1.
Stony Brook, New York
–
Stony Brook is a hamlet and census-designated place in the Town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. Despite being referred to as a village by residents and tourists alike, the population was 13,740 at the 2010 census. Stony Brook was first settled in the late 17th century and it was originally known by the native name Wopowog and then as Stoney Brook, with both names likely referring to the interconnected bodies of water at the hamlets western edge. It began as a community of adjacent Setauket, New York, the Town of Brookhavens first settlement. A grist mill was built in 1699 on the body now known as the Mill Pond. The current structure, which replaced the original in 1751, ground grain into the 1940s and has since been repurposed for public tours, for religious services and education, the hamlets original residents had to attend institutions in the neighboring communities of Setauket and St. James. In the latter half of the 18th century, activity began to shift from the area north toward the Harbor as new residences. Stony Brook was an area through the 18th century aside for a modest amount of commerce near the mill at the intersection of Main Street. The communitys development was stalled by its poorly accessible harbor relative to nearby Setauket, in the 1840s, local painter William Sidney Mount led a call for the harbors dredging. This was completed twice, but after the harbor filled in both times the effort was abandoned, lacking the resources of its neighboring harbor settlements, Stony Brook based its economy on agriculture and the cordwood industry. The Long Island Rail Road reached Stony Brook in the 1870s, Stony Brook quickly became a popular summer resort for city dwellers attempting to escape the hazards and stress of urban life. The establishment of the Stony Brook Assembly in 1909 also helped to more residents to the local area. A number of these newcomers constructed houses and cottages, many of which were originally made for year-round use or have since been converted to such. Nevertheless, the majority of residences were local farmers and businessmen who depended on all necessities being in easy reach, most businesses were then located on the compact plot that would become the contemporary village green. Unlike today, the shops in this area were utilitarian and haphazardly arranged, the history of the unincorporated village is closely linked to that of Ward Melville, a local businessman who owned what would become the CVS Corporation. At one point owned much of what his family coined as the Three Village area, the focus had been in the previous center of the villages commerce, which now consists of a village green and a crescent of stores embellished with stone walkways and seasonal gardening. To accomplish this, Melville moved many of the shops in the plot into the crescent and modified their details for consistency. As a centerpiece to the crescent, Melville built the Stony Brook Post Office, Melville donated the land and funds to New York State for establishing a branch of the State University of New York in the area
Stony Brook, New York
–
Clockwise from top the
Stony Brook Village Center, the art building at the
Long Island Museums, Stony Brook Harbor, the c.1751 Stony Brook Grist Mill, and the
Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at
Stony Brook University
Stony Brook, New York
–
The Three Village Inn, housed in the c.1751 Richard Hallock home
Stony Brook, New York
–
The local post office, centerpiece of the
Stony Brook Village Center
Stony Brook, New York
–
Shops in the
Stony Brook Village Center
2.
University-preparatory school
–
A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school is a type of secondary school. The term can refer to public, private independent or parochial schools primarily designed to prepare students for higher education, in the United States, there are public, private, and charter college preparatory schools and they can be either parochial or secular. Admission is sometimes based on selection criteria, usually academic. Fewer than 1% of students enrolled in school in the United States attend an independent, private school, compared to 9% who attend parochial schools. Public and charter college prep schools are connected to a local school district. The term prep school in the U. S. is usually associated with private, elite institutions that have very selective admission criteria, prep schools can be day schools, boarding schools, or both, and may be co-educational or single-sex. Currently day schools are more common than boarding, and since the 1970s co-educational schools are more common than single-sex, unlike the public schools which are free, they charge tuition Some prep schools are affiliated with a particular religious denomination. Unlike parochial schools, independent preparatory schools are not governed by a religious organization, in most parts of Europe, such as Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Scandinavia, there are state-funded secondary schools specializing in university-preparatory education. These go by many names depending on the country but may be called gymnasia, athenaea, unlike American prep schools then, they begin after high-school graduation. The most famous French classes préparatoires are exceptionally intensive and selective, taking only the very best students graduating from high schools, nevertheless, there exist many less prestigious classes préparatoires. As a result, 90% of the students in the scientific classes préparatoires eventually become engineers or scientists, a Gymnasium is a particular type of school in Germany and other countries in Europe, with the goal to prepare its pupils to enter a university. The γυμνάσιον of Ancient Greece was a place for physical and eventually also intellectual education of young men, the later meaning of intellectual education persisted in German and other languages, whereas in English, the older meaning of physical education was retained. The German Gymnasien are selective and competitive schools and they enroll students after completing 4th or 6th grade and prepare them for college. The vast majority of Gymnasien is public and does not charge tuition fees, article 7, Paragraph 4 of the German constitution, forbids segregation of students according to the means of their parents. Therefore, most private Gymnasien have rather low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, every child will be able to enter the lottery, no matter how he or she performed in primary school. It is hoped that this policy will increase the number of lower, a total of zero percent was in favour of the lottery. Germanys oldest Gymnasien include Gymnasium Paulinum, Gymnasium Theodorianum and Gymnasium Carolinum, in Italy, there are several kinds of high schools, both public and private, whose curriculum has as a primary aim the preparation for university. These are called Liceo, plural Licei, the name comes from Lyceum, the Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek Λύκειον, the name of a gymnasium in Classical Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus
University-preparatory school
–
Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren - church and courtyard
3.
Boarding school
–
A boarding school is a school at which most or all of the students live during the part of the year that they go to lessons. The word boarding is used in the sense of bed and board, i. e. lodging, some boarding schools also have day students who attend the institution by day and return to their families in the evenings. Many independent schools are boarding schools, Boarding school pupils normally return home during the school holidays and often weekends, but in some cultures may spend most of their childhood and adolescent life away from their families. In the United States, boarding schools comprise various grades, most commonly grades seven or nine through grade twelve—the high school years, other schools are for younger children, grades two through eight. A military school, or military academy, also features military education, in the former Soviet Union schools were introduced, these sometimes are known as Internat-schools. Some schools were a type of specialized school with a focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports. Other schools were associated with orphanages after all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs, general schools offered extended stay programs featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work. In post-soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country, the term boarding school often refers to classic British boarding schools and many boarding schools around the world are modeled on these. A typical boarding school has separate residential houses, either within the school grounds or in the surrounding area. Pupils generally need permission to go outside defined school bounds, they may be allowed to travel off-campus at certain times, depending on country and context, boarding schools generally offer one or more options, full, weekly, or on a flexible schedule. Each may be assisted in the management of the house by a housekeeper often known as matron. In the U. S. boarding schools often have a resident family that lives in the dorm and they also have janitorial staff for maintenance and housekeeping, but typically do not have tutors associated with an individual dorm. Nevertheless, older pupils are often unsupervised by staff, and a system of monitors or prefects gives limited authority to senior pupils, houses readily develop distinctive characters, and a healthy rivalry between houses is often encouraged in sport. Houses may also have common rooms for television and relaxation and kitchens for snacks, some facilities may be shared between several houses or dorms. In others, separate houses accommodate needs of different years or classes, in some schools, day pupils are assigned to a dorm or house for social activities and sports purposes. Each student has a timetable, which in the early years allows little discretion. Boarders and day students are taught together in school hours and in most cases continue beyond the day to include sports, clubs and societies
Boarding school
–
Boarding house of the
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney, Australia
Boarding school
–
Anderson Hall at
Asheville School in
Asheville, North Carolina, is one of three residential halls at the co-ed college preparatory boarding school for students in grades 9 through 12. Founded in 1900, Asheville School has more than 75% of its students living on campus.
Boarding school
–
Dormitory at
The Armidale School, Australia, 1898
Boarding school
–
Schloss Torgelow, a renowned
Gymnasium boarding school in
Germany, that leads to the prestigious
Abitur exams.
4.
Suburban
–
A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
Suburban
–
Nassau County,
Long Island is emblematic of continuous
sprawl in an
inner suburb of
New York City, United States.
Suburban
–
Tract housing in
Colorado Springs,
Colorado.
Cul-de-sacs are hallmarks of suburban planning.
Suburban
–
High-rise social housing in
Clichy-sous-Bois, a
banlieue of
Paris
Suburban
–
Row houses in
Upper Darby, an inner-ring suburb of
Philadelphia
5.
College preparatory school
–
A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school is a type of secondary school. The term can refer to public, private independent or parochial schools primarily designed to prepare students for higher education, in the United States, there are public, private, and charter college preparatory schools and they can be either parochial or secular. Admission is sometimes based on selection criteria, usually academic. Fewer than 1% of students enrolled in school in the United States attend an independent, private school, compared to 9% who attend parochial schools. Public and charter college prep schools are connected to a local school district. The term prep school in the U. S. is usually associated with private, elite institutions that have very selective admission criteria, prep schools can be day schools, boarding schools, or both, and may be co-educational or single-sex. Currently day schools are more common than boarding, and since the 1970s co-educational schools are more common than single-sex, unlike the public schools which are free, they charge tuition Some prep schools are affiliated with a particular religious denomination. Unlike parochial schools, independent preparatory schools are not governed by a religious organization, in most parts of Europe, such as Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Scandinavia, there are state-funded secondary schools specializing in university-preparatory education. These go by many names depending on the country but may be called gymnasia, athenaea, unlike American prep schools then, they begin after high-school graduation. The most famous French classes préparatoires are exceptionally intensive and selective, taking only the very best students graduating from high schools, nevertheless, there exist many less prestigious classes préparatoires. As a result, 90% of the students in the scientific classes préparatoires eventually become engineers or scientists, a Gymnasium is a particular type of school in Germany and other countries in Europe, with the goal to prepare its pupils to enter a university. The γυμνάσιον of Ancient Greece was a place for physical and eventually also intellectual education of young men, the later meaning of intellectual education persisted in German and other languages, whereas in English, the older meaning of physical education was retained. The German Gymnasien are selective and competitive schools and they enroll students after completing 4th or 6th grade and prepare them for college. The vast majority of Gymnasien is public and does not charge tuition fees, article 7, Paragraph 4 of the German constitution, forbids segregation of students according to the means of their parents. Therefore, most private Gymnasien have rather low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, every child will be able to enter the lottery, no matter how he or she performed in primary school. It is hoped that this policy will increase the number of lower, a total of zero percent was in favour of the lottery. Germanys oldest Gymnasien include Gymnasium Paulinum, Gymnasium Theodorianum and Gymnasium Carolinum, in Italy, there are several kinds of high schools, both public and private, whose curriculum has as a primary aim the preparation for university. These are called Liceo, plural Licei, the name comes from Lyceum, the Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek Λύκειον, the name of a gymnasium in Classical Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus
College preparatory school
–
Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren - church and courtyard
6.
Long Island
–
Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick
Long Island
–
A mansion on Long Island's
Gold Coast
Long Island
–
The c. 1806
Old Hook Mill in
East Hampton is one of eleven extant windmills in
Suffolk County.
Long Island
–
The
Old House in
Cutchogue, built 1649, is the oldest English-style house in New York State.
Long Island
–
Battle of Long Island
7.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
8.
Stony Brook Assembly
–
The Stony Brook Assembly was an evangelical organization that held a series of annual summer Bible Conferences and camp meetings in Stony Brook, NY on Long Island from 1909 to about 1958. Nationally and internationally known speakers led conferences covering religious, educational, the assembly was also the parent organization which founded The Stony Brook School to use its grounds outside of the summer months. Though the assembly eventually dissolved, the school remains today. Other notable conferences were founded at such places as Chautauqua, NY, Winona Lake, IN, and Northfield, MA, grew in popularity as places of physical rest, entertainment, and spiritual renewal. In 1906 a prominent group of predominantly Presbyterian ministers and laymen united to establish a summer Bible conference enterprise in the area of New York, New Jersey. The group was led by the Pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn, NY, land was acquired directly across from the Stony Brook branch of the Long Island Rail Road. This allowed easy transportation for the ten million people living in the New York metropolitan area. The nearby Stony Brook harbor could also accommodate sailboats carrying guests from Connecticut, the first meeting began on July 3,1909 in a large tent pitched on the lawn of Carsons home on Christian Avenue. Despite the stormy weather, which tore the tent, the conferences were an immediate success, though the first conference had 707 registered guests,3,869 people in all were in attendance. By the next summer, an auditorium accommodating 1,000 people was erected on the assembly grounds, at the time it was the largest building on Long Island. Today the auditorium is known as Carson Auditorium, in April 1914, the Assembly was incorporated by the State of New York with the Platform of Principles included in its certificate and bylaws. In 1915, New York philanthropist Ferdinand T. Hopkins funded the erection of a hotel for guests on the assembly grounds. Hopkins Hall stood until it was demolished in 1980, in 1918, St. Louis department store owner Robert S. Johnston erected another hotel adjacent to the auditorium. In September 1922, the Directors of the Assembly opened The Stony Brook School for Boys as part of their mission to further Christian scholarship at the secondary level, Frank E. Gaebelein, a recent graduate of Harvards masters program and the son of perennial speaker Arno C. Gaebelein, was chosen as the first headmaster, the Assembly oversaw the governance of the school until the Assemblys dissolution. Following Billy Grahams 1957 crusade at Madison Square Garden, Frank E. Gaebelein and it is partly because of this that the summer conferences were suspended in 1957 and why the Assembly was dissolved in the early 1960s. The Stony Brook School retained the property and was rechartered separately from the former Stony Brook Assembly, the purpose of the founders of the assembly was to establish a center of religious and educational work in harmony with the Platform of Principles. Long Island resorts have been known purely as pleasure resorts with no religious features connected with them except at a camp meeting of Jamesport
Stony Brook Assembly
–
Guests of the Stony Brook Assembly in front of Hopkins Hall, 1915
Stony Brook Assembly
–
Rev. John F. Carson on the boardwalk of Atlantic city, c. 1911.
Stony Brook Assembly
–
Hopkins Hall c. 1918
Stony Brook Assembly
–
Johnston Hall
9.
Frank E. Gaebelein
–
Frank Ely Gaebelein was an American evangelical educator, author, and editor who was the founding headmaster of The Stony Brook School in Long Island, New York. Gaebelein was born in Mount Vernon, New York, the youngest of three sons, to German immigrants Arno Clemons Gaebelein and Emma Fredericka Gaebelein and his father was a noted preacher and outspoken early leader of the dispensationalist and fundamentalist movements. Frank graduated from Mount Vernon High School, where he was editor of the yearbook with E. B. White and he earned his B. A. from New York University, where he was the piano soloist performing with the University Glee Club. Gaebelein’s studies were interrupted briefly in 1918 to serve in the U. S. Army and he earned his A. M. from Harvard University, where he studied English and comparative literature. In 1923, Gaebelein married Dorothy Laura, with whom he had three children, Dorothy Laura G. Hampton, Donn Medd, and Gretchen Elizabeth Gaebelein Hull. Shortly after graduating from Harvard in the spring of 1921, Gaebelein was approached by John F. Carson, ottman to be the headmaster of The Stony Brook School, which was an outgrowth of the Stony Brook Assembly. Frank Gaebelein began organizing The Stony Brook School, which opened in the fall of 1922 and he held the position of headmaster for more than four decades. During this time, he served as an ordained deacon. In 1954 he served as vice-chairman for Oxford University Press’s preparation of the New Scofield Reference Bible, toward the end of his tenure at Stony Brook, Gaebelein and the school came under pressure from fundamentalists because of their embracing “new evangelicalism”. One of the leaders of this movement, Harold Ockenga, invited Gaebelein to be the dean of the newly founded Fuller Theological Seminary, after retiring from Stony Brook in 1963, Gaebelein joined Carl F. H. Henry as co-editor of Christianity Today. While covering the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches during the Civil Rights Movement, he was criticized for abandoning his role as a reporter, in 1968 he served as style committee chairman for the New International Version of the Bible. From 1969 to 1972, Gaebelein was director of the faculty summer seminar on faith, in 1971, he took on the role as general editor for the Expositor’s Bible Commentary, an endeavor he continued until his death. In October 1982, Gaebelein attended the dedication of the Frank E. Gaebelein Hall at The Stony Brook School, in November 1982, he underwent a double bypass surgery, and never fully recovered. Gaebelein died two months later at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, in The Christian Imagination, Essays on Literature and the Arts Memorials, Frank E. Gaebelein. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, all Truth is Gods Truth, The Life and Ideas of Frank E. Gaebelein. FRANK E. GAEBELEIN, AN EDUCATOR ON L. I
Frank E. Gaebelein
–
Frank E. Gaebelein
10.
Presbyterianism
–
Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles, particularly Scotland. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the form of church government. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, the Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there are a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church, the Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom, Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organization and worship, often using a Book of Order to regulate common practice and order. The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism, many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups. Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning, Presbyterian government is by councils of elders. Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, teaching elders have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments. Pastors are called by individual congregations, a congregation issues a call for the pastors service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery. Ruling elders are usually laymen who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the elders, assuming responsibility for nurture. Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance and this group may variously be known as a Deacon Board, Board of Deacons Diaconate, or Deacons Court. These are sometimes known as presbyters to the full congregation, above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations, the presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. The Church of Scotland abolished the Synod in 1993, Presbyterian governance is practised by Presbyterian denominations and also by many other Reformed churches
Presbyterianism
–
John Knox
Presbyterianism
–
Symbol used by the
Presbyterian Church in Ireland. The
burning bush is a common symbol used by Presbyterian churches.
Presbyterianism
–
The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk, by
John Henry Lorimer, 1891.
National Gallery of Scotland.
Presbyterianism
–
Presbyterian
catechising, 19th century
11.
Summer
–
Summer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, falling between spring and autumn. At the summer solstice, the days are longest and the nights are shortest, the date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, tradition and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, a variable seasonal lag means that the meteorological center of the season, which is based on average temperature patterns, occurs several weeks after the time of maximal insolation. Under meteorological definitions, all seasons are set to start at the beginning of a calendar month. This meteorological definition of summer also aligns with the commonly viewed notion of summer as the season with the longest days of the year, the meteorological reckoning of seasons is used in Australia, Austria, Denmark, the former Soviet Union and Japan. It is also used by many in the United Kingdom, in Ireland, the summer months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are June, July and August. However, according to the Irish Calendar, summer begins on 1 May, school textbooks in Ireland follow the cultural norm of summer commencing on 1 May rather than the meteorological definition of 1 June. Reckoning by hours of daylight alone, summer solstice marks the midpoint, not the beginning, midsummer takes place over the shortest night of the year, which is the summer solstice, or on a nearby date that varies with tradition. Where a seasonal lag of half a season or more is common, by this method, in North America, summer is the period from the summer solstice to the autumn equinox. The similar Canadian tradition starts summer on Victoria Day one week prior and ends, as in the United States, on Labour Day. In Chinese astronomy, summer starts on or around 5 May, with the known as lìxià, i. e. establishment of summer. In Australia and New Zealand, summer begins on 1 December. Summer is traditionally associated with hot or warm weather, in the Mediterranean regions, it is also associated with dry weather, while in other places it is associated with rainy weather. The wet season is the period of vegetation growth within the savanna climate regime. Where the wet season is associated with a shift in the prevailing winds. In the northern Atlantic Ocean, a tropical cyclone season occurs from 1 June to 30 November. The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is 10 September, the Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic. The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and March, in the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November
Summer
–
A field during summer in
Belgium
Summer
–
Wet season
thunderstorm at night in
Darwin, Australia.
Summer
–
Image of
Hurricane Lester from late August 1992.
Summer
12.
Bible
–
The Bible is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans. Many different authors contributed to the Bible, what is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups, a number of Bible canons have evolved, with overlapping and diverging contents. The Christian Old Testament overlaps with the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint, the New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians, believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ, written in first-century Koine Greek. These early Christian Greek writings consist of narratives, letters, among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about the contents of the canon, primarily the Apocrypha, a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect. Attitudes towards the Bible also differ amongst Christian groups and this concept arose during the Protestant Reformation, and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching. With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies, the Bible is widely considered to be the book of all time. It has estimated sales of 100 million copies, and has been a major influence on literature and history, especially in the West. The English word Bible is from the Latin biblia, from the word in Medieval Latin and Late Latin. Medieval Latin biblia is short for biblia sacra holy book, while biblia in Greek and it gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe. Latin biblia sacra holy books translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια ta biblia ta hagia, the word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of paper or scroll and came to be used as the ordinary word for book. It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, Egyptian papyrus, possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece, the Greek ta biblia was an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books. Christian use of the term can be traced to c.223 CE, bruce notes that Chrysostom appears to be the first writer to use the Greek phrase ta biblia to describe both the Old and New Testaments together. The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the sof passuk cantillation mark used by the 10th-century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in oral traditions. The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library, the oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin Bible is the Codex Amiatinus and he states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. In Christian Bibles, the New Testament Gospels were derived from traditions in the second half of the first century CE. Riches says that, Scholars have attempted to reconstruct something of the history of the oral traditions behind the Gospels, the period of transmission is short, less than 40 years passed between the death of Jesus and the writing of Marks Gospel. This means that there was time for oral traditions to assume fixed form
Bible
–
The
Gutenberg Bible, the first printed Bible
Bible
–
The Kennicott Bible, by
Benjamin Kennicott, with illustration, Jonah being swallowed by the fish, 1476
Bible
–
Tanakh
13.
Academic conference
–
An academic conference or symposium is a conference for researchers to present and discuss their work. Together with academic or scientific journals, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers, conferences are usually composed of various presentations. They tend to be short and concise, with a span of about 10 to 30 minutes. The work may be bundled in written form as academic papers, usually a conference will include keynote speakers. The keynote lecture is often longer, lasting sometimes up to an hour, in addition to presentations, conferences also feature panel discussions, round tables on various issues, poster sessions and workshops. Prospective presenters are usually asked to submit an abstract of their presentation. Some disciplines require presenters to submit a paper of about 6–15 pages, in some disciplines, such as English and other languages, it is common for presenters to read from a prepared script. In other disciplines such as the sciences, presenters usually base their talk around a visual presentation that displays key figures, a large meeting will usually be called a conference, while a smaller is termed a workshop. The larger the conference, the more likely it is that academic publishing houses may set up displays, large conferences also may have a career and job search and interview activities. At some conferences, social or entertainment activities such as tours, business meetings for learned societies or interest groups can also be part of the conference activities. These conferences are organized by regional, national, or international learned societies. The professional conference, large conferences not limited to academics but with academically related issues, advanced technology for meeting with any yet unknown person in a conference is performed by active RFID that may indicate wilfully identified and relatively located upon approach via electronic tags. Conferences are usually organized either by a society or by a group of researchers with a common interest. Larger meetings may be handled on behalf of the society by a Professional Conference Organiser or PCO. The meeting is announced by way of a Call For Papers or a Call For Abstracts and it describes the broad theme and lists the meetings topics and formalities such as what kind of abstract or paper has to be submitted, to whom, and by what deadline. A CFP is usually distributed using a mailing list or on specialized online services, contributions are usually submitted using an online abstract or paper management service. There have been accusations for fake, scam, or fraudulent conferences, see also BIT Life Sciences and SCIgen § In conferences
Academic conference
–
Conference on
medicament -assisted rehabilitation in
Oslo,
Norway
14.
New Jersey
–
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
New Jersey
–
The New Jersey Botanical Garden at Skylands in
Ringwood State Park,
Passaic and
Bergen Counties
New Jersey
–
Flag
New Jersey
–
Washington Crossing the Delaware during the
New York and New Jersey campaign, winter 1777
New Jersey
–
George Washington rallying his troops at the
Battle of Princeton
15.
Connecticut
–
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
Connecticut
–
Bear Mountain, highest peak in Connecticut
Connecticut
–
Flag
Connecticut
–
Lake Mcdonough reservoir as seen from the Tunxis Trail Overlook Spur trail, Barkhamsted
Connecticut
–
New Haven
16.
Chautauqua, New York
–
Chautauqua is a town and lake resort community in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 4,464 at the 2010 census, the town is named after Chautauqua Lake. The traditional meaning remains bag tied in the middle, the town of Chautauqua is in the western part of the county on the northwestern end of Chautauqua Lake. Chautauqua is famous as the home of the Chautauqua Institution, the birthplace in 1875 of the Chautauqua Movement of educational and cultural centers, the town of Chautauqua was formed on April 11,1805, from the town of Batavia, while still part of Genesee County. The first settler arrived the year before, near the current village of Mayville, when Chautauqua County was created on March 11,1808, the towns territory was increased to include the eastern tier of townships, so that the town and the new county were coextensive. The town is the mother of towns in Chautauqua County since all other towns in the county towns were part of it. The town is one of the largest in the county. The Lewis Miller Cottage of the Chautauqua Institution was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Chautauqua Institution Historic District was listed in 1974. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 67.2 square miles, of which 67.1 square miles of it is land and 0.077 square miles. Portland Stockton, Ellery North Harmony, Sherman Westfield As of the census of 2000, there were 4,666 people,1,881 households, the population density was 69.4 people per square mile. There were 4,174 housing units at a density of 62.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 25% White,1. 59% African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 39% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,0. 19% from other races, and 1. 26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 05% of the population,28. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 2.87. In the town, the population was out with 22. 4% under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,26. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 105.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $36,379, and the median income for a family was $41,923. Males had an income of $30,767 versus $23,561 for females
Chautauqua, New York
–
View of Simpson Avenue
17.
Winona Lake, Indiana
–
Winona Lake is a town in Wayne Township, Kosciusko County, Indiana, United States. The population was 4,908 at the 2010 census, Winona Lake is located at 41°13′15″N 85°49′2″W. It is now contiguous to Warsaw, the two towns having run into another as they have expanded. According to the 2010 census, Winona Lake has an area of 3.25 square miles. Winona Lake is best known for the lake it is named after and built on and it is also the home of Grace College and Grace Theological Seminary and was the home of famed preacher and professional baseball player Billy Sunday who died in 1935. Christian musician and preacher Homer Rodeheaver also made Winona Lake his home from 1912 until his death in 1955, the Winona School of Professional Photography was started there in 1912 and was operated by the Professional Photographers of America until its move to Chicago in 1988. Famous photographers from around the world taught there during summer-only classes, the now defunct Winona College was founded here, and the Winona Lake School of Theology was located here from 1920 to 1970. Winona Lake was also home to the headquarters of The Free Methodist Church until it moved its offices to Indianapolis in 1990, the Winona Lake Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,908 people,1,569 households, the population density was 1,778.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,786 housing units at a density of 647.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 92. 2% White,1. 5% African American,0. 1% Native American,1. 0% Asian,4. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 4% of the population. 25. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.13. The median age in the town was 28.3 years. 23. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,22. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 3% were from 25 to 44,19. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 12. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46. 6% male and 53. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,987 people,1,371 households, and 972 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,375.7 people per square mile, there were 1,513 housing units at an average density of 522.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 91. 15% White,0. 75% African American,0. 03% Native American,0. 85% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,5. 74% from other races, and 1. 45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 28% of the population,23. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
Winona Lake, Indiana
–
Location of Winona Lake in the state of
Indiana
18.
Northfield, Massachusetts
–
Northfield is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. Northfield was first settled in 1673, the population was 3,032 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area, the Connecticut River runs through the town, dividing West Northfield from East Northfield and the village of Northfield, where the town hall is located. Part of the town is included in the place of Northfield. Originally settled and inhabited by the Sokoki tribe, the area was the site of the village of Squawkeag, Northfield was first colonized in 1673 by the English and was officially incorporated in 1723. The territory was successfully defended a number of times by Native Americans, as a result, the English colonists were occasionally taken north to Quebec, held as hostages by the French, causing the town to revert to American Indian control a few times. During Dummers War, on August 13,1723, Gray Lock raided Northfield, the next day they attacked Joseph Stevens and his four sons in Rutland. Stevens escaped, two boys were killed, and the two sons were captured. The school was the site of Moodys religious conferences, which attracted thousands of visitors to Northfield each summer, the influx of visitors led to the development of the town as a summer resort, especially after the opening of the Northfield Hotel in 1887. Patterned after a French château but fanciful in style with prominent turrets and 99 rooms, the fell into a state of disrepair following Schells death. The Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad had established rail service to Northfield by 1850, along a running from Millers Falls, Massachusetts to Brattleboro. To provide for safer and more convenient access across the river, the Schell Bridge is a Pennsylvania truss structure of impressive design, which crosses the river in one span of 515 feet. In 1971 the Northfield Mount Hermon School was formed by the merger of the Northfield Seminary and the Mount Hermon School for boys, which Moody had founded in 1881 in nearby Gill. Renovation began on the buildings in summer 2010, and the college expected to open for instruction in fall 2012, pending accreditation. Moodys birthplace and grave site, located on the Northfield campus, remain as a historic site. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 35.4 square miles, of which 34.3 square miles is land and 1.1 square miles. Northfield is the town in Franklin County to be divided by the Connecticut River, though only partially. Several brooks flow directly into the Connecticut River within town, with the others leading into the Millers River, the western banks lie near Pond Mountain, whose peak is in neighboring Bernardston
Northfield, Massachusetts
–
Mim's Market
Northfield, Massachusetts
–
Northfield railroad station in 1911
19.
Brooklyn
–
Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
Brooklyn
–
Clockwise from top left:
Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones,
Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch,
Brooklyn Borough Hall,
Coney Island
Brooklyn
–
Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886.
Brooklyn
–
Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn
Brooklyn
–
A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from
The Brooklyn Museum.
20.
Moderator of the General Assembly
–
The Moderator of the General Assembly is the chairperson of a General Assembly, the highest court of a presbyterian or reformed church. Kirk Sessions and Presbyteries may also style the chairperson as moderator, presbyterian churches are ordered by a presbyterian polity, including a hierarchy of councils or courts of elders, from the local church Session through presbyteries to a General Assembly. The moderator presides over the meeting of the court, much as a convener presides over the meeting of a church committee, the moderator is thus the chairperson, and is understood to be a member of the court acting primus inter pares. The moderator calls and constitutes meetings, presides at them, the moderator has a casting, but not a deliberative vote. During a meeting, the moderator is used by all other members of the court as a form of address. Thus this convention expresses deference to the authority of the rather than an honour for the moderator as an individual. Many moderators act as ambassadors for their general assembly when it is not sitting, westminster Assembly,1645 The Form of Presbyterial Church-Government online at reformed. org
Moderator of the General Assembly
–
Stephen Orchard, Moderator of the General Assembly of the
United Reformed Church, 2007.
21.
Hamlet (place)
–
A hamlet is a small human settlement. The word and concept of a hamlet have roots in the Anglo-Norman settlement of England, in English geography, a hamlet is considered smaller than a village and distinctly without a church. The word comes from Anglo-Norman hamelete, corresponding to Old French hamelet and this, in turn, is a diminutive of Old French ham, possibly borrowed from Franconian languages. Compare with modern French Hameau, Dutch heem, German Heim, Old English hām, in Australia a hamlet is a small village. Officially, a hamlet differs from a village in having no commercial premises, in Bangladesh, Hamlet is known as Para or Paara. A village is divided by more than one Para and that is the smallest partition of a place in Bangladesh. Each para contains some families, or a group of families, in Canadas three territories, hamlets are officially designated municipalities. Canadas two largest hamlets – Fort McMurray and Sherwood Park – are located in Alberta and they each have populations, within their main urban area, in excess of 60, 000—well in excess of the 10, 000-person threshold that can choose to incorporate as a city in Alberta. As such, these two hamlets have been designated by the Province of Alberta as urban service areas. An urban service area is recognized as equivalent to a city for the purposes of provincial and federal program delivery, during the 18th century, for rich or noble people, it was up-to-date to create their own hameau in their gardens. They were a group of houses or farms with rustic appearance. The best known in the Hameau de la Reine built by the queen Marie-Antoinette in the park of the Château de Versailles, or the Hameau de Chantilly built by Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé in Chantilly, Oise. Lieu-dit is another name for hamlet, the difference is that a hamlet is permanently inhabited, but a lieu-dit is not. In Germany hamlets are called Weiler and they are often part of bigger villages and municipalities. Most German hamlets are situated in Bavaria, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse, in the low Saxon dialect of northwestern Germany hamlets are called Bauerschaft. In different states of India, there are different words for hamlet, in Gujarat a hamlet is called a nesada, which are more prevalent in the Gir forest. In Maharashtra its called a paadaa, in southern Bihar, especially in the Magadh division, a hamlet is called a bigha. All over Indonesia, hamlets are translated as small village, or kampung and they are known as dusun in Central Java and East Java, banjar in Bali, jorong or kampuang in West Sumatra
Hamlet (place)
–
Oberwil in
Waldkirch, St. Gallen, Switzerland is an example of a hamlet.
Hamlet (place)
–
The hamlet
Kampung Naga in
West Java Province, Indonesia
Hamlet (place)
–
Bodiggo in
Cornwall
22.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
23.
Christian education
–
Religious studies, alternately known as the study of religion, is the multi-disciplinary academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, Religious studies draws upon multiple disciplines and their methodologies including anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and history of religion. Religious studies originated in the 19th century, when scholarly and historical analysis of the Bible had flourished, early influential scholars included Friedrich Max Müller, in England, and Cornelius P. Tiele, in the Netherlands. Today religious studies is practiced by scholars worldwide, in its early years, it was known as Comparative Religion or the Science of Religion and, in the USA, there are those who today also know the field as the History of religion. The field is known as Religionswissenschaft in Germany and Sciences des religions in the French-speaking world, the term religion originated from the Latin noun religio, that was nominalized from one of three verbs, relegere, religare, and reeligere. During the Medieval Period, the religious was used as a noun to describe someone who had joined a monastic order. The religious studies scholar Walter Capps described the purpose of the discipline as to provide training, in directing and conducting inquiry regarding the subject of religion. At the same time, Capps stated that its purpose was to use prescribed modes and techniques of inquiry to make the subject of religion intelligible. Some scholars of religious studies are interested in studying the religion to which they belong. It has also argued that studying religion is useful in appreciating and understanding sectarian tensions. Throughout the history of studies, there have been many attempts to define the term religion. Other forms of definition are polythetic, producing a list of characteristics that are common to religion, in this definition there is no one characteristic that need be common to every form of religion. Conversely, other scholars of religious studies have argued that the discipline should reject the term religion altogether, in this perspective, religion is argued to be a Western concept that has been forced upon other cultures in an act of intellectual imperialism. According to scholar of religion Russell T. McCutcheon, many of the peoples that we study by means of this category have no equivalent term or concept whatsoever, there is, for instance, no word for religion in languages like Sanskrit. Before religious studies became a field in its own right, flourishing in the United States in the late 1960s, one of these figures was the famous pragmatist William James. His 1902 Gifford lectures and book The Varieties of Religious Experience examined religion from a perspective and is still influential today. His essay The Will to Believe defends the rationality of faith, Max Weber studied religion from an economic perspective in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, his most famous work. As a major figure in sociology, he has no doubt influenced later sociologists of religion, Émile Durkheim also holds continuing influence as one of the fathers of sociology
Christian education
–
Max Müller
Christian education
–
Various
Religious symbols
24.
Moral character
–
Moral character or character is an evaluation of an individuals stable moral qualities. The concept of character can imply a variety of including the existence or lack of virtues such as empathy, courage, fortitude, honesty. Psychologist Lawrence Pervin defines moral character as a disposition to express behavior in consistent patterns of functions across a range of situations, the word character is derived from the Ancient Greek word charaktêr, referring to a mark impressed upon a coin. Later it came to mean a point by one thing was told apart from others. There are two approaches when dealing with moral character, Normative ethics involve moral standards that exhibit right and it is a test of proper behavior and determining what is right and wrong. Applied ethics involve specific and controversial issues along with a moral choice, in 1982 V. Campbell and R. In the military field, character is considered relevant in the leadership development area. Military leaders should not only know theoretically the moral values but they must embody these values, the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy provides a historical account of some important developments in philosophical approaches to moral character. A lot of attention is given to Plato, Aristotle, and Karl Marxs views, marx accepts Aristotles insight that virtue and good character are based on a sense of self-esteem and self-confidence. Plato believed that the soul is divided into three parts of desire, Rational, Appetitive, or Spirited, Aristotle tells us that there are good people in the world. These are those who exhibit excellences – excellences of thought and excellences of character and his phrase for excellences of character – êthikai aretai – we usually translate as moral virtue or moral excellence. When we speak of a virtue or an excellence of character. Now it is a mean between two vices, that depends on excess and that which depends on defect”. Based on his view, virtually everyone is capable of becoming better, abraham Lincoln once said, Character is like a tree and reputation like its shadow. The shadow is what we think of it, the tree is the real thing, the Book of Genesis says that God created man in his own image. Christian theology asserts that humans are created to act in accordance to the will of their creator, in general, Christians believe this means that the morally correct thing to do is reflect the character of the creator. Christian character is defined as exhibiting the Fruit of the Holy Spirit, love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness. The Milgram experiment was a study done in the early 1960s that helped measure a persons moral character, when the subjects raised questions about what they are being asked to do, the experimenter applied mild pressure in the form of appealing to the need to complete the experiment
Moral character
–
1915 magazine ad
25.
Charter
–
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. The word entered the English language from the Old French charte and it has come to be synonymous with the document that lays out the granting of rights or privileges. The term is used for a case to an institutional charter. A charter school, for example, is one that has different rules, regulations, charter is sometimes used as a synonym for tool or lease, as in the charter of a bus or boat or plane by an organization, intended for a similar group destination. A charter member of an organization is a member, that is. Anglo-Saxon Charters are documents from the medieval period in Britain which typically make a grant of land or record a privilege. They are usually written on parchment, in Latin but often with sections in the vernacular, describing the bounds of estates, the British Empire used three main types of colonies as it sought to expand its territory to distant parts of the earth. These three types were royal colonies, proprietary colonies, and corporate colonies, a charter colony by definition is a colony…chartered to an individual, trading company, etc. by the British crown. Although charter colonies were not the most prevalent of the three types of colonies in the British Empire, they were by no means insignificant, a congressional charter is a law passed by the United States Congress that states the mission, authority and activities of a group. Congress issued federal charters from 1791 until 1992 under Title 36 of the United States Code, a municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. Charters for chivalric orders and other orders, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, in project management, a project charter or project definition is a statement of the scope, objectives and participants in a project. It provides a preliminary delineation of roles and responsibilities, outlines the objectives, identifies the main stakeholders. It serves as a reference of authority for the future of the project, in medieval Europe, royal charters were used to create cities. The date that such a charter was granted is considered to be when a city was founded, at one time a royal charter was the only way in which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally now used instead
Charter
–
An example of a charter (
Magna Carta).
26.
Cum Laude Society
–
It was founded in 1906 as the Alpha Delta Tau fraternity and changed its name in the 1950s. It presently has 382 chapters, most of which are private or independent schools located in the United States, participating secondary institutions may nominate up to 20% of their graduating class for induction into the society. The societys motto is Areté, Diké, Timé, which translates from Greek into Excellence, Justice, national Honor Society The Cum Laude Society
Cum Laude Society
–
Cum Laude Society logo
27.
Princeton University
–
Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States. The university has graduated many notable alumni, two U. S. Presidents,12 U. S. Supreme Court Justices, and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princetons alumni body. New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers, the college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governors interest, gov. Jonathan Belcher replied, What a name that would be. In 1756, the moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England, following the untimely deaths of Princetons first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college, in 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey. Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include such as cross-registration. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17,1754, during the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the countrys capital for four months. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, Nassau Halls bell rang after the halls construction, however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855, James McCosh took office as the colleges president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. McCosh Hall is named in his honor, in 1879, the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877. In 1896, the officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides
Princeton University
–
A commemorative 3-cent stamp from 1953 celebrating the bicentennial of
Nassau Hall
Princeton University
–
Seal of Princeton University
Princeton University
–
John Witherspoon, President of the College (1768-94), signer of the
Declaration of Independence
Princeton University
–
A Birds-eye view of campus in 1906
28.
College Board
–
College Board is an American not-for-profit organization that was formed in December 1899 as the College Entrance Examination Board to expand access to higher education. While College Board is not an association of colleges, it runs a membership association of institutions, including over 6,000 schools, colleges, universities, College Board is headquartered in New York City. David Coleman has been the president of College Board since October 2012 and he replaced Gaston Caperton, former Governor of West Virginia, who had held this position since 1999. It is partly funded by grants from foundations, such as the Bill. The College Entrance Examination Board was founded at Columbia University on December 22,1899, by representatives of 12 universities, College Board maintains a numbered registry of countries, college majors, colleges, scholarship programs, test centers, and high schools. There exists a set of ACT codes for colleges and scholarships, centers, and high schools, however. The SAT is a standardized test for college admissions in the United States first administered in 1926. The SAT is administered by College Board in the United States and is developed, published, the SAT covers writing, reading, and mathematics. SAT scores range from 400 to 1600, with each of the two sections worth up to 800 points, most students take the test during their junior or senior year of high school. In the marketplace, the SAT competes with the ACT, another standardized college admissions test, the SAT Subject Tests are intended to measure student performance in specific areas, such as mathematics, science, and history. On March 5,2014, College Board announced that a version of the SAT would be administered for the first time in 2016. The exam reverted to the 1600-point scale, the essay is now optional, on May 13,2015, College Board announced the release of a new credential initiative to get students more interested in careers focused in STEM with a Project Lead the Way partnership. The PSAT/NMSQT is a standardized test that provides firsthand practice for the SAT. It also functions as a qualifying test for the National Merit Scholarship Corporations scholarship programs and it also plays a large part in the college admissions process, showing students intellectual capacity and genuine interest in learning. The program allows students to gain college credit for high performance on the AP exams. Granting credit, however, is at the discretion of the college, there are 2,900 colleges that grant credit and/or advanced standing. Critics of the Advanced Placement Program charge that courses and exams emphasize breadth of content coverage instead of depth, the College Level Examination Program provides students of any age with the opportunity to demonstrate college-level achievement through a program of exams in undergraduate college courses. The College Boards Accuplacer test is a placement test that assesses reading, writing
College Board
–
College Board
29.
National Association of Independent Schools
–
The National Association of Independent Schools is a U. S. -based membership organization for private, nonprofit, K-12 schools. NAIS has affiliate members internationally as well, nAISs mission is to be the national voice of independent schools and the center for collective action on their behalf. Membership in NAIS is open to independent pre-college schools that are operated by nonprofit organizations, to become a full member of NAIS, a school must have operated for at least five years and must be accredited by an accrediting organization approved by NAIS. The 19 member Commission’s work is intended to assure the quality of independent school accrediting programs, a primary responsibility of the Commission is to developing a public understanding of, and credibility for, state and regional accrediting programs. In addition, the Commission, develops criteria for effective independent school accreditation practices, exemplary standards, engages in research to inform accreditation practice. The Commission meets on a basis and is guided by established operating protocols. It is composed of members from state and regional accrediting associations that are members of NAIS was well as at-large members, the member associations of the Commission are accountable to one another through a process patterned on the independent school accreditation model. Over the course of a 10-year cycle, associations prepare a self-study demonstrating compliance with the Criteria for Effective Independent School Accreditation Practices, the criteria provide common ground for member associations by delineating best practices, policies, and procedures. In addition, associations use the Model Core Standards — a set of “ideal” standards — in assessing their own standards, as with school accreditation, this will serve two purposes, institutional improvement and quality assurance. The accrediting association monitors the compliance with standards and its progress in addressing the recommendations of the self-study. The accrediting association also regularly solicits reports from schools on substantive institutional change, the decision-making and appeal processes regarding accreditation status in the accreditation cycle are clear and understandable. Policies and procedures are available for public review, the accrediting association designates a decision-making body charged with overseeing the evaluation and accreditation process and making final decisions regarding accreditation. The accreditation process examines the whole school, including all divisions, the accrediting association has a procedure, available to the public and clearly explained, to handle complaints that accredited schools are not meeting standards. The accreditation process rests on comprehensive standards which schools must meet, the standards require schools to conduct a thoughtful assessment of individual student progress consistent with the school’s mission. The standards require a school to provide evidence of a process, respectful of its mission. The self-study process is deliberative, and the report reflects the considered judgment of the school’s professional community. A broad cross-section of the community participate in preparing the self-study, the school will provide all required documents in a timely fashion. The accrediting association appoints a team to conduct a site visit while school is in session
National Association of Independent Schools
–
National Association of Independent Schools
