1.
George Newnes
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Sir George Newnes, 1st Baronet was an English publisher and editor and a founding father of popular journalism. His company George Newnes Ltd continued publishing ground-breaking consumer magazines such as Nova long after his death and his father, Thomas Mold Newnes, was a Congregational church minister at the Glenorchy Chapel, Matlock. George Newnes was born in Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, and educated at Silcoates School and then at Shireland Hall, Warwickshire, in 1875 he married Priscilla Hillyard. In 1867 he entered commerce in the fancy goods trade, working in London and he funded the magazine by opening a vegetarian restaurant in Manchester. The addition of increased the readership of the periodical. He began to work with W T Stead, with whom he founded the Review of Reviews in 1890, tit-Bits reached a circulation of 700,000 by the end of the 19th century. Arguably his best known publication was The Strand Magazine, begun in 1891 and he also founded other magazine titles, including The Westminster Gazette, The Wide World Magazine, and Country Life. In 1891 his publishing business was formed into a company that bore his name, the company was reconstructed in 1897 with a capital of 1,000,000 pounds, and began the publication of books. Politically, Newnes was Liberal, and he refounded the Westminster Gazette to support the party when the Pall Mall Gazette became a Unionist paper, in 1885 he was elected as Member of Parliament for the newly created constituency of Eastern Cambridgeshire or Newmarket. He held the seat for ten years, before his defeat by the Conservative millionaire horse-breeder and he paid for the new Putney Library, built in 1899. He re-entered the Commons in 1900 as MP for Swansea, Newnes built a large home in Lynton, north Devon. He played a part in the development of the twin towns of Lynton. He built an innovative cliff railway to join the two towns, and also provided the town hall and other amenities, largely as a result of Sir Georges efforts, the 19-mile Lynton and Barnstaple Railway opened in 1898 ostensibly to bring visitors from the mainline railways at Barnstaple. Newnes provided a silver cup for the Newnes Trophy series of matches between Great Britain and the United States, conducted over transatlantic cable from 1896 to 1911. Sir George Newnes died at his Lynton home in June 1910 aged 59 and he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Frank Newnes, who had served as MP for Bassetlaw, Nottinghamshire from 1906 to 1910. In 1963, the became part of the International Publishing Corporation, now a branch of Time Warners publishing arm, Time. Today books under the Newnes imprint continue to be published by Elsevier, List of British MPs List of publishers References Sources Jackson, Kate. George Newnes and the New Journalism in Britain, 1880-1910, ISBN 978-0-7546-0317-7 Pugh, Brian W. Spiring, Paul R. & Bhanji, Sadru
2.
Magazine
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A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
3.
Herbert Greenhough Smith
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Herbert Greenhough Smith was the first editor of The Strand Magazine which published many of Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories. His active support and encouragement to Conan Doyle, and the magazines vigorous promotion of the Sherlock Holmes character, had much to do with the characters success. He attended St. Johns College, Cambridge where he achieved a B. A. before working briefly as a private tutor and he gave this up for journalism. Herbert first married Beatrice Elizabeth B. Harrison in 1885, with whom he had one son, following Beatrices death in 1897 at the age of 27, he married Dorothy Vernon Muddock, the daughter of James Edward Preston Muddock in 1900. Smith began editing The Strand in 1891, retiring in 1930 and he died on 14 January 1935. He has also portrayed on television, by Ralph Riach in Murder Rooms
4.
Strand, London
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Strand is a major thoroughfare in the City of Westminster, Central London. The roads name comes from the Old English strond, meaning the edge of a river, the street was popular with the British upper classes between the 12th and 17th centuries, with many historically important mansions being built between the Strand and the river. These included Essex House, Arundel House, Somerset House, Savoy Palace, Durham House, the aristocracy moved to the West End over the 17th century, following which the Strand became well known for coffee shops, restaurants and taverns. The street was a point for theatre and music hall during the 19th century. At the east end of the street are two churches, St Mary le Strand and St Clement Danes. Several authors, poets and philosophers have lived on or near the Strand, including Charles Dickens, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the street has been commemorated in the song Lets All Go Down the Strand, now recognised as a typical piece of Cockney music hall. The street is the link between the two cities of Westminster and London. It runs eastward from Trafalgar Square, parallel to the River Thames, traffic travelling eastbound follows a short crescent around Aldwych, connected at both ends to the Strand. The road marks the boundary of the Covent Garden district. The name was first recorded in 1002 as strondway, then in 1185 as Stronde and it is formed from the Old English word strond, meaning the edge of a river. Initially it referred to the bank of the once much wider Thames. The name was applied to the road itself. In the 13th century it was known as Densemanestret or street of the Danes, Strand Bridge was the name given to Waterloo Bridge during its construction, it was renamed for its official opening on the second anniversary of the coalition victory in the Battle of Waterloo. London Bus routes 6,23,139 and 176 all run along the Strand, as do numerous night bus services. During Roman Britain, what is now the Strand was part of the route to Silchester, known as Iter VIII on the Antonine Itinerary, and it was briefly part of a trading town called Lundenwic that developed around 600 AD, and stretched from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych. Alfred the Great gradually moved the settlement into the old Roman town of Londinium from around 886 AD onwards, leaving no mark of the old town, and the area returned to fields. In the Middle Ages, the Strand became the route between the separate settlements of the City of London and the royal Palace of Westminster. The landmark Eleanors Cross was built in the 13th century at the end of the Strand at Charing Cross by Edward I commemorating his wife Eleanor of Castile
5.
Sherlock Holmes
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Sherlock Holmes is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian periods, though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the most well-known, with Guinness World Records listing him as the most portrayed movie character in history. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many that were created later, Conan Doyle once wrote, Each is a root from which a whole literature has developed. Where was the story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it. Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the figure of Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing conclusions from minute observations. However, he wrote to Doyle, You are yourself Sherlock Holmes. Sir Henry Littlejohn, Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, is cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Littlejohn, who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh, One is thought to be Francis Tanky Smith, a policeman and master of disguise who went on to become Leicesters first private detective. Another might be Maximilien Heller, by French author Henry Cauvain and it is not known if Conan Doyle read Maximilien Heller, but in this 1871 novel, Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed, anti-social, polymath, cat-loving, and opium-smoking Paris-based detective. Details about Sherlock Holmess life, except for the adventures in the books, are scarce in Conan Doyles original stories, nevertheless, mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective. An estimate of Holmess age in His Last Bow places his year of birth at 1854 and his parents are not mentioned in the stories, although Holmes mentions that his ancestors were country squires. In The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter, he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist Vernet, without clarifying whether this was Claude Joseph, Carle. Mycroft has a civil service position as a kind of human database for all aspects of government policy. He lacks Sherlocks interest in investigation, however, preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club. Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an undergraduate, his earliest cases, the two take lodgings at 221B Baker Street, London, an apartment at the upper end of the street, up seventeen steps. Holmes worked as a detective for twenty-three years, with physician John Watson assisting him for seventeen and they were roommates before Watsons 1887 marriage and again after his wifes death. Their residence is maintained by their landlady, Mrs. Hudson, most of the stories are frame narratives, written from Watsons point of view as summaries of the detectives most interesting cases
6.
Arthur Conan Doyle
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He is also known for writing the fictional adventures of Professor Challenger, a second character he invented, and for propagating the mystery of the Mary Celeste. He was a writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction. Doyle is often referred to as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle or simply Conan Doyle and his baptism entry in the register of St Marys Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives Arthur Ignatius Conan as his given names and Doyle as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather, the cataloguers of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat Doyle alone as his surname. Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, wrote, shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply Doyle, when knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle. Nevertheless, the use of a compound surname is demonstrated by the fact that Doyles second wife was known as Jean Conan Doyle rather than Jean Doyle. Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh and his father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was English, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary, was Irish Catholic. In 1864 the family dispersed because of Charless growing alcoholism, in 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place. Doyles father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, at the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst in Lancashire at the age of nine. He then went on to Stonyhurst College until 1875, from 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria. He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic and he also later became a spiritualist mystic. From 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, including working in Aston, Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns. During that time, he studied botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. While studying, Doyle began writing short stories and his earliest extant fiction, The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe, was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwoods Magazine. His first published piece, The Mystery of Sasassa Valley, a set in South Africa, was printed in Chamberss Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879. Doyle was employed as a doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880 and, C. M. as a ships surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast. He completed his M. D. degree on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885, arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882 with less than £10 to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea
7.
Sidney Paget
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Sidney Edward Paget was a British illustrator of the Victorian era, best known for his illustrations that accompanied Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in The Strand magazine. Sidney Paget was the fifth of nine born to Robert Paget, the vestry clerk of St. James and St. John in Clerkenwell and Martha Paget. In 1881 Paget entered the Royal Academy Schools, here he befriended Alfred Morris Butler, an architecture student who may have become the model for Pagets illustrations of Dr. John Watson. Between 1879 and 1905, Paget contributed eighteen miscellaneous paintings, including nine portraits and he provided illustrations for Arthur Morrisons Martin Hewitt detective stories, and Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes work, doing much to popularise both series. On 1 June 1893, Sidney Paget married Edith Hounsfield, daughter of William Hounsfield and they had four daughters and two sons together, Leslie Robert, Winifred, Edith Muriel, Evelyn Mereoah, Beryl May and John L. Paget. Sidney Paget died in Margate on 28 January 1908, after suffering from a painful chest complaint for the last few years of his life, according to his death certificate, the cause of Sidney Pagets death was Mediastinal tumour,3 years, exhaustion. Mediastinal tumors are growths that form in the middle of the chest area which separates the lungs, as the tumor grows, the patients breathing becomes more and more constricted. Its a rare condition and, in the early 1900s, it was a painful, then and now, no known causes exist, and there are no known links between the condition and any substance. Paget was buried in East Finchley Cemetery, two brothers, H. M. Paget and Wal Paget were also successful portraitists and illustrators. Today, Sidney Paget is best known as the creator of the image of Sherlock Holmes from the original publication of Conan Doyles stories in the Strand Magazine. Despite the commonly held belief that Paget based Holmes appearance on that of Walter, the assertion that the artists brother Walter, or any other person, served as model for the portrait of Sherlock Holmes is incorrect. In 1893, Paget illustrated The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, published in The Strand as further episodes of the Adventures. When Sir Arthur Conan Doyle revived the Sherlock Holmes series with The Hound of the Baskervilles, serialised in The Strand in 1901–02, Paget went on to illustrate another short story series, The Return of Sherlock Holmes, in 1903–04. In all, he illustrated one Holmes novel and 37 Holmes short stories and his illustrations have influenced interpretations of the detective in fiction, film and drama. The Strand became one of Great Britains most prestigious fiction magazines, as Holmes popularity grew, Pagets illustrations became larger and more elaborate. Beginning with The Adventure of the Final Problem in 1893, almost every Holmes story in the The Strand featured an illustration as well as many smaller pictures within the text. Paget is also credited with giving the first deerstalker cap and Inverness cape to Holmes, the cap and coat first appear in an illustration for The Boscombe Valley Mystery in 1891 and reappear in The Adventure of Silver Blaze in 1893. They also appear in a few illustrations from The Return of Sherlock Holmes, altogether, Sidney Paget did some 356 published drawings for the Sherlock Holmes series
8.
The Hound of the Baskervilles
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The Hound of the Baskervilles is the third of the crime novels written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes and his companion Dr. Watson investigate the case and this was the first appearance of Holmes since his apparent death in The Final Problem, and the success of The Hound of the Baskervilles led to the characters eventual revival. In 2003, the book was listed as number 128 of 200 on the BBCs The Big Read poll of the UKs best-loved novel, in 1999, it was listed as the top Holmes novel, with a perfect rating from Sherlockian scholars of 100. Dr James Mortimer asks Sherlock Holmes to investigate the death of his friend, Sir Charles believed in the curse and was apparently fleeing from something in fright when he died. Intrigued, Holmes meets with Sir Henry, newly arrived from Canada, Sir Henry has received an anonymous note, cut and pasted from newsprint, warning him away from the Baskerville moors, and one of his new boots is inexplicably missing from his London hotel room. Sir Henry plans to move into Baskerville Hall, despite the warning message. Holmes and Dr Watson follow him from Holmess Baker Street apartment back to his hotel and notice a man following him in a cab, they pursue the man. Mortimer tells them that Mr Barrymore, the butler at Baskerville Hall, has a beard like the one on the stranger, Sir Henrys boot reappears, but an older one vanishes. Upon arrival at the grand but austere Baskerville estate, Watson, Barrymore and his wife, who also works at Baskerville Hall, wish to leave the estate soon. Watson hears a woman crying in the night, it is obvious to him that it was Mrs Barrymore, Watson has no proof that Barrymore was in Devon on the day of the chase in London. He meets a brother and sister who live nearby, Mr Stapleton, a naturalist, when an animalistic sound is heard, Stapleton is quick to dismiss it as unrelated to the legendary hound. When her brother is out of earshot, Mrs Stapleton mistakes Watson for Sir Henry and she and Sir Henry later meet and quickly fall in love, arousing Stapletons anger, he later apologises and invites Sir Henry to dine with him a few days later. Barrymore arouses further suspicion when Watson and Sir Henry catch him at night with a candle in an empty room, Barrymore refuses to answer their questions, but Mrs. Barrymore confesses that Selden is her brother, and her husband is signalling that they have left supplies for him. Watson and Sir Henry pursue Selden on the moor, but he eludes them, after an agreement is reached to allow Selden to flee the country, Barrymore reveals the contents of an incompletely burnt letter asking Sir Charles to be at the gate at the time of his death. Watson tracks the man he saw in the area and discovers it to be Holmes. Holmes reveals further information, Stapleton is actually married to the supposed Miss Stapleton and they hear a scream and discover the body of Selden, dead from a fall. They initially mistake him for Sir Henry, whose old clothes he was wearing, at Baskerville Hall, Holmes notices a resemblance between Stapleton and a portrait of Hugo Baskerville. He realises that Stapleton could be an unknown Baskerville family member, accompanied by Inspector Lestrade, whom Holmes has summoned, Holmes and Watson travel to the Stapleton home, where Sir Henry is dining
9.
E. W. Hornung
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Ernest William Hornung was an English author and poet known for writing the A. J. Raffles series of stories about a gentleman thief in late 19th-century London. Hornung was educated at Uppingham School, as a result of health he left the school in December 1883 to travel to Sydney. He drew on his Australian experiences as a background when he began writing, initially short stories, Watson, created by his brother-in-law, Arthur Conan Doyle. The series of Raffles short stories were collected for sale in book form in 1899, aside from his Raffles stories, Hornung was a prodigious writer of fiction, publishing numerous books from 1890, with A Bride from the Bush to his 1914 novel The Crime Doctor. The First World War brought an end to Hornungs fictional output and his son, Oscar, was killed at the Second Battle of Ypres in July 1915. Hornung joined the YMCA, initially in England, then in France and he published two collections of poetry during the war, and then, afterwards, one further volume of verse and an account of his time spent in France, Notes of a Camp-Follower on the Western Front. Hornungs fragile constitution was further weakened by the stress of his war work, to aid his recuperation, he and his wife visited the south of France in 1921. He fell ill from influenza on the journey, and died on 22 March 1921, although much of Hornungs work has fallen into obscurity, his Raffles stories continued to be popular, and have formed numerous film and television adaptations. Hornungs stories dealt with a range of themes than crime, he examined scientific and medical developments, guilt, class. Two threads that run through a sizeable proportion of his books are Australia and cricket, Hornung was born Ernest William Hornung on 7 June 1866 at Cleveland Villas, Marton, Middlesbrough, he was nicknamed Willie from an early age. He was the son, and youngest of eight children, of John Peter Hornung. John was christened Johan Petrus Hornung in the Transylvania region of Hungary and, after working in Hamburg for a firm, had moved to Britain in the 1840s as a coal. John married Harriet in March 1848, by time he had anglicised his name. At the age of 13 Hornung joined St Ninians Preparatory School in Moffat, when Hornung was 17 his health worsened, he left Uppingham and travelled to Australia, where it was hoped by his family that the climate would be beneficial. On his arrival he was employed as a tutor to the Parsons family in Mossgiel in the Riverina, although he spent only two years in Australia, the experience was the making of him and. The making of his career as a writer, according to Rowland, another biographer, Mark Valentine, wrote that Hornung seems to have regarded this period as one of the most satisfying of his life. Hornung returned to England in February 1886, before the death of his father in November, from a position of relative prosperity, Johns coal and iron business had encountered difficulties and he was in financially straitened circumstances by the time of his death. Hornung had worked on the manuscript he brought back from Australia and
10.
Grant Allen
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Charles Grant Blairfindie Allen was a Canadian science writer and novelist, and a proponent of the theory of evolution. Allen was born near Kingston, Canada West, the son of Catharine Ann Grant and the Rev. Joseph Antisell Allen. His mother was a daughter of the fifth Baron de Longueuil, Allen was educated at home until, at age 13, he and his parents moved to the United States, then to France, and finally to the United Kingdom. He was educated at King Edwards School in Birmingham and at Merton College in Oxford, after graduation, Allen studied in France, taught at Brighton College in 1870–71, and in his mid-twenties became a professor at Queens College, a black college in Jamaica. Despite being the son of a minister, Allen became an agnostic, after leaving his professorship, in 1876 he returned to England, where he turned his talents to writing, gaining a reputation for his essays on science and for literary works. A2007 book by Oliver Sacks cites with approval one of Allens early articles, Allens first books dealt with scientific subjects, and include Physiological Æsthetics and Flowers and Their Pedigrees. On a personal level, a friendship that started when Allen met Spencer on his return from Jamaica grew uneasy over the years. Allen wrote a critical and revealing biographical article on Spencer that was published after Spencers death, after assisting Sir W. W. Hunter with his Gazetteer of India in the early 1880s, Allen turned his attention to fiction, and between 1884 and 1899 produced about 30 novels. In 1895, his scandalous book titled The Woman Who Did, promulgating certain startling views on marriage and kindred questions, the book told the story of an independent woman who has a child out of wedlock. In his career, Allen wrote two novels under female pseudonyms, one of these, the short novel The Type-writer Girl, he wrote under the name Olive Pratt Rayner. Another work, The Evolution of the Idea of God, propounds a theory of religion on heterodox lines comparable to Herbert Spencers ghost theory. Allens theory became known and brief references to it appear in a review by Marcel Mauss, Durkheims nephew, in the articles of William James. The young G. K. Chesterton wrote on what he considered the premise of the idea, arguing that the idea of God preceded human mythologies. Chesterton said of Allens book on the evolution of the idea of God, Allen also became a pioneer in science fiction, with the novel The British Barbarians. This book, published about the time as H. G. Wellss The Time Machine, also described time travel. Allens short story The Thames Valley Catastrophe describes the destruction of London by a sudden, Allen married twice and had one son, Jerrard Grant Allen, a theatrical agent/manager who in 1913 married the actress and singer Violet Englefield. They had a son, Reginald Reggie Grant Allen, Grant Allen died of liver cancer at his home on Hindhead, Haslemere, Surrey, England, on October 25,1899. He died before finishing Hilda Wade, many histories of detective fiction mention Allen as an innovator
11.
Margery Allingham
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Margery Louise Allingham was an English writer of detective fiction, best remembered for her golden age stories featuring gentleman sleuth Albert Campion. Margery Allingham was born in Ealing, London in 1904 to a family immersed in literature, soon after Margerys birth, the family left London for Essex, where they lived in an old house in Layer Breton, a village near Colchester. In 1927, she married Carter, who collaborated with her and they lived on the edge of the Essex Marshes in Tolleshunt DArcy, near Maldon. Her first novel, Blackkerchief Dick, was published in 1923 when she was 19 and it was allegedly based on a story she heard during a séance, though later in life this was debunked by her husband. Nevertheless, Allingham continued to include themes in many novels. Blackkerchief Dick was well received, but was not a financial success and she wrote several plays in this period, and attempted to write a serious novel, but finding her themes clashed with her natural light-heartedness, she decided instead to try the mystery genre. She wrote steadily through her school days, after her return to London in 1920 she enrolled at the Regent Street Polytechnic, where she studied drama and speech training in a successful attempt to overcome a childhood stammer. Here she wrote the verse play Dido and Aeneas, which was performed at St. Georges Hall, Allingham played the role of Dido, the scenery was designed by Philip Youngman Carter, whom she would marry in 1927. Her breakthrough occurred in 1929 with the publication of The Crime at Black Dudley and this introduced Albert Campion, albeit originally as a minor character. He returned in Mystery Mile, thanks in part to pressure from her American publishers, much taken with the character. By now, with three novels behind her, Allinghams skills were improving, and with a central character and format to work from. At first she had to writing short stories and journalism for magazines such as The Strand Magazine, but as her Campion saga went on, her following. Campion proved so successful that Allingham made him the centrepiece of another 17 novels and over 20 short stories, Campion is a mysterious, upper-class character, working under an assumed name. During the course of his career he is sometimes detective, sometimes adventurer, as the series progresses he works more closely with the police and MI6 counter-intelligence. He falls in love, gets married and has a child, in many of the later books Campion plays a subsidiary role no more prominent than his wife Amanda and his police associates, by the last novel he is a minor character. Allingham suffered from breast cancer and died at Severalls Hospital, Colchester, England, on 30 June 1966 and her final Campion novel, Cargo of Eagles, was completed by her husband as her final request and was published in 1968. Other compilations of her work, both with and without Albert Campion, continued to be released through the 1970s. The Margery Allingham Omnibus, comprising Sweet Danger, The Case of the Late Pig and The Tiger in the Smoke, in the United States, the Vintage division of Felony and Mayhem Press has also reissued these books
12.
H. G. Wells
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Herbert George H. G. Wells was an English writer. He was prolific in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, social commentary, Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels and is called a father of science fiction, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man and he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times. Wellss earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context and he was also from an early date an outspoken socialist, often sympathising with pacifist views. His later works became increasingly political and didactic, and he wrote science fiction. A diabetic, in 1934, Wells co-founded the charity The Diabetic Association, Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House,46 High Street in Bromley, Kent, on 21 September 1866. Called Bertie in the family, he was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells and his wife, Sarah Neal. An inheritance had allowed the family to acquire a shop in which they sold china and sporting goods, although it failed to prosper, the stock was old and worn out, and the location was poor. Joseph Wells managed to earn an income, but little of it came from the shop. Payment for skilled bowlers and batsmen came from voluntary donations afterwards, a defining incident of young Wellss life was an accident in 1874 that left him bedridden with a broken leg. To pass the time he started reading books from the local library and he soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access, they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morleys Commercial Academy, a school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morleys earlier school. The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, Wells continued at Morleys Academy until 1880. In 1877, his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh, the accident effectively put an end to Josephs career as a cricketer, and his subsequent earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss of the primary source of family income. No longer able to support financially, the family instead sought to place their sons as apprentices in various occupations. From 1880 to 1883, Wells had an apprenticeship as a draper at the Southsea Drapery Emporium. Wellss parents had a turbulent marriage, owing primarily to his mother being a Protestant, when his mother returned to work as a ladys maid, one of the conditions of work was that she would not be permitted to have living space for her husband and children. Thereafter, she and Joseph lived separate lives, though they never divorced and remained faithful to each other, as a consequence, Herberts personal troubles increased as he subsequently failed as a draper and also, later, as a chemists assistant
13.
Agatha Christie
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Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, DBE was an English crime novelist, short story writer and playwright. She is best known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly revolving around her fictional detectives Hercule Poirot. She also wrote the worlds longest-running play, a mystery, The Mousetrap. In 1971 she was made a Dame for her contribution to literature, Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon. She served in a hospital during the First World War before marrying and starting a family in London and she was initially an unsuccessful writer, but The Mysterious Affair at Styles was published in 1920 featuring Hercule Poirot. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling novelist of all time and her novels have sold roughly 2 billion copies, and her estate claims that her works come third in the rankings of the worlds most-widely published books, behind only Shakespeares works and the Bible. According to Index Translationum, she remains the most-translated individual author – having been translated into at least 103 languages. And Then There Were None is Christies best-selling novel, with 100 million sales to date, making it the worlds best-selling mystery ever, in 1955 Christie was the first recipient of the Mystery Writers of Americas highest honour, the Grand Master Award. Later the same year, Witness for the Prosecution received an Edgar Award by the MWA for Best Play, in 2013, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd was voted the best crime novel ever by 600 fellow writers of the Crime Writers Association. Most of her books and short stories have been adapted for television, radio, video games and comics, Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller was born on 15 September 1890, into a wealthy upper middle-class family in Ashfield, Torquay, Devon. Her mother, Clara Boehmer, was an Englishwoman who was born in Belfast in 1854 to Captain Frederick Boehmer and Mary Ann West, Clara Boehmer had four brothers, one of whom died young. Captain Boehmer was killed in an accident while stationed on Jersey in April 1863. Under financial strain, she sent Clara to live with her aunt Margaret Miller, the couple lived in Prinsted, West Sussex. Clara stayed with Margaret, and there she met her husband, an American stockbroker named Frederick Alvah Miller. Christies father Frederick was a member of the American upper class and he was considered personable and friendly by those who knew him. He soon developed a relationship with Clara, and they were married in April 1878. Clara soon purchased a villa in Torquay named Ashfield in which to raise her family, Christie described her childhood as very happy. She was surrounded by a series of strong and independent women from an early age
14.
Mary Angela Dickens
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Mary Angela Dickens was a British novelist and journalist of the late Victorian and Edwardian eras, and the oldest grandchild of the novelist Charles Dickens. She died on the 136th anniversary of her grandfathers birth and she was the niece of the noted barrister and judge, Sir Henry Fielding Dickens, and the painter Kate Perugini. She was christened on 19 December 1862 at St Marks church in St Pancras in London, in the Dickens family she was known as Mekitty, and as a child she called her grandfather Venerables. She later wrote, The Venerables on the platform was quite a stranger to me and he took no notice of me, or of my mother, and yet it seemed to me that he never took his eyes off me. I never read the scene in the carol where Bob Cratchit breaks down – the moment, I suppose, of this tragedy – without remembering the horror. To me his distress was absolutely real, I had never before seen a grown-up person cry. I had not known that they ever did or ever could do so, on the death of Charles Dickens, her father inherited the magazine All the Year Round, and Mary Angela Dickens published some of her earliest work in this periodical. Her later works included Against the Tide, and On the Edge of a Precipice and she also produced a number of books for children based on the novels of her grandfather, including Childrens Stories from Dickens and Dickens Dream Children. These were illustrated by Harold Copping, a 1911 copy of her Childrens Stories from Dickens, from a limited edition of 500 copies signed by herself and four other granddaughters of Charles Dickens, was owned by Eleanor Roosevelt. It was sold at auction by Christies at their New York sale in 2001, by the early 1900s her sensationalist style of writing had fallen out of fashion, and by about 1916 she had stopped writing. However, her childrens books based on the works of her grandfather continued to be popular, during her later years she lived at 3 Baliol Road in Hitchin in Hertfordshire with her cousin, Margaret Alice Moule. Mary Angela Dickens died aged 85 on 7 February 1948, on the 136th anniversary of Charles Dickenss birth and she never married, and on her death left £2799 10s 2d to her cousin, Margaret Dickens Whinney. She was buried in Hitchin Cemetery in the grave as Margaret Alice Moule. A Mist of Error P. F. Collier, Publisher, New York Little David Copperfield, etc Raphael Tuck & Sons, London, Paris, Berlin, New York, Cross Currents Chapman & Hall, London Nobodys Fault Peter Fenelon Collier, New York A Mere Cypher. London & New York Childrens Stories from Dickens Raphael Tuck & Sons, London & New York Prisoners of Silence Osgood, McIlvaine & Co. London Some Womens Ways Jarrold & Sons, London The Love That Was Chicago & New York, London On the Edge of a Precipice Hutchinson & Co. London The Wastrel Hutchinson & Co, London Unveiled, and Other Stories Digby, Long & Co. London The Debtor Hutchinson & Co, London Sanctuary R. & T. Washbourne, London Dickens Dream Children Raphael Tuck, Her Inheritance, in All the Year Round, third series, Vol.1, Nos.24 &25,1889
15.
C. B. Fry
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Charles Burgess Fry, known as C. B. Fry, was an English sportsman, politician, diplomat, academic, teacher, writer, editor and publisher, who is best remembered for his career as a cricketer. John Arlott described him with the words, Charles Fry could be autocratic, angry and self-willed, he was magnanimous, extravagant, generous, elegant, brilliant –. He was probably the most variously gifted Englishman of any age and he also reputedly turned down the throne of Albania. Fry was born in Croydon, the son of a civil servant, both sides of his family had once been wealthy, but by 1872 were not as prosperous. After winning a scholarship, Fry was educated at Repton School and then at Wadham College and his greatest strength academically was in the Classics. At Repton he won the prizes for Latin Verse, Greek Verse, Latin Prose. He was also runner-up in German and his weakest subject was mathematics, he gained the headmasters permission to study Thucydides instead and dispensed with maths for the rest of his academic career. Repton has a tradition in football and Fry played for the under-16 Repton football side in his first term. Fry went on to both the schools cricket and football teams, and also won prizes for athletics. At the age of sixteen he played for the Casuals in the F. A. Cup, Frys status brought him into the orbit of people whose fame was already spreading far beyond Oxford, such as Max Beerbohm, the writer and caricaturist. In his final term at Oxford Fry suffered his first bout of mental illness, there were a number of contributing factors to this. During his time at Oxford Fry had accumulated large debts. In an attempt to alleviate his financial difficulties, Fry capitalised on his reputation to make some much-needed money. As well as writing articles, he did private tutoring but although such activities reduced his debts they did not clear them and. Frys continuing indebtedness provides the most obvious explanation for his acceptance of an offer to do some nude modelling and these financial problems combined with his mother being seriously ill, placed an unbearable strain on him. Although he was able to sit his exams, he was hardly in any fit state to do so. The result was Fry scraping a Fourth, bringing one of Oxfords most spectacular, so in the summer of 1895, only months after being the toast of Oxford, Fry found himself saddled with mounting debts and no way with which to repay them
16.
Walter Goodman
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Walter Goodman was an English painter, illustrator and author. Recent research has unearthed details of more than one hundred works by Goodman, several sketches, paintings and water colours, are still in the possession of Walter Goodmans descendants. One of Goodmans earliest recorded works is his depiction of the 1858 trial of Dr Simon Bernard over the assassination of Napoleon III. The painting hung in the Tavistock Square home of Goodmans uncle, Sir John Simon, the same year The Liverpool Academy exhibited Doctoring The Cane, which was then exhibited the following year by The British Institution on Pall Mall in London. Doctoring the Cane was exhibited and sold as an Art Union prize at the exhibition in Manchester. The British Institution also exhibited Bible Stories in 1861, in 1861 Goodmans painting of the Interior of The Cathedral of San Lorenzo, Genoa was exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1862 The Liverpool Society of Fine Arts exhibited Il Monte della Croce, San Miniato, Florence and Interior of The Cathedral of San Lorenzo, Genoa). A somewhat comical flyer from the year, of a production at the Goodman family home at Mabledon Place in London. Beginning in 1860 Goodman undertook extensive travel to France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and he spent two to three years in Florence, beginning in 1861, refining his skills by copying Old Master paintings at the Uffizi and Pitti palaces. There he met fellow artist, Joaquín Cuadras, whom he painted several times, One of Goodmans favourite destinations was Spain — he was fluent in Spanish. He travelled with Cuadras to Barcelona in 1862, where he spent almost a year, before returning alone to England and, later, another work, entitled Head was also exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy the same year. Most of Goodmans time in the West Indies was spent in Santiago and Havana, Cuba, working as an artist and journalist and he also appeared in at least one stage production, putting his fluency in Spanish to good use. Goodman and Cuadras were imprisoned for a time in the Morro Castle in Santiago. During his time in Cuba, Goodman contributed articles and letters to the New York Herald, in this capacity he travelled to Port Royal in Jamaica in August 1868 in connection with the laying of the undersea cable between Cuba and Jamaica. Eventually civil unrest forced him to flee to New York City in January 1870 on board the American steamer Morro Castle, the Brassey portraits were hung at the Brassey estate at Normanhurst Court in Sussex. The same year he painted a Portrait of a Young Boy on a Horse, Photographic evidence exists of three portraits from 1871–1872, entitled Master Nicholls, Mr N Birkenruth, and Mrs N Birkenruth. In 1873 he published an account of his years in Cuba, entitled The Pearl of the Antilles, or An Artist in Cuba, the book was based upon a series of humorous sketches first published in Charles Dickens periodical All the Year Round. The same year he contributed some sketches of Santiago to The Graphic magazine, the February,1874 issue of Cassells Magazine included two articles by Goodman titled Saved From a Wreck and Cuba Without a Master
17.
E. Nesbit
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Edith Nesbit was an English author and poet, she published her books for children under the name of E. Nesbit. She wrote or collaborated on more than 60 books of childrens literature and she was also a political activist and co-founded the Fabian Society, a socialist organisation later affiliated to the Labour Party. Nesbit was born in 1858 at 38 Lower Kennington Lane in Kennington, Surrey, the daughter of an agricultural chemist, John Collis Nesbit, who died in March 1862, before her fourth birthday. When Nesbit was seventeen, the family moved back to London, living in South East London at Eltham, Elswick Road in Lewisham, Grove Park, at eighteen, Nesbit met the bank clerk Hubert Bland in 1877. Seven months pregnant, she married Bland on 22 April 1880, though she did not immediately live with him and their marriage was a stormy one. Early on Nesbit discovered that another woman believed she was Huberts fiancee and had borne him a child. A more serious blow came later when she discovered that her good friend and she had previously agreed to adopt Hoatsons child and allow Hoatson to live with her as their housekeeper. After she discovered the truth, they quarrelled violently and she suggested that Hoatson, Hoatson remained with them as a housekeeper and secretary and became pregnant by Bland again 13 years later. Her son Fabian died aged 15 after an operation, Nesbit dedicated a number of books to him such as The Story of the Treasure Seekers. Nesbits adopted daughter Rosamund collaborated with her on the book Cat Tales, Nesbit was a follower of the Marxist socialist William Morris and she and her husband Hubert Bland were among the founders of the Fabian Society in 1884. Their son Fabian was named after the society and they also jointly edited the Societys journal Today, Hoatson was the Societys assistant secretary. Nesbit and Bland also dallied briefly with the Social Democratic Federation, Nesbit was an active lecturer and prolific writer on socialism during the 1880s. Nesbit also wrote with her husband under the name Fabian Bland, Nesbit lived from 1899 to 1920 in Well Hall, Eltham, Kent, which appears in fictional guise in several of her books, especially The Red House. She and her husband entertained a circle of friends, colleagues. On 20 February 1917, some three years after Bland died, Nesbit married Thomas the Skipper Tucker and they were married in Woolwich, where he was the captain of the Woolwich Ferry. She was a guest speaker at the London School of Economics and her husband Thomas died at the same address on 17 May 1935. Ediths son, Paul Bland, was one of the executors of Thomas Tuckers will, Nesbit published approximately 40 books for children, including novels, collections of stories and picture books. Collaborating with others, she published almost as many more, briggs also credits Nesbit with having invented the childrens adventure story
18.
W. W. Jacobs
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William Wymark W. W. Jacobs was an English author of short stories and novels. Although much of his work was humorous, he is most famous for his horror story The Monkeys Paw, Jacobs was born in Wapping, London, his father was a wharf manager on the South Devon wharf at Lower East Smithfield. He was educated at a school in London and later at Birkbeck College. In 1879, Jacobs began work as a clerk in the service, in the Post Office Savings Bank. His road to success was slow, Arnold Bennett writing in 1898 was astonished that Jacobs turned down the sum of £500 for six short stories. Jacobs was financially secure enough to be able to leave the Post Office in 1899, Jacobs is now remembered for his macabre tale The Monkeys Paw and several other ghost stories, including The Toll House and Jerry Bundler. However, the majority of his output was humorous in tone, Many Cargoes was followed by the novel The Skippers Wooing in 1897, and another collection of short stories, Sea Urchins set the seal on his popularity. Among his other titles are Captains All, Sailors Knots, written with Guy Bolton, published in 1954. The stories which made up Many Cargoes had a previous serial publication, while those in Sea Urchins were, for the most part. From October 1898 Jacobs stories were being published in The Strand, an arrangement which lasted almost to his death, john Drinkwater described Jacobs fiction as being in the Dickens tradition. Jacobs short-story output declined somewhat around the time of the First World War and his literary efforts between then and his death were predominantly adaptations of his own short stories for the stage. His first stage work, The Ghost of Jerry Bundler was performed in London in 1899, revived in 1902, Jacobs married Agnes Eleanor Williams in 1900 at West Ham, Essex. Prior to their marriage, Agnes had been a noted Suffragette, the 1901 Census records their living with their first child, a three-month-old daughter, at Kings Place Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. Also recorded in this household were his journalist sister Amy and his sister-in-law Nancy Williams, the Jacobs Kings Place Road household also included a cook and an additional domestic servant. Altogether, the Jacobs were to have two sons and three daughters, Jacobs went on to set up home in Loughton, Essex, where he had two houses, the Outlook, in Park Hill, and Feltham House, in Goldings Hill. On the site of the latter is a plaque to him. Loughton is the Claybury of some of the stories. Another blue plaque shows Jacobs central London residence at 15 Gloucester Gate, Jacobs stated that although he had held left-wing opinions in his youth, in his later years his political position was Conservative and Individualistic
19.
Rudyard Kipling
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Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet, and novelist. Kiplings works of fiction include The Jungle Book, Kim, and many short stories and his poems include Mandalay, Gunga Din, The Gods of the Copybook Headings, The White Mans Burden, and If—. Kipling was one of the most popular writers in the United Kingdom, Henry James said, Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known. In 1907, at the age of 42, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the first English-language writer to receive the prize and its youngest recipient to date. He was also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and on occasions for a knighthood. Kiplings subsequent reputation has changed according to the political and social climate of the age, George Orwell called him a prophet of British imperialism. Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote, is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary, but as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and a recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts. Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865, in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, to Alice Kipling, Alice was a vivacious woman about whom Lord Dufferin would say, Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room. Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal, John Lockwood and Alice had met in 1863 and courted at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire, England. They married and moved to India in 1865 and they had been so moved by the beauty of the Rudyard Lake area that when their first child was born they referenced it when naming him. Alices sister Georgiana was married to painter Edward Burne-Jones, and her sister Agnes was married to painter Edward Poynter, Kiplings most famous relative was his first cousin, Stanley Baldwin, who was Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times in the 1920s and 1930s. Kiplings birth home on the campus of the J J School of Art in Bombay for many years was used as the Deans residence. Although the cottage bears a plaque stating that this is the site where Kipling was born, the original cottage may have torn down decades ago. Some historians and conservationists are also of the view that the bungalow merely marks a site close to the home of his birth, as the bungalow was built in 1882, Kipling seems to have also said so to the dean when he visited J J School in the 1930s. Kipling was to write of Bombay, According to Bernice M. Murphy, Kipling’s parents considered themselves Anglo-Indians and so too would their son, complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent features in his fiction. So one spoke English, haltingly translated out of the idiom that one thought. Kiplings days of light and darkness in Bombay ended when he was five years old
20.
Arthur Morrison
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He also collected Japanese art and published several works on the subject. He left a collection of paintings and other works of art to the British Museum after his death in 1945. Morrisons best known work of fiction is his novel A Child of the Jago, Morrison was born in Poplar, in the East End of London, on 1 November 1863. His father George was a fitter at the London Docks. George died in 1871 of tuberculosis, leaving his wife Jane with three children including Arthur, Arthur spent his youth in the East End. In 1879 he began working as a boy in the Architects Department of the London School Board. He later remembered frequenting used bookstores in Whitechapel Road around this time, in 1880 Arthurs mother took over a shop in Grundy Street. Morrison published his first work, a poem, in the magazine Cycling in 1880. He continued to publish works in various cycling journals, in 1885 Morrison published his first serious journalistic work in the newspaper The Globe. In 1886, after having worked his way up to the rank of a clerk, he was appointed to a position at the Peoples Palace. In 1888 he was given reading privileges at the British Museum, in the same year he published a collection of thirteen sketches entitled Cockney Corner, describing life and conditions in several London districts including Soho, Whitechapel, and Bow Street. In 1889 he became an editor of the paper Palace Journal, reprinting some of his Cockney Corner sketches, in 1890 he left this job and joined the editorial staff of the The Globe and moved to lodgings in the Strand. In 1891 he published his first book The Shadows Around Us, in October 1891 his short story A Street was published in Macmillans Magazine. In 1892 he collaborated with illustrator J. A. Sheppard on a collection of sketches, one entitled My Neighbors Dogs. Later that year he married Elizabeth Thatcher at Forest Gate and he befriended writer and editor William Ernest Henley around this time, publishing stories of working-class life in Henleys National Observer between 1892-94. His son Guy Morrison was born in 1893, in 1894 Morrison published his first detective story featuring the detective Martin Hewitt. In November he published his story collection Tales of Mean Streets. The collection was reviewed in 1896 in America by Jacob Riis, Morrison later said that the work was publicly banned
21.
Dorothy L. Sayers
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Dorothy Leigh Sayers was a renowned English crime writer, poet, playwright, essayist, translator, and Christian humanist. She was also a student of classical and modern languages, however, Sayers herself considered her translation of Dantes Divine Comedy to be her best work. She is also known for her plays, literary criticism, Sayers was an only child, born on 13 June 1893 at the Headmasters House, Christ Church Cathedral School, Oxford. Her father, the Rev. Henry Sayers, M. A. was a chaplain of Christ Church, when she was six, he started teaching her Latin. She grew up in the village of Bluntisham-cum-Earith in Huntingdonshire after her father was given the living there as rector. From 1909 she was educated at the Godolphin School, a school in Salisbury. Her father later moved to the living of Christchurch, in Cambridgeshire. In 1912, Sayers won a scholarship to Somerville College, Oxford where she studied modern languages and she finished with first-class honours in 1915. Women could not be awarded degrees at that time, but Sayers was among the first to receive a degree when the position changed a few years later and her experience of Oxford academic life eventually inspired her penultimate Peter Wimsey novel, Gaudy Night. Her father was from Littlehampton, West Sussex, and her mother was born at The Chestnuts, Millbrook, Hampshire, to Frederick Leigh, Sayerss Aunt Amy, her mothers sister, married Henry Richard Shrimpton. Sayerss first book of poetry was published in 1916 as OP, I by Blackwell Publishing in Oxford. Her second book of poems, Catholic Tales and Christian Songs, was published in 1918, later, Sayers worked for Blackwells and then as a teacher in several locations, including Normandy, France. Sayerss longest employment was from 1922 to 1931 as a copywriter at S. H, bensons advertising agency, located at International Buildings, Kingsway, London. Sayers was quite successful as an advertiser and her collaboration with artist John Gilroy resulted in The Mustard Club for Colmans Mustard and the Guinness Zoo advertisements, variations of which still appear today. One famous example was the Toucan, his bill arching under a glass of Guinness, with Sayerss jingle and she used the advertising industry as the setting of Murder Must Advertise, where she describes the role of truth in advertising. The firm of Pyms Publicity, Ltd, now, Mr. Pym is a man of rigid morality—except, of course, as regards his profession, whose essence is to tell plausible lies for money— How about truth in advertising. Of course, there is truth in advertising. Theres yeast in bread, but you cant make bread with yeast alone, is like leaven, which a woman hid in three measures of meal
22.
Georges Simenon
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Georges Joseph Christian Simenon was a Belgian writer. A prolific author who published nearly 500 novels and numerous short works, Georges Simenon was born at 26 rue Léopold in Liège to Désiré Simenon and his wife Henriette. Désiré Simenon worked in an office at an insurance company and had married Henriette in April 1902. Although Georges Simenon was born on 13 February 1903 superstition resulted in his birth being registered as having been on the 12th and this story of his birth is recounted at the beginning of his novel Pedigree. The Simenon family traces its origins back to the Limburg region and his mother had origins from both the Netherlands and Germany while his father was of Walloon origins. One of her more notorious ancestors was Gabriel Brühl, a criminal who preyed on Limburg from the 1720s until he was hanged in 1743, later, Simenon would use Brühl as one of his many pen names. In April 1905, two years after Georges Simenons birth, the moved to 3 rue Pasteur in Lièges Outremeuse neighborhood. Georges Simenons brother Christian was born in September 1906 and eventually became their mothers favorite child, later, in February 1911, the Simenons moved to 53 rue de la Loi, also in the Outremeuse. In this larger home, the Simenons were able to take in lodgers, at the age of three, Simenon learned to read at the Saint-Julienne nursery school. Then, between 1908 and 1914, he attended the Institut Saint-André, in September 1914, shortly after the beginning of the First World War, he began his studies at the Collège Saint-Louis, a Jesuit high school. In February 1917, the Simenon family moved to a former post office building in the Amercoeur neighborhood, June 1919 saw another move, this time to the rue de lEnseignement, back in the Outremeuse neighborhood. Using his fathers heart condition as a pretext, Simenon decided to put an end to his studies in June 1918 and he subsequently worked a number of very short-term odd jobs. In January 1919, the 15-year-old Simenon took a job at the Gazette de Liège, Simenons experience at the Gazette also taught him the art of quick editing. He wrote more than 150 articles under the pen name G. Sim and he began submitting stories to Le Matin in the early 1920s. Simenons first novel, Au Pont des Arches, was written in June 1919, writing as Monsieur Le Coq, he also published more than 800 humorous pieces between November 1919 and December 1922. He stopped writing for the Gazette in December 1922, during this period, Simenons familiarity with nightlife, prostitutes, drunkenness and carousing increased. The people he rubbed elbows with included anarchists, bohemian artists and he also frequented a group of artists known as La Caque. While not really involved in the group, he did meet his future wife Régine Renchon through it, from 1921 to 1934 he used a total of 17 pen names while writing 358 novels and short stories
23.
Edgar Wallace
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Richard Horatio Edgar Wallace was an English writer. Born into poverty as an illegitimate London child, Wallace left school at age 12 and he joined the army at age 21 and was a war correspondent during the Second Boer War, for Reuters and the Daily Mail. Struggling with debt, he left South Africa, returned to London and he signed with Hodder and Stoughton in 1921 and became an internationally recognised author. After an unsuccessful bid to stand as Liberal MP for Blackpool in the 1931 general election, Wallace moved to Hollywood and he died suddenly from undiagnosed diabetes, during the initial drafting of King Kong. Wallace was such a writer that one of his publishers claimed that a quarter of all books in England were written by him. As well as journalism, Wallace wrote screen plays, poetry, historical non-fiction,18 stage plays,957 short stories, more than 160 films have been made of Wallaces work. He is remembered for the creation of King Kong, as a writer of the imagination, for the J. G. Reeder detective stories. Wallace was born at 7 Ashburnham Grove, Greenwich, to actors Richard Horatio Edgar and Mary Jane Polly Richards, Wallaces mother was born in 1843, in Liverpool, to an Irish Catholic family. Marys family had been in business, and she worked in the theatre as a stagehand, usherette. Marys husband, Captain Joseph Richards, was born in Liverpool, in 1838. He and his father John Richards were both Merchant Navy captains, and his mother Catherine Richards came from a mariner family, when Mary was eight months pregnant, in January 1868, her husband died at sea. After the birth, destitute, Mary took to the stage, Richard Horatio Edgar and Polly had a broom cupboard style sexual encounter during an after-show party. During her confinement she had asked her midwife to find a couple to foster the child, the midwife introduced Polly to her close friend, Mrs Freeman, a mother of ten children, whose husband George Freeman was a Billingsgate fishmonger. On 9 April 1875, Polly took Edgar to the semi-literate Freeman family, pollys young son Wallace, then known as Richard Horatio Edgar Freeman, had a happy childhood and a close bond with 20-year-old Clara Freeman, who became a second mother to him. By 1878, Polly could no longer afford the small sum she had been paying the Freemans to care for her son and, instead of placing the boy in the workhouse, Polly never visited Wallace again as a child. By his early teens, Wallace had held numerous jobs such as newspaper-seller at Ludgate Circus near Fleet Street, milk-delivery boy, rubber factory worker, shoe shop assistant. A plaque at Ludgate Circus commemorates Wallaces first encounter with the newspaper business and he was dismissed from his job on the milk run for stealing money. In 1894, he engaged to a local Deptford girl, Edith Anstree
24.
Max Beerbohm
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Sir Henry Maximilian Max Beerbohm was an English essayist, parodist, and caricaturist. He first became known in the 1890s as a dandy and a humorist and he was the drama critic for the Saturday Review from 1898 until 1910, when he relocated to Rapallo, Italy. In his later years he was popular for his radio broadcasts. Among his best-known works is his novel, Zuleika Dobson. His caricatures, drawn usually in pen or pencil with muted watercolour tinting, are in public collections. His mother was Eliza Draper Beerbohm, the sister of Juliuss late first wife and his was a well-to-do London family. He was also close to four half-siblings, one of whom, other older half-siblings were the author and explorer Julius Beerbohm and the author Constance Beerbohm. His nieces were Viola, Felicity and Iris Tree, from 1881 to 1885 Max – he was always called simply Max and it is thus that he signed his drawings – attended the day school of a Mr Wilkinson in Orme Square. Mr Wilkinson, Beerbohm later said, gave me my love of Latin, mrs Wilkinson taught drawing to the students, the only lessons Beerbohm ever had in the subject. Beerbohm was educated at Charterhouse School and Merton College, Oxford from 1890 and it was at school that he began writing. While at Oxford Beerbohm became acquainted with Oscar Wilde and his circle through his half-brother, in 1893 he met William Rothenstein, who introduced him to Aubrey Beardsley and other members of the literary and artistic circle connected with The Bodley Head. Though he was an unenthusiastic student academically, Beerbohm became a figure in Oxford social circles. He also began submitting articles and caricatures to London publications, which were met enthusiastically, in March 1893 he submitted an article on Oscar Wilde to the Anglo-American Times under the pen name An American. Later in 1893 his essay The Incomparable Beauty of Modern Dress was published in the Oxford journal The Spirit Lamp by its editor, Lord Alfred Douglas. By 1894, having developed his personality as a dandy and humorist and his A Defence of Cosmetics appeared in the first edition of The Yellow Book in 1894, his friend Aubrey Beardsley being art editor at the time. At this time Oscar Wilde said of him The gods have bestowed on Max the gift of perpetual old age, in 1895 Beerbohm went to the United States for several months as secretary to his half-brother Herbert Beerbohm Trees theatrical company. He was fired when he spent far too many hours polishing the business correspondence, there he became engaged to Grace Conover, an American actress in the company, a relationship that lasted several years. On his return to England Beerbohm published his first book, The Works of Max Beerbohm and his first piece of fiction, The Happy Hypocrite, was published in volume XI of The Yellow Book in October 1896
25.
P. G. Wodehouse
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Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse KBE was an English author and one of the most widely read humorists of the 20th century. Born in Guildford, the son of a British magistrate based in Hong Kong, Wodehouse spent happy years at Dulwich College. After leaving school he was employed by a bank but disliked the work and his early novels were mostly school stories, but he later switched to comic fiction, creating several regular characters who became familiar to the public over the years. Although most of Wodehouses fiction is set in England, he spent much of his life in the US and used New York and Hollywood as settings for some of his novels and short stories. During and after the First World War, together with Guy Bolton and Jerome Kern and he began the 1930s writing for MGM in Hollywood. In a 1931 interview, his revelations of incompetence and extravagance at Hollywood studios caused a furore. In the same decade, his career reached a new peak. In 1934 Wodehouse moved to France for tax reasons, in 1940 he was prisoner at Le Touquet by the invading Germans. After his release he made six broadcasts from German radio in Berlin to the US, the talks were comic and apolitical, but his broadcasting over enemy radio prompted anger and strident controversy in Britain, and a threat of prosecution. From 1947 until his death he lived in the US, taking dual British-American citizenship in 1955 and he was a prolific writer throughout his life, publishing more than ninety books, forty plays, two hundred short stories and other writings between 1902 and 1974. He died in 1975, at the age of 93, in Southampton, Wodehouse worked extensively on his books, sometimes having two or more in preparation simultaneously. He would take up to two years to build a plot and write a scenario of about thirty thousand words, after the scenario was complete he would write the story. Early in his career he would produce a novel in three months, but he slowed in old age to around six months. Some critics of Wodehouse have considered his work flippant, but among his fans are former British prime ministers, the Wodehouses, who traced their ancestry back to the 13th century, belonged to a collateral branch of the family of the earls of Kimberley. Eleanor Wodehouse was also of ancient aristocratic ancestry and she was visiting one of her sisters in Guildford when Wodehouse was born there prematurely. The boy was baptised at the Church of St Nicolas, Guildford, Wodehouse wrote in 1957, If you ask me to tell you frankly if I like the name Pelham Grenville Wodehouse, I must confess that I do not. I was named after a godfather, and not a thing to show for it, the first name was rapidly elided to Plum, the name by which Wodehouse became known to family and friends. Mother and son sailed for Hong Kong, where for his first two years Wodehouse was raised by a Chinese amah, alongside his elder brothers Peveril and Armine
26.
Dornford Yates
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The pen name, Dornford Yates, first in print in 1910, resulted from combining the surnames of his grandmothers – the paternal Eliza Mary Dornford, and the maternal Harriet Yates. William Mercer was born in Walmer, Kent, the son of Cecil John Mercer and his father was a solicitor whose sister, Mary Frances, married Charles Augustus Munro, their son was Hector Hugh Munro, Bill Mercer is said to have idolised his elder cousin. Mercer attended St Clare preparatory school in Walmer from 1894 to 1899, the family moved from Kent to London when he joined Harrow School as a day pupil in 1899, his father selling his solicitor’s practice in Kent and setting up office in Carey Street. Leaving Harrow in 1903, he attended University College, Oxford in 1904, at university, he was active in the Oxford University Dramatic Society, becoming secretary in 1906 and president in 1907, his final year. Mercer’s third-class Oxford law degree was insufficient to gain him traditional access to the bar. However, in 1908 his father obtained his son a post as pupil to a prominent barrister, H. G. Muskett, as Muskett’s pupil, Mercer saw much of the seedy side of London life, some of which is evident in his novels. In 1909, he was called to the Bar where he worked for several years, Mercer is in a photograph of the Bow Street Court committal proceedings, published in the Daily Mirror of 30 August 1910. He also assisted in the writing of What I Know - US title King Edward As I Knew Him - the memoirs of C. W. Stamper, who had been motor engineer to King Edward VII. In 1915, his regiment left for Egypt and, in November 1915 as part of the 8th Mounted Brigade, suffering severe muscular rheumatism he was sent home in 1917 and, although he was still in uniform, the War Office did not again post him. He eventually left the army in 1919, in June of that year the Windsor carried his first story since the end of the war. Since 1914, the Mercer family home had been Elm Tree Road in St Johns Wood, where his friends Oscar and Lily Asche were close neighbours. In autumn of 1919, he and Asche combined to write the stage show Eastward Ho. but the production was not a great success and he did not again attempt to write for the stage. A frequent social – and then romantic – Elm Tree Road visitor was Bettine Stokes Edwards, suggesting that her father either was dead or divorced, her remarried mother then lived in New York City. Mercer and Bettine married at St James, Spanish Place, in the Marylebone district of London, on 22 October 1919. The month of October also marked the appearance of a story in the Windsor called Valerie whose female lead made a living as a dancer, Mercer decided not to return to the bar, and to concentrate on his writing. He and Bettine lived in Elm Tree Road, where their only child, in 1922, the Mercers emigrated to France, where it was possible to live more cheaply, and where the climate was kinder to Mercer’s muscular rheumatism. They chose the resort town Pau, in the western Pyrenees, in the Basses–Pyrénées département — where lived a sizable British expat colony, in Dornford Yates – A Biography, A. J. They rented the Villa Maryland, on Rue Forster, where Mercer proved an exacting husband, while Bettine was a woman, and by 1929
27.
Winston Churchill
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD PC DL FRS RA was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his overall, in 1963, he was the first of only eight people to be made an honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough and his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young officer, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns, at the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, during the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active service on the Western Front as commander of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He returned to government under Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, at the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister and he led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured. After the Conservative Party suffered a defeat in the 1945 general election. He publicly warned of an Iron Curtain of Soviet influence in Europe, after winning the 1951 election, Churchill again became Prime Minister. His second term was preoccupied by foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War, domestically his government laid great emphasis on house-building. Churchill suffered a stroke in 1953 and retired as Prime Minister in 1955. Upon his death aged ninety in 1965, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral and his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate amongst writers and historians. Born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father. His ancestor George Spencer had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became Duke of Marlborough, to highlight his descent from John Churchill, Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy, Churchills brother, John Strange Spencer-Churchill, was born during this time in Ireland
28.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
29.
Henry Dudeney
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Henry Ernest Dudeney was an English author and mathematician who specialised in logic puzzles and mathematical games. He is known as one of the countrys foremost creators of mathematical puzzles, Dudeney was born in the village of Mayfield, East Sussex, England, one of six children of Gilbert and Lucy Dudeney. His grandfather, John Dudeney, was known as a self-taught mathematician and shepherd. Dudeney learned to play chess at an age, and continued to play frequently throughout his life. This led to a marked interest in mathematics and the composition of puzzles, chess problems in particular fascinated him during his early years. Although Dudeney spent his career in the Civil Service, he continued to devise various problems, Dudeneys first puzzle contributions were submissions to newspapers and magazines, often under the pseudonym of Sphinx. Much of this work was a collaboration with American puzzlist Sam Loyd, in 1890. Dudeney later contributed puzzles under his name to publications such as The Weekly Dispatch, The Queen, Blighty. For twenty years, he had a column, Perplexities, in The Strand Magazine, edited by the former editor of Tit-Bits. Some of Dudeneys most famous innovations were his 1903 success at solving the Haberdashers Puzzle and publishing the first known crossnumber puzzle and he has also been credited with discovering new applications of digital roots. Dudeney was an exponent of verbal arithmetic puzzles, his were always alphametic. Previously, it had claimed that he was the inventor of verbal arithmetic. This was later refuted by the example of a verbal arithmetic puzzle published in the US in 1864. Omission of detailed rules in the cited farm journal, suggests they were already popular in America by 1864. The popularity of these puzzles guarantees theyd be well known by then to Sam Loyd, Loyd has gained notoriety for his own claims of invention now exposed as false. Loyd even falsely claimed to have invented the verbal arithmetic puzzle, for another example of Loyds pervasive deceit, see 15 puzzle. Dudeney experienced Loyds duplicity and intellectual theft first hand, eventually publicly equating Loyd with the Devil, both Dudeney and Loyd were featured by Martin Gardner in his Mathematical Games column in Scientific American—Loyd in August 1957 and Dudeney in June 1958. In 1884 Dudeney married Alice Whiffin and she later became a very well known writer who published many novels as well as a number of short stories in Harpers Magazine under the name Mrs. Henry Dudeney
30.
St Mary le Strand
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St Mary le Strand is a Church of England church at the eastern end of the Strand in the City of Westminster, London. It lies within the Deanery of Westminster within the Diocese of London, the church stands on what is now a traffic island to the north of Somerset House, Kings College Londons Strand campus, and south of Bush House. It is the church of the Womens Royal Naval Service. The nearest tube station is Temple, with the now-closed Aldwych station nearly opposite the church and it is known as one of the two Island Churches, the other being St Clement Danes. The church is the second to have been called St Mary le Strand, the date of its foundation is unclear but it was mentioned in a judgment of 1222, when it was called the Church of the Innocents, or St Mary and the Innocents. It was pulled down in 1549 by Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset to make way for Somerset House. The parishioners were promised a new church, which was never built, forcing them to move to the church of St Clement Danes. The new St Mary le Strand was the first of the fifty new churches built in London under the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches, construction began in February 1714 under the architect James Gibbs, being his first major project following his return from Italy. The steeple was completed in September 1717, but the church was not consecrated for use until 1 January 1723, bonnie Prince Charlie is alleged to have renounced his Roman Catholic faith in the church to become an Anglican during a secret visit to London in 1750. John Dickens and Elizabeth Barrow, the parents of Charles Dickens, were married here in 1809, the church narrowly escaped destruction twice during the 20th century. The London Blitz of the Second World War caused much damage to the area but again the church avoided destruction. The architecture of St. Mary le Strand proved controversial from the outset, according to Gibbs, the church was originally intended to be an Italianate structure with a small campanile over the west end and no steeple. Instead of the latter, a column 250 feet high surmounted with a statue of Queen Anne was to have erected a short distance to the west of the church. A great quantity of stone was purchased and brought to the spot, instead, the architect was ordered to reuse the stone to build a steeple, which fundamentally altered the plan of the church. The prominent situation of the church has also been problematic, even in the 18th century, even so, the church — Gibbs first public building — won him considerable fame. The porch was inspired by Cortonas Santa Maria della Pace, the walls were influenced by Michelangelo and the steeple shows the influence of Sir Christopher Wren. List of churches and cathedrals of London Website at stmarylestrand. org Hidden London Mystery Worshipper Report at the Ship of Fools website Deanery of Westminster
31.
War correspondent
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A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. They were also called special correspondents in the 19th century and their jobs require war correspondents to deliberately go to the most conflict-ridden parts of the world. Once there, they attempt to get enough to the action to provide written accounts, photos. Thus, being a war correspondent is often considered the most dangerous form of journalism, on the other hand, war coverage is also one of the most successful branches of journalism. Newspaper sales increase greatly in wartime and television news ratings go up, News organizations have sometimes been accused of militarism because of the advantages they gather from conflict. William Randolph Hearst is often said to have encouraged the Spanish–American War for this reason, only some conflicts receive extensive worldwide coverage, however. Among recent wars, the Kosovo War received a deal of coverage. Written war correspondents have existed as long as journalism, before modern journalism it was more common for longer histories to be written at the end of a conflict. The first known of these is Herodotuss account of the Persian Wars, thucydides, who some years later wrote a history of the Peloponnesian Wars was an observer to the events he described. Her description of the events took place in the Marshall House are particularly poignant because she was in the midst of battle. A further modernization came with the development of newspapers and magazines, one of the earliest war correspondents was Henry Crabb Robinson, who covered Napoleons campaigns in Spain and Germany for The Times of London. Another early correspondent was William Hicks who letters describing the Battle of Trafalgar were also published in The Times, early film and television news rarely had war correspondents. Rather, they would simply collect footage provided by sources, often the government. This footage was often staged as cameras were large and bulky until the introduction of small, the situation changed dramatically with the Vietnam War when networks from around the world sent cameramen with portable cameras and correspondents. This proved damaging to the United States as the brutality of war became a daily feature on the nightly news. The discourse in mediated conflicts is influenced by its public character, by forwarding information and arguments to the media, conflict parties attempt to use the media influence to gain support from their constituencies and persuade their opponents. The continued progress of technology has allowed live coverage of events via satellite up-links, the rise of twenty-four hour news channels has led to a heightened demand for coverage. William Howard Russell, who covered the Crimean War, also for The Times, is described as the first modern war correspondent
32.
Eagle (British comics)
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Eagle was a seminal British childrens British comics periodical, first published from 1950 to 1969, and then in a relaunched format from 1982 to 1994. It was founded by Marcus Morris, an Anglican vicar from Lancashire, Morris edited a Southport parish magazine called The Anvil, but felt that the church was not communicating its message effectively. Simultaneously disillusioned with contemporary literature, he and Anvil artist Frank Hampson created a dummy comic based on Christian values. Morris solicited the idea to several Fleet Street publishers, with little success, following a huge publicity campaign, the first issue of Eagle was released in April 1950. Revolutionary in its presentation and content, it was enormously successful, featured in colour on the front cover was its most recognisable story, Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future, created by Hampson with meticulous attention to detail. Other popular stories included Riders of the Range and P. C, Eagle also contained news and sport sections, and educational cutaway diagrams of sophisticated machinery. A members club was created, and a range of related merchandise was licensed for sale, amidst a takeover of the periodicals publisher and a series of acrimonious disputes, Morris left in 1959, Hampson followed shortly thereafter. Although Eagle continued in various forms, a lowering of editorial standards preceded plummeting sales. Eagle was relaunched in 1982 and ran for over 500 issues before being dropped by its publisher in 1994, Eagle was founded by John Marcus Harston Morris. Morris was born in the Lancashire town of Preston, and in 1918 moved to Southport and he graduated from Brasenose College, Oxford with a second-class degree in Literae Humaniores, and at Wycliffe Hall gained a second in theology in 1939. He became a priest the year, and served as a chaplain in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve from 1941 to 1943. In 1945 he became vicar of St. James Church in Birkdale, Morris also felt that the church was completely out of touch with the people whom it was supposed to represent. He gradually expanded the parish magazine—printed on four pages of cheap paper— into The Anvil, Morris managed to employ several notable contributors on Anvil, such as C. S. Lewis, and Harold Macmillan. I. s. He realised that a market existed for a childrens comics periodical which featured stories in cartoon form. Morriss article provoked a reaction from its readers, letters of support flooded into his home. Morris envisioned a character called Lex Christian, a tough, fighting parson in the slums of the East End of London, whose adventures would be told in strip cartoon form, illustrated by Hampson. The idea gained the support of Terence Horsley, editor of the Sunday Empire News, Morris met Hampson and proposed instead an entirely new childrens publication. Hampson was enthusiastic about the idea, and in May that year the two work on a dummy of it
33.
Birmingham, Michigan
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Birmingham is a city in Oakland County of the U. S. state of Michigan and a suburb of Detroit. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,103, the area comprising what is now the city of Birmingham was part of land ceded by Native American tribes to the United States government by the 1807 Treaty of Detroit. Tiffins report claimed that There would not be an out of a hundred, if there would be one out of a thousand that would, in any case. In 1818, Territorial Governor Lewis Cass led a group of men along the Indian Trail, the governors party discovered that the swamp was not as extensive as Tiffin had supposed. Not long after Cass issued a more encouraging report about the land, the earliest land entry was made on January 28,1819, by Colonel Benjamin Kendrick Pierce for the northwest quarter of section 36. Colonel Pierce visited his land several times, but never settled on it, in March 1818, John W. Hunter and his brother Daniel left Auburn, New York, by sleigh and traveled to Michigan by way of Upper Canada. They waited in Detroit for their father and other members who arrived by schooner over Lake Erie in July. The family remained in Detroit until spring 1819 when John W. made an entry for the northeast quarter of section 36, lacking a proper land survey, John W. mistakenly built his log house on a tract later purchased by Elijah Willets. That house was occupied by William Hall, a son-in-law of Elisha Hunter. On September 25,1821, Elijah Willets made an entry for the southwest quarter of section 25. Two days later, Major John Hamilton made an entry for the southeast quarter of section 25, each of these initial land entries met at what is now the intersection of Maple Road and Pierce Street. For a time, all three men, John W. Hunter, Major Hamilton, and Elijah Willets, operated hotels, the growing settlement was known variously as Hamiltons, Hunters, or Willets, it was later known as Piety Hill. The settlements original plat was surveyed and recorded on August 25,1836, Merrill who also ran the town foundry and the thrashing machine factory. Merrill named his plat Birmingham after Birmingham, England, in the hope that the new settlement would become a great industrial center. Elijah Willets recorded a plat on his property on December 20,1837, John W. Hunter followed suit with two plats on his property on January 31,1840, and June 21,1842, while Major Hamilton laid out a plat on October 7,1846. Several other properties were subsequently platted as additions, the plats made in 1836 and 1837 were in anticipation of completion of the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad. Now known as Birmingham, the village first received mail through the Bloomfield post office, Birmingham established its own post office on April 5,1838. The settlement incorporated as a village in 1864, comprising the northern half of section 36, the first village elections were held March 1,1864, and it was soon governed by a seven-man board of trustees who appointed a marshal and a treasurer
34.
Ray Bradbury
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Ray Douglas Bradbury was an American fantasy, science fiction, horror and mystery fiction author and screenwriter. While most of his best known work is in speculative fiction, he wrote in other genres, such as the coming-of-age novel Dandelion Wine or the fictionalized memoir Green Shadows. Recipient of numerous awards, including a 2007 Pulitzer Citation, Bradbury also wrote and consulted on screenplays and television scripts, including Moby Dick, many of his works were adapted to comic book, television and film formats. On his death in 2012, The New York Times called Bradbury the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream. Bradbury was born on August 22,1920 in Waukegan, Illinois, to Esther Bradbury, a Swedish immigrant, and Leonard Spaulding Bradbury and he was given the middle name Douglas, after the actor Douglas Fairbanks. Bradbury was related to the American Shakespeare scholar Douglas Spaulding and was descended from Mary Bradbury, Bradbury was surrounded by an extended family during his early childhood and formative years in Waukegan, Illinois. An aunt read him stories when he was a child. This period provided foundations for both the author and his stories, in Bradburys works of fiction, 1920s Waukegan becomes Green Town, Illinois. The family arrived with only US$40, which paid for rent and this meant that they could stay, however, and Bradbury—who was in love with Hollywood—was ecstatic. Bradbury attended Los Angeles High School and was active in the drama club and he often roller-skated through Hollywood in hopes of meeting celebrities. Among the creative and talented people Bradbury met this way were special effects pioneer Ray Harryhausen, throughout his youth, Bradbury was an avid reader and writer and knew at a young age that he was going into one of the arts. Bradbury began writing his own stories at age eleven, during the Great Depression — sometimes writing on the available paper, butcher paper. In his youth, he spent much time in the Carnegie library in Waukegan, reading such authors as H. G. Wells, Jules Verne, at twelve, Bradbury began writing traditional horror stories and said he tried to imitate Poe until he was about eighteen. In addition to comics, he loved Edgar Rice Burroughs, creator of Tarzan of the Apes, the Warlord of Mars impressed him so much that at the age of twelve he wrote his own sequel. The young Bradbury was also a cartoonist and loved to illustrate and he wrote about Tarzan and drew his own Sunday panels. He listened to the radio show Chandu the Magician, and when the show went off the air every night he would sit, as a teen in Beverly Hills, he often visited his mentor and friend, science fiction writer Bob Olsen, sharing ideas and maintaining contact. In 1936, at a bookstore in Hollywood, Bradbury discovered a handbill promoting meetings of the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society. Excited to find there were others sharing his interest, Bradbury joined a weekly Thursday-night conclave at age sixteen, at age 17, Bradbury read stories published in Astounding Science Fiction, and read everything by Robert A. Heinlein, Arthur C
35.
Alexander McCall Smith
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R. Alexander Sandy McCall Smith, CBE, FRSE, is a British writer and Emeritus Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh. In the late 20th century, McCall Smith became an expert on medical law and bioethics and served on British. He has since become known as a writer of fiction, with sales of English language versions exceeding 40 million by 2010. He is most widely known as the creator of the The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency series, McCall is not a middle name, his surname is McCall Smith. Alexander McCall Smith was born in Bulawayo in 1948 in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia and he was educated at the Christian Brothers College before moving to Scotland to study law at the University of Edinburgh, where he earned his PhD in law. He soon taught at Queens University Belfast, and while teaching there he entered a competition, one a childrens book. He won in the childrens category and he settled in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1984. He and his wife Elizabeth, a physician, bought a Victorian mansion that they renovated and restored and they lived in the same home in 2010. In the Merchiston area of Edinburgh, he lives close to the authors J. K. Rowling, Ian Rankin and he is an amateur bassoonist, and co-founder of The Really Terrible Orchestra. He is the author of a testimonial in The Future of the NHS, in 2014, it was reported that McCall Smith purchased the Cairns of Coll, a remote, uninhabited chain of Scottish islands in the Hebrides. He said, I intend to do nothing with them. I want them kept in perpetuity as a sanctuary for wildlife – for birds and seals and all the creatures to which they are home. ”He returned to southern Africa in 1981 to help co-found. While there, he co-wrote what remains the book on the countrys legal system. He was Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh and is now Emeritus Professor at its School of Law and he retains a further involvement with the University in relation to the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. After achieving success as a writer, he gave up these commitments and he was appointed a CBE in the December 2006 New Years Honours List for services to literature. In June 2007, he was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws at a ceremony celebrating the tercentenary of the University of Edinburgh School of Law. In June 2015, he was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters at a ceremony at the University of St Andrews. McCall Smith is an author of fiction, with several series to his credit
36.
Ruth Rendell
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Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh, CBE was an English author of thrillers and psychological murder mysteries. Rendells best-known creation, Chief Inspector Wexford, was the hero of many popular police stories and this theme was developed further in a third series of novels, written under her pseudonym Barbara Vine. Rendell was born Ruth Barbara Grasemann in 1930, in South Woodford and her mother, Ebba Kruse, was born in Sweden and brought up in Denmark, her father, Arthur Grasemann, was English. As a result of spending Christmas and other holidays in Scandinavia, Rendell was educated at the County High School for Girls in Loughton, Essex, the town to which the family moved during her childhood. After high school she became a writer for her local Essex paper. However, she was forced to resign after filing a story about a sports club dinner she hadnt attended. Rendell met her husband Don Rendell when she was working as a newswriter and they married when she was 20, and in 1953 had a son, Simon, now a psychiatric social worker who lives in the U. S. state of Colorado. The couple divorced in 1975 but remarried two years later, Don Rendell died in 1999 from prostate cancer. She sat in the House of Lords for the Labour Party, in 1998 Rendell was named in a list of the partys biggest private financial donors. She introduced into the Lords the bill that would become the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003. In August 2014, Rendell was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to Septembers referendum on that issue, a number of her works have been adapted for film or television. She was also a patron of the charity Kids for Kids which helps children in areas of Darfur. There is a plaque on one of her homes,45 Millsmead Way. This was unveiled by her son, Simon on 24 February 2016, Rendell had a stroke on 7 January 2015 and died on 2 May 2015. Rendell said that the character of Wexford was based on herself. The Monster in the Box and this was incorrect, however, it was the final novel featuring Wexford as an employed policeman, in the novel that followed, The Vault, he retired. Among such books are A Judgement in Stone, The Face of Trespass, Live Flesh, Talking to Strange Men, The Killing Doll, Going Wrong and Adam and Eve and Pinch Me. For the last novel published in her lifetime, The Girl Next Door, she returned to the Loughton of her childhood, Rendell created a third strand of writing with the publication in 1986 of A Dark-Adapted Eye under her pseudonym Barbara Vine. The author was noted for her elegant prose and sharp insights into the mind, as well as her cogent plots
37.
Tennessee Williams
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Thomas Lanier Tennessee Williams III was an American playwright. Along with Eugene ONeill and Arthur Miller he is considered among the three foremost playwrights in 20th-century American drama, after years of obscurity, he became suddenly famous with The Glass Menagerie, closely reflecting his own unhappy family background. This heralded a string of successes, including A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and his later work attempted a new style that did not appeal to audiences, and alcohol and drug dependence further inhibited his creative output. His drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often numbered on the short list of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Long Days Journey into Night, much of Williams most acclaimed work was adapted for the cinema. He also wrote stories, poetry, essays and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, Williams was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Thomas Lanier Williams III was born in Columbus, Mississippi, of English, Welsh, and Huguenot ancestry and his father was an alcoholic traveling shoe salesman who spent much of his time away from home. Williams early childhood was spent in the parsonage there, Williams had two siblings, sister Rose Isabel Williams and brother Walter Dakin Williams. As a small child Williams suffered from a case of diphtheria which nearly ended his life, leaving him weak, at least in part as a result of his illness, he was less robust as a child than his father wished. Cornelius Williams, a descendant of hearty East Tennessee pioneer stock, had a violent temper and was a man prone to use his fists. He regarded his sons effeminacy with disdain, and his mother Edwina, locked in an unhappy marriage, many critics and historians note that Williams found inspiration for much of his writing in his own dysfunctional family. When Williams was eight years old, his father was promoted to a job at the office of the International Shoe Company in St. Louis. He attended Soldan High School, a setting he referred to in his play The Glass Menagerie, Later he studied at University City High School. At age 16, Williams won third prize for an essay published in Smart Set entitled, a year later, his short story The Vengeance of Nitocris was published in the August 1928 issue of the magazine Weird Tales. That same year he first visited Europe with his grandfather, from 1929 to 1931, he attended the University of Missouri, in Columbia, where he enrolled in journalism classes. Williams found his classes boring, however, and was distracted by his love for a girl. He was soon entering his poetry, essays, stories, and plays in writing contests and his first submitted play was Beauty Is the Word, followed by Hot Milk at Three in the Morning. As recognition for Beauty, a play about rebellion against religious upbringing, at University of Missouri, Williams joined the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, but he did not fit in well with his fraternity brothers
38.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
