valencian dialect, Valencian belongs to the Western group of Catalan dialects. Under the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, the Valencian Academy of the Language has been established as its regulator, the AVL considers Catalan and Valencian to be simply two names for the same language. Some of the most important works of Valencian literature experienced a golden age during the Late Middle Ages, important works include Joanot Martorells chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch, and Ausiàs Marchs poetry. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in the Valencian variety, the earliest recorded chess game with modern rules for moves of the queen and bishop was in the Valencian poem Scachs damor. The official status of Valencian is regulated by the Spanish Constitution, article 6 of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy sets the legal status of Valencian, providing that, The official language of the Valencian Community is Valencian. Valencian is official within the Valencian Community, along with Spanish, everyone shall have the right to know it and use it, and receive education in Valencian. No one can be discriminated against by reason of their language, special protection and respect shall be given to the recuperation of Valencian. The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua shall be the normative institution of the Valencian language, Valencian is not one of the recognized languages of the European Union. Valencian is not spoken all over the Valencian Community, roughly a quarter of its territory, equivalent to 10% of the population, is traditionally Castilian-speaking only, whereas Valencian is spoken to varying degrees elsewhere. Although the Valencian language was an important part of the history of this zone, the survey simply collects the answers of respondents and did not include any testing or verification. The statistics hide the fact that in the areas where the language is still strong, moreover, according to a survey in 2008, there is a downward trend in everyday Valencian users. The lowest numbers are in the cities of Valencia and Alicante. All in all, in the 1993–2006 period, the number of speakers fell by 10 per cent, however, some children of Valencian speakers go to private schools run by the church where the curriculum is in Castilian and consequently this becomes their preferred language. For more general information on the features of Valencian, see Catalan language, note also that there is a great deal of variety within the Valencian Community, and by no means do the features below apply to every local version. Valencian has a system of seven stressed vowels /a/, /e/, /ɛ/, /i/, /o/, /ɔ/, the vowel /e/ is retracted and /o/ is advanced both in stressed and unstressed syllables
Valencian
–
Knowledge of Valencian according to the 2001 census. Note that the light green areas inland and in the southernmost part are not historically Valencian speaking (large).
26.
Ejection (sports)
–
In sports, an ejection is the removal of a participant from a contest due to a violation of the sports rules. Most sports have provisions that allow players to be ejected, and many allow for the ejection of coaches, managers, the decision to eject a participant usually lies with one or more officials present at the contest. In addition to removal from the contest, many sports leagues provide additional sanctions against participants who have been ejected, such as monetary fines or suspensions from future contests. In many youth sports leagues, ejected players are required to stay with their coach in the team area, if a participant refuses to cooperate with an ejection, additional sanctions may be levied, such as forfeiture of the contest, monetary fines, or suspensions. In NBA and most other games, a player or coach is ejected from the game if he accumulates two technical fouls of an unsportsmanlike nature over the course of the game. Participants who commit fouls of violence or enter the stands are ejected summarily regardless of the number of technical fouls accumulated, ejected players/coaches must leave the court area for the remainder of play, and must do so immediately, or else risk even heavier fines/suspensions. In the NBA, an ejection will result in, at minimum, a $1,000 fine, in domestic games, refusing to leave after being ejected can result in a player being put on report. If being put on report does not provide enough encouragement for a player to leave the court, players who incur 16 technical fouls in a single NBA season are automatically suspended for one game, an additional suspension is imposed for each increment of two thereafter. In the playoffs, players are suspended if they receive seven technical fouls, a significant rule change was made in 1981 whereby the NBA eliminated the ejection of a coach for three technical fouls caused by an illegal defense. These technical fouls are referenced as Non-Unsportsmanlike Conduct Technical Fouls, the NBA all-time leader in disqualifications is Vern Mikkelsen, who was disqualified 127 times in 631 games. In FIBA sanctioned games, a player is ejected for two technicals, unsportsmanlike fouls or one disqualifying foul, Technical fouls in FIBA include swinging of elbows without contact and flopping, which are not fouls in the NBA. A coach can be ejected upon having incurred two coach technical fouls, or a combination of three bench and coach technical fouls, there is no separation regarding a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul, as in the NBA, so two delay of game violations result in an ejection. In NFHS contests, ejected players must remain on the team bench, in NCAA contests, ejected players are dismissed to the locker room, no adult supervision is required as NCAA players are assumed to be legally of adult age. Basketball also features disqualification, also known as fouling out, a player who commits a certain number of personal fouls in a game, is removed from the game and is said to have fouled out. Unlike ejection, disqualification is not considered an action but rather a natural consequence of a very physical sport with many instances of contact. Disqualified players are permitted to remain on the bench with the team and are not subject to any further penalties, they can resume play in their next game. In the NBA, a foul is also assessed for re-entering a game after fouling out of a game in emergency situations listed in Rule 3. Disqualification also occurs at the school level as the result of two technical fouls
Ejection (sports)
–
Despite having been ejected, manager of the
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Scott Steinmann continues to argue with umpire Nicholas Nolde.
Ejection (sports)
–
In association football, two
penalty cards are in use, the red one signifying an ejection.
27.
Single-elimination tournament
–
Where more than two competitors can play in each match, such as in a shootout poker tournament, players are removed when they can no longer play until one player remains from the group. This player moves on to the next round, some competitions are held with a pure single-elimination tournament system. Others have many phases, with the last being a final stage called playoffs. The round before the quarterfinals is sometimes called the round of sixteen, Last Sixteen, or pre-quarterfinals, earlier rounds are typically numbered counting forwards from the first round, or by the number of remaining competitors. If some competitors get a bye, the round at which they enter may be named the first round, with the matches called a preliminary round. Many Olympic single-elimination tournaments feature the bronze medal if they do not award bronze medals to both losing semifinalists. The FIFA World Cup has long featured the third place match, the number of distinct ways of arranging a single-elimination tournament is given by the Wedderburn–Etherington numbers. Brackets are set up so that the top two seeds could not possibly meet until the round, none of the top four can meet prior to the semifinals. If no seeding is used, the tournament is called a random knockout tournament. One version of seeding is where brackets are set up so that the quarterfinal pairings would be the 1 seed vs. the 8 seed,2 vs.7,3 vs.6 and 4 vs. This may be done after each round, or only at selected intervals, in American team sports, for example, the MLS, NFL and WNBA employ this tactic, but the NBA does not. MLB does not have teams in its playoff tournament where re-seeding would make a large difference in the matchups. In international fencing competitions, it is common to have a group stage, participants are divided in groups of 6–7 fencers who play a round-robin tournament, and a ranking is calculated from the consolidated group results. Single elimination is seeded from this ranking, the single-elimination format enables a relatively large number of competitors to participate. There are no dead matches, and no matches where one competitor has more to play for than the other, the format is less suited to games where draws are frequent. In chess, each fixture in a single-elimination tournament must be played multiple matches, because draws are common. In association football, games ending in a draw may be settled in extra time, another perceived disadvantage is that most competitors are eliminated after relatively few games. Variations such as the tournament allow competitors a single loss while remaining eligible for overall victory
Single-elimination tournament
–
Example of a single-elimination tournament bracket
28.
Forest Green Rovers F.C.
–
Forest Green Rovers Football Club is a professional football club based in Nailsworth, Gloucestershire, England. Affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA, they are members of the National League. The club was established in 1889 by Reverend E. J. H, peach, representing the Forest Green area of Nailsworth. The name Rovers was adopted in 1893, and the year the club were founder members of the Mid-Gloucestershire League. Their first home match on 6 October was a 1–1 draw with Brimscombe. As Nailsworth had become a district in 1894, there was an effort to ensure the town was represented by a football team. However, the club withdrew from the league during the 1896–97 season, the club was re-established in 1898 under the Forest Green Rovers name, and absorbed Nailsworth Thursday shortly afterwards. They joined both Division One of the Mid-Gloucestershire League and also the Dursley & District League for the 1899–1900 season, the Mid-Gloucestershire League folded in 1901, with Forest Green left playing in the Dursley & District League. In 1902–03 they joined the new Stroud & District League, also continuing in the Dursley & District League, as a result, a play-off match was held to decide the championship, with over 1,000 spectators watching Forest Green win 2–1 in extra time. In 1906–07 they finished bottom of the Stroud & District League with zero points and they withdrew from the Dursley & District League in 1908. They entered a team into the Dursley & District League in 1912–13, after World War I the club rejoined the league and the 1919–20 season saw them finish joint top of the table with Chalford and Stonehouse. The league subsequently held a draw to decide the championship, with Forest Green drawn against Stonehouse in a semi-final, however, Stonehouse beat Forest green 3–2 in the semi-final match. In 1920 the club entered a team into the North Gloucestershire League. They repeated the league championship the following season. They were founder members of the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League in 1922, Forest Green finished as runners-up in 1924–25 and 1925–26, before rejoining the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League in 1926. They went on to finish as runners-up in 1926–27 before leaving the league again to play in the new Stroud Premier League. After finishing fourth in the league, the returned to the Northern Senior League at the end of the season. The club withdrew from the Stroud Premier League in 1930, the league for a time in 1934
Forest Green Rovers F.C.
–
The New Lawn
Forest Green Rovers F.C.
–
Forest Green Rovers
29.
Sunderland A.F.C.
–
Sunderland Association Football Club is a professional football club based in the North East city of Sunderland in the larger metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear. The club is playing in the Premier League, the top league of English football. Since its formation in 1879, the club has won six top-flight First Division titles, a total bettered by five other clubs. The club has won the FA Cup twice and been runners-up twice, as well as winning the FA Community Shield in 1936. Sunderland have also been Football League Cup finalists in 1985 and 2014, Sunderland won their first FA Cup in 1937 with a 3–1 victory over Preston North End, and remained in the top league for 68 successive seasons until they were relegated for the first time in 1958. Sunderlands most notable trophy after the Second World War was their second FA Cup in 1973, the team has won the second tier title five times in that period and the third tier title once. Sunderland play their games at the 49, 000-capacity all-seater Stadium of Light having moved from Roker Park in 1997. The original ground capacity was 42,000 which was increased to 49,000 following expansion in 2000, Sunderland have a long-standing rivalry with their neighbouring club Newcastle United, with whom they have contested the Tyne–Wear derby since 1898. Founded 17 October 1879 as Sunderland and District Teachers A. F. C. by schoolmaster James Allan and they replaced Stoke, who had failed to be re-elected, becoming the first new club to join the league since its inauguration in 1888. During the late 19th century, they were declared the Team of All Talents by William McGregor, Sunderland won the league championship in the 1891–92 season, one season after joining The Football League. The clubs 42 points were five clear of nearest rivals Preston North End, Sunderland successfully defended the title the following season, aided by centre forward Johnny Campbell, who broke the 30-goal mark for the second time in consecutive seasons. In the process, they became the first team to score 100 goals in a season, a feat not matched until 1919–20, Sunderland came close to winning a third successive league championship in the 1893–94 season, finishing second behind Aston Villa. However, they regained the title in the 1894–95 season, ending the five points ahead of Everton. After winning the English League Championship, Sunderland played against Heart of Midlothian, Sunderland won the game 5–3 and were announced Champions of the world. Sunderland came close to winning another title in the 1897–98 season. That season was their last at Newcastle Road, as moved to Roker Park the following season. After coming second in 1900–01, the club won their league title in the 1901–02 season. In 1904, Sunderlands management was embroiled in a payment scandal involving player Andrew McCombie, the club was said to have given the player £100 to help him start his own business, on the understanding that he would repay the money after his benefit game
Sunderland A.F.C.
–
Team photo taken in 1884
Sunderland A.F.C.
–
Sunderland AFC
Sunderland A.F.C.
–
One of the earliest football paintings in the world, Thomas MM Hemy's "Sunderland v.
Aston Villa 1895" depicts a match between the two most successful English teams of the decade.
Sunderland A.F.C.
–
Sunderland's 1937 FA Cup winning side
