1.
Collier's
–
Colliers was an American magazine, founded in 1888 by Peter Fenelon Collier. It was initially launched as Colliers Once a Week, then changed in 1895 to Colliers Weekly, An Illustrated Journal, and finally shortened in 1905 to simply Colliers. The magazine ceased publication with the issue dated January 4,1957, though a brief, as a result of Peter Colliers pioneering investigative journalism, Colliers established a reputation as a proponent of social reform. When attempts by various companies to sue Collier ended in failure, Peter F. Collier left Ireland for the U. S. at age 17. Although he went to a seminary to become a priest, he started work as a salesman for P. J. Kenedy. When Collier wanted to boost sales by offering books on a plan, it led to a disagreement with Kenedy. P. F. Collier & Son began in 1875, expanding into the largest subscription house in America with sales of 30 million books during the 1900–1910 decade. With the issued dated April 28,1888, Colliers Once a Week was launched as a magazine of fiction, fact, sensation, wit, humor, news. It was sold with the biweekly Colliers Library of novels and popular books at bargain rates, by 1892, with a circulation climbing past the 250,000 mark, Colliers Once a Week was one of the largest selling magazines in the United States. The name was changed to Colliers Weekly, An Illustrated Journal in 1895, with an emphasis on news, the magazine became a leading exponent of the halftone news picture. To fully exploit the new technology, Collier recruited James H. Hare, Colliers only son, Robert J. Collier, became a full partner in 1898. By 1904, the magazine was known as Colliers, The National Weekly, when Robert Collier died in 1918, he left a will that turned the magazine over to three of his friends, Samuel Dunn, Harry Payne Whitney and Francis Patrick Garvan. The magazine was sold in 1919 to the Crowell Publishing Company, in 1924 Crowell moved the printing operations from New York to Springfield, Ohio but kept the editorial and business departments in New York. After 1924, printing of the magazine was done at the Crowell-Collier printing plant on West Main Street in Springfield, Ohio. The factory complex, which is standing, was built between 1899 and 1946, and incorporates seven buildings that together have more than 846,000 square feet —20 acres —of floor space. Colliers popularized the story which was often planned to fit on a single page. Knox Burger was Colliers fiction editor from 1948 to 1951 when he left to edit books for Dell and Fawcett Publications, phillips Oppenheim, J. D. Salinger, Kurt Vonnegut, Albert Payson Terhune and Walter Tevis. Humor writers included Parke Cummings and H. Allen Smith, serializing novels during the late 1920s, Colliers sometimes simultaneously ran two ten-part novels, and non-fiction was also serialized
2.
Henry James
–
Henry James, OM was an American-born British writer. He is regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism and he was the son of Henry James, Sr. and the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James. He is best known for a number of novels showing Americans encountering Europe and his method of writing from a characters point of view allowed him to explore issues related to consciousness and perception, and his style in later works has been compared to impressionist painting. His imaginative use of point of view, interior monologue and unreliable narrators brought a new depth to narrative fiction, James contributed significantly to literary criticism, particularly in his insistence that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in presenting their view of the world. James claimed that a text must first and foremost be realistic, good novels, to James, show life in action and are, most importantly, interesting. In addition to his voluminous works of fiction he published articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays. James alternated between America and Europe for the first twenty years of his life, eventually he settled in England, becoming a British subject in 1915, James was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1911,1912, and 1916. James was born at 2 Washington Place in New York City on 15 April 1843 and his parents were Mary Walsh and Henry James Sr. His father was intelligent, steadfastly congenial, and a lecturer and philosopher who had inherited independent means from his father, Mary came from a wealthy family long settled in New York City, and her sister Katherine lived with the family for an extended period of time. Henry, Jr. had three brothers, William who was one year his senior and younger brothers Wilkinson and Robertson, the family first lived in Albany and then moved to Fourteenth Street in New York City when James was still a young boy. His education was calculated by his father to him to many influences, primarily scientific and philosophical, it was described as extraordinarily haphazard. James did not share the usual education in Latin and Greek classics, Henry studied primarily with tutors and briefly attended a few schools while the family traveled in Europe. Their longest stays were in France, where Henry began to feel at home and became fluent in French, in 1860 the family returned to Newport. There Henry became a friend of the painter John La Farge, who introduced him to French literature, James later called Balzac his greatest master, and said that he had learned more about the craft of fiction from him than from anyone else. In the autumn of 1861 Henry received an injury, probably to his back and this injury, which resurfaced at times throughout his life, made him unfit for military service in the American Civil War. In 1864 the James family moved to Boston, Massachusetts to be near William, in 1862 Henry attended Harvard Law School, but realized that he was not interested in studying law. The future Supreme Court Justice, and with James and Annie Fields and his first published work was a review of a stage performance, Miss Maggie Mitchell in Fanchon the Cricket, published in 1863. About a year later, A Tragedy of Error, his first short story, was published, Jamess first payment was for an appreciation of Sir Walter Scotts novels, written for the North American Review
3.
Horror fiction
–
Horror is a genre of fiction which is intended to, or has the capacity to frighten, scare, disgust, or startle their readers or viewers by inducing feelings of horror and terror. Literary historian J. A. Cuddon has defined the horror story as a piece of fiction in prose of variable length, which shocks or even frightens the reader, or perhaps induces a feeling of repulsion or loathing. It creates an eerie and frightening atmosphere, Horror is frequently supernatural, though it can be non-supernatural. Often the central menace of a work of fiction can be interpreted as a metaphor for the larger fears of a society. The genre of horror has ancient origins with roots in folklore and religious traditions, focusing on death, the afterlife, evil, the demonic and these were manifested in stories of beings such as witches, vampires, werewolves and ghosts. 18th century Gothic horror drew on these sources with the seminal and controversial The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole and this marked the first incorporated elements of the supernatural instead of pure realism. In fact, the first edition was published disguised as a medieval romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. Once revealed as contemporary, many found it anachronistic, reactionary, or simply in poor taste — but it proved to be immediately popular. That first novel of Gothic horror inspired such works as Vathek by William Beckford, A Sicilian Romance, The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Italian by Ann Radcliffe and The Monk by Matthew Lewis. A significant amount of fiction of this era was written by women and marketed at a female audience. The Gothic tradition blossomed into the modern readers call horror literature in the 19th century. Each of these novels and novellas created an icon of horror seen in modern re-imaginings on the stage. The proliferation of periodicals, as early as the turn of the century. One writer who specialized in fiction for mainstream pulps such as All-Story Magazine was Tod Robbins, whose fiction dealt with themes of madness. Later, specialist publications emerged to give horror writers an outlet, including Weird Tales, influential horror writers of the early 20th century made inroads in these mediums. Early cinema was inspired by aspects of horror literature, and early horror cinema started a strong tradition of horror films. This imagery made these comics controversial, and as a consequence they were frequently censored, many modern novels claim an early description of the living dead in a precursor to the modern zombie tale, including Dennis Wheatleys Strange Conflict, H. P. Lovecraft stories such as Cool Air, In The Vault, richard Mathesons novel I Am Legend would also influence an entire genre of apocalyptic zombie fiction emblematic of the films of George A. Romero
4.
Gothic fiction
–
Gothic fiction, which is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature and film that combines fiction and horror, death, and at times romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, the effect of Gothic fiction feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, an extension of Romantic literary pleasures that were relatively new at the time of Walpoles novel. It originated in England in the half of the 18th century and had much success in the 19th, as witnessed by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Another well known novel in this genre, dating from the late Victorian era, is Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the name Gothic refers to the -medieval buildings, emulating Gothic architecture, in which many of these stories take place. This extreme form of romanticism was very popular in England and Germany, the English Gothic novel also led to new novel types such as the German Schauerroman and the French Georgia. The novel usually regarded as the first Gothic novel is Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto, Horace Walpoles declared aim was to combine elements of the medieval romance, which he deemed too fanciful, and the modern novel, which he considered to be too confined to strict realism. Walpole published the first edition disguised as a romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. When Walpole admitted to his authorship in the edition, its originally favourable reception by literary reviewers changed into rejection. A romance with elements, and moreover void of didactical intention, was considered a setback. Walpoles forgery, together with the blend of history and fiction, contravened the principles of the Enlightenment and associated the Gothic novel with fake documentation. Clara Reeve, best known for her work The Old English Baron, set out to take Walpoles plot, the question now arose whether supernatural events that were not as evidently absurd as Walpoles would not lead the simpler minds to believe them possible. Ann Radcliffe developed the technique of the supernatural in which every seemingly supernatural intrusion is eventually traced back to natural causes. Among other elements, Ann Radcliffe introduced the figure of the Gothic villain. Radcliffes novels, above all The Mysteries of Udolpho, were best-sellers, however, along with most novels at the time, they were looked down upon by many well-educated people as sensationalist nonsense. Radcliffe also provided an aesthetic for the genre in an influential article On the Supernatural in Poetry, Romantic literary movements developed in continental Europe concurrent with the development of the Gothic novel. The roman noir appeared in France, by writers as François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil, Baculard dArnaud. In Germany, the Schauerroman gained traction with writers as Friedrich Schiller, with novels like The Ghost-Seer and these works were often more horrific and violent than the English Gothic novel. Matthew Gregory Lewiss lurid tale of debauchery, black magic
5.
Ghost story
–
A ghost story may be any piece of fiction, or drama, that includes a ghost, or simply takes as a premise the possibility of ghosts or characters belief in them. The ghost may appear of its own accord or be summoned by magic, linked to the ghost is the idea of hauntings, where a supernatural entity is tied to a place, object or person. Colloquially, the term ghost story can refer to any kind of scary story, in a narrower sense, the ghost story has been developed as a short story format, within genre fiction. It is a form of fiction and specifically of weird fiction. While ghost stories are often meant to be scary, they have been written to serve all sorts of purposes. Ghosts often appear in the narrative as sentinels or prophets of things to come, belief in ghosts is found in all cultures around the world, and thus ghost stories may be passed down orally or in written form. A widespread belief concerning ghosts is that they are composed of a misty, airy, belief in ghosts is found in all cultures around the world, and thus ghost stories may be passed down orally or in written form. The campfire story, a form of storytelling, often involves recounting ghost stories. Some of the stories are old, with varying versions across multiple cultures. Many schools and educational institutions encourage ghost storytelling as part of literature, in 1929, five key features of the English ghost story were identified in Some Remarks on Ghost Stories by M. R. James. The play Mostellaria, by the Roman playwright Plautus, is the earliest known work to feature a haunted dwelling, another early account of a haunted place comes from an account by Pliny the Younger. Pliny describes the haunting of a house in Athens by a ghost bound in chains, ghosts often appeared in the tragedies of the Roman writer Seneca, who would later influence the revival of tragedy on the Renaissance stage, particularly Thomas Kyd and Shakespeare. The One Thousand and One Nights, sometimes known as Arabian Nights, contains a number of ghost stories, often involving jinn, ghouls, in particular, the tale of Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad revolves around a house haunted by jinns. Other medieval Arabic literature, such as the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity, the 11th century Japanese work The Tale of Genji contains ghost stories, and includes characters being possessed by spirits. In the mid-16th century, the works of Seneca were rediscovered by Italian humanists, senecas influence is particularly evident in Thomas Kyds The Spanish Tragedy and Shakespeares Hamlet, both of which share a revenge theme, a corpse-strewn climax, and ghosts among the cast. The ghosts in Richard III also resemble the Senecan model, while the ghost in Hamlet plays a complex role. The shade of Hamlets murdered father in Hamlet has become one of the more recognizable ghosts in English literature, in another of Shakespeare’s works, Macbeth, the murdered Banquo returns as a ghost to the dismay of the title character. In English Renaissance theatre, ghosts were often depicted in the garb of the living, armour, being out-of-date by the time of the Renaissance, gave the stage ghost a sense of antiquity
6.
OCLC
–
The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
7.
Library of Congress Classification
–
The Library of Congress Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U. S. the Classification is also distinct from Library of Congress Subject Headings, the system of labels such as Boarding schools and Boarding schools—Fiction that describe contents systematically. The classification was invented by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress, with advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by his Cutter Expansive Classification, the Dewey Decimal System, and the Putnam Classification System. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson, by the time Putnam departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K and parts of B were well developed. LCC has been criticized for lacking a theoretical basis, many of the classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature and that is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one librarys collections, not a classification of the world. In 2007 the Wall Street Journal reported that in the countries it surveyed most public libraries, the National Library of Medicine classification system uses the initial letters W and QS–QZ, which are not used by LCC. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCCs R for Medicine, others use LCCs QP–QR schedules and include Medicine R. Subclass AC – Collections. Collected works Subclass AE – Encyclopedias Subclass AG – Dictionaries and other reference works Subclass AI – Indexes Subclass AM – Museums. Collectors and collecting Subclass AN – Newspapers Subclass AP – Periodicals Subclass AS – Academies, directories Subclass AZ – History of scholarship and learning. The humanities Subclass B – Philosophy Subclass BC – Logic Subclass BD – Speculative philosophy Subclass BF – Psychology Subclass BH – Aesthetics Subclass BJ – Ethics Subclass BL – Religions, rationalism Subclass BM – Judaism Subclass BP – Islam. Seals Subclass CE – Technical Chronology, calendar Subclass CJ – Numismatics Subclass CN – Inscriptions. Former Soviet Republics – Poland Subclass DL – Northern Europe, maps Subclass GA – Mathematical geography. Cartography Subclass GB – Physical geography Subclass GC – Oceanography Subclass GE – Environmental Sciences Subclass GF – Human ecology, anthropogeography Subclass GN – Anthropology Subclass GR – Folklore Subclass GT – Manners and customs Subclass GV – Recreation. Leisure Subclass H – Social sciences Subclass HA – Statistics Subclass HB – Economic theory, demography Subclass HC – Economic history and conditions Subclass HD – Industries. Labor Subclass HE – Transportation and communications Subclass HF – Commerce Subclass HG – Finance Subclass HJ – Public finance Subclass HM – Sociology Subclass HN – Social history, Social reform Subclass HQ – The family. Marriage, Women and Sexuality Subclass HS – Societies, secret, benevolent, races Subclass HV – Social pathology. Municipal government Subclass JV – Colonies and colonization, International migration Subclass JX – International law, see JZ and KZ Subclass JZ – International relations Subclass K – Law in general
8.
The Innocents (1961 film)
–
The Innocents is a 1961 British supernatural gothic horror film directed and produced in CinemaScope by Jack Clayton, and starring Deborah Kerr, Michael Redgrave and Megs Jenkins. The title of the film was taken from William Archibalds stage adaptation of James novella, falling within the subgenre of psychological horror, the film achieves its effects through lighting, music and direction rather than conventional shocks. Its atmosphere was created by cinematographer Freddie Francis, who employed deep focus in many scenes, as well as bold and it was partly shot on location at the Gothic mansion of Sheffield Park in Sussex. The Innocents pioneered the use of synthesised electronic sound, generated by Daphne Oram, Miss Giddens applies for a job as a governess. It is to be her first position, but the wealthy bachelor interviewing her is unconcerned with her lack of experience and he values his freedom to travel and socialise and unabashedly confesses that he has no room, mentally or emotionally for his niece and nephew. They were orphaned and left in his care as infants, and he keeps them at Bly, the previous governess, Miss Jessel, died suddenly less than a year ago. All he cares about is that Miss Giddens accept full responsibility for the children, at Bly, Miss Giddens is instantly taken with Flora, the niece. She also forges a friendship with Mrs. Grose, the kindly housekeeper, the boy, Miles, is away at boarding school, though Flora delightedly insists that her brother is coming home. Miss Giddens then receives a letter saying that Miles has been expelled from school because of his bad influence on the other boys. Mrs. Grose says she cant imagine Miles being a bad influence, and he seems charming and mature – though perhaps too mature, with flirtatious flattery toward his governess. The children are friendly and polite, but Miss Giddens is disturbed by their occasional odd behaviours and they seem to be sharing secrets. She is upset by unexplained voices and by several visions of a woman and man, whom Mrs. Grose identifies, from their descriptions, as Miss Jessel and Peter Quint – the uncles valet until his death. Eventually, Mrs. Grose reveals that Quint was abusive to Miss Jessel, and that they were indiscreet, performing acts in plain sight of the other servants and even, perhaps. After Quints death, Miss Jessel went into a deep depression and she is determined to rescue them from this possession. One night Miss Giddens finds Flora at a window, watching Miles, when Miss Giddens escorts him to bed, he kisses her goodnight, in a disturbingly adult manner. The next day Miss Giddens finds Flora dancing alone by the lake –, convinced that the children will be freed from the possession if they will confess what is happening, Miss Giddens begs Flora to admit that Miss Jessel is there. Flora begins to scream and cry, calling Miss Giddens wicked, hours later, Flora is still hysterical, and when Mrs. Grose finally leaves her bedside, she says she cant imagine where Flora learned such obscenities. Miss Giddens orders her to take Flora away from Bly and she is certain that Miles is on the brink of confessing his ordeal to her and that she must be left alone with him
9.
Governess
–
A governess is a woman employed to teach and train children in a private household. In contrast to a nanny, she concentrates on teaching instead of meeting their physical needs. Her charges are of age rather than babies. The position of governess used to be common in well-off European families before World War I, parents preference to educate their children at home—rather than send them away to boarding school for months at a time—varied across time and countries. Governesses were usually in charge of girls and younger boys, when a boy was old enough, he left his governess for a tutor or a school. Governesses are rarer now, except within large and wealthy households or royal families such as the Saudi royal family, There has been a recent resurgence amongst families worldwide to employ governesses or full-time tutors. The reasons for this include personal security, the benefits of an education. Traditionally, governesses taught the three Rs to young children and it was also possible for other teachers with specialist knowledge and skills to be brought in, such as, a drawing master or dancing master. The governess occupied an awkward position in the Victorian household. She worked in the home of the landed gentry or aristocracy. She herself had a background and education, yet was paid for her services. As a sign of this social limbo she frequently ate on her own, away from the rest of the family, by definition, a governess was an unmarried woman who lived in someone elses home, which meant that she was subject to their rules. In any case, she had to maintain a reputation by avoiding anything which could embarrass or offend her employers. If a particular governess was young and attractive, the lady of the house might well perceive a threat to her marriage. As a result of various restrictions, the lifestyle of the typical Victorian governess was often one of social isolation and solitude. The fact that her presence in the household was underpinned by an employment contract emphasized that she could never truly be part of the host family. However, being a governess was one of the few legitimate ways by which a middle class woman could support herself in Victorian society. Not surprisingly, her position was often depicted as one to be pitied, once a governesss charges grew up, she had to seek a new position, or, exceptionally, might be retained by the grown-up daughter as a paid companion
10.
Boarding school
–
A boarding school is a school at which most or all of the students live during the part of the year that they go to lessons. The word boarding is used in the sense of bed and board, i. e. lodging, some boarding schools also have day students who attend the institution by day and return to their families in the evenings. Many independent schools are boarding schools, Boarding school pupils normally return home during the school holidays and often weekends, but in some cultures may spend most of their childhood and adolescent life away from their families. In the United States, boarding schools comprise various grades, most commonly grades seven or nine through grade twelve—the high school years, other schools are for younger children, grades two through eight. A military school, or military academy, also features military education, in the former Soviet Union schools were introduced, these sometimes are known as Internat-schools. Some schools were a type of specialized school with a focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports. Other schools were associated with orphanages after all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs, general schools offered extended stay programs featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work. In post-soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country, the term boarding school often refers to classic British boarding schools and many boarding schools around the world are modeled on these. A typical boarding school has separate residential houses, either within the school grounds or in the surrounding area. Pupils generally need permission to go outside defined school bounds, they may be allowed to travel off-campus at certain times, depending on country and context, boarding schools generally offer one or more options, full, weekly, or on a flexible schedule. Each may be assisted in the management of the house by a housekeeper often known as matron. In the U. S. boarding schools often have a resident family that lives in the dorm and they also have janitorial staff for maintenance and housekeeping, but typically do not have tutors associated with an individual dorm. Nevertheless, older pupils are often unsupervised by staff, and a system of monitors or prefects gives limited authority to senior pupils, houses readily develop distinctive characters, and a healthy rivalry between houses is often encouraged in sport. Houses may also have common rooms for television and relaxation and kitchens for snacks, some facilities may be shared between several houses or dorms. In others, separate houses accommodate needs of different years or classes, in some schools, day pupils are assigned to a dorm or house for social activities and sports purposes. Each student has a timetable, which in the early years allows little discretion. Boarders and day students are taught together in school hours and in most cases continue beyond the day to include sports, clubs and societies
11.
Essex
–
Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
12.
Folly
–
18th century English gardens and French landscape gardening often featured mock Roman temples, symbolising classical virtues. Other 18th century garden follies represented Chinese temples, Egyptian pyramids, ruined abbeys, or Tatar tents, sometimes they represented rustic villages, mills, and cottages to symbolise rural virtues. Many follies, particularly during times of famine, such as the Irish potato famine, were built as a form of relief, to provide employment for peasants. The concept of the folly is subjective and it has suggested that the definition of a folly lies in the eyes of the beholder. Typical characteristics include, They have no other than as an ornament. Often they have some of the appearance of a building constructed for a purpose, such as a castle or tower. Equally, if they have a purpose, it may be disguised and they are buildings, or parts of buildings. Thus they are distinguished from other garden ornaments such as sculpture, follies are deliberately built as ornaments. They are often eccentric in design or construction and this is not strictly necessary, however, it is common for these structures to call attention to themselves through unusual details or form. There is often an element of fakery in their construction, the canonical example of this is the sham ruin, a folly which pretends to be the remains of an old building but which was in fact constructed in that state. They were built or commissioned for pleasure, follies began as decorative accents on the great estates of the late 16th century and early 17th century but they flourished especially in the two centuries which followed. Many estates had ruins of houses and Roman villas, others, lacking such buildings. However, very few follies are completely without a practical purpose, apart from their decorative aspect, many originally had a use which was lost later, such as hunting towers. Follies are misunderstood structures, according to The Folly Fellowship, a charity that exists to celebrate the history and they were usually in the form of Roman temples, ruined Gothic abbeys, or Egyptian pyramids. In France they sometimes took the form of romantic farmhouses, mills and cottages, sometimes they were copied from landscape paintings by painters such as Claude Lorrain and Hubert Robert. Often, they had symbolic importance, illustrating the virtues of ancient Rome, later in the 18th century, the follies became more exotic, representing other parts of the world, including Chinese pagodas, Japanese bridges, and Tatar tents. The Irish Potato Famine of 1845-49 led to the building of several follies, the society of the day held that reward without labour was misguided. However, to hire the needy for work on useful projects would deprive existing workers of their jobs, thus, construction projects termed famine follies came to be built
13.
New York Edition
–
Two more volumes containing James unfinished novels, The Ivory Tower and The Sense of the Past, were issued in 1918 in a format consistent with the original set. The entire collection was republished during the 1960s by Charles Scribners Sons, the official title of the set was The Novels and Tales of Henry James, though the more informal title was suggested by James himself and appears as a subtitle on the series title page in each volume. It has been used almost exclusively by subsequent commentators, James wrote a series of prefaces for the set which have become the focus of intense critical attention. James excluded much of his fiction from the edition, especially many early works from the 1860s, 1870s and 1880s, critical controversy has swirled around the exclusion of such works as Washington Square and The Europeans. Although he spent a deal of time and effort on the edition. The edition sold poorly, as James lamented in his letters, has never had the least intelligent critical justice done it—or any sort of critical attention at all paid to it. James was an inveterate reviser of his works, and for the edition he made alterations in many of his fictions, especially earlier works like Roderick Hudson. These revisions have also come under critical scrutiny. Some commentators such as F. R. Leavis have decried the revisions as verbose and unnecessary tinkerings with the original, other writers such as Philip Horne have generally favored the revisions as heightening and deepening the effects of James fiction. P
14.
The Mysteries of Udolpho
–
The Mysteries of Udolpho, by Ann Radcliffe, was published in four volumes on 8 May 1794 by G. G. and J. Robinson of London. The firm paid her £500 for the manuscript, the contract is housed at the University of Virginia Library. Modern editors point out that only about one-third of the novel is set in the eponymous Gothic castle, and that the tone and style vary markedly between sections of the work. Set in 1584 in southern France and northern Italy, the focuses on the plight of Emily St. Aubert. Emily suffers imprisonment in the castle Udolpho at the hands of Signor Montoni, Emilys romance with the dashing Valancourt is frustrated by Montoni and others. Emily also investigates the relationship between her father and the Marchioness de Villeroi, and its connection to the castle at Udolpho. Emily St. Aubert is the child of a landed rural family whose fortunes are now in decline. Emily and her share a especially close bond, due to their shared appreciation for nature. After her mothers death from an illness, Emily and her father grow even closer. She accompanies him on a journey from their native Gascony, through the Pyrenees to the Mediterranean coast of Roussillon, during the journey, they encounter Valancourt, a handsome man who also feels an almost mystical kinship with the natural world. Emily and Valancourt quickly fall in love, Emilys father succumbs to a long illness. Emily, now orphaned, is forced by his wishes to live with her aunt, Madame Cheron and her aunt marries Montoni, a dubious nobleman from Italy. He wants his friend Count Morano to become Emilys husband, after discovering that Morano is nearly ruined, Montoni brings Emily and her aunt to his remote castle of Udolpho. Emily fears to have lost Valancourt forever, Morano searches for Emily and tries to carry her off secretly from Udolpho. Emily refuses to him because her heart still belongs to Valancourt. Moranos attempt to escape is discovered by Montoni, who wounds the Count, in the following months Montoni threatens his wife with violence to force her to sign over her properties in Toulouse, which upon her death would otherwise go to Emily. Without resigning her estate Madame Cheron dies of an illness caused by her husbands harshness. Returning to the estate of her aunt, Emily learns that Valancourt went to Paris, in the end she takes control of the property and is reunited with Valancourt
15.
Jane Eyre
–
Jane Eyre /ˈɛər/ is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published on 16 October 1847, by Smith, Elder & Co. of London, England, the first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. Charlotte Brontë has been called the first historian of the private consciousness, the novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character. The novels setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III, John Rivers, proposes to her, and her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester. During these sections the novel provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters, and most editions are at least 400 pages long. The original publication was in three volumes, comprising chapters 1 to 15,16 to 27, and 28 to 38, Brontë dedicated the novels second edition to William Makepeace Thackeray. The novel begins with the character, Jane Eyre, aged 10, living with her maternal uncles family. It is several years after her parents died of typhus, Mr. Reed, Janes uncle, was the only person in the Reed family who was ever kind to Jane. Janes aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her, treats her as a burden, Mrs. Reed and her three children are abusive to Jane, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. The nursemaid Bessie proves to be Janes only ally in the household, excluded from the family activities, Jane is incredibly unhappy, with only a doll and books for comfort. She is subsequently attended to by the apothecary, Mr. Lloyd. He recommends to Mrs. Reed that Jane should be sent to school, Mrs. Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr. Brocklehurst, director of Lowood Institution, a charity school for girls. Mrs. Reed cautions Mr. Brocklehurst that Jane has a tendency for deceit, during a school inspection by Mr. Brocklehurst, Jane accidentally breaks her slate, thereby drawing attention to herself. He then stands her on a stool, brands her a liar, Jane is later comforted by her friend, Helen. Miss Temple, the superintendent, facilitates Janes self-defence and writes to Mr. Lloyd. Jane is then cleared of Mr. Brocklehursts accusations. The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms, poor meals, many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes, and Janes friend Helen dies of consumption in her arms. When Mr. Brocklehursts maltreatment of the students is discovered, several benefactors erect a new building, conditions at the school then improve dramatically
16.
Edmund Wilson
–
Edmund Wilson was an American writer and critic who notably explored Freudian and Marxist themes. He influenced many American authors, including F. Scott Fitzgerald and his scheme for a Library of America series of national classic works came to fruition through the efforts of Jason Epstein after Wilsons death. Wilson was born in Red Bank, New Jersey and his parents were Helen Mather and Edmund Wilson, Sr. a lawyer who served as New Jersey Attorney General. Wilson attended The Hill School, a preparatory boarding school in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. At Hill, Wilson served as the editor-in-chief of the literary magazine. From 1912 to 1916, he was educated at Princeton University and his familys summer home at Talcottville, New York, known as Edmund Wilson House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Wilson was the editor of Vanity Fair in 1920 and 1921. His works influenced novelists Upton Sinclair, John Dos Passos, Sinclair Lewis, Floyd Dell and he served on the Dewey Commission, that set out to fairly evaluate the charges that led to the exile of Leon Trotsky. He wrote plays, poems, and novels, but his greatest influence was literary criticism. He played a role throughout Edna St Vincent Millays life, from the time she was a foreign correspondent for Vanity Fair magazine,1921 to 1923. Axels Castle, A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870–1930 was a survey of Symbolism. It covered Arthur Rimbaud, Auguste Villiers de lIsle-Adam, W. B, yeats, Paul Valéry, T. S. Eliot, Marcel Proust, James Joyce, and Gertrude Stein. In an essay on the work of horror writer H. P, lovecraft, Tales of the Marvellous and the Ridiculous, Wilson condemned Lovecrafts tales as hackwork. Wilson was interested in culture as a whole, and many of his writings go beyond the realm of pure literary criticism. His early works are influenced by the ideas of Freud and Marx. Wilson lobbied for the creation of a series of classic US literature similar to Frances Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, in 1982, ten years after his death, The Library of America series was launched. Wilsons writing was included in the Library of America in two published in 2007. Wilsons critical works helped foster public appreciation for several novelists, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald and he was instrumental in establishing the modern evaluation of the works of Dickens and Kipling
17.
Notebooks of Henry James
–
The Notebooks of Henry James are private notes made by the American-British novelist and critic. Usually the notes are of a nature and concern ideas for possible or ongoing fictions. James made entries in the Notebooks throughout most of his career, the Notebooks werent published until 1947, when they appeared in a heavily annotated edition compiled by F. O. Matthiessen and Kenneth Murdock. The editors pointed out notebook entries that eventually turned into finished works by James, some objected to such critical commentary, while others accepted it as the editors opinion and nothing more. The new edition also cleared up some obscure references to people mentioned in the Notebooks, for those interested in the planning and writing of fictional narratives, the Notebooks are of substantial value. They show James thinking through various possibilities for character and plot development in his fictions, as well as their overall structure, James himself seems to have referred to the Notebooks frequently when he wrote the prefaces to the New York Edition of his fiction. Occasionally the Notebooks feature encouraging comments by James to himself, a famous example is his brief but emotional note after the failure of his play, Guy Domville. The later Edel-Powers edition includes more personal notes. Though sometimes trivial, this material gives some insight into James everyday schedule, his wide circle of friends and acquaintances. A number of other Notebook entries are available at this site
18.
Owen Wingrave
–
Owen Wingrave, Op.85, is an opera in two acts with music by Benjamin Britten. The libretto is by Myfanwy Piper, after a story by Henry James. Britten had been aware of the story since his work with Piper on the previous James opera, BBC television commissioned an opera for television from him in 1966 and, in 1968, he and Piper started working on the libretto. The work was completed by August 1970, the premiere was recorded at Snape Maltings in November 1970 and first broadcast on BBC2 on 16 May 1971. The music is influenced by Brittens interest in 12-tone serialist techniques, a large tuned percussion sections heralds the treatment in his next opera, Death in Venice. In addition to being an expression of Brittens own pacifism, he was reported as saying that this opera was partly a response to the Vietnam War, curiously, Britten had never owned a television at that time. It has been reported that he hated television and never owned a set at all, perhaps he would have never purchased a set himself, but he was given one by Decca for his 60th birthday in November 1973. The US premiere of the opera was at the Santa Fe Opera in 1974, however, in 1997, it was seen at Glyndebourne, following performances by Glyndebourne Touring Opera in 1995. A new production by The Royal Opera opened in April 2007 in the Linbury Studio Theatre and it was performed in May 2009 at the Chicago Opera Theater as well as the Wiener Kammeroper in Vienna directed by Nicola Raab with English baritone Andrew Ashwin in the title role. A new production was presented in January 2010 by Opera Frankfurt, Opera Trionfo presented the opera in 2013 directed by Floris Visser and conducted by Ed Spanjaard and a planned reprise in 2014. Visser also directed the opera at Theater Osnabrück premiering 16 January 2016 under the baton of Daniel Inbal, time, Late 19th century Place, Prelude Depiction of the Wingrave family portraits at Paramore, the Wingraves ancestral home. Scene 1 At Coyles military cramming establishment in Bayswater, Coyle is instructing Owen Wingrave and Lechmere on war, Owen tells Coyle of his disdain for war, which is contrary to the family history of the Wingraves as soldiers. Coyle replies that Owen must change his attitude, and warns him that his family will disapprove, alone, Coyle wonders how he shall tell this news to Owens family. Scene 2 The scene cross-cuts between Hyde Park and Miss Wingraves London residence, in Hyde Park, Owen muses to himself that he is strong, not weak, in his disdain for war. At Miss Wingraves lodgings, she and Coyle discuss Owen, Miss Wingrave asserts that Owen will change his mind once he returns to his family at Paramore. Scene 3 Back at Coyles establishment, Lechmere, Coyle and Mrs Coyle talk about what they feel to be Owens strange ideas about soldiering, Lechmere says that he will help to bring him round. Owen overhears this and emphasises that he not be brought round. Coyle tells Owen that he is to return to Paramore, Owen recalls his grandfathers love of war, his fathers death in battle and his own mothers death with a stillborn brother
19.
Edward White Benson
–
Edward White Benson was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1883 until his death. Edward White Benson was born at Lombard Street in Highgate, Birmingham on 14 July 1829 and he was educated at King Edwards School, Birmingham and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1852. At King Edward’s, Benson “manifested a deeply religious tone of mind and was fond of sermons”, Benson began his career as a schoolmaster at Rugby School in 1852, and was ordained deacon in 1852 and priest in 1857. In 1859 Benson was chosen by Prince Albert as the first Master of Wellington College, Berkshire, Benson was largely responsible for establishing Wellington as a public school, closely modelled on Rugby School, rather than the military academy originally planned. From 1872 to 1877 he was Chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral, where in 1874 he set up a Theological College and he was then appointed the first Bishop of Truro, where he served from 1877 to 1882. He was consecrated a bishop by Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury and he founded Truro High School for Girls in 1880. In 1883 he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, Benson tried to amalgamate the two Convocations and the new houses of laity into a single assembly. He died while attending Sunday service in St. Deiniols Church, Hawarden, Wales, on 11 October 1896, three days later his body was put on the train at Sandycroft station to be returned to London. He was buried at Canterbury Cathedral, in a magnificent tomb located at the end of the nave. The tomb is emblazoned with the epitaph Benson had chosen, “Miserere mei Deus Per crucem et passionem tuam libera me Christe” and his devotion to Saint Cyprian bore posthumous fruit with the publication of Cyprian, his life, his times, his work the following year. Benson is best remembered for devising the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, considerably revised by Eric Milner White for Kings College Cambridge, this service is now used every Christmas around the world. Benson was the founder of the Church of England Purity Society, alfred Ryder served as a trustee of the organization. Benson told Henry James a simple, rather inexpert story he had heard about the ghosts of evil servants who tried to lure young children to their deaths. James recorded the hint in his Notebooks and eventually used it as the starting-point for his classic ghost story, the hymn God Is Working His Purpose Out was written by Arthur C. Ainger as a tribute to Benson as both were Masters at Eton and Rugby respectively, in 1914, a boarding house at Wellington College was named after him. Benson House carries the emblem of a blue Tudor Rose, and is situated outside of the main College, in 2011, a book about Mary Benson characterized her husband as living a life of relentless success. Benson married his second cousin Mary Sidgwick, the sister of philosopher Henry, Benson also supervised the education of his younger sister Ada Benson who was left an orphan in 1852. Their fifth child was the novelist E. F. Benson, best remembered for his Mapp, Benson, the author of the lyrics to Elgars Land of Hope and Glory and master of Magdalene College, Cambridge
20.
Archbishop of Canterbury
–
The current archbishop is Justin Welby. His enthronement took place at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013, Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the Apostle to the English, sent from Rome in the year 597. From the time of Augustine in the 6th until the 16th century, during the English Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. In the Middle Ages there was variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury. At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral, today the archbishop fills four main roles, He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, which covers the eastern parts of the County of Kent. Founded in 597, it is the oldest see in the English church and he is the metropolitan archbishop of the Province of Canterbury, which covers the southern two-thirds of England. He is the primate and chief religious figure of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury plays a part in national ceremonies such as coronations, due to his high public profile. As spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop, although without legal authority outside England, is recognised by convention as primus inter pares of all Anglican primates worldwide, since 1867 he has convened more or less decennial meetings of worldwide Anglican bishops, the Lambeth Conferences. In the last two of these functions he has an important ecumenical and interfaith role, speaking on behalf of Anglicans in England, the archbishops main residence is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth. He also has lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury, located beside Canterbury Cathedral, as holder of one of the five great sees, the Archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of the House of Lords. He is one of the men in England and the highest ranking non-royal in the United Kingdoms order of precedence. Since Henry VIII broke with Rome, the Archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English monarch, today the choice is made in the name of the monarch by the prime minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad-hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission. Since the 20th century, the appointment of Archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between more moderate Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals, the current archbishop, Justin Welby, the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 4 February 2013. As archbishop he signs himself as + Justin Cantuar and his predecessor, Rowan Williams, 104th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 27 February 2003. Immediately prior to his appointment to Canterbury, Williams was the Bishop of Monmouth, on 18 March 2012, Williams announced he would be stepping down as Archbishop of Canterbury at the end of 2012 to become Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge. In addition to his office, the archbishop also holds a number of positions, for example, he is Joint President of the Council of Christians. Some positions he formally holds ex officio and others virtually so, geoffrey Fisher, 99th Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first since 1397 to visit Rome, where he held private talks with Pope John XXIII in 1960
21.
Hinton Ampner
–
Hinton Ampner House is a stately home with gardens within the civil parish of Bramdean and Hinton Ampner, near Alresford, Hampshire, England. The house and garden are owned by the National Trust and are open to the public, the garden was created by Ralph Stawell Dutton, the 8th and last Baron Sherborne, starting in 1930, making this a modern 20th-century garden. The property is now noted for its garden than the house. Previously, the parkland came directly up to the house, which was designed to be a hunting lodge, an earlier Tudor house stood close to the current site, before the current house was built. The current house was built in 1790 but remodelled extensively in 1867 and it was badly damaged by fire in 1960, and restored again much as it had appeared in 1936. The house contains a number of fine paintings, there is a set of paintings of the four seasons by Jacob de Wit, depicting cherubs painted in a three-dimensional monochrome style. Ralph Dutton, with no heirs, gave the estate to the National Trust. The old Tudor house attained notoriety, in the 18th century, the tenant, one Mary Ricketts, wrote extensively on the subject for her childrens benefit, after having been literally forced to flee the property with a few remaining retainers. The house was pulled down in 1793, after its replacement had been built about 50 meters to the south. Media related to Hinton Ampner at Wikimedia Commons Hinton Ampner – official site at National Trust Map sources for Hinton Ampner A Natural History of Ghosts – a history of the haunting of the house
22.
The New Yorker
–
The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast, started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the life of New York City. The New Yorker debuted on February 21,1925 and it was founded by Harold Ross and his wife, Jane Grant, a New York Times reporter. Ross wanted to create a humor magazine that would be different from perceivably corny humor publications such as Judge. Ross partnered with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann to establish the F-R Publishing Company, the magazines first offices were at 25 West 45th Street in Manhattan. Ross edited the magazine until his death in 1951, during the early, occasionally precarious years of its existence, the magazine prided itself on its cosmopolitan sophistication. Ross famously declared in a 1925 prospectus for the magazine, It has announced that it is not edited for the old lady in Dubuque, although the magazine never lost its touches of humor, it soon established itself as a pre-eminent forum for serious fiction literature and journalism. Shortly after the end of World War II, John Herseys essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, D. Salinger, Irwin Shaw, James Thurber, John Updike, Eudora Welty, Stephen King, and E. B. White. Publication of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery drew more mail than any story in the magazines history. In its early decades, the magazine published two or even three short stories a week, but in recent years the pace has remained steady at one story per issue. Kurt Vonnegut said that The New Yorker has been an instrument for getting a large audience to appreciate modern literature. Vonneguts 1974 interview with Joe David Bellamy and John Casey contained a discussion of The New Yorkers influence, No other art requires the audience to be a performer. You have to count on the readers being a good performer and those writers you mentioned and myself are teaching an audience how to play this kind of music in their heads. Its a learning process, and The New Yorker has been a good institution of the sort needed. They have an audience, and they come out every week, and people finally catch on to Barthelme, for instance. The non-fiction feature articles cover an array of topics. Recent subjects have included eccentric evangelist Creflo Dollar, the different ways in which humans perceive the passage of time, the magazine is notable for its editorial traditions
23.
John La Farge
–
John La Farge was an American painter, muralist, stained glass window maker, decorator, and writer. La Farge was born in New York City to wealthy French parents and was raised bilingually, as a child, he and his interest in art began during his studies at Mount St. Marys University in Maryland and St. Johns College in New York. He initially intended to study law, but this changed after his first visit to Paris, stimulated by the arts in the city, he studied with Thomas Couture and became acquainted with notable literary people. La Farge also studied with the painter William Morris Hunt in Newport, La Farges earliest drawings and landscapes, from his studies in Newport, show marked originality, especially in the handling of color values. Many of La Farges mythological and religious paintings, including Virgil, were executed in an area of Rhode Island known as Paradise and he was a pioneer in the study of Japanese art, the influence of which is seen in his work. During his life, La Farge maintained a studio at 51 West 10th Street in Greenwich Village, between 1859 and 1870, he illustrated Tennysons Enoch Arden and Robert Brownings Men and Women. In the 1870s, La Farge began to do murals, which became popular for public buildings as well as churches and his first mural was done in Trinity Church, Boston, in 1873. Then followed his decorations in the Church of the Ascension and St. Pauls Chapel, for the Minnesota State Capitol at St. Paul, he executed at age 71 four great lunettes representing the history of law. He created a series based on the theme of Justice for the State Supreme Court building at Baltimore. He also took private commission from wealthy patrons and was reputedly worth $150,000 at one point, La Farge made extensive travels in Asia and the South Pacific, which inspired his painting. He visited Japan in 1886, and the South Seas in 1890 and 1891, in spending time. Henry Adams accompanied him on trips as a travel companion. He visited Hawaii in September 1890, where he painted scenic spots on Oahu, in 1892, La Farge was brought on as an instructor with the Metropolitan Museum of Art Schools to provide vocational training to students in New York City. He served as President of the National Society of Mural Painters from 1899 to 1904 and he learned several languages, and was erudite in literature and art, by his cultured personality and reflective conversation, he influenced many other people. Though naturally a questioner, he venerated the traditions of religious art, La Farge died at Butler Hospital, in Providence, Rhode Island in 1910. The interment was at Green-Wood Cemetery, in Brooklyn, New York and his papers, together with some of those of certain children and grandchildren, are held by Yale University Library. La Farge experimented with color problems, especially in the medium of stained glass and his work rivaled the beauty of medieval windows and added new resources by his use of opalescent glass and by his original methods of layering and welding the glass. Opalescent glass had been used for centuries in tableware, but it had never before been formed into sheets for use in stained-glass windows
24.
The Turn of the Screw (opera)
–
The libretto is based on the novella The Turn of the Screw by Henry James. The opera was commissioned by the Venice Biennale and given its premiere on 14 September 1954. The original recording was made during that year, with the composer conducting, described as one of the most dramatically appealing English operas, the opera in two acts has a prologue and sixteen scenes, each preceded by a variation on the twelve-note Screw theme. Typically of Britten, the music mixes tonality and dissonance, with Brittens recurrent use of a figure being perhaps a nod to the approach of Arnold Schoenberg. Thematically, the play gives a role to a line borrowed from W. B. Yeats poem The Second Coming, The ceremony of innocence is drowned, since then there have been regular performances around the world. In 2008, there were no fewer than 10 productions, in cities as varied as Innsbruck in Austria, Sacramento, California, and St Petersburg at the Mariinsky Theatre. In 2009, seven productions received 22 performances – again ranging from those in cities to such provincial locations as Portland, Oregon. Los Angeles Opera performed the Glyndebourne Touring Opera production of the work in 2011 under music director James Conlon, operaUpClose reframed the opera in their 2011 production, the story being told from the point of the view of the Governess as a patient in an asylum. It is left unclear as to whether the story stems completely from her mind or whether she arrived there after her experiences in the Bly house, Opera Holland Park received positive reviews of their presentation of the work in six performances in summer 2014. Time, The middle of the nineteenth century Place, Bly and she had been hired by their uncle and guardian, who lived in London and was too busy to care for them. After hiring her, he laid three stipulations on the Governess, Never to write to him about the children, never to inquire about the history of Bly House, the Governess is apprehensive about her new position. When she arrives at Bly House, the housekeeper, Mrs. Grose, when the Governess sees Miles, the little boy, their eyes lock and the Governess feels as if she has a strange connection with Miles. Mrs. Grose interrupts their reverie and leads the Governess off to explore the land around the house. The Governess sings that all her fears are now gone, a letter from Miles school arrives, advising the Governess that the boy has been expelled but giving no reason. The Governess is sure that Miles, like his sister Flora, is too innocent to have anything bad enough for expulsion. Encouraged by Mrs. Grose, she decides to ignore the letter, the Governess sings about her wonderful position at the house and the beautiful children she has in her care. But she is troubled by footsteps she has heard outside her door, suddenly, she spots a pale-faced man perched on a tower of the house
25.
Benjamin Britten
–
Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten OM CH was an English composer, conductor and pianist. He was a figure of 20th-century British classical music, with a range of works including opera, other vocal music, orchestral. His best-known works include the opera Peter Grimes, the War Requiem, Born in Suffolk, the son of a dentist, Britten showed talent from an early age. He studied at the Royal College of Music in London and privately with the composer Frank Bridge, Britten first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work A Boy was Born in 1934. With the premiere of Peter Grimes in 1945, he leapt to international fame, over the next 28 years, he wrote 14 more operas, establishing himself as one of the leading 20th-century composers in the genre. In addition to large-scale operas for Sadlers Wells and Covent Garden, he wrote operas for small forces. Among the best known of these is The Turn of the Screw, recurring themes in his operas include the struggle of an outsider against a hostile society and the corruption of innocence. Brittens other works range from orchestral to choral, solo vocal, chamber and he took a great interest in writing music for children and amateur performers, including the opera Noyes Fludde, a Missa Brevis, and the song collection Friday Afternoons. He often composed with particular performers in mind, Britten was a celebrated pianist and conductor, performing many of his own works in concert and on record. He also performed and recorded works by others, such as Bachs Brandenburg concertos, Mozart symphonies, in his last year, he was the first composer to be given a life peerage. Britten was born in the port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, on the east coast of England on 22 November 1913. He was the youngest of four children of Robert Victor Britten and his wife Edith Rhoda, Robert Brittens youthful ambition to become a farmer had been thwarted by lack of capital, and he had instead trained as a dentist, a profession he practised successfully but without pleasure. While studying at Charing Cross Hospital in London he met Edith Hockey and they were married in September 1901 at St Johns, Smith Square, London. The consensus among biographers of Britten is that his father was a loving but somewhat stern, Britten, according to his sister Beth, got on well with him and shared his wry sense of humour, dedication to work and capacity for taking pains. Edith Britten was an amateur musician and secretary of the Lowestoft Musical Society. In the English provinces of the early 20th century, distinctions of class were taken very seriously. Music was the means by which Edith Britten strove to maintain the familys social standing, inviting the pillars of the local community to musical soirées at the house. When Britten was three months old he contracted pneumonia and nearly died, the illness left him with a damaged heart, and doctors warned his parents that he would probably never be able to lead a normal life
26.
The Nightcomers
–
The Nightcomers is a 1971 British horror film directed by Michael Winner and starring Marlon Brando, Stephanie Beacham, Thora Hird, Harry Andrews and Anna Palk. It is a prequel to Henry James The Turn of the Screw, the manor house in the film is Sawston Hall, a 16th-century Tudor manor house in Sawston, Cambridgeshire. Recently orphaned, Flora and Miles are abandoned by their new guardian and entrusted to the care of housekeeper Mrs. Grose, governess Miss Jessel, and Peter Quint, with only these three adults for company, the children live an isolated life in the sprawling country manor estate. The children are fascinated by Peter Quint due to his eclectic knowledge and engaging stories. With this captive audience, Quint doses out his strange philosophies on love, the governess, Miss Jessel, also falls under Peters spell, and despite her repulsion the two embark on a sadomasochistic love affair. Flora and Miles become fascinated with this relationship, and help Quint, the children begin spying on Quint and Jessels violent trysts and mimick what they see, including the bondage, culminating in Miles nearly pushing Flora off a building to her death. Mrs. Grose determines to write to the absent master of the house in order to get both Quint and Jessel sacked, the children are most distressed by this, and decide to take matters into their own hands to prevent the separation. Quint later finds Miss Jessels rigid body in the water, but is little time to mourn before Miles kills him with a bow and arrow. The film ends with the arrival of a new governess, presumably the one who features in The Turn of the Screw, Marlon Brando as Peter Quint Stephanie Beacham as Miss Jessel Thora Hird as Mrs. The film has received positive reviews, brandos performance earned him a nomination for a Best Actor BAFTA, but recent audiences have criticised his cartoonish Irish accent. The film has an 75% fresh rating at Rotten Tomatoes, some reviewers have objected to the films premise of showing what happened before the novel, as this threatens the ambiguity the novel explores. Tom Milne took a negative view of The Nightcomers, describing it as a film crass enough to have the outraged ghost of Henry James haunting Wardour Street. Milne also criticised Hastings script, stating his dialogue sounds embarrassingly like a Cockney nanny doing her best to be genteel, the Nightcomers at the Internet Movie Database
27.
Michael Winner
–
Robert Michael Winner was an English film director and producer, and a restaurant critic for The Sunday Times. Winner was a child, born in Hampstead, London, England, to Helen and George Joseph Winner. His family was Jewish, his mother was Polish and his father of Russian extraction, following his fathers death, Winners mother gambled recklessly and sold art and furniture worth around £10m at the time, bequeathed to her not only for her life but to Michael thereafter. She died aged 78 in 1984 and he was educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth, and Downing College, Cambridge, where he read law and economics. He also edited the student newspaper, Varsity. Winner had earlier written a column, Michael Winners Showbiz Gossip. The first issue of Showgirl Glamour Revue in 1955 has him writing another film and showbusiness gossip column, such jobs allowed him to meet and interview several leading film personalities, including James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich. He also wrote for the New Musical Express and he began his screen career as an assistant director of BBC television programmes, cinema shorts, and full-length B productions, occasionally writing screenplays. In 1957 he directed his first travelogue, This is Belgium and his first on-screen credit was earned as a writer for the 1958 crime film Man with a Gun directed by Montgomery Tully. Winners first credit on a short was Associate Producer on the 1959 film Floating Fortress produced by Harold Baim. Winners first project as a lead director involved another story he wrote, Shoot to Kill and he would regularly edit his own movies, using the pseudonym Arnold Crust. In the early 1960s, Winners films followed fashion and his second project, Some Like It Cool, is the tale of a young woman who introduces her prudish husband and in-laws to the joys of nudism. Filmed at Longleat, he was afraid the sight of bare flesh would offend the magistrate for the area so he confided his worries to the landowner, ‘Don’t worry, ’ said the Marquess, ‘I am the local magistrate. It was preceded by the Billy Fury-led musical Play It Cool and his first significant project was West 11, a realistic tale of London drifters starring Alfred Lynch. Winners film The System began a partnership with actor Oliver Reed that would last for six films over a 25-year period, Winner and Reed closed out the 1960s as a pair with The Jokers, comedy-drama Ill Never Forget Whatsisname, and the World War II satire Hannibal Brooks. A non-Reed comedy, You Must Be Joking. with Denholm Elliott, Hannibal Brooks drew notice in Hollywood and Winner soon received an opportunity to direct his first American film, which was Lawman starring Burt Lancaster and Robert Duvall. The following year, Winner cast Lancaster again in the espionage drama Scorpio, in 1974, Winner and Bronson collaborated on Death Wish, a film that defined the subsequent careers of both men. Based on a novel by Brian Garfield and adapted to the screen by Wendell Mayes, the commitment of Lumet to another film and UAs questioning of its subject matter led to an eventual production by Dino De Laurentiis through Paramount Pictures
28.
Marlon Brando
–
Marlon Brando, Jr. was an American actor, film director and activist. He is credited with bringing realism to film acting and he helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting, studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s. Julius Caesar, The Wild One, Reflections in a Golden Eye, Last Tango in Paris, Brando was also an activist for many causes, notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements. Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata, Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewiczs 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeares Julius Caesar, and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara, an adaption of James Micheners 1954 novel. Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s, coming in at number 10 in 1954, number 6 in 1955, the 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando. The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time, Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks. After this, he was content with being a highly paid actor in cameo roles, such as in Superman and The Formula. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Brando was paid a record $3.7 million and 11. 75% of the profits for 13 days work on Superman. Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. He was one of three professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century. He died of respiratory failure on July 1,2004, at age 80, Brando was born on April 3,1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr. a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and Dorothy Julia. Brando had two sisters, Jocelyn Brando and Frances. His ancestry included German, Dutch, English, and Irish and his patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New York in the early 1700s from the Palatinate in Germany. Brando was raised a Christian Scientist, however, she was an alcoholic and often had to be brought home from Chicago bars by her husband. In his autobiography, Songs My Mother Taught Me, Brando expressed sadness when writing about his mother, dodie and Brandos father eventually joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Brando harbored far more enmity for his father, stating, I was his namesake and he enjoyed telling me I couldnt do anything right. He had a habit of telling me I would never amount to anything, Brandos parents moved to Evanston, Illinois, when his fathers work took him to Chicago, but separated when Brando was 11 years old. His mother took the three children to Santa Ana, California, where they lived with her mother, in 1937, Brandos parents reconciled and moved together to Libertyville, Illinois, a small town north of Chicago
29.
The Royal Ballet
–
The Royal Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company, based at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, UK. The company employs approximately 100 dancers and has built facilities within the Royal Opera House. The official associate school of the company is the Royal Ballet School, and it also has a company, the Birmingham Royal Ballet. The Prima ballerina assoluta of the Royal Ballet is the late Dame Margot Fonteyn, in 1926, the Irish-born dancer Ninette de Valois founded the Academy of Choreographic Art, a dance school for girls. Her intention was to form a repertory company and school, leading her to collaborate with the English theatrical producer. Baylis owned the Old Vic and Sadlers Wells theatres and in 1925 she engaged de Valois to stage performances at both venues. Sadlers Wells reopened in 1931 and the Vic-Wells Ballet and Vic-Wells Ballet School were established in premises at the theatre and these would become the predecessors of todays Royal Ballet, Birmingham Royal Ballet and Royal Ballet School. Prior to her return to Britain, Ninette de Valois had been a member of the Ballets Russes, one of the most renowned, the company disbanded in 1929 following the death of its founder Serge Diaghilev. The Founder Musical Director was the conductor and composer Constant Lambert who had considerable artistic as well as influence over the early years of the company. After losing the link with the Old Vic theatre, in 1939 the company was renamed Sadlers Wells Ballet, the company relocated to the opera house the same year in 1946, with their first production at the venue being The Sleeping Beauty. Following the relocation of the company, the moved to its own premises in 1947. A sister company was established to continue performances at Sadlers Wells, called the Sadlers Wells Theatre Ballet, in 1955, the sister company temporarily lost its link with Sadlers Wells and returned to the Royal Opera House as a touring unit of the main company. In 1956, a Royal Charter was granted for companies and the school, they were subsequently renamed the Royal Ballet, Sadlers Wells Royal Ballet. The Sadlers Wells Royal Ballet returned to Sadlers Wells Theatre in 1970, in 1987, however, the company was invited to become the resident ballet company at the Birmingham Hippodrome. Birmingham Royal Ballet retains close relationships with both the Royal Ballet and Royal Ballet School, although it now has its own ballet school. In 1964 the Royal Ballet established Ballet for All under the direction of Peter Brinson, between 1964 and 1979 Ballet for All toured throughout the country, presenting around 150 performances per annum and reaching around 70,000 people each year. In 1976 the Royal Opera House established its schools matinee programme, to stage these ballets with her newly formed company, de Valois employed Nicholas Sergeyev, a former régisseur of the Imperial. He staged productions of Petipas The Sleeping Beauty, Petipa and Ivanovs Swan Lake and The Nutcracker, Petipa and Cecchettis production of Coppélia, and Petipas Giselle
30.
Harold Pinter
–
Harold Pinter CH CBE was a Nobel Prize-winning English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include The Birthday Party, The Homecoming, and Betrayal and his screenplay adaptations of others works include The Servant, The Go-Between, The French Lieutenants Woman, The Trial, and Sleuth. He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, Pinter was born and raised in Hackney, east London, and educated at Hackney Downs School. He was a sprinter and a cricket player, acting in school plays. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art but did not complete the course and he was fined for refusing National service as a conscientious objector. Subsequently, he continued training at the Central School of Speech and Drama, in 1956 he married actress Vivien Merchant and had a son, Daniel, born in 1958. He left Merchant in 1975 and married author Lady Antonia Fraser in 1980, Pinters career as a playwright began with a production of The Room in 1957. His second play, The Birthday Party, closed after eight performances and his early works were described by critics as comedy of menace. Later plays such as No Mans Land and Betrayal became known as memory plays and he appeared as an actor in productions of his own work on radio and film. He also undertook a number of roles in works by other writers and he directed nearly 50 productions for stage, theatre and screen. Pinter received over 50 awards, prizes, and other honours, including the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005 and he died from liver cancer on 24 December 2008. In 1940 and 1941, after the Blitz, Pinter was evacuated from their house in London to Cornwall, Pinter discovered his social potential as a student at Hackney Downs School, a London grammar school, between 1944 and 1948. Partly through the school and partly through the life of Hackney Boys Club. He formed an almost sacerdotal belief in the power of male friendship, the friends he made in those days—most particularly Henry Woolf, Michael Goldstein and Morris Wernick—have always been a vital part of the emotional texture of his life. A major influence on Pinter was his inspirational English teacher Joseph Brearley, according to Billington, under Brearleys instruction, Pinter shone at English, wrote for the school magazine and discovered a gift for acting. In 1947 and 1948, he played Romeo and Macbeth in productions directed by Brearley, at the age of 12, Pinter began writing poetry, and in spring 1947, his poetry was first published in the Hackney Downs School Magazine. In 1950, his poetry was first published outside of the magazine in Poetry London
31.
Broadway theatre
–
Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
32.
Hammer Film Productions
–
Hammer Film Productions is a British film production company based in London. Founded in 1934, the company is best known for a series of Gothic Hammer Horror films made from the mid-1950s until the 1970s, Hammer also produced science fiction, thrillers, film noir and comedies — and, in later years, television series. During its most successful years, Hammer dominated the film market, enjoying worldwide distribution. This success was due, in part, to distribution partnerships with major United States studios, the company eventually ceased production in the mid-1980s. In 2000, the studio was bought by a consortium including advertising executive and art collector Charles Saatchi and publishing millionaires Neil Mendoza, the company announced plans to begin making films again after this, but none were produced. In May 2007, the company was again, this time to a consortium headed by Dutch media tycoon John de Mol. The new owners acquired the Hammer groups film library, consisting of 295 movies. Simon Oakes, who took over as CEO of Hammer, said, Hammer is a great British brand — we intend to take it back into production, the brand is still alive but no one has invested in it for a long time. Since then it has produced films, including Let Me In, The Resident, The Woman in Black. In November 1934 William Hinds, a comedian and businessman, registered his film company and it was housed in a three-room office suite at Imperial House, Regent Street, London. The company name came from Hinds stage name, Will Hammer, work began almost immediately on the first film, The Public Life of Henry the Ninth at the MGM/ATP studios, with filming concluding on 2 January 1935. Exclusive survived and on 20 July 1937 purchased the leasehold on 113-117 Wardour Street, James Carreras joined Exclusive in 1938, closely followed by William Hinds son, Anthony. At the outbreak of World War II, James Carreras and Anthony Hinds left to join the armed services, in 1946, James Carreras rejoined the company after demobilisation. He convinced Anthony Hinds to rejoin the company, and a revived Hammer Film Productions set to work on Death in High Heels, The Dark Road, and Crime Reporter. Not able to top stars, Hammer acquired the film rights to BBC radio series such as The Adventures of PC49 and Dick Barton. All were filmed at Marylebone Studios during 1947, during the production of Dick Barton Strikes Back, it became apparent that the company could save a considerable amount of money by shooting in country houses instead of studios. For the next production – Dr Morelle - The Case of the Missing Heiress – Hammer rented Dial Close, on 12 February 1949 Exclusive registered Hammer Film Productions as a company with Enrique and James Carreras, and William and Tony Hinds as directors. Hammer moved into the Exclusive offices in 113-117 Wardour Street, five films were produced there, Man in Black, Room to Let, Someone at the Door, What the Butler Saw, The Lady Craved Excitement
33.
Almeida Theatre
–
The theatre produces a diverse range of drama. Successful plays are often transferred to West End theatres, the theatre was built in 1837 for the newly formed Islington Literary and Scientific Society and included a library, reading room, museum, laboratory, and a lecture theatre seating 500. The architects were the fashionable partnership of Robert Lewis Roumieu and Alexander Dick Gough, the library was sold off in 1872 and the building disposed of in 1874 to the Wellington Club which occupied it until 1886. In 1885 the hall was used for concerts, balls, the Salvation Army bought the building in 1890, renaming it the Wellington Castle Barracks. The Salvationists remained there until 1955, for a few years from 1956 the building was a factory and showroom for Becks British Carnival Novelties, then remained empty until in 1972 a campaign began to turn it into a theatre. The building was Grade II listed by English Heritage in 1972, the current modified building retains the listing. The campaign to open the building as a theatre was led by the Lebanese-born internationally renowned opera and theatre director Pierre Audi, under Audi the theatres reputation grew and its annual summer International Festival of Contemporary Music and Performance became highly regarded. In the summer of 1985 Ástor Piazzolla, the renowned Argentine tango composer and bandoneón player, throughout the 1980s the Almeida Theatre was a London receiving house for Fringe, avant-garde and provincial theatre productions. Touring companies from the UK were regularly hosted, including Shared Experience, Joint Stock, Theatre Complicite, Cheek by Jowl, in 1987, the Almeida also became home to Motley Theatre Design Course, under the directorship of Margaret Harris. The Not the RSC Festival was presented at the Almeida in 1986 and 1987, in 1990 the Scot Ian McDiarmid and the South African Jonathan Kent took over as joint artistic directors. Organised as a producing theatre its productions regularly played to packed houses and frequently transferred to the West End. In 1993 the theatre won the Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre, one of the keys to the success and reputation of the Almeida during the 1990s were the stagings of various plays by Harold Pinter. These included revivals of Betrayal in 1991 and No Mans Land in 1992 and premières of Party Time in 1991, first, an eclectically international programme, everything from Molière and Marivaux to Brecht and Neil LaBute. Second, top-level casting that has given us Ralph Fiennes in Hamlet and Ivanov, Kevin Spacey in The Iceman Cometh, third, a territorial expansion that has seen the Almeida colonise the Hackney Empire, the old Gainsborough film studios and even a converted bus depot in Kings Cross. In November 1999, the Almeida was awarded £1.5 million by the Arts Council of England to undertake repairs to the theatre. The work began early in 2001 when the theatre was closed, national Lottery backing of £5.8 million allowed for a complete restoration. The theatres artistic remit was the presentation of bold and adventurous play choices staged to the highest possible standards and this included classics from the British, American and Irish repertoire, foreign classics in newly commissioned versions, and new plays. In October 2012 Attenborough announced that he would step down early in 2013, rupert Goold was appointed Artistic Director in February 2013, taking up the post full-time in September 2013
.jpg)
The Turn of the Screw public domain audiobook at LibriVox