1.
Australian federal election, 2016
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It was the first double dissolution election since the 1987 election and the first under a new voting system for the Senate that replaced group voting tickets with optional preferential voting. After a week of vote counting, still no party had won seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives to form a majority government. Many political commentators predicted a hung parliament such as occurred at the 2010 election, Turnbull claimed victory later that day. In the closest federal majority result since the 1961 election, the ABC declared on 11 July that the incumbent Coalition would be able to form a majority government. In the 150-seat House of Representatives, the one-term incumbent Liberal/National Coalition government was re-elected with a reduced 76 seats, the Coalitions victory marked the first time since 2004 that a government had been reelected with an absolute majority in the House of Representatives. Resulting from the national two-party swing against the government, the Labor opposition picked up a significant number of previously government-held seats − totaling 69 seats, on the crossbench the Greens, the Nick Xenophon Team, Katters Australian Party, and independents Wilkie and McGowan won a seat each. On 19 July the Australian Electoral Commission announced a re-count for the Coalition-held, at the start of the Herbert re-count, Labor led by eight votes. The AEC announced on 31 July that Labor had won Herbert by 37 votes, the final outcome in the 76-seat Australian Senate took over four weeks to complete despite significant voting changes. Earlier in 2016, legislation changed the Senate voting system from a single transferable vote with group voting tickets to an optional-preferential single transferable vote. The final Senate result was announced on 4 August, Liberal/National Coalition 30 seats, Labor 26 seats, Greens 9 seats, One Nation 4 seats and Nick Xenophon Team 3 seats. Former broadcaster and founder of the Justice Party Derryn Hinch, won a seat, while Jacqui Lambie, Liberal Democrat David Leyonhjelm, the number of crossbenchers increased by two to a record 20. The Liberal/National Coalition will require at least nine additional votes to reach a Senate majority and this approach differs to the recount method, whereby the Senators who would have been elected in a normal half-Senate election are allocated a six-year term instead. By choosing the order elected method rather than the recount method, Labor, independents, Andrew Wilkie, Cathy McGowan Members in italics did not re-contest their House of Representatives seats at this election. Notes 1 As a result of the 2015 boundary redistribution, the New South Wales Liberal-held seats of Barton, Dobell,2 A re-count commenced on 19 July in the Queensland division of Herbert. Prior to the re-count, Labor was provisionally ahead of its LNP candidate by eight votes, on 31 July the Australian Electoral Commission announced Labor had won Herbert by 37 votes. The LNP was considering a challenge to the result. The final Senate result was announced on 4 August, the Labor opposition won 26 seats, a gain of one − a Senator in Western Australia. The number of crossbenchers increased by two to a record 20, the Liberal/National Coalition will require at least nine additional votes to reach a Senate majority, an increase of three
2.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
3.
Compact (newspaper)
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A compact newspaper is a broadsheet-quality newspaper printed in a tabloid format, especially one in the United Kingdom. The term as used for this came into its current use when The Independent began producing a smaller format edition for Londons commuters. Readers from other parts of the country liked the new format, the Times and The Scotsman copied the format as The Independent increased sales. All three newspapers are now printed exclusively in compact format following trial periods during which both broadsheet and compact version were produced simultaneously, the term “compact” was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail when that newspaper went tabloid, although the Mail now calls itself a tabloid. It is often used to differentiate newspapers with more content from those with a flamboyant or salacious publishing style. The functional opposite of compact is red top, as the nameplates of British sensationalist tabloids tend to be red, berliner Broadsheet List of newspapers Paper sizes Tabloid
4.
Fairfax Media
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Fairfax Media Limited is one of the largest media companies in Australia and New Zealand, with investment in newspaper, magazines, radio and the Internet. John Fairfax purchased The Sydney Morning Herald in 1841 and the family retained control of the business until late in the twentieth century. Fairfax has a portfolio of leading online products, including the digital news brands, SMH. com. au, an Australian news site and AFR. com, a financial news site. The group also has leading online marketplaces including Domain. com. au for real estate, events, a major events business including City2Surf and GoodFood Month. Australian Community Media, a network of regional, rural and local newspapers including The Canberra Times, Newcastle Herald, Digital Ventures, encompasses digital publisher Allure Media, and partnerships with Huffington Post for HuffPost Australia and Nine Entertainment Co. for Stan, the video streaming service. New Zealand Media, including national brand Stuff. co. nz and metro titles The Dominion Post in Wellington and The Press in Christchurch. In 2014, Fairfax entered into a joint venture partnership with Nine Entertainment Co, called StreamCo, in 2015, Fairfax Media and The Huffington Post Media Group launched HuffPost. com. au, an Australian edition of The Huffington Post. HuffPost Australia is The Huffington Post’s 15th site in the expanding global presence. In December 2015, automotive digital business 112 and Fairfaxs Drive. com. au announced the formation of a 50,50 joint venture in the online motor sector. Fairfax will license the Drive brand and Drive. com. au URL to 112, which owns and operates themotorreport. com. au. The groups chairman is Nick Falloon and the executive officer is Greg Hywood. John Fairfax purchased The Sydney Morning Herald in 1841, several generations of the Fairfax family continued to control the company. Fairfax Media was founded by the Fairfax family as John Fairfax and Sons, the Fairfax family lost control of the company in December 1990. It was renamed from John Fairfax Holdings to Fairfax Media in 2007, the Australian Financial Review was founded in 1951. In that decade, Fairfax started two stations, ATN and QTQ. Fairfax began expanding in the 1960s, acquiring, among others, The Age, The Newcastle Herald, in 1979, Rupert Murdoch attempted to take over rival The Herald and Weekly Times. Due to the costs of defending the takeover, Fairfax sold its television properties, in 1987, Warwick Fairfax, then aged 26, controversially bought out his familys holdings in the company by borrowing heavily. He successfully took it over, but, on 10 December 1990, the company collapsed, in April 2003, Fairfax acquired the publishing assets of New Zealands Independent Newspapers Limited, including many of New Zealands highest-profile newspapers
5.
Centrism
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Centre-left and centre-right politics both involve a general association with centrism combined with leaning somewhat to their respective sides of the spectrum. It has been suggested that individuals vote for centrist parties for purely statistical reasons, Centrists usually support a degree of equal opportunity and economic freedom. They can generally lean conservative on issues and lean liberal on social issues. However, centrism itself is location-dependent and exact policies can vary depending on geographical, Indian National Congress was centrist in its ideology. It is one of the oldest parties in the world, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. Its support is has different ups and downs from the late 1990s, people change their support base to other political parties but choose it again after period of 5 years. It acts as a party, presently, in Indian Parliament. There have been centrists in both sides of politics, who alongside the various factions within the Liberal and Labor parties. In addition, there are a number of groups that have formed in response to the bipartisan system who uphold centrist ideals. South Australian Senator Nick Xenophon had launched his own centrist political party called the Nick Xenophon Team in 2014, the Palmer United Party has been suggested as being a centrist party as well, however, the party itself does not make such formal claims of being politically centrist. The Australian Sex Party is also a centrist political party and they have just one seat and control the balance of power, with a huge political responsibility within the Victorian Legislative Council since 2014. The New Flemish Alliance is the largest, and since 2009, among French speaking Belgians the Humanist Democratic Centre is a centre-right or centre party as it is considerably less conservative than its Flemish counterpart, Christian Democratic & Flemish. Another party in the centre of the spectrum is the liberal Reformist Movement. The Liberals are currently the largest party in Canadas House of Commons, although, some may argue that the Liberal Party is more of a Centre-Left then a Centrist party. Czech Republic has two main centrist political parties which are currently in the government, liberal ANO and Christian democratic Christian, france has a tradition of parties that call themselves centriste. The most notable centrist party, often also called liberal, was the Union for French Democracy, among its successors belongs the small Centrist Alliance, the most successful of them is the Democratic Movement of François Bayrou, founded in 2007. However, the centrist parties often oppose to the parties such as Socialists. It often support the centre-right Gaullist parties and join several coalitions governed by Jacques Chirac, zentrismus is a term only known to experts, as it is easily confused with Zentralismus, so the usual term in German for the political centre/centrism is politische Mitte
6.
Pyrmont, New South Wales
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It is also part of the Darling Harbour region. As of 2011, it is Australias most densely populated suburb, Pyrmont was once a vital component of Sydneys industrial waterfront, with wharves, shipbuilding yards, factories and woolstores. As industry moved out, the population and the area declined, in recent years it has experienced redevelopment with an influx of residents and office workers. Pyrmont contained a spring of cold water bubbling out of a rock and was thus named for a similar natural spring in Bad Pyrmont, close to Hanover. Thomas Jones was granted 55 acres of land on the peninsula in 1795, land was sold to Obadiah Ikin in 1796 for 10 pounds, which he then sold to Captain John Macarthur in 1799 for a gallon of rum. Pyrmont was the site of quarries from an early stage because of the quality of the sandstone. Charles Saunders, licensee of the Quarrymans Arms hotel, became the biggest quarrymaster, the work was continued by his son and grandson till circa 1931. The quarries were nicknamed Paradise, Purgatory and Hell Hole by the Scottish workers employed by Saunders, steam-powered equipment was used there for the first time in Australia. The sandstone was used in many of the most significant buildings in Sydney, Saunders Street, near the site of the Paradise quarry, was named after Saunders. The area was also the site of the first Presbyterian Church in the colony, built in 1864, the congregation eventually outgrew the premises and had to move to a new church at Quarry Street, Ultimo, in 1883. In the 1870s, a small Methodist chapel was built in Harris Street on land owned by Charles Saunders, in the 1920s, it was converted to the Maybanke Free Kindergarten, named after Maybanke Anderson, a feminist and educationist. It was still used for purpose as of 2013. Pyrmont became a working class industrial and port community, a major sugar refinery was operated by CSR Limited. In 1900 the area had a population of around 30,000, the first Pyrmont Bridge opened in 1858. A larger bridge with a swinging span opened in 1902, but was closed to traffic in the 1980s and it was subsequently turned into a pedestrian precinct. Pyrmont was regarded as an area in the 19th century. It started to decay seriously after World War II, when industries closed down, in 1963 the Ultimo Powerhouse closed down as well. Its population declined to only 1,800 by 1978, by 1990 the population had dropped to around 900
7.
The Sun-Herald
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The Sun-Herald is an Australian newspaper published in tabloid or compact format on Sundays in Sydney by Fairfax Media. It is the Sunday counterpart of The Sydney Morning Herald, in the 6 months to September 2005, The Sun-Herald had a circulation of 515,000. Readership continued to tumble to 264,434 by the end of 2013 and its predecessor the broadsheet Sunday Herald was published in the years 1949–1953. In 1953 The Sunday Sun was merged with the Sunday Herald to become the tabloid Sun-Herald, the paper has been partially digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia. List of newspapers in Australia The Sun-Herald website The Sunday Herald at Trove The Sun-Herald at Trove
8.
The Age
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The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854. It is delivered in both hardcopy and online formats, the newspaper shares many articles with other Fairfax Media metropolitan daily newspapers, such as The Sydney Morning Herald. As at February 2017, The Age had a weekday circulation of 88,000. The Sunday Age had a circulation of 123,000 and these represented year-on-year declines of 8% to 9%. The Ages website, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, is the 44th and 58th most visited website in Australia respectively, SimilarWeb rates the site as the seventh most visited news website in Australia, attracting more than 7 million visitors per month. The newspaper went compact in March 2013, with the Saturday and Sunday editions retaining the broadsheet format, on 22/23 February 2014, the final weekend edition were produced in broadsheet format with these too converted to compact format on 1/2 March 2014. The Ages parent company Chief executive officer, Greg Hywood, has foreshadowed the end of the print edition of the newspaper, with some analysts saying this will occur during 2017. The Age was founded by three Melbourne businessmen, the brothers John and Henry Cooke, who had arrived from New Zealand in the 1840s, the first edition appeared on 17 October 1854. The first edition under the new owners was on 17 June 1856, Ebenezer Syme was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly shortly after buying The Age, and his brother David Syme soon came to dominate the paper, editorially and managerially. When Ebenezer died in 1860, David became editor-in-chief, a position he retained until his death in 1908, in 1891, Syme bought out Ebenezers heirs and McEwans and became sole proprietor. He built up The Age into Victorias leading newspaper, in circulation, it soon overtook its rivals The Herald and The Argus, and by 1890 it was selling 100,000 copies a day, making it one of the worlds most successful newspapers. Under Symes control The Age exercised enormous political power in Victoria, Syme was originally a free trader, but converted to protectionism through his belief that Victoria needed to develop its manufacturing industries behind tariff barriers. In the 1890s, The Age was a supporter of Australian federation. After Symes death the paper remained in the hands of his three sons, with his eldest son Herbert Syme becoming general manager until his death in 1939, by the 1940s, the papers circulation was smaller than it had been in 1900, and its political influence also declined. Although it remained more liberal than the extremely conservative Argus, it lost much of its political identity. The historian Sybil Nolan writes, Accounts of The Age in these years generally suggest that the paper was second-rate, walker described a newspaper which had fallen asleep in the embrace of the Liberal Party, querulous, doddery and turgid are some of the epithets applied by other journalists. In 1942, David Symes last surviving son, Oswald Syme and he modernised the papers appearance and standards of news coverage. A takeover attempt by the Warwick Fairfax family, publishers of The Sydney Morning Herald, was beaten off and this new lease on life allowed The Age to recover commercially, and in 1957 it received a great boost when The Argus ceased publication
9.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
10.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
11.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
12.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
13.
Roy Morgan Research
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Roy Morgan Research is an Australian market research company headquartered in Melbourne. It was founded in 1941 by Roy Morgan, its Executive Chairman today is his son, Gary Morgan, CEO is Michele Levine. The results are published on www. roymorgan. com and by newspapers, magazines, television, radio, the company is a major provider of advertising and media planning data and undertakes large government, social and corporate research programs. Roy Morgan Research developed the Worm, which first appeared on live TV on Channel TENs Face To Face current affairs program. After being commissioned to provide The Worm to the Nine Network for a decade, Roy Morgan Research conducts the fieldwork for The Melbourne Institutes Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey
14.
Web analytics
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Web analytics is the measurement, collection, analysis and reporting of web data for purposes of understanding and optimizing web usage. However, Web analytics is not just a process for measuring web traffic but can be used as a tool for business and market research, Web analytics applications can also help companies measure the results of traditional print or broadcast advertising campaigns. It helps one to estimate how traffic to a website changes after the launch of a new advertising campaign, Web analytics provides information about the number of visitors to a website and the number of page views. It helps gauge traffic and popularity trends which is useful for market research, most web analytics processes down to four essential stages or steps, which are, Collection of data, This stage is the collection of the basic, elementary data. Usually, this data is counts of things, the objective of this stage is to gather the data. Processing of data into information, This stage usually take counts and make them ratios, the objective of this stage is to take the data and conform it into information, specifically metrics. Developing KPI, This stage focuses on using the ratios and infusing them with business strategies, many times, KPIs deal with conversion aspects, but not always. Formulating online strategy, This stage is concerned with the goals, objectives. These strategies are related to making money, saving money. Each stage impacts or can impact the stage preceding or following it, so, sometimes the data that is available for collection impacts the online strategy. Other times, the online strategy affects the data collected, there are at least two categories of web analytics, off-site and on-site web analytics. Off-site web analytics refers to web measurement and analysis regardless of whether you own or maintain a website and it includes the measurement of a websites potential audience, share of voice, and buzz that is happening on the Internet as a whole. On-site web analytics, the most common, measure a visitors behavior once on your website and this includes its drivers and conversions, for example, the degree to which different landing pages are associated with online purchases. On-site web analytics measures the performance of your website in a commercial context and this data is typically compared against key performance indicators for performance, and used to improve a website or marketing campaigns audience response. Historically, web analytics has been used to refer to on-site visitor measurement, however, this meaning has become blurred, mainly because vendors are producing tools that span both categories. Many different vendors provide on-site web analytics software and services, there are two main technical ways of collecting the data. The first and traditional method, server log file analysis, reads the logfiles in which the web server records file requests by browsers, both collect data that can be processed to produce web traffic reports. The fundamental goal of web analytics is to collect and analyze data related to web traffic, the data mainly come from four sources, Direct HTTP request data, directly comes from HTTP request messages
15.
Alexa Internet
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Alexa Internet, Inc. is a California-based company that provides commercial web traffic data and analytics. It is an owned subsidiary of Amazon. com. Founded as an independent company in 1996, Alexa was acquired by Amazon in 1999 and its toolbar collects data on browsing behavior and transmits them to the Alexa website, where they are stored and analyzed. This is the basis for the web traffic reporting. According to its website, Alexa provides traffic data, global rankings, as of 2015, its website has been visited by over 6.5 million people monthly. Alexa Internet was founded in April 1996 by American web entrepreneurs Brewster Kahle, Alexa initially offered a toolbar that gave Internet users suggestions on where to go next, based on the traffic patterns of its user community. The company also offered context for each site visited, to whom it was registered, how many pages it had, how other sites pointed to it. Alexas operations grew to include archiving of web pages as they are crawled and this database served as the basis for the creation of the Internet Archive accessible through the Wayback Machine. In 1998, the company donated a copy of the archive, Alexa continues to supply the Internet Archive with Web crawls. In 1999, as the company moved away from its vision of providing an intelligent search engine. Alexa began a partnership with Google in early 2002, and with the web directory DMOZ in January 2003, in May 2006, replaced Google with Bing as a provider of search results. In December 2006, Amazon released Alexa Image Search, built in-house, it was the first major application built on the companys Web platform. In December 2005, Alexa opened its extensive search index and Web-crawling facilities to third-party programs through a set of Web services. These could be used, for instance, to construct vertical search engines that could run on Alexas own servers or elsewhere. In May 2007, Alexa changed their API to limit comparisons to three websites, reduce the size of embedded graphs in Flash, and add mandatory embedded BritePic advertisements. In April 2007, the company filed a lawsuit, Alexa v. Hornbaker, in the lawsuit, Alexa alleged that Ron Hornbaker was stealing traffic graphs for profit, and that the primary purpose of his site was to display graphs that were generated by Alexas servers. Hornbaker removed the term Alexa from his name on March 19,2007. Thereafter, Alexa became a purely analytics-focused company, on March 31,2009, Alexa launched a major website redesign
16.
SimilarWeb
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SimilarWeb Ltd. is a digital market intelligence company co-founded in 2007 by Or Offer. It sells a software as a product, an API product, custom reports. The company was founded in 2007 by Or Offer in Tel-Aviv,2009 SimilarWeb won the first Israeli SeedCamp, attracting the attention of international media and investors. The company raised its Series A round of $1.1 million the investment led by Yossi Vardi, similarSites, a browser extension to help users find sites similar to the one they are visiting, was launched later that year. 2013 On January 29,2013, SimilarWeb raised another $2.5 million, on February 24,2014, South Africa media giant Naspers invested $18 million into SimilarWeb by funding a Series C. In November 2014, SimilarWeb announced that it had collected funds for its expansion and enhancement of its mobile insights. To this initiative, Naspers and Lord David Alliance contributed $15 million in a series D investment, SimilarWebs most notable clients include PayPal, eBay Inc. On December 10,2015, SimilarWeb announced it had acquired Quettra, founded by ex-Google Play executive, Ankit Jain, Quettra provided personalization tools to developers in return for detailed mobile telemetry data. The Quettra team will serve as the basis of SimilarWebs newly established Silicon Valley headquarters, alexa Internet comScore Compete. com Quantcast Nielsen N. V
17.
William Curnow
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William Curnow was a Cornish Australian journalist, and Methodist minister, and was editor of The Sydney Morning Herald for 15 years. Curnow was baptised on 2 December 1832 at St Ives, Cornwall, United Kingdom, the son of James Curnow, a tin miner, and his wife Jane, née Hallow. As a child he competed in a recitation contest at a local Methodist chapel in which he beat a young Henry Irving who at time was still known by the surname Brodribb. At the time of the United Kingdom Census 1851, when he was 18 and he trained for the Wesleyan Methodist ministry, before emigrating to Australia in 1854. Arriving in Sydney on 23 May 1854 with fellow Cornishman and minister William Kelynack, he served as minister at Newcastle, Maitland, Parramatta and it was in Parramatta where he married Matilda Susanna Weiss, daughter of a Sydney businessman, on 16 March 1858. In 1859 he was transferred to the Brisbane and Ipswich circuit in Queensland, for three years Curnow was minister for the York street Church, the principal place of worship of the Sydney Wesleyans, and another three years were spent at Bourke Street. In 1868 he went to Goulburn, before returning to York street in 1871, in March 1874 he left for a trip to the United Kingdom. When he returned Curnow initially ministered in Forest Lodge, however his throat had become affected by public speaking. Curnow was joint editor of the Christian Advocate and Wesleyan Record with William Kelynack from 1864–68, from 1873 he contributed articles to the Sydney Morning Herald, and John Fairfax highly appreciated his work. On Curnows return from abroad, in 1875, Fairfax invited him to become a member of the editorial staff and he edited The Sydney Mail for five months in 1885 and on 1 January 1886 he succeeded Andrew Garran as editor of the Sydney Morning Herald. He retired in 1903 in failing health, and died aged 70 of cerebrovascular disease at his home at Clifton, Cambridge street and he was survived by his wife, two sons and two daughters. His wife, with Maybanke Anderson and Louisa Macdonald, helped to establish free kindergartens and was a founder of the Womens Literary Society and of The Womens College, University of Sydney
18.
Andrew Garran
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Andrew Garran, English-Australian journalist and politician, was the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald from 1873 to 1885. Garran was born in London in 1825 and he was educated at Hackney Grammar School in the Hackney borough of London, and at Spring Hill College, Birmingham. He also attended a college in Norfolk, where he trained to be a Congregationalist minister. He later studied at the University of London, graduating with a Masters of Arts degree in 1848, due to poor health, he spent eighteen months as a private tutor in the Madeira Islands seeking a better climate, returning to London the following year. In 1850 he moved to Australia, where he settled in Adelaide, Garran himself travelled to Victoria, where he was a tutor in the town of Ballan. He returned to South Australia in 1854, where he became the editor of the South Australian Register, in the same year, he married Mary Isham, with whom he would have one son and seven daughters. Andrew and Mary Garran left South Australia in 1856 for Sydney, New South Wales, the family lived in a terrace on Phillip Street, near Martin Place, where they kept a dairy cow, which would graze during the day in The Domain. While working for the Herald, Garran studied at the University of Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1868, when the editor of the Herald, John West, died in December 1873, Garran was promptly promoted. Garran was one of the earliest supporters of the federation of Australia and he served as editor until 1885, when poor health forced him to resign, after spending nearly thirty years at the newspaper. However, Garran did not retire completely, and on 15 February 1887 was given an appointment to the New South Wales Legislative Council. In 1890, the Premier of New South Wales, Henry Parkes, from March 1895 to November 1898, Garran was the leader of the Reid government in the Legislative Council, and vice-president of the Executive Council of New South Wales. Throughout his career Garran held a number of other positions and he was a director of the Newcastle Wallsend Coal Company from 1869, and the chairman from 1874 to 1879. He was a member of the New South Wales Board of Technical Education and he was the correspondent for Londons The Times for many years, continuing up until his death. Garran died in 1901, in the Sydney suburb of Darlinghurst and he was survived by his wife and six of his eight children
19.
Sydney Gazette
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The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser was the first newspaper printed in Australia, running from 5 March 1803 until 20 October 1842. It was a publication of the government of New South Wales, authorised by Governor King. On 14 October 1824, under the editorship of Robert Howe, the introductory address, by Howe, was published on the first page in the third column. It read, The newspapers original editor, typesetter and printer was George Howe, after Howes death in 1821, the Gazette was printed by his son, Robert, until he drowned in a boating accident in Port Jackson in 1829. The business then passed to Roberts co-editor and friend Ralph Mansfield, Mansfield soon left the Gazette, and was replaced by a series of short-term editors including Edward OShaughnessy, George Thomas Graham and Horatio Wills, Robert Howes apprentice and step-brother. From 1833, the paper was edited by Anne Howe, Roberts widow, but managed by OShaughnessy and later William Watt. After Watts banishment to Port Macquarie in 1835, ownership of the Gazette passed to Richard Jones, Jones helped establish Robert Charles Howe, Howes eldest illegitimate son, as the legal owner. Howe sold the newspaper in 1841 to Patrick Grant and its final editor, from 2 August 1842, was Richard Sanderson. The Gazette was printed alongside government orders, rules and regulations on a printing press. It was initially printed as a sheet, folded into four pages of foolscap size. Its masthead was a locally produce woodcut of Sydney and carried the imprimatur Published by Authority, in May 1803, Howe successfully requested new type and additional engravings to replace the worn type that had been used previously. The printing materials were upgraded by Howes son, when he enlarged the newspaper to Demy size in 1824. From 5 March 1803 until 29 September 1825, the Gazette was issued weekly, for six weeks, from 1 January to 10 February 1827, it appeared daily, but the postal service could not accommodate this schedule. It continued publication three times a week until it discontinued production on 20 October 1842, when the newspaper first began publishing in 1803 the use of the long s was still in usage by published books and newspapers across English speaking countries. Application to be made to Mr. Robert Campbell, jun. at his Office, the next edition on the 4th of July 1812 have no articles that use it and later editions appear to be the same. The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia, List of newspapers in Australia List of newspapers in New South Wales Michael Massey Robinson The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser at Trove
20.
John Fairfax
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John Fairfax, English-born journalist, is notable for the incorporation of the major newspapers of modern-day Australia. Fairfax was born in Barford, Warwickshire, the son of William Fairfax and his wife. The Fairfax family for years were lords of the manor of Barford. A year or two later he established himself at Leamington Hastings as a printer, bookseller and stationer, there, on 31 July 1827, he married Sarah Reading, daughter of James and Sarah Reading. He became the printer of the Leamington Spa Courier, and in 1835 he purchased an interest in another paper The Leamington Chronicle and he had a book binding business in Leamington. At this time Leamington was one of the spa towns in the UK. In 1836 Fairfax published a letter criticizing the conduct of a local solicitor, though judgment was given for the defendant, the solicitor appealed. Judgment was again given for Fairfax but the costs of the actions were so heavy that he had to apply to the Insolvency Court, after a voyage of about 130 days, they reached Sydney on 26 September 1838, Fairfax had just £5 in his pocket. Fairfax worked as a compositor for some months then on 1 April 1839 was appointed librarian of the Australian subscription library, the salary was only £100 a year but he had free quarters for his family in pleasant surroundings. He found he was able to get some typesetting, and he contributed articles to the various Sydney newspapers. What was possibly more important was his contacting through the library the best educated men of Sydney, one of these was a member of the staff of the Sydney Herald, Charles Kemp, with whom he joined forces to purchase the Herald for the sum of £10,000. The paper was bought on terms, friends helped the two men to find the deposit, and on 8 February 1841 they took control as proprietors. It was good combination for each had qualities that supplemented the others, they worked in harmony for 12 years and it was given the fuller title of the Sydney Morning Herald in 1842, and in spite of a period of depression both partners by 1853 were in prosperous positions. The partnership was dissolved in September 1853 and Charles, Johns eldest son, in the previous year his father had visited England and seeking out his old creditors repaid every man in full with interest added. Under Fairfax and his sons the paper increased in public favour. It was always conservative, G. B, barton in his Literature in New South Wales said in 1866 that its Toryism had increased in a direct ratio to the Radicalism of the constitution, and its prosperity in a direct ratio to its Toryism. The Herald was moved to its present site in 1856, a weekly journal, The Sydney Mail, was established, its first number was published on 7 July 1860, and it continued to appear until 1938. Fairfax was a religious man, a member of the Congregational Church at Pitt St
21.
The West Australian
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The West is the second-oldest continuously produced newspaper in Australia, having been published since 1833. The West tends to have conservative leanings, and has supported the Liberal–National Party Coalition. Of Australias largest newspapers by circulation, The West is ranked fourth and is the newspaper in the top 20 not owned by either News Limited or Fairfax Media. As of January 2015, refraining from reporting greatly reduced print circulation, the Saturday edition was rebranded as The Weekend West in October 2010. There is an enlarged classified-advertising section for motor vehicles each Wednesday, a digital archive subscription enables past editions to be accessed for $220 per month or $2,200 per year. The West has conservative leanings, and has supported the Liberal–National Party Coalition throughout the political groups existence. At the state election held in March 2017, the newspapers editorial endorsed the Australian Labor Party opposition, led by Mark McGowan, the tabloid newspaper publishes international, national and local news. As of 23 February 2015, newsgathering was integrated with the TV news and current-affairs operations of Seven News, Perth, a breaking news and video news website are also staffed in the same area, together with sales and other departments. In the 1990s, the newspaper introduced a weekly Earth 2000 segment on environmental matters, opinion columnists now include Zoltan Kovacs, Paul Murray and a variety of writers syndicated from Fairfax Media including Gerard Henderson, Danny Katz and Brian Toohey. The paper publishes a supplement titled WestWeekend Magazine which is included as an insert in The Weekend West, the West Australian was owned by the publicly listed company West Australian Newspapers Ltd from the 1920s. The following year Alan Bond, through Bond Corporation, gained control of Bell Group and this ownership structure only survived for a few years until the collapse of Bond Corporation. A newly formed company, West Australian Newspapers Holdings, then purchased the paper from the receivers before being floated in an oversubscribed $185 million public offering, chairman Trevor Eastwood announced in the annual report that the company was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange on 9 January 1992. A management fee of $217,000 and underwriting/brokers handling fee of $1,981,136 were paid to companies associated with former short-term directors John Poynton and J. H. Nickson. After having acquired Seven Media Group in February 2011, West Australian Newspapers Holdings Limited became Seven West Media, the West Australian traces its origins to The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, the first edition of which appeared on 5 January 1833. Owned and edited by Perth postmaster Charles Macfaull, it was originally a four-page weekly and it was, at first, published on Saturdays, but changed to Fridays in 1864. The new publisher, M. Shenton, remained in place until 26 June 1874, when it was bought by a syndicate who renamed it The Western Australian Times and who in September 1874 increased production to two editions a week. On 18 November 1879, it was relaunched as The West Australian, in October 1883, production was increased to three editions per week, two years later it became a daily publication. The proprietors of the West Australian at that time also inaugurated the Western Mail, initially, delivery of the paper beyond settled areas was problematic, but the growth and development of the rural railway system in the early 1900s facilitated wider circulation
22.
Chullora
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It is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. The suburb of Chullora was originally part of the known as Liberty Plains. In the 1950s, many immigrants from Europe were housed in the area, once established, they moved to other parts of Sydney. Chullora was the used for one of the estates in this area. Chullora is an Aboriginal word meaning flour, the recent construction of the Tip Top Bakeries, has perhaps brought the suburbs back to its roots. During World War II, Chullora was selected as the site for a major manufacturing plant. The site once occupied several hundred acres of land surrounded by Rookwood Cemetery, Brunker Road, the site was said to have been the largest secret manufacturing plant in Australia which was used for the production of military weapons, plane components, tanks, HE Bombs and ordnance. Over two-thousand men and woman were employed to work at the factory on a daily basis, during the war the factory produced components for 700 Beaufort,380 Beau fighter and up to 50 Lincoln aircraft. Over 54 ACI tanks were built as well as 60 General Lee tanks that were adapted for use in the Australian Military, the factory also produced 81 cupola turrets for the British Matilda tanks. An underground bunker and tunnel system is located on this site and it is directly under a block flats in Davidson Street and Marlene Crescent. The doors to this bunker were welded up in the late 1980s, the steel doors are no longer visible, and the associated area has been back filled. Apart from the bunker, there is also a network of facilities that extend under the railway workshop. Sometime between 1977 and 1978 the steel doors were fitted with locks. The airshafts for this bunker are still seen from the Hume Highway. It has also alleged that a tunnel approximately 6 km long connects this complex with Bankstown Bunker, on the corner of Marion. Chullora is essentially an area with many factories and warehouses, including Tip Top Bakeries. Chullora also houses the printing plants for Sydney newspapers and magazines, fairfax Media print The Sydney Morning Herald and The Sun-Herald and News Corp Australia prints The Australian, The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph. Chullora is also home to the headquarters of Dick Smith Electronics, a Big Bicycle is located outside the Chullora Recycling Centre and is a roadside attraction
23.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
24.
Tabloid (newspaper format)
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A tabloid is a newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet. There is no standard size for this newspaper format, the term tabloid journalism refers to an emphasis on such topics as sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and television, and is not a reference to newspapers printed in this format. Some small-format papers with a standard of journalism refer to themselves as compact newspapers. Larger newspapers, traditionally associated with higher-quality journalism, are called broadsheets, in common usage, tabloid and broadsheet are frequently more descriptive of a newspapers market position than physical format. The Berliner format used by many prominent European newspapers is sized between the tabloid and the broadsheet, in a newspaper context, the term Berliner is generally used only to describe size, not to refer to other qualities of the publication. The word tabloid comes from the name given by the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to the compressed tablets they marketed as Tabloid pills in the late 1880s, the connotation of tabloid was soon applied to other small compressed items. A1902 item in Londons Westminister Gazette noted, The proprietor intends to give in tabloid form all the news printed by other journals, thus tabloid journalism in 1901 originally meant a paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. The term preceded the 1918 reference to smaller sheet newspapers that contained the condensed stories, a tabloid is defined as roughly 17 by 11 inches and commonly half the size of a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers, especially in the United Kingdom, boast a very high degree of variation as far as target market, political alignment, editorial style, thus, various terms have been coined to describe the subtypes of this versatile paper format. There are, broadly, two types of tabloid newspaper, red top and compact. The distinction is largely of editorial style, both red top and compact tabloids span the width of the spectrum from socialism to capitalist conservatism. The red top tabloid is, for many, the example of the format. Red tops tend to be written with a simplistic, straightforward vocabulary and grammar, their layout, more often than not, in the extreme case, red top tabloids have been accused of lying or misrepresenting the truth to increase circulation. Poll results are often predicted by red top papers, examples of British red top newspapers include The Sun, the Daily Star, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Sport. In contrast to red top tabloids, compacts use a style more closely associated with broadsheet newspapers. In fact, most compact tabloids formerly used the paper size. The term compact was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail, one of the newspapers to make the change. The purpose behind this was to avoid the association of the word tabloid with the flamboyant, the early converts from broadsheet format made the change in the 1970s, two notable British papers that took this step at the time were the Daily Mail and the Daily Express
25.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
26.
Freemium
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Freemium is a pricing strategy by which a product or service is provided free of charge, but money is charged for proprietary features, functionality, or virtual goods. The business model called shareware has been in use for software since the 1980s and this is often in a time-limited or feature-limited version to promote a paid-for full version. The model is suited to software as the cost of distribution is negligible. Thus little is lost by giving it away for free, then offer premium priced value added services or an enhanced version of your service to your customer base. Jarid Lukin of Alacra, one of Wilsons portfolio companies, then suggested the term freemium for this model, in 2009, Chris Anderson published the book Free, which examines the popularity of this business model. As well as for software and services, it is now also often used by Web 2.0. The freemium model is related to tiered services. It has become a popular model, with notable examples including LinkedIn, Badoo. A freemium model is used to build a consumer base when the marginal cost of producing extra units is low. In the Christian 5033 religious education sector, Christian Leaders Institute uses the model to train Christian leaders. CLI offers free training to receive unofficial certificates, diplomas and degrees at no charge, the infrastructure cost to provide this training and these unofficial awards is supported by donations to the mission, which receive tax deductions in the United States. If CLI students want official awards, they are required to make minimal non-tax deductible donations that cover the costs of processing, verification. Cloud service providers – ranging from Infrastructure providers, platform providers to service providers – use freemium pattern in their business models. Companies such as Rackspace, Heroku, and Amazon use freemium business patterns by providing services for free. Amazon, for example, allows anyone to create a cloud in their infrastructure as a trial service for 12 months. Other examples include free-to-play games – video games that can be downloaded without paying, other software makes its features available for trial period, and then at the end of that period it stops working. This is an evaluation, and at the end of the evaluation period does not work at all. This is not to be confused with the model, where the user has access to a limited free version without time restraint
27.
Digital content
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Digital content is any content that exists in the form of digital data. Also known as media, digital content is stored on digital or analog storage in specific formats. Forms of digital content include information that is digitally broadcast, streamed, viewed narrowly, digital content includes popular media types, while a broader approach considers any type of digital information as digital content. Digital content has increased as more households have accessed the Internet, increased access has made it easier for people to receive their news and watch TV online, challenging the popularity of traditional platforms. Increased access to the Internet has also led to the publication of digital content through individuals in the form of eBooks, blog posts. At the beginning of the Digital Revolution, computers facilitated the discovery, retrieval, as information became increasingly more accessible, the Digital Revolution also facilitated the creation of digital content. These new technologies will create challenges for content creators, as they determine the best channel to bring content to their consumers, despite the benefits, new technologies have created new intellectual property issues. Users can easily share, modify, and redistribute content outside of the creators control, examples include, Video – Types of video content include home videos, music videos, TV shows, and movies. Many of these can be viewed on websites such as YouTube, Hulu, CBS, however, many movies and television shows are not available for free legally, but rather can be purchased from sites such as iTunes and Amazon. Software – In recent years, there has been an increase in access to freeware, examples of this include free computer software such as Mozilla Firefox, and operating systems such as Linux distributions. Many applications such as Facebook and YouTube also provide users with functionality to post, audio – Music is the most common form of audio. Spotify has emerged as a way for people to listen to music either over the Internet or from their computer desktop. Digital content in the form of music is available through Pandora and last. fm. Images – Photo and image sharing is another example of digital content, popular apps that are used for images include Instagram and Snapchat. In order to have access to more premium digital goods, consumers usually have to pay an upfront charge for digital content, Video – Many licensed videos, such as movies and television shows, require money in order to be viewed or downloaded. Popular services used by many include streaming giant Netflix and Amazons streaming service, software – Most software for computers require money to use, such as Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop. Audio – While songs can be streamed for free, generally in order to download most licensed music, consumers need to purchase songs from web stores, such as the popular iTunes. However, Spotify Premium is emerging as a new model for purchasing digital content on the web, consumers pay a monthly fee to unlimited streaming and downloading from Spotifys music library
28.
Australian Labor Party
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The Australian Labor Party is a political party in Australia. The party has been in opposition at federal level since the 2013 election, Bill Shorten has been the partys federal parliamentary leader since 13 October 2013. The party is a party with branches in each state. Labor is in government in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the party competes against the Liberal/National Coalition for political office at the federal and state levels. Labors current National Platform describes the party as a social democratic party, the party of opportunity and security for working people. The ALP was not founded as a party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901. Nevertheless, it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the labour movement in Australia. Labor is thus the countrys oldest political party, colonial labour parties contested seats from 1891, and federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. Labor was the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian Parliament, internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance network of social-democratic parties, having previously been a member of the Socialist International. The Australian Labor Party has its origins in the Labour parties founded in the 1890s in the Australian colonies prior to federation, Labor tradition ascribes the founding of Queensland Labour to a meeting of striking pastoral workers under a ghost gum tree in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The Balmain, New South Wales branch of the party claims to be the oldest in Australia, Labour as a parliamentary party dates from 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia,1893 in Queensland, and later in the other colonies. The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, the major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions, the United Labor Party of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election, at the 1893 South Australian elections the ULP was immediately elevated to balance of power status with 10 of 54 lower house seats. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of the ULP, so successful, less than a decade later at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the worlds first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the states first of many majority governments at the 1910 election, in 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a minority Labour government in Queensland, the first in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split. The colonial Labour parties and the unions were mixed in their support for the Federation of Australia. They feared that federation would further entrench the power of the conservative forces, the first Labour leader and Prime Minister, Chris Watson, however, was a supporter of federation
29.
Australian federal election, 1984
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 1 December 1984. All 148 seats in the House of Representatives, and 46 of 76 seats in the Senate, were up for election, the election was held in conjunction with two referendum questions, neither of which was carried. Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election, the election had a long campaign and a high rate of informal voting for the House of Representatives, but decreased rate in the Senate. The election was held 18 months ahead of time, partly to bring the elections for the House of Representatives, the legislated increase in the size of the House of Representatives by 24 seats and the Senate by 12 seats came into effect at the 1984 election. Prior to 1984 the electoral commission did not undertake a full distribution of preferences for statistical purposes, labor instead suffered a 2-point swing against it and had its majority cut from 25 to 16. Andrew Peacock did well from a performance in the one leaders debate. This was the first televised debate in Australia. com election details
30.
Australian federal election, 2004
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 9 October 2004. All 150 seats in the House of Representatives and 40 seats in the 76-member Senate were up for election, independents, Peter Andren, Tony Windsor, Bob Katter The Nationals had candidates in 9 seats where three-cornered-contests existed, with 84. 70% of preferences favouring the Liberal Party. Labor won four seats from the Coalition, Adelaide, Hindmarsh, Parramatta, the Coalition thus had a net gain of four seats. Labor, meanwhile, received the new seat of Bonner and the redistributed Wakefield, the Labor Party regained the seat of Cunningham, which had been lost to the Greens in a by-election in 2002. *Con Sciacca was in fact the member for the seat of Bowman, martyn Evans was the member for the abolished seat of Bonython, he instead contested the seat of Wakefield. Julian McGauran later left the Nationals and joined the Liberals, the Coalition parties won 46. 7% of the primary vote, a gain of 3. 7% over the 2001 election. The opposition Australian Labor Party polled 37. 6%, a loss of 0.2 percentage points, the Australian Greens emerged as the most prominent minor party, polling 7. 2%, a gain of 2.2 points. Both the Australian Democrats and One Nation had their vote greatly reduced, after a notional distribution of preferences, the Australian Electoral Commission estimated that the Coalition had polled 52. 74% of the two-party-preferred vote, a gain of 1.7 points from 2001. The Liberal Party won 74 seats, the National Party 12 seats, the Coalition also won 39 seats in the 76-member Senate, making the Howard Government the first government to have a majority in the Senate since 1981. Even Howard had described that feat as a big ask, the results were a setback for the Labor leader, Mark Latham, and contributed to his resignation in January 2005 after assuming the leadership from Simon Crean in 2003. The defeat made Labors task more difficult, a pendulum for the House of Representatives. However, Kim Beazley said that the accession of Latham to the ALP leadership, Beazley stated that polling a year before the election indicated that the ALP would lose 25–30 seats in the House of Representatives. Instead the party lost a net four seats in the House, there was also a 1. 1-point swing to the ALP in the Senate. The Coalition gaining control of the Senate was enabled by a collapse in first preferences for the Australian Democrats, Liberal Senator John Tierney, who was dropped to number four on the Coalition Senate ticket, was also defeated. Celebrity candidates Peter Garrett and Malcolm Turnbull easily won their contests, prominent clergyman Fred Nile failed to win a Senate seat in New South Wales. The first Muslim candidate to be endorsed by a party in Australia, Ed Husic, failed to win the seat of Greenway, New South Wales. The former One Nation leader, Pauline Hanson, failed in her bid to win a Senate seat in Queensland as an independent, the Australian Democrats polled their lowest vote since their creation in 1977, and lost the three Senate seats they were defending. The Australian Greens won Senate seats in Western Australia and in Tasmania and they missed seats in Victoria, Queensland and South Australia, partly because of preference deals by other parties
31.
Coalition (Australia)
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The Coalition, also known as the Liberal–National Coalition, is a political alliance of centre-right liberal conservative parties, which has existed in Australian politics in various forms since 1923. The extent to which the parties are in alliance varies at state, a Liberal–National merger at a national level has been proposed on several occasions, without much progress. The most notable exception to rule was in Queensland, where the National Party was generally the stronger coalition partner. At all levels of government, the Coalitions strongest opponent is most often the Australian Labor Party, based on the traditional definition of what a Coalition is, it currently only exists in federal, New South Wales and Victorian politics. The main members of the Coalition at the level are the Liberal Party of Australia. The Nationalists only realistic coalition partner was the two-year-old Country Party, hughes resigned, and Page then entered negotiations with the new Nationalist leader, Stanley Bruce. Nonetheless, Bruce agreed rather than force a new election, the Nationalist–Country Coalition was reelected twice, and continued in office until its defeat in 1929. The parties once again joined in a full Coalition government following the 1934 federal election, the Coalition again split following the 1943 election, but the Country Party and the UAPs successor, the present-day Liberal Party, renewed their agreement for the 1946 federal election. They won the 1949 election as a Coalition, and stayed in office for a record 23 years, the Coalition remained together upon entering opposition in 1983 election. The Coalition suffered another break, related to the Joh for Canberra campaign, from April to August 1987, the solidity of the Coalition is so strong that when the Liberals won outright parliamentary majorities in their own right in 1975,1977 and 1996, the Coalition was retained. The status of the Coalition varies across the Commonwealth and states, below is the Coalitions status on a state-by-state basis, New South Wales, A Coalition between the Liberal and National parties exists in New South Wales. The Liberal Party is led by Gladys Berejiklian and the National Party by John Barilaro, led by Barry OFarrell, it won the 2011 state election in a massive swing and the 2015 election with a reduced majority, led by Baird. The Coalition has existed in one form or another without interruption since 1927, New South Wales is the only state where the non-Labor Coalition has never broken, and yet has also never merged. This remained the case even in 2011, when the Liberals won a majority in their own right, the Nationals were the senior partner in the non-Labor Coalition from 1925 until the Coalition was broken in 1983. The Nationals then governed in their own right until 1989, the Coalition was renewed in 1991, and won power under Rob Borbidge from 1996 to 1998. In 2008, the agreed to merge, forming the Liberal National Party. Although it is dominated by former Nationals, it has full voting rights within the Liberal Party, Springborg stood down in 2009, and was succeeded by former Liberal John-Paul Langbroek. The LNP won a majority government in the 2012 state election under the leadership of former Liberal Campbell Newman
32.
New South Wales state election, 2007
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Elections for the 54th Parliament of New South Wales were held on Saturday,24 March 2007. The entire Legislative Assembly and half of the Legislative Council was up for election, the Australian Labor Party led by Morris Iemma won a fourth four-year term against the Liberal-National coalition led by Peter Debnam. Labors substantial majority survived the election almost intact, the Liberals succeeded in taking two independent-held seats and one Labor-held seat, whilst the Nationals and an independent each took one Labor-held seat. Labor, running on the slogan More to do, but were heading in the direction, heavily outspent the Liberals. Though water and infrastructure emerged as key issues in the campaign, much of the parties advertising focussed on the negatives, Debnams business record, the result was widely perceived as a foregone conclusion, with opposition leader Peter Debnam conceding as much the week before the poll. Opinion polls consistently put Labor ahead in terms of voting intention, the ALP would eventually lose government at the next election in a landslide defeat in 2011. There has been a view that the party would have suffered a worse defeat if it had lost government at the 2007 election. The New South Wales Legislative Assembly has 93 members elected for four-year terms using instant-runoff voting, the voting system is the same as for the Australian House of Representatives except that New South Wales has optional preferential voting. This means that voters may number every candidate if they wish. They may vote for one only, or for as many candidates as they choose. The New South Wales Legislative Council has 42 members who serve eight year terms, the Council uses the Single Transferable Vote method, a form of preferential voting for use with proportional representation. As for the Assembly, the numbering of preferences is optional, after each election, the Governor of New South Wales, appoints a member of the Legislative Assembly to the position of Premier of New South Wales. By convention, the party leader with the largest bloc of votes in the Assembly, is chosen, government is formed in the Legislative Assembly, the lower house of Parliament. The seats for this election resulted from the boundary redistribution conducted in 2004, the two-party preferred vote, excluding votes which were exhausted in the distribution of preferences, was 52. 26% for Labor, and 47. 74% for the Coalition. A majority being 47 seats, the Labor Party had to lose nine seats to lose its majority, had the Liberal-National coalition gained at least one seat from an Independent, a uniform swing of 11. 6% would have been sufficient. Otherwise, the necessary uniform swing required would have been 12. 3%, swings of this size are rare in New South Wales politics. The swings required for the party to take each of the Assemblys 93 seats are often illustrated by means of a Mackerras Pendulum. The following seats were described as marginal by psephologists Malcolm Mackerras, ¶In 2003, Labor won Murray Darling on a 6. 7% margin, however the subsequent redistribution made it notionally National
33.
Australian federal election, 2007
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The Federal election for the 42nd Parliament of Australia was held on Saturday 24 November 2007 after a 39-day campaign, in which 13.6 million Australians were enrolled to vote. All 150 seats in the House of Representatives and 40 of the seats in the 76-member Senate were contested in the election, the Coalition had been in power since the 1996 election. Independents, Tony Windsor, Bob Katter At 8.00 pm, at 10.29 pm AEST, approximately two hours after the last polls in Western Australia closed, Liberal deputy leader Peter Costello conceded that the Coalition had lost government. At 10.36 pm, John Howard delivered a speech at the Sofitel Wentworth Hotel in Sydney to concede defeat, at 11.05 pm, Kevin Rudd delivered his victory speech. Labor won 83 of the 150 seats in the incoming House of Representatives and this represented a 23-seat swing to Labor. The Liberals won 55 while the Nationals won 10, with two seats retained by Independents, Labor finished with a 52.70 per cent two-party-preferred vote, a 5. 44-point swing from 2004. On preferences,79.7 per cent of Green votes flowed to Labor,60.3 per cent of Family First votes flowed to the Coalition, with 62.5 per cent of Democrat votes flowing to Labor. Western Australia went against the trend, with the Liberals suffering only a 2. 14-point swing against them – lower than all except Tasmania. Independents, Nick Xenophon Labor and the Coalition won 18 seats each in the half-Senate election, the Greens won three seats, with Independent Nick Xenophon being elected on primary votes alone. This took the 76-member Senate total to 37 Coalition,32 Labor,5 Green,1 Family First, and 1 Independent. With a majority being 39 senators, when the new Senate met after 1 July 2008, Xenophon, although reported as left-of-centre, indicated plans to work closely with the renegade National, Senator Barnaby Joyce. If sufficient Coalition senators voted for government legislation, support from the crossbench was not required, xenophons election was at the expense of a Liberal candidate, without his presence the Coalition would have held enough Senate seats to block legislation. Compared to the previous Senate, the Greens gained one, a new Independent was elected, the Coalition lost two, and the Democrats lost all four of their seats. The informal rate of 2.55 per cent ties with the 1993 election as the lowest informal rate in the Senate since federation, the introduction of the group voting ticket at the 1984 election saw the number of informal votes drop dramatically. Prime Minister Stanley Bruce and National Party leader Charles Blunt lost their seats in 1929 and 1990 respectively, Howard had held the seat since 1974, and it had been in Liberal hands ever since its creation in 1949. However, successive redistributions, along with change, had made the once safe Liberal seat much friendlier to Labor. Howards two-party majority was four percent, putting it right on the edge of seats that Labor would likely take in the event it won. Late on election night, when conceding Labor had won government, Howard also acknowledged the likelihood he had lost Bennelong to McKew, though he and he had been ahead by thin margins for most of the night, never leading by more than 0.2 percentage points
34.
Australian federal election, 2010
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A federal election was held on Saturday,21 August 2010 for members of the 43rd Parliament of Australia. Six crossbenchers held the balance of power, Greens MP Adam Bandt and independent MPs Andrew Wilkie, Rob Oakeshott and Tony Windsor declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply. Independent MP Bob Katter and National Party of Western Australia MP Tony Crook declared their support for the Coalition on confidence, the resulting 76–74 margin entitled Labor to form a minority government. The Prime Minister, government ministers and parliamentary secretaries were sworn in on 14 September 2010 by the Governor-General Quentin Bryce, the Coalition was reduced from 37 to 34 and Labor was reduced from 32 to 31. The two remaining seats were occupied by Xenophon and Victorias new Democratic Labor Party Senator John Madigan, Family First Party Senator Steve Fielding was defeated. These changes took effect in the Senate on 1 July 2011, more than 14 million Australians were enrolled to vote at the time of the election. The election was conducted by the Australian Electoral Commission, Labor and the Coalition each won 72 seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives, a loss of eleven and a gain of seven respectively. Labor won their largest two-party preferred vote in Victoria and Tasmania since official two-party records began in 1949, on the crossbench, one member of the Australian Greens, one member of the National Party of Western Australia and four independent members held the balance of power. After gaining the support of four crossbenchers Labor was able to form a minority government, on the crossbenches, Adam Bandt won the first seat for the Greens at a general election in the seat of Melbourne. He had previously announced he would align with Labor in the event of a hung parliament, on 1 September the Greens declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply. Andrew Wilkie, a former Greens candidate and now independent, was elected as the Member for Denison, on 2 September 2010 he declared his support for Labor on confidence and supply. Tony Crook won the seat of OConnor for the National Party of Western Australia, there was dispute over affiliation, with some classing Crook as a member of the Coalition and including him in their Coalition totals. The WA National Party subsequently issued a statement saying in part, Crook says, In every news report and press report we see, my number is being allocated in with the Coalition and it shouldnt be. On 6 September Crook declared his support for the Coalition on confidence and supply, on 6 May 2012, it was announced that Crook would join the Nationals party room and be formally part of the Coalition. Bob Katter, Tony Windsor and Rob Oakeshott, all independents, were re-elected, both Katter and Windsor were successful at previous elections, while Oakeshott was elected at the 2008 Lyne by-election. All are former members of the National Party, a party in the Coalition. However, all three said they would be open to negotiating with either side to form government and they said they would engage in discussion as a bloc but vote individually. On 7 September, Katter declared his support for the Coalition on confidence, later that day, Windsor and Oakeshott declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply
35.
Australian federal election, 2013
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A federal election to determine the members of the 44th Parliament of Australia took place on 7 September 2013.6 percentage point two-party swing. Labor had been in government since the 2007 election, Abbott was sworn in by the Governor-General, Quentin Bryce as Australias 28th Prime Minister on 18 September 2013 along with the Abbott Ministry and the members of the House of Representatives. The 44th Parliament of Australia opened on 12th November 2013, which is taken to be the commencement of the term of members of the House of Representatives. The new senators were sworn in by the next Governor-General Peter Cosgrove on 7 July 2014, the proclamation dissolving the House of Representatives and formally beginning the election period, had been issued by the Governor-General, Quentin Bryce, on 5 August 2013. The writs of election were issued by Bryce for the election of members of the House of Representatives. Voting in Australias federal elections has been compulsory since 1925, for the House of Representatives, a preferential ballot system has been in use since 1919, in single-member seats. For the Senate – the proportionally representative upper house – a single vote system has been in use since 1949. Elections are conducted by the Australian Electoral Commission, a special half-Senate election was conducted on 5 April 2014 in Western Australia as a result of 1,375 lost ballot papers. Independents, Andrew Wilkie, Cathy McGowan The Senate has 76 seats, forty seats were up for election, six in each of the six states, two for the ACT and two for the Northern Territory. The terms of the four senators from the territories commenced on election day, Muir announced he would vote in line with Palmer United. The Coalition government required the support of at least six non-coalition Senators to pass legislation, a record number of candidates stood at the election. Preference whisperer Glenn Druery organised tight cross-preferencing between over 30 minor parties as part of his Minor Party Alliance. Sports Wayne Dropulich won a Senate seat on a primary vote of 0.2 percent in Western Australia. Motorings Ricky Muir won a seat on a record-low primary vote of 0.5 percent in Victoria. Family Firsts Bob Day won a seat on a vote of 3.8 percent in South Australia. All three were involved with the Minor Party Alliance, Xenophon and larger parties including the incoming government announced they would look at changes to the GVT system. Most Senate votes cast in Western Australia were subject to a formal recount, during the recount it was determined that 1,375 WA Senate ballot papers could not be located. After the final recount the result was declared which changed the last two predicted WA Senate spots from Palmer and Labor back to Sports and Green
36.
Earth Hour
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Earth Hour is a worldwide movement organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature. It was started as an event in Sydney, Australia. Since then, it has grown to more than 7,000 cities. Earth Hour 2016 was on Saturday, March 19, from 8,30 p. m. to 9,30 p. m. during participants local time, and was held March 25 in 2017. In 2004, confronted with scientific findings, WWF Australia met with advertising agency Leo Burnett Sydney to discuss ideas for engaging Australians on the issue of climate change. The idea of a large scale switch off was coined and developed in 2006, WWF Australia presented their concept to Fairfax Media who, along with Sydney Lord Mayor Clover Moore, agreed to back the event. The 2007 Earth Hour was held on March 31 in Sydney, Australia at 7,30 pm, in October 2007 San Francisco ran its own Lights Out program inspired by the Sydney Earth Hour. After their successful event in October, the decided to rally behind the Earth Hour being planned for March 2008. Earth Hour 2008 was held internationally on March 29,2008 from 8 p. m. to 9 p. m. local time, marking the first anniversary of the event. With 35 countries around the world participating as official flagship cities and over 400 cities also supporting, landmarks around the world turned off their non-essential lighting for Earth Hour. Earth Hour 2008 included 26 major cities worldwide and 300 smaller towns shutting off their lights, the official website for the event, earthhour. org, received over 6.7 million unique visitors in the week leading up to Earth Hour. Other websites took part in the event, with Googles homepage going dark on the day Earth Hour took place, according to a Zogby International online survey,36 million Americans—approximately 16 percent of the United States adult population—participated in Earth Hour 2008. The survey also showed there was a 4 percentage point increase in the level of interest in issues such as climate change. Tel Aviv scheduled their Earth Hour for Thursday March 27,2008 to avoid conflict with Sabbath, dublin moved their Earth Hour to between 9 and 10 p. m. due to their northern geographical location. According to WWF Thailand, Bangkok decreased electricity usage by 73.34 megawatts, the Bangkok Post gave different figures of 165 megawatt-hours and 102 tonnes of carbon dioxide. Philippine Electricity Market Corp. noted that consumption dropped by about 78.63 megawatts in Metro Manila. The maximum demand drop of around 39 MW was experienced at 8,14 p. m. in Metro Manila, Ontario used approximately 900 megawatt-hours less electrical energy during Earth Hour. At one point, Toronto saw an 8. 7% reduction in consumption as compared to a typical March Saturday night, Ireland, as a whole, had a reduction in electricity use of about 1. 5% for the evening
37.
Waleed Aly
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Waleed Aly is an Australian writer, academic, lawyer, media presenter and musician. In 2016, he won the Gold Logie Award for Best Personality on Australian Television, Aly was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Egyptian parents. He is a Sunni Muslim and was educated at Wesley College and he completed the International Baccalaureate at Wesley in 1996, and then studied at the University of Melbourne, graduating with Bachelor of Engineering and Bachelor of Laws degrees in 2002. After graduating, Aly worked as an associate to Family Court judge Joseph Kay and, in 2006, he was a pro bono lawyer with the Human Rights Law Centre, on secondment from Maddocks. Aly published People Like Us, How arrogance is dividing Islam, in 2008, he was selected to participate in the Australia 2020 Summit. After the Boston Marathon bombings, describing terrorism as a perpetual irritant, Aly has been defended by Scott Stephens, editor of Religion and Ethics ABC, in response to claims that Alys role, is to sanitise the public image of Islam. Stephens has also said that Aly is idolized by young Muslim academics, during his time as head of public affairs for the Islamic Council of Victoria, and a member of its executive committee, Aly was regularly interviewed on current affairs and news programs. His social and political commentary has appeared regularly in such as The Guardian, The Australian, The Australian Financial Review, The Sydney Morning Herald. Currently he is a fortnightly columnist for Fairfax Media, in searching for reasons behind the suicide attacks in central London on 7 July 2005, Aly reminded readers of the Koranic passage, Do not let the injustice of others lead you into injustice. Aly was the host of ABC TVs Big Ideas program on ABC1 and he has appeared as a panellist on ABC TVs Q&A program, and has been an occasional co-host on the ABCs News Breakfast. In 2011, he hosted the ABC Radio National Breakfast show. In December 2014, Aly resigned as Radio National drive host at ABC to become the permanent co-host of Channel Tens The Project and he returned to ABC in April 2015 to co-host The Minefield in addition to his role on The Project for Channel Ten. The video, written by Aly and producer Tom Whitty, was posted online, at the 2005 Walkley Awards, Aly was commended in the category of Commentary, Analysis, Opinion and Critique. In 2015, Aly and producer Tom Whitty were finalists for two Our Watch Awards for exemplary reporting to end violence against women, for their viral editorial, Show Me The Money. The pair were also nominated for a United Nations Association of Australia Media Peace Award for Promotion of Climate Change Issues, in May 2016, Aly won the Gold Logie Award for Best Personality on Australian Television, chosen by the public through an online vote. In May 2016 Aly was Liberty Victorias winner of the Voltaire Award for free speech, in June 2016, the Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull hosted the first Iftar dinner, at Kirribilli House for Muslim community leaders. Aly and his wife, described as the couple, were seated at Table No. 1, next to the Prime Minister, in August 2016, Aly and producer Tom Whitty were again finalists for two Our Watch Awards for exemplary reporting to end violence against women, for their viral editorial, Click Something Else
