1.
Landslide
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A landslide, also known as a landslip, is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine landslide, coastal, although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the prone to failure. Landslides occur when the changes from a stable to an unstable condition. A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by a number of factors, slope material that becomes saturated with water may develop into a debris flow or mud flow. The resulting slurry of rock and mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, debris flow is often mistaken for flash flood, but they are entirely different processes. Muddy-debris flows in alpine areas cause severe damage to structures and infrastructure, muddy-debris flows can start as a result of slope-related factors and shallow landslides can dam stream beds, resulting in temporary water blockage. As the impoundments fail, an effect may be created, with a remarkable growth in the volume of the flowing mass. The solid–liquid mixture can reach densities of up to 2,000 kg/m3, for a small basin in the Italian Alps affected by a debris flow, estimated a peak discharge of 750 m3/s for a section located in the middle stretch of the main channel. At the same section, the maximum foreseeable water discharge, was 19 m3/s. Earthflows are downslope, viscous flows of saturated, fine-grained materials, typically, they can move at speeds from 0.17 to 20 km/h. Though these are a lot like mudflows, overall they are slow moving and are covered with solid material carried along by flow from within. They are different from fluid flows which are more rapid, clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained, pyroclastic material are all susceptible to earthflows. The velocity of the earthflow is all dependent on how much content is in the flow itself, if there is more water content in the flow. This thereby creates a bulging lobe which advances with a slow, as these lobes spread out, drainage of the mass increases and the margins dry out, thereby lowering the overall velocity of the flow. This process causes the flow to thicken, the bulbous variety of earthflows are not that spectacular, but they are much more common than their rapid counterparts. They develop a sag at their heads and are derived from the slumping at the source. Earthflows occur much more during periods of precipitation, which saturates the ground
2.
Isle of Wight
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The Isle of Wight /ˈaɪl əv ˈwaɪt/ is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is located in the English Channel, about 4 miles off the coast of Hampshire, the island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria and it has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat building, sail making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, and Britains space rockets. The island hosts annual festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival. It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe, the Isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right. Rural for most of its history, its Victorian fashionability and the affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th. The island was part of Hampshire until 1890 when it became its own administrative county, apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton is being considered. Until 1995 the island had a governor, the quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea, while three ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton, Lymington and Portsmouth. During the Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel. As sea levels rose, the valley became flooded. The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age period, as the ice age began to recede. From the Neolithic era onwards, there are indications that the island had wide trading links, with a port at Bouldnor, evidence of Bronze Age tin trading, caesar reported that the Belgae took the Isle of Wight in about 85 BC and gave its name as Vectis. The Roman historian Suetonius mentions that the island was captured by the commander Vespasian, the Romans built no towns or roads on the island, but the remains of at least seven Roman villas have been found, indicating the prosperity of local agriculture. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers and it suffered especially from Viking raids, and was often used as a winter base by Viking raiders when they were unable to reach Normandy. Later, both Earl Tostig and his brother Harold Godwinson held manors on the island, the Norman Conquest of 1066 created the position of Lord of the Isle of Wight, the island being given by William the Conqueror to his kinsman William FitzOsbern. Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were then founded, allegiance was sworn to FitzOsbern rather than the king, the Lordship was subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I, after his succession in 1100. For nearly 200 years the island was a semi-independent feudal fiefdom, the final private owner was the Countess Isabella de Fortibus, who, on her deathbed in 1293, was persuaded to sell it to Edward I
3.
Dorset
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Dorset /ˈdɔːrsᵻt/ is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the county, which is governed by Dorset County Council. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres, Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, the county town is Dorchester which is in the south. After the reorganisation of government in 1974 the countys border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth. Around half of the lives in the South East Dorset conurbation. The county has a history of human settlement stretching back to the Neolithic era. The Romans conquered Dorsets indigenous Celtic tribe, and during the early Middle Ages, the first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, the former was the sailing venue in the 2012 Summer Olympics, and both have clubs or hire venues for sailing, Cornish pilot gig rowing, sea kayaking and powerboating. Dorset has a varied landscape featuring broad elevated chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, over half the county is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Three-quarters of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast Natural World Heritage Site due to its geological and it features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. Agriculture was traditionally the major industry of Dorset but is now in decline, there are no motorways in Dorset but a network of A roads cross the county and two railway main lines connect to London. Dorset has ports at Poole, Weymouth and Portland, and an international airport, the county has a variety of museums, theatres and festivals, and is host to one of Europes largest outdoor shows. It is the birthplace of Thomas Hardy, who used the county as the setting of his novels. Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester, the Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning place with fist-sized pebbles. It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD845 and in the 10th century the countys archaic name, the first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC. The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, from 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorsets woodlands for agricultural use and Dorsets high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows. During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe. The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD43, Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby
4.
Devon
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Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, combined as a ceremonial county, Devons area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million. Devon derives its name from Dumnonia, which, during the British Iron Age, Roman Britain, the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936, Devon was constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England thereafter. The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the bays contain seaside resorts, fishing towns. The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly, and has a low density in comparison to many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England at 954 km2, to the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart. As well as agriculture, much of the economy of Devon is linked with tourism, in the Brittonic, Devon is known as Welsh, Dyfnaint, Breton, Devnent and Cornish, Dewnens, each meaning deep valleys. One erroneous theory is that the suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the Duke of Devonshire. However, there are references to Defenascire in Anglo-Saxon texts from before 1000 AD, the term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defenascir. Kents Cavern in Torquay had produced human remains from 30–40,000 years ago, Dartmoor is thought to have been occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under occupation for around 350 years. Devon became a frontier between Brittonic and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was absorbed into Wessex by the mid 9th century. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited rather than a movement of people. The border with Cornwall was set by King Æthelstan on the east bank of the River Tamar in 936 AD, the arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham. Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times, Devons tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devons Stannary Parliament, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748, agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century
5.
Lyme Regis
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Lyme Regis /ˌlaɪmˈriːdʒɪs/ is a coastal town in West Dorset, England, situated 25 miles west of Dorchester and 25 miles east of Exeter. The town lies in Lyme Bay, on the English Channel coast at the Dorset–Devon border and it is nicknamed The Pearl of Dorset. The town is noted for the found in the cliffs and beaches. The town was home to Admiral Sir George Somers, its one-time mayor and he founded the English colonial settlement of the Somers Isles, better known as Bermuda. Lyme Regis is twinned with St. Georges, Bermuda, in July 2015 Lyme Regis was also tripled with Jamestown, Virginia to form the Historic Atlantic Triangle between Lyme, St Georges and Jamestown. In the 2011 Census the towns parish and the ward had a population of 3,671. In Saxon times, the abbots of Sherborne Abbey had salt-boiling rights on land adjacent to the River Lym, Lyme is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the 13th century, it developed as one of the major British ports, a Royal Charter was granted by King Edward I in 1284 when Regis was added to the towns name. The charter was confirmed by Queen Elizabeth I in 1591, John Leland visited the town in the 16th century and described it as a praty market town set in the rootes of an high rokky hille down to the hard shore. There cummith a shalow broke from the hilles about a three miles by north, and cummith fleting on great stones through a bridge in the botom. In 1644, during the English Civil War, Parliamentarians withstood a siege of the town by Royalist forces under Prince Maurice. The Duke of Monmouth landed at Lyme Regis at start of the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, on New Years Day,1915, the H. M. S. Formidable was torpedoed, the first major U-boat loss of World War I, a local lifeboat delivered bodies to the Pilot Boat Inn on Bridge Street. Lassie, the dog of the Inns owner, licked the face of Seaman Cowan, believed dead, the namesake of the cross-breed became a legend of books, radio, film and television. In 1965, the railway station was closed, in the Beeching Axe. The station was dismantled and rebuilt at Alresford, on the Mid Hants Watercress Railway in Hampshire, the route to Lyme Regis was notable for being operated by aged Victorian locomotives. One of these Adams Radial Tank engines is now preserved on the Bluebell Railway in Sussex, West Country Class steam locomotive No.34009 was named Lyme Regis after the town. In 2005, as part of the bicentenary of Admiral Nelsons victory at the Battle of Trafalgar, the actor playing the part of Trafalgar messenger Lieutenant Lapenotiere was welcomed at Lyme Regis
6.
Branscombe
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Branscombe is a village in the East Devon district of the English county of Devon. Its permanent population in 2009 was estimated at 513 by the Family Health Services Authority and it is located within the East Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, overlooking Lyme Bay. The name of the parish is probably Celtic in origin and it is made up of two words, Bran and cwm. Bran is a well established Celtic personal or tribal name that may mean black or crow black. Cwm is a term still in use in English as well as modern Welsh to describe a steep-sided hollow or valley. Thus the name may derive from the first Celtic family or tribe to take possession of the land, probably from the Dumnonii tribe, sometime between 2000–2700 BC. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, Branscombe was a source of hand-made lace, fishing was also a traditional industry, as well as a source of food. The manufacture of flints for early guns and the cooking of limestone to make fertiliser were short-lived, when Nicholas Wadham died in 1609 part of his fortune was used to found Wadham College, Oxford. Branscombes principal industries are farming and tourism, although a significant number of permanent residents are retired, in 2009 over half the estimated population were aged over 50. The village straggles along narrow roads down steep-sided valleys, terminating at a beach, Branscombe Mouth. To either side of the beach, the coast rises steeply to cliffs and it is a popular point for starting walks on the South West Coast Path, it is a short walk eastwards to Beer and a longer walk westwards towards Sidmouth. There is a primary school, which had 68 pupils in 2005. It is owned and operated by the Church of England with grant assistance from the Devon County Council, the original building dates from 1878. There are two houses in the parish, the Fountain Head and the Masons Arms, both of which were included in CAMRAs Good Beer Guide 2008. The Fountain Head is sited at the source of a spring in the hamlet of Street, the Masons Arms is also a hotel. A village brewery, Branscombe Vale Brewery, has won awards for its beer. The village contains three National Trust properties, The Old Bakery, Manor Mill & Forge, restored by the Trust, july 2013 saw the inaugural Branscombe Music Festival, hosted by BBC Radio 3 presenter Petroc Trelawny. Performers included the Carducci String Quartet, Philip Higham, Ailyn Pérez and Stephen Costello with Iain Burnside, the Leo Green Experience jazz band and the Trelights Brass Quintet
7.
East Devon
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East Devon is a local government district in Devon, England. Its council is based in Sidmouth, and the largest town is Exmouth, East Devon is covered by two Parliamentary constituencies, East Devon and Tiverton and Honiton. Both were retained in the 2010 general election by the Conservative Party, in the 2001 census it was found that a third of East Devons population were over 60. The average for England was 24%, East Devon also had a higher number of people living in Medical and Care Establishments at 1. 6% compared to the England average of 0. 9%. A large amount of East Devon is made up of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, East Devon AONB and the Blackdown Hills. AONBs have the level of protection as National parks of England and Wales which restricts new developments. A small stretch of the M5 passes through the district, the head office of Flybe is in the Jack Walker House on the grounds of Exeter Airport. Grade I listed buildings in East Devon Grade II* listed buildings in East Devon List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon East Devon Otter Valley Weather
8.
White Nothe
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White Nothe is a chalk headland on the English Channel coast at the eastern end of Ringstead Bay, east of Weymouth in Dorset, England. The area is known for its geology and fossils. Its flanks are the result of landslides and the inaccessible slopes of the undercliff provide a secluded wildlife habitat. There is a path up the cliff, believed to be one of the locations alluded to as a smugglers path in the British childrens book by Meade Falkner Moonfleet. It is possible to walk to the base of White Nothe along the shore from Ringstead Bay, at the top of the Smugglers path there is a protruding nose shape coming out of the white cliff giving the name to the area. The area is owned by the National Trust. From the top of White Nothe, to the east, the headland of Bats Head can be viewed. It is possible to walk east along a path below the summit of Chaldon Hill to Durdle Door. The Isle of Portland can be seen to the southwest across the sea, immediately to the northwest of White Nothe is the Burning Cliff, which from 1826 smouldered with an underground fire for several years due to the bituminous shale. Situated at the top of White Nothe is a World War II pillbox, constructed in 1940–41 of brick and concrete, unusually, the structure is also fitted with a Royal Observer Corps observation post built on top, which was to spot and report aircraft
9.
Slump (geology)
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A slump is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or rock layers moves a short distance down a slope. Movement is characterized by sliding along a concave-upward or planar surface, causes of slumping include earthquake shocks, thorough wetting, freezing and thawing, undercutting, and loading of a slope. Translational slumps occur when a detached landmass moves along a planar surface, common planar surfaces of failure include joints or bedding planes, especially where a permeable layer overrides an impermeable surface. Block slumps are a type of translational slump in which one or more related block units move downslope as a coherent mass. Rotational slumps occur when a block, composed of sediment or rock. Rotational movement causes the surface of the block to become less steep. This results in internal deformation of the mass consisting chiefly of overturned folds called sheath folds. The cut which forms as the landmass breaks away from the slope is called the scarp and is often cliff-like, in rotational slumps, the main slump block often breaks into a series of secondary slumps and associated scarps to form stairstep pattern of displaced blocks. The upper surface of the blocks are rotated backwards, forming depressions which may accumulate water to create ponds or swampy areas, the surface of the detached mass often remains relatively undisturbed, especially at the top. However, hummocky ridges may form near the toe of the slump, addition of water and loss of sediment cohesion at the toe may transform slumping material into an earthflow. Transverse cracks at the head scarp drain water, possibly killing vegetation, transverse ridges, transverse cracks and radial cracks form in displaced material on the foot of the slump. Slumps frequently form due to removal of a base, either from natural or manmade processes. Stream or wave erosion, as well as road construction are common instigators for slumping and it is the removal of the slopes physical support which provokes this mass wasting event. Thorough wetting is a cause, which explains why slumping is often associated with heavy rainfall, storm events. Rain provides lubrication for the material to slide, and increases the self-mass of the material, both factors increase the rate of slumping. Earthquakes also trigger massive slumps, such as the fatal slumps of Turnagain Heights Subdivision in Anchorage and this particular slump was initiated by a magnitude 8.4 earthquake that resulted in liquefaction of the soil. Around 75 houses were destroyed by the Turnagain Slump, power lines, fences, roads, houses, and other manmade structures may be damaged if in the path of a slump. The speed of slump varies widely, ranging from meters per second, sudden slumps usually occur after earthquakes or heavy continuing rains, and can stabilize within a few hours
10.
Stratum
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In geology and related fields, a stratum is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. The stratum is the unit in a stratigraphic column and forms the basis of the study of stratigraphy. Each layer is one of a number of parallel layers that lie one upon another. They may extend over hundreds of thousands of kilometers of the Earths surface. Strata are typically seen as bands of different colored or differently structured material exposed in cliffs, road cuts, quarries, individual bands may vary in thickness from a few millimeters to a kilometer or more. Each band represents a mode of deposition, river silt, beach sand, coal swamp, sand dune, lava bed. Geologists study rock strata and categorize them by the material of beds, each distinct layer is typically assigned to the name of sheet, usually based on a town, river, mountain, or region where the formation is exposed and available for study. For example, the Burgess Shale is an exposure of dark, occasionally fossiliferous. Slight distinctions in material in a formation may be described as members, formations are collected into groups while groups may be collected into supergroups. Archaeological horizon Geologic formation Geologic map Geologic unit Law of superposition Bed GeoWhen Database
11.
Clay
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Clay is a fine-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Geologic clay deposits are composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. Clays are plastic due to water content and become hard, brittle. Depending on the content in which it is found, clay can appear in various colours from white to dull grey or brown to deep orange-red. Although many naturally occurring deposits include both silts and clay, clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by differences in size, silts, which are fine-grained soils that do not include clay minerals, tend to have larger particle sizes than clays. There is, however, some overlap in size and other physical properties. The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline, geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 µm, sedimentologists often use 4–5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm. Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils Atterberg limits, ISO14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger. These solvents, usually acidic, migrate through the rock after leaching through upper weathered layers. In addition to the process, some clay minerals are formed through hydrothermal activity. There are two types of deposits, primary and secondary. Primary clays form as residual deposits in soil and remain at the site of formation, secondary clays are clays that have been transported from their original location by water erosion and deposited in a new sedimentary deposit. Clay deposits are associated with very low energy depositional environments such as large lakes. Depending on the source, there are three or four main groups of clays, kaolinite, montmorillonite-smectite, illite, and chlorite. Chlorites are not always considered to be a clay, sometimes being classified as a group within the phyllosilicates. There are approximately 30 different types of clays in these categories. Varve is clay with visible annual layers, which are formed by deposition of those layers and are marked by differences in erosion. This type of deposit is common in glacial lakes
12.
Kent
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Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south west, the county also shares borders with Essex via the Dartford Crossing and the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel. France can be clearly in fine weather from Folkestone and the White Cliffs of Dover. Hills in the form of the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge span the length of the county, because of its relative abundance of fruit-growing and hop gardens, Kent is known as The Garden of England. The title was defended in 2006 when a survey of counties by the UKTV Style Gardens channel put Kent in fifth place, behind North Yorkshire, Devon. Haulage, logistics, and tourism are industries, major industries in north-west Kent include aggregate building materials, printing. Coal mining has played its part in Kents industrial heritage. Large parts of Kent are within the London commuter belt and its transport connections to the capital. Twenty-eight per cent of the county forms part of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the North Downs and The High Weald, the area has been occupied since the Palaeolithic era, as attested by finds from the quarries at Swanscombe. The Medway megaliths were built during the Neolithic era, There is a rich sequence of Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman era occupation, as indicated by finds and features such as the Ringlemere gold cup and the Roman villas of the Darent valley. The modern name of Kent is derived from the Brythonic word Cantus meaning rim or border and this describes the eastern part of the current county area as a border land or coastal district. Julius Caesar had described the area as Cantium, or home of the Cantiaci in 51 BC, the extreme west of the modern county was by the time of Roman Britain occupied by Iron Age tribes, known as the Regnenses. East Kent became a kingdom of the Jutes during the 5th century and was known as Cantia from about 730, the early medieval inhabitants of the county were known as the Cantwara, or Kent people. These people regarded the city of Canterbury as their capital, in 597, Pope Gregory I appointed the religious missionary as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In the previous year, Augustine successfully converted the pagan King Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity, the Diocese of Canterbury became Britains first Episcopal See with first cathedral and has since remained Englands centre of Christianity. The second designated English cathedral was in Kent at Rochester Cathedral, in the 11th century, the people of Kent adopted the motto Invicta, meaning undefeated. This naming followed the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy, the Kent peoples continued resistance against the Normans led to Kents designation as a semi-autonomous county palatine in 1067. Under the nominal rule of Williams half-brother Odo of Bayeux, the county was granted powers to those granted in the areas bordering Wales
13.
Folkestone
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Folkestone /ˈfoʊkstən/ is a port town on the English Channel, in Kent, south-east England. The town lies on the edge of the North Downs at a valley between two cliffs. It was an important harbour and shipping port for most of the 19th and 20th centuries, there has been a settlement in this location since the Mesolithic era. A nunnery was founded by Eanswith, daughter of Æthelberht of Kent in the 7th century, the harbours use has diminished since the opening of the nearby Channel Tunnel and stopping of local ferry services, but still remains in active use. The area of Folkestone has been occupied since at least the Mesolithic era, in 2010, worked flints were discovered below the remains of the Folkestone Roman Villa. The East Cliff area was excavated in 1924 and most recently from 2010 -2011, on the East Cliff, an extensive Iron Age oppidum existed, which produced quern-stones on an almost industrial scale. These querns, or stones used for grinding cereals into flour, were traded for continental exports such as pottery, a modest Roman style villa was constructed over the Iron Age settlement sometime during the first century AD, followed by a more luxurious one in about 200 AD. The villa was abandoned sometime during the third or fourth century for unknown reasons, in 597 AD, monks led by St Augustine arrived at Ebbsfleet on the Isle of Thanet, on a mission from Pope Gregory to re-Christianise Britain. He was greeted by the Anglo Saxon pagan King of Kent, Ethelbert and his Christian Queen, Augustine was granted land in Canterbury where he built his church and outside the walls founded the monastery of St Peter & St Paul - now known as St Augustines. Ethelbert was succeeded as Anglo-Saxon king of Kent by his son Eadbald, in 630 AD, Eanswythe founded a nunnery on the site of her fathers castle near Folkestone by the present parish Church of St Mary & St Eanswythe. Eanswythe died c 640 AD and was made a saint. Her remains were moved into the chancel of the current church in the 12th century and they became the focus of prayer and pilgrimage such that Eanswythe was quickly adopted as the towns patron. The community grew and developed into a monastery until it was dissolved by Henry VIII and they were rediscovered in June 1885 when workmen, carrying out alterations to the high altar, found a battered lead casket immured in a niche in the north wall of the chancel. Examination by archaeologists at the time and again in 1981 confirmed that the casket was of Anglo-Saxon origin and these relics are still housed in the church close to where they were discovered in the north wall of the chancel flanked by a pair of small brass candlesticks. St Eanswythe is celebrated on 12 September each year - the date on which her relics were moved to the present chancel and she also appears on the towns seal with William Harvey, the Folkestone-born, 17th-century physician who discovered the circulation of the blood. A Norman knight held a Barony of Folkestone, which led to its entry as a part of the Cinque Ports in the thirteenth century, at the start of the Tudor period it had become a town in its own right. Wars with France meant that defences had to be built here, at the beginning of the 1800s a harbour was developed, but it was the coming of the railways in 1843 that would have the bigger impact. Until the 19th century Folkestone remained a fishing community with a seafront that was continually battered by storms
14.
Sandgate, Kent
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Sandgate is a village in the Folkestone and Hythe Urban Area in the Shepway district of Kent, England. In 2004, the village re-acquired civil parish status, the civil parish shares the boundaries of Folkestone Sandgate ward, at 2.17 km2. It had a population of 4,225 at the 2001 census and it is the site of Sandgate Castle, a Device Fort. H. G. Wells lived at Spade House, and it was also the birthplace of comedian Hattie Jacques, the Morcheeba song The Sea is written about the beachside bar Bar Vasa. Sandgate Hotel appeared on the Channel 4 programme Ramsays Kitchen Nightmares on 27 February 2006, other pubs include The Ship Inn, The Providence Inne, The Clarendon Inn and The Royal Norfolk Hotel. Sandgate was a district from 1894 to 1934. It was added to Folkestone in 1934, the Sandgate branch railway line was opened in 1874 and closed to passengers in 1951. Little of the infrastructure now remains, but it is possible to see the remains of a tall overbridge at the bottom of Hospital Hill. Sandgate has become known for Dave the Dolphin, seen out in the bay between Folkestone and Hythe, Sandgate is the location of the Shorncliffe Redoubt, a Napoleonic era earthwork fort associated with Sir John Moore and the 95th Regiment of Foot, known as the 95th Rifles. St Pauls Church lies next to the Saga building, which is built on the site of Embrook House, Sandgate Primary School lies on Coolinge Lane between the Folkestone School for Girls and Eversley College. The old school building is located in the village on Sandgate Road close to Spade House, Folkestone Rowing Club is in Sandgate. There are a number of pubs in Sandgate, including The Ship, The Providence Inne, Inn Doors opened on Aug 28th 2015. This is a micropub offering local beers and ciders, the Hub bicycle shop closed in 2014. Its premises have now split between the Loaf coffee shop and the Ship Inn. As of Sept 2015, the half now managed by the Ship was undergoing refurbishment, the Brisbane suburb with the same name is named after the town. There is also a Brisbane suburb called Shorncliffe, which is adjacent to Sandgate, Sandgate Website Sandgate Parish Council _
15.
St Lawrence, Isle of Wight
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St Lawrence is a village on the south side of the Isle of Wight, in southern England. It is located to the west of Ventnor and many consider it a part of that town, St Lawrence is situated on the Undercliff, and is subject to frequent landslips. St. Lawrence is much older than Ventnor, one of its churches dates from the 12th century, before the addition of a chancel in 1830, it was only 25 feet long and 11 feet wide, and was considered the smallest church in England. It also has a 15th-century baptismal font - a stoup that is about 500 years old, the piscina niche is almost the same age as the church. The larger church at St. Lawrence dates from the 19th century, but has a 17th-century altar, there was a glassworks styled as Isle of Wight Glass by the Old Park Hotel in St. Lawrence but this is now closed. Nearby is the site of the Tropical Bird Park, which is now closed. Close to the church is the site of the Rare Breeds Park. St Lawrence was in the century the subject of an ambitious plan by a German developer, named William Spindler. He lived on the Isle of Wight from 1881 to his death in 1889 and is buried in Whitwell, during his time in St. Lawrence he had an enormous influence there and on the surrounding areas. He possibly alienated local opinion with a series of improving pamphlets criticising local perceived laziness and his legacy has been a number of grand Victorian houses, often semi-derelict and half hidden by woodland. Perhaps his most noticeable memorials are several pieces of masonry in Binnel Bay. These have fallen into ruins and are known locally as Spindlers Follies. It is linked to parts of the Island by Wightbus bus route 16, serving Ventnor and Shanklin. This service was withdrawn along with all other bus services in 2011. The village was served by a 2 hourly service by Southern vectis route 6 between Ventnor and Newport until a landslip between St Lawrence and Niton in 2014. Since February 2014 Southern Vectis route 6 terminates at Ventnor Botanic Gardens with a more limited morning service between St Lawrence village and Ventnor, two walking Heritage Trails around St Lawrence, one around the village and the other along the coast
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Isle of Wight Coastal Path
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The Isle of Wight Coastal Path is a circular long-distance footpath of 70 miles around the Isle of Wight, UK. It follows public footpaths and minor lanes, with sections along roads. The path is waymarked in both directions and can be started at any point, but is described here clockwise from the pier at Ryde, from the bus station by Ryde Pier, the path follows the Esplanade close to the beach. It passes Appley Tower and Puckpool Point before rejoining the coast road to Seaview and it then climbs inland on footpaths, skirting Priory Woods, before returning to sea level at The Duver near St Helens Old Church. Then the path crosses the edge of Bembridge Harbour on the old mill wall, the path then continues into Bembridge and to the Lifeboat Station. In this section there are options for refreshment in Ryde, Puckpool, Seaview, the path follows the coast around the eastern tip of the Island at Foreland, then skirts the cliffs above Whitecliff Bay. This part is subject to erosion, as of 2012 a section at Foreland is closed. From Whitecliff Bay and its caravan park the path climbs steadily to Culver Down, dropping fairly steeply away from Culver Down, the path meets the beach again at Yaverland, then passes the Isle of Wight Zoo and enters Sandown. Accommodation and refreshments are available in Bembridge and Sandown, the two-mile coastal walk between Sandown and Shanklin is a popular attraction, with a choice of the moderately undulating coastal path or the flat sea wall promenade. At Shanklin, there is a lift, which may help make the decision. There are a couple of cafes on the open during the summer months. The only public convenience on the path has now re-opened all year. This walk encounters one of the wonders of the Isle of Wight. From Shanklin the path passes the Fishermans Cottage pub on the beach at the foot of Shanklin Chine, before climbing Appley Steps up the side of the cliff and it continues uphill on a minor road, passing Luccombe village, where there are magnificent views across Sandown Bay. It then follows paths and steps through the woods of the Bonchurch Landslips before reaching the sea again at Horseshore Bay and it then follows the sea wall for two miles until reaching Ventnor. Description of Niton to Brighstone IOW coastal path Away from the approaches to East Cowes and Yarmouth, between Thorness Bay and Hampstead Point the path takes a circuitous 7 mile route via Newtown and Shalfleet to avoid a rifle range and the Newtown River. The coastal section between Gurnard Bay and Thorness Bay has suffered from landslips and may remain closed until late August 2015, the total official length of this section is 17 miles, although the diversion via Rew Street currently adds around an extra mile. A lot of walking on roads for this section and not very coastal due to the land by the sea being in private ownership, walking on roads until the outskirts of Fishbourne, then along a track past Quarr Abbey and Ryde Golf Course, then roads into Ryde
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Undercliff (Isle of Wight)
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For other locations of the same name, see The Undercliff. The Undercliff, Isle of Wight, England is a tract of land, around 5 miles long by 0. 25–0.5 miles wide. Its sheltered south-facing location gives rise to a microclimate considerably warmer than elsewhere on the island, although inhabited, the Undercliff is an area prone to landslips and subsidence, with accompanying loss of property over time. Settlements along the Undercliff, from west to east, are, lower Niton, Puckaster, St Lawrence, Steephill, the town of Ventnor, and Bonchurch. The Undercliff is a complex in Cretaceous soft rocks, a bench of slipped clays and sands above a low sea-cliff, backed by higher Upper Greensand. The largest urban landslide complex in northern Europe, it dates from two phases of landslides after the last Ice age, 8000–4500 years and 2500–1800 years ago. It is flanked by highly active landslip zones that have seen major slides over the past two centuries, the Blackgang landslip at the west, and the Bonchurch Landslips at the east. The main section is more stable, though there are ongoing concerns over coastal erosion, further slippage, interactions between the heavy chalk-based rocks of St. Ventnors microclimate is also created by the shelter of St. Boniface Down. The stable section of the Undercliff has evidence of human occupation, with ancient churches at Bonchurch and St Lawrence. The Undercliff was a development site in the mid-19th century. Bonchurch was a focus of development, a number of elite Victorians renting or owning homes there. These properties, however, have largely been obliterated by landslides, the growth of Ventnor in particular was driven by its popularity as a health and holiday resort from 1830. The physician Arthur Hill Hassall, a sufferer, moved to the Isle of Wight in 1869. On the basis of his experience of the climate of the Undercliff, he established a sanatorium east of Ventnor, later Undercliff residents included the writers Alfred Noyes and Aubrey de Sélincourt, and the yachtsman Uffa Fox. The Undercliff is accessed by the A3055 road running its length from Niton to Bonchurch, west of Ventnor, the Southern Vectis 3 bus follows the section called Undercliff Drive as far as St Lawrence, the Southern Vectis 6 runs north-east from Ventnor to Bonchurch and beyond. The roads low-level continuation between Niton and Blackgang was broken by landslips in the 20th century, there is currently no vehicular access between St Lawrence and Niton along the former road. Vehicular traffic must go via Whitwell, pedestrian and cycle access was restored by late 2016. Bus routes are diverted and no longer serve St Lawrence, a few steep roads connect the clifftop to the lower Undercliff level, Niton Shute, St Lawrence Shute, and Bonchurch Shute
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Niton
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Niton is a village on the Isle of Wight, west of Ventnor, with a population of 1142. It has one pub, several churches, a pottery workshop/shop, a pharmacy, a volunteer run library. The post office includes a café that serves as a meeting place. The village also offers a school with a co-located pre-school. Niton village is split in half by a break in the inner cliff, upper Niton lies in a hollow and is set around a crossroads. The lower part of the village, below the cliff, is known as Niton Undercliff. This part of Niton then flourished in Victorian times due to the popularity of Ventnor as a health resort, mount Cleves House was originally constructed in the late 1700s, and substantially remodelled in the early 1800s. Its residents included a Mr Kirkpatrick who owned the Isle of Wight Bank at the time, the Undercliff at Niton includes the most southerly point of the Isle of Wight, St. Catherines Point and St. Catherines Lighthouse. That is also where the Navtex transmitting station is located, the source of the Eastern Yar is in the parish, just north of the village. Niton together with Whitwell is a civil parish, close to Niton is a natural seaport, which is believed to have been used by Greek and Phoenician Bronze Age Britain traders. St. Catherines Lighthouse was bombed in World War II, receiving a hit on the boiler house that killed three lighthouse keepers. The lighthouse itself was slightly damaged, its lens only being chipped. Marconi used Knowles Farm in Niton for radio experiments, when he was living on the island in the late 1890s, in January 1901, he transmitted radio signals a record 186 miles from there to his Lizard Radio Telegraph Station at the southern tip of Cornwall. The farm has a stone into which is cut the inscription, while in Niton, Marconi stayed at the Royal Sandrock Hotel, which no longer exists. A ship-to-shore radio station was established in 1900, and Niton Radio was maintained as a radio station known to yachtmasters. It was featured in a British Telecom International information film and it finally closed, along with the rest of the coastal radio network, in 1997. The Navtex transmitter at St. Catherines Lighthouse is still in operation as of 2013, for the purpose of extended Shipping forecasts, the Met Office uses Niton as the name of the forecast area covering the Atlantic from FitzRoy, North to Irish Sea and East to Thames. Niton has a reputation as a dangerous spot for Surfboarding
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Bonchurch
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Bonchurch is a small village to the east of Ventnor, now largely connected to the latter by suburban development, on the southern part of the Isle of Wight, England. One of the oldest settlements on the Isle of Wight, it is situated on The Undercliff adjacent to the Bonchurch Landslips Site of Special Scientific Interest. The main village is backed by a cliff to the north, with the Upper Bonchurch section on the clifftop halfway up St Boniface Down on the main A3055 road. Bonchurch is situated on a section of former landslip, its main street running east-west in a valley sheltered to the north by cliffs, and to the south by The Mount. Bonchurch High Street has an adjacent landscaped pond, fed by a spring, the Shanklin-Ventnor route originally passed through Bonchurch, descending the ciff by the steep Bonchurch Shute, now it is bypassed by the clifftop A3055 Leeson Road. The presence of a spring is believed to be the reason why humans first settled in the area where present-day Bonchurch is located. A prehistoric race lived in the area around the Undercliff, land which was wild forest, evidence has also been found showing that men that lived during the Stone Age had lived near to the water spring. Five burial mounds have been discovered at St. Boniface Down, evidence has also been discovered showing that the Romans established a settlement in the area. The Saxon patron saint, St. Boniface, is believed to have visited the Isle of Wight, legend states that monks from Lyra in Normandy landed at Monks Bay, near to modern-day Bonchurch, and erected a building in dedication to St. Boniface. This building could be the building which is believed to have existed in the 9th century where the Old Church now stands. The first documented proof of the existence of Bonchurch is found in the Domesday Book, in the Domesday Book, the settlement was called Bonecerce. Cerce is Anglo-Saxon for church, whilst Bone is presumed to have derived from St. Boniface. The oldest one is called the Old Church, the Domesday Book recorded its existence. See Old St. Boniface Church, Bonchurch and St. Boniface Church, Bonchurch, in July 1545, the Battle of Bonchurch was fought. 500 French soldiers had landed at the coast near Bonchurch, one of three landings that took place on the coastline of the Isle of Wight by French soldiers,300 Isle of Wight militiamen engaged the French forces, and the militiamen won the engagement. Some accounts state that women participated in the battle by shooting arrows at the French soldiers. The victory is considered to have stopped the French invasion of the Isle of Wight. Soon after the battle, a number of men from the French fleet which had retreated from the Solent after the Battle of the Solent landed on the coast near Bonchurch
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Microclimate
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A microclimate is a local set of atmospheric conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas, often with a slight difference but sometimes with a substantial one. The term may refer to areas as small as a few meters or square feet or as large as many square kilometers or square miles. Microclimates can be found in most places, another contributing factor of microclimate is the slope or aspect of an area. The terminology micro-climate first appeared in the 1950s in publications such as Climates in Miniature, microclimates can be used to the advantage of gardeners who carefully choose and position their plants. Cities often raise the temperature by zoning, and a sheltered position can reduce the severity of winter. Roof gardening, however, exposes plants to more extreme temperatures in summer and winter. Tall buildings create their own microclimate, both by overshadowing large areas and by channeling strong winds to ground level, wind effects around tall buildings are assessed as part of a microclimate study. Microclimates can also refer to environments, such as those in a room or other enclosure. Microclimates are commonly created and carefully maintained in museum display and storage environments and this can be done using passive methods, such as silica gel, or with active microclimate control devices. Usually, if the areas have a humid continental climate. The type of soil found in an area can also affect microclimates, for example, soils heavy in clay can act like pavement, moderating the near ground temperature. On the other hand, if soil has many air pockets, then the heat could be trapped underneath the topsoil, two main parameters to define a microclimate within a certain area are temperature and humidity. A source of a drop in temperature and/or humidity can be attributed to different sources or influences, often microclimate is shaped by a conglomerate of different influences and is a subject of microscale meteorology. The well known examples of cold air pool effect are Gstettneralm Sinkhole in Austria, the presence of permafrost close to the surface in a crater creates a unique microclimate environment. As similar as lava tubes can be to caves which are not formed due to volcanic activity the microclimate within the former is different due to dominant presence of basalt, lava tubes and basaltic caves are important astrobiological targets on Earth and Mars. Artificial reservoirs as well as natural ones create microclimates and often influence the climate as well. Northern California above the Bay Area is also known for microclimates with significant differences of temperatures. Even as far north as the Klamath River valley around the 41st parallel north between Willow Creek and Eureka averages such temperatures, which is hot for such northerly areas
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Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
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Arthur Hill Hassall
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Arthur Hill Hassall was a British physician, chemist and microscopist who is primarily known for his work in public health and food safety. Hassall was born in Middlesex as the youngest son of five children in a house of a surgeon and his father was Thomas Hassall and his mother, née Ann Sherrock. He spent his years in Richmond. He entered medicine through apprenticeship in 1834 to his uncle Sir James Murray, spending his career in Dublin, where he also studied botany. In 1846 he published a study, The Microscopic Anatomy of the Human Body in Health and Disease. He also worked as physician at the Royal Free Hospital, but required long breaks through ill-health due to pulmonary tuberculosis, and in 1869 moved to the Isle of Wight. On the basis of his experience of the microclimate of the Undercliff, he established the National Cottage Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest, a sanatorium at Ventnor, Isle of Wight. During this time he wrote extensively on climatic treatments for tuberculosis, works such as the 1879 San Remo and his autobiography, The narrative of a busy life, was published in 1893. His Ventnor hospital operated until 1964 when it closed, made obsolete by drug treatment of tuberculosis and its grounds are now the site of Ventnor Botanic Garden. The Microscopic Anatomy of the Human Body in Health and Disease, S. Highley, London 1846 A microscopical examination of the water supplied to the inhabitants of London and the suburban districts. S. Highley, London 1850 San Remo and the Western Riviera Climatically and Medically Considered, London 1883 A compendium of food-microscopy with sections on drugs, water, and tobacco. Baillière, Tindall and Cox, London 1909 A history of the British freshwater Algae, adulterations detected, or, Plain instructions for the discovery of frauds in food and medicine. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, London 1857, the urine in health and disease, being an exposition of the composition of the urine, and of the pathology and treatment of urinary and renal disorders. John Churchill and Sons, London 1863 Food, its adulterations, longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London 1855 The inhalation treatment of diseases of the organs of respiration including consumption. London 1885 The Narrative Of A Busy Life, An Autobiography, Ventnor approaches Isle of Wight Historic Postcards page with images of the Royal National Hospital. Works by or about Arthur Hill Hassall at Internet Archive
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Ventnor
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Ventnor is a seaside resort and civil parish established in the Victorian era on the south coast of the Isle of Wight, England. It is situated south of St Boniface Down, and is built on slopes leading down to the sea. The higher part is referred to as Upper Ventnor, the lower part, Ventnor is sometimes taken to include the neighbouring settlements of St. Lawrence and Bonchurch. Its relatively sheltered location beneath the downs produces a microclimate with more sunny days and this allows many species of subtropical plant to flourish, Ventnor Botanic Garden is particularly notable. The local geomorphology defines the town, a significant area is built on clay, which suffers from serious landslip, the ground is notoriously unstable and many buildings and amenities have been lost to subsidence or cliff-falls. There is an expression, We live near the sea and are getting nearer every day. A nearby Site of Special Scientific Interest is known as the Landslip, interactions between the chalk downs and softer undercliff rocks drive the geological changes affecting Ventnor. A Graben runs above the town and this marks the top of the series of landslips upon which Ventnor is built. The fault moves regularly, which has destroyed buildings over the years, led to cracking of local roads. The latest evidence can be seen at the bus stop in Ocean View Road. Three miles off the coast, there is a parallel ridge under the sea rising to within 15 metres of the surface, the tidal flows along the Channel, forced between it and the island, have carved out a deep channel known as St. Catherines Deep. The town grew from a fishing hamlet in the 19th century. Each of these villages was its own parish, but the now occupied by Ventnor was divided between the parishes of Godshill and Newchurch. Charles Dickens lived nearby for a time, however, it was with the coming of the Isle of Wight Railway in 1866 that the town became both a tourist and a health resort. The fresh air and warm climate were considered beneficial to sufferers of tuberculosis, the Isle of Wight Railway at one time ran a non-stop train from Ryde to Ventnor, named The Invalid Express for the consumptive patients being taken to treatment at Ventnor. One train famously completed the journey in a little over twenty minutes, the town reached its zenith in 1930s, when steam packets operated between Southsea and the towns pier. The relatively small sandy beach was ideal for bathing, and is popular today. Victorian era hotels in the suburbs and near the sea, such as Ventnor Towers Hotel
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Steephill
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Steephill itself now forms part of the suburban development westward from Ventnor. Steephill Cove, on the coast some 400 yards to the south, has several kiosks, fish can be bought beneath a sign which states Wheeler and Sons, Fishermen since the 1500s. The cove is only on foot, it is about 200 yards from Undercliff Drive. After his death the estate was purchased by Wilbraham Tollemache and it was his favourite residence until his death in 1821, after which the estate was sold in 1828 to John Hambrough, who built Steephill Castle in 1835 on the site of The Cottage. Its next owner was John Morgan Richards, an American businessman who bought it in 1903 and his daughter, the novelist Pearl Mary Teresa Craigie lived near the Castle from 1900–1906, writing a number of her works there. The Castle was auctioned after Richards death after World War I and it then saw service as a hotel with the Holiday Friendship Association until 1959, when upkeep and fire safety issues made this use increasingly unviable. Unused, its condition deteriorated thereafter, until an order was obtained in 1963
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Niton, Isle of Wight
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Niton is a village on the Isle of Wight, west of Ventnor, with a population of 1142. It has one pub, several churches, a pottery workshop/shop, a pharmacy, a volunteer run library. The post office includes a café that serves as a meeting place. The village also offers a school with a co-located pre-school. Niton village is split in half by a break in the inner cliff, upper Niton lies in a hollow and is set around a crossroads. The lower part of the village, below the cliff, is known as Niton Undercliff. This part of Niton then flourished in Victorian times due to the popularity of Ventnor as a health resort, mount Cleves House was originally constructed in the late 1700s, and substantially remodelled in the early 1800s. Its residents included a Mr Kirkpatrick who owned the Isle of Wight Bank at the time, the Undercliff at Niton includes the most southerly point of the Isle of Wight, St. Catherines Point and St. Catherines Lighthouse. That is also where the Navtex transmitting station is located, the source of the Eastern Yar is in the parish, just north of the village. Niton together with Whitwell is a civil parish, close to Niton is a natural seaport, which is believed to have been used by Greek and Phoenician Bronze Age Britain traders. St. Catherines Lighthouse was bombed in World War II, receiving a hit on the boiler house that killed three lighthouse keepers. The lighthouse itself was slightly damaged, its lens only being chipped. Marconi used Knowles Farm in Niton for radio experiments, when he was living on the island in the late 1890s, in January 1901, he transmitted radio signals a record 186 miles from there to his Lizard Radio Telegraph Station at the southern tip of Cornwall. The farm has a stone into which is cut the inscription, while in Niton, Marconi stayed at the Royal Sandrock Hotel, which no longer exists. A ship-to-shore radio station was established in 1900, and Niton Radio was maintained as a radio station known to yachtmasters. It was featured in a British Telecom International information film and it finally closed, along with the rest of the coastal radio network, in 1997. The Navtex transmitter at St. Catherines Lighthouse is still in operation as of 2013, for the purpose of extended Shipping forecasts, the Met Office uses Niton as the name of the forecast area covering the Atlantic from FitzRoy, North to Irish Sea and East to Thames. Niton has a reputation as a dangerous spot for Surfboarding
26.
Charmouth
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Charmouth is a village and civil parish at the mouth of the River Char in West Dorset, England. Dorset County Council estimate that in 2013 the population of the parish was 1,310. In the 2011 census the population of the parish, combined with the parish of Catherston Leweston to the north, was 1,352. The history of Charmouth dates back to the Iron Age when a Celtic tribe, evidence of hill forts can still be seen in the area. The name Charmouth originated from the Saxon Cerne meaning stony river, historian George Roberts wrote, During the Saxon period, the neighbouring coast was particularly subject to the invasions of the Danes, concerning whom so much has been written. In 787, the Danes, Northern men, or Normans, a. D.833, according to the Saxon Chronicle, though some of our historians place the event in 831 or 832, a dreadful battle was fought at Charmouth. The Danes having met with repulses in other parts of the kingdom sailed to Charmouth where having landed, Speed says, they made cruel ravage and slaughter. Their fleet consisted of 35 ships, containing a powerful army, their force, Huntingdon remarks, must have amounted to 17,500 men. Egbert collected the whole force of the county, and marched to attack them, after they had continued their ravages, according to Matthew of Westminster, about a twelve month. The king had nearly succeeded in cutting them off as they were forming, he threw them into great confusion, the Saxons were routed, the night alone prevented their destruction by the infuriated invaders, by the favour of which, Speed says, the king hardly escaped. Among the number of the slain were two earls, his officers, Dudda and Osmond, Wigen, bishop of Sherborne. The Danes, finding a settlement would be liable to the attacks of the brave Egbert, retired to their ships with precipitation and they continued to hover about the coast. In 840, they effected a landing on the same spot, a successive series of invasions followed. In 1086 in the Domesday Book Charmouth was recorded as Cernemude and it was in Whitchurch Canonicorum Hundred and the tenant-in-chief was Count Robert of Mortain. A small trading ship was bound for St Malo. On the following day Charles left Charmouth pursued by troops, who were alerted to his presence by an employee of the inn. The buildings on either side of Charmouths main street vary in age, some of the cottages date from the 17th or 18th centuries. A number of buildings in the village have listed building status, abbots House is a grade II listed, early 16th-century house that was re-faced in the 18th century
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Stonebarrow
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Stonebarrow is a coastal hill and sea cliff in the county of Dorset on the south coast of England. It is a well known fossil hunting location, close to the village of Charmouth. Stonebarrow is located about 1 mile east of Charmouth and 2 miles west of the hamlet of Seatown, Stonebarrow Hill reaches an elevation of about 155 metres. The cliff face, part of which is known as Cains Folly, is about 140 metres high, which is about 50 metres lower than the neighbouring Golden Cap, rock falls occur on the cliff face very frequently, continually exposing new fossils. There are a couple of examples of biological weathering, especially on the sandy-soils on lower-lying cliffs, the Stonebarrow cliffs are of Jurassic age, becoming geologically younger further east. The bottom of Stonebarrow is home to the Black Ven Marls a layer of similar to those of Black Ven. Slightly higher are the Belemnite Marls, where a number of belemnites can be found, slightly higher up is the Green Ammonite beds, where fossils of a species of ammonite exist. Higher still are Eype Clay, Upper Greensand and younger Cretaceous rocks, geology of Dorset Lyme Regis Clarke, Nigel J. Lyme Bay Fossils, Jurassic Beach Guide
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Black Ven
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Black Ven is a cliff in Dorset, England. It is part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage site, the cliff is famous for its mudslides, in fact, it has the largest mudslides in Europe. The area is popular with tourists due to a number of fossils being found in the area, the Black Ven has been historically renowned for paleontology. Mary Anning found an ichthyosaurus in The Spittles, and James Harrison found the first fossil remains of a Scelidosaurus while quarrying Black Ven in 1858, in 2001, the Black Ven and the whole of Lyme Bay became part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. Black Ven is situated between the Dorset towns of Charmouth and Lyme Regis, the cliffs reach a height of 130m. Golden Cap, a few miles East, is the highest point on the South coast of England at roughly 191m above sea level, also nearby is an undercliff where the famous Ammonite pavement is. Slightly east is the town of Charmouth, where the centre lies. Black Ven has the largest mudslides in Europe, this constantly brings new material to the base of the cliff, the reason for this is the types of stone found through the cliff. There is porous limestone, which lets the water on rough days flow through it, below which you will find clay, which lets water in, when the clay becomes saturated, it becomes very slippery and the limestone above can slide off in large chunks. Black Ven for this reason is a fossil hunting location, although the mudslides can be surprisingly damaging to the fossils. The Black Ven has a layer called Blue Lias where famous fossilised fish are known to be found, the geological dating of the rocks of the whole of the area is Jurassic. The Black Ven and the Spittles contain rocks from the lower Jurassic, ammonites, Belemnites, and the occasional Devils toenail are common finds in this area. Lyme Bay is renowned for its fossil finds, so it is not surprising that there are plenty of tourists trying to discover the next best find. Charmouth has a number of facilities for tourists, including two large car parks, cafés, shops and tours around Lyme Bay for fossils. Clarke, Nigel J. Lyme Bay Fossils, Jurassic Beach Guide, ISBN 978-0-907683-01-8 Charmouths tourist industry British Geological Survey, Landslide at Lyme Regis Geology of Dorset For further Jurassic sites see, List of places on the Jurassic Coast
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Golden Cap
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Golden Cap is a hill and cliff situated on the English Channel coast between Bridport and Charmouth in Dorset, England. The cliffs are the highest point on the south coast of Great Britain, the name derives from the distinctive outcropping of golden greensand rock present at the very top of the cliff. The hill is owned by the National Trust and forms part of the Jurassic Coast, the Jurassic Coast is 96 miles in length, running from Orcombe Point near Exmouth, in the west, to Old Harry Rocks on the Isle of Purbeck, in the east. The coastal exposures along the coastline provide a sequence of Triassic, Jurassic. The Jurassic Coast contains a range of important fossil sites. Golden Cap stands at 191 metres and is visible for tens of miles along the coastline, the hill is accessible via a coastal footpath from Seatown, and takes around 40 minutes to reach the summit. Behind the cliff is Langdon Wood, a wood of mainly Corsican Pine, planted in the 1950s. Langdon is owned by the National Trust, and encompasses a circular walk of one mile. The base of the cliff is covered with boulders, and is popular with fossil collectors. Storms have previously exposed fossilised ammonites and belemnites in the Blue Lias base, list of places on the Jurassic Coast Golden Cap - official site at National Trust Golden Cap and Seatown — Geology of the Wessex Coast by Ian West, Southampton University
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Lyme Bay
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Lyme Bay is an area of the English Channel situated in the southwest of England between Start Bay in the west and Portland in the east. The counties of Devon and Dorset front onto the bay, the area around Lyme Bay is part of a World Heritage Site, the Jurassic Coast, named for its Jurassic geology. Many of the earliest discoveries of dinosaur and other prehistoric remains were in the area surrounding Lyme Regis. Notable among these were the discoveries made by self-educated palaeontologist and fossil collector Mary Anning, the weather in the bay is temperate by English standards, and far more temperate than many other places at a similar latitude. The reason for this is the action of the Gulf Stream. The area along the coast of Lyme Bay is thus a popular holiday destination, on 22 March 1993, four schoolchildren died in what is known as the Lyme Bay kayaking tragedy. Lyme Bay was the site of Exercise Tiger, a run for the D-Day invasion of France in 1944. The operation went horribly wrong when German E-boats appeared on the scene and attacked the landing craft, killing 749 American Army, a ship commissioned in 2007 for the Royal Fleet Auxiliary carries the name of the area, RFA Lyme Bay. Tank wrecks from the D-Day practice provide a venue for diving, marine life includes the Devon cup coral and rare pink sea fan. The reefs have been under threat from scallop dredging which, if unregulated, Devon Wildlife Trust has been campaigning to protect the reefs, calling for an end to the dredging and trawling within a 60-square-mile zone to help the reefs recover. About 20% of this area is now protected by an agreement made between the DEFRA and the fishermen of the South West Inshore Fishermens Association. Virtle Rock is an islet in Pokers Pool, Lyme Bay and it is the farthest islet from the coast of Pokers Pool. List of places on the Jurassic Coast Devon Wildlife Trusts page about the Lyme Bay coral reefs Save Lyme Bay Reefs
31.
Seaton, Devon
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Seaton is a small seaside town in East Devon on the south coast of England. It faces onto Lyme Bay, to the west of the mouth of the River Axe with red cliffs to one side, a sea wall provides access to the mostly shingle beach stretching for about a mile, and a small harbour. Seaton sits on the 96-mile long Dorset and East Devon Coast World Heritage Site, from here it is possible to visit rock strata dating from three geological periods in a 185 million-year ‘geological walk through time’. Seaton has an population of 7,385, proven to be 8,413 at the 2011 Census, whilst the Seaton. The Seaton electoral ward had a population of 7,096 at the above census, a farming community existed here 4,000 years before the Romans arrived and there were Iron Age forts in the vicinity at Seaton Down, Hawkesdown Hill, Blackbury Camp and Berry Camp. During Roman times this was an important port although the towns Roman remains have been reburied to preserve them, in Saxon times Seaton was known as Fluta or Fleet, the Saxon word for creek. The town of Fleet was founded by Saxon Charter in 1005 AD, the first mention of Seaton was in a papal bull by Pope Eugenius in 1146. Seaton was an important port for centuries, supplying ships and sailors for Edward Is wars against Scotland. In the 14th century heavy storms caused a landslip which blocked the estuary. In 1868 the arrival of the reduced the use of the harbour. In November 2013 builder Laurence Egerton, a metal detector enthusiast, the hoard, of about 22,000 Roman coins, is believed to be one of the largest and best-preserved 4th-century collections ever found in Britain. A team of archaeologists carefully removed and cleaned the coins over the next 10 months, Seaton was served by a branch line, opened in 1886, from Seaton Junction on the Salisbury to Exeter main line. The railway was successful and considerably assisted in the development of Seaton as a holiday destination, Seaton and Beer became the two most popular holiday destinations in East Devon. A Warners holiday camp opened in 1935 close to the station, with the increase in car ownership in the 1960s, usage of the line declined, and with many other Devon branch lines, it closed in 1966. The nearest railway station now is at Axminster, seven miles away, part of the trackbed has been used to construct the Seaton Tramway to Colyton, a tourist attraction. In the 19th century Seaton developed as a resort, which it remains to this day. Seaton lost its largest holiday camp at the beginning of 2009 when the site was purchased by Tesco who opened a supermarket on the site in late 2011. However, Seaton still has many accommodation providers including guest houses, hotels, a camping site, the church on the edge of town was built in the 14th century, with a squat tower dating from the 15th century
32.
South West Coast Path
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The South West Coast Path is Englands longest waymarked long-distance footpath and a National Trail. It stretches for 630 miles, running from Minehead in Somerset, along the coasts of Devon and Cornwall, since it rises and falls with every river mouth, it is also one of the more challenging trails. The total height climbed has been calculated to be 114,931 ft and it has been voted Britains Best Walking route twice in a row by readers of the Ramblers Walk magazine, and regularly features in lists of the worlds best walks. The final section of the path was designated as a National Trail in 1978, many of the landscapes which the South West Coast Path crosses have special status, either as a National Park or one of the Heritage Coasts. The path passes through two World Heritage Sites, the Dorset and East Devon Coast, known as the Jurassic Coast, was designated in 2001, and the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape in 2007. This research also recorded that 27. 6% of visitors to the region came because of the Path, local people took 23 million walks on the Path and spent a further £116 million, and other visitors contributed the remainder. A further study in 2005 estimated this figure to have risen to around £300 million. They needed to be able to look down into every bay and cove, as a result, the South West Coast Path is no longer used by the Coastguard but it has been transformed from a practical defence system into a resource for recreational walkers. Sections of the path are maintained by the National Trust, which parts of the coast. The path is a designated National Trail, largely funded by Natural England and it was created in stages, with its final section, Somerset and North Devon, opening in 1978. It is maintained by a dedicated South West Coast Path Team, the South West Coast Path Association, a registered charity, exists to support the interests of users of the path. The Association was formed in 1973 and since then it has campaigned for improvements to the path and undertakes considerable fundraising to help care for and its services include accommodation guides and completion certificates. The route is described here anticlockwise, from Minehead to Poole, the distance and total ascent between any two points, in either direction, can be obtained from The South West Coast Path Association Distance Reckoner. A survey carried out in 1999 and 2000 found that at time the path had 2,473 signposts or waymarks, and included 302 bridges,921 stiles. In practice, any calculation is soon out of date because of path diversions due to landslips or access changes. Many walkers take about eight weeks to complete the path, often dividing this into sections walked over several years. This record was quickly broken and as of June 2015, the record is held by Mark Berry. On 24 May 2016 outdoor journalist and GB ultra runner Damian Hall set a new Fastest Known Time of 10 days,15 hours and 18 minutes
33.
William Buckland
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William Buckland DD FRS was an English theologian who became Dean of Westminster. He was also a geologist and palaeontologist, writing the first full account of a fossil dinosaur and he was a pioneer in the use of fossilised faeces, for which he coined the term coprolites, to reconstruct ancient ecosystems. Having taken his BA in 1804, he went on to obtain his MA degree in 1808, in 1813, he was appointed reader in mineralogy, in succession to John Kidd, giving lively and popular lectures with increasing emphasis on geology and palaeontology. As curator of the Ashmolean Museum, he built up collections, touring Europe, in 1818, Buckland was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. Thus, his catastrophism theory incorporated a version of Old Earth creationism or Gap creationism, however, over the next decade as geology continued to progress Buckland changed his mind. In his famous Bridgewater Treatise, published in 1836, he acknowledged that the account of Noahs flood could not be confirmed using geological evidence. He continued to live in Corpus Christi College and, in 1824, here he announced the discovery, at Stonesfield, of fossil bones of a giant reptile which he named Megalosaurus and wrote the first full account of what would later be called a dinosaur. In 1825, Buckland was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts, in December 1825 he married Mary Morland of Abingdon, Oxfordshire, an accomplished illustrator and collector of fossils. Their honeymoon was a year touring Europe, with visits to famous geologists and she continued to assist him in his work, as well as having nine children, five of whom survived to adulthood. His son Frank Buckland became a well known practical naturalist, author, on 18 January 1823 Buckland walked into Paviland Cave, where he discovered a skeleton which he named the Red Lady of Paviland, as he at first supposed it to be the remains of a local prostitute. It is the oldest anatomically modern human found in the United Kingdom, carbon-data tests have since dated the skeleton, now known to be male as from circa 33,000 years before present. The fossil hunter Mary Anning noticed that stony objects known as bezoar stones were found in the abdominal region of ichthyosaur skeletons found in the Lias formation at Lyme Regis. She also noted that if such stones were broken open they often contained fossilised fish bones and scales and these observations by Anning led Buckland to propose in 1829 that the stones were fossilised faeces. He coined the name coprolite for them, the name came to be the name for all fossilised faeces. After De le Beche had a print made based on his original watercolour. He also discussed other similar objects found in formations, including the fossilised hyena dung he had found in Kirkdale Cave. Murchison would later name these older strata, characterised by marine fossils, as Silurian. In 1832 Buckland presided over the meeting of the British Association
34.
William Daniel Conybeare
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William Daniel Conybeare FRS, dean of Llandaff, was an English geologist, palaeontologist and clergyman. He was a grandson of John Conybeare, bishop of Bristol, a preacher and divine. Having entered holy orders he became in 1814 curate of Wardington, near Banbury, during this period he was one of the founders of the Bristol Philosophical Institution. He was rector of Sully in Glamorganshire from 1823 to 1836 and he was instituted to the deanery of Llandaff in 1845. Attracted to the study of geology by the lectures of Dr John Kidd he pursued the subject with ardour, as soon as he had left college he made extended journeys in Britain and on the continent, and he became one of the early members of The Geological Society. Both Buckland and Sedgwick acknowledged their indebtedness to him for instruction received when they first began to devote attention to geology and he contributed geological memoirs to the Transactions of the Geological Society, the Annals of Philosophy, and the Philosophical Magazine. His predictions about the plesiosaur were proved correct by the discovery of a complete skeleton by Mary Anning in 1823. Among his most important memoirs is that on the south-western coal district of England, written in conjunction with Dr Buckland, and published in 1824. He wrote also on the valley of the Thames, on Elie de Beaumonts theory of mountain-chains, and on the great landslip which occurred near Lyme Regis in 1839 when he was vicar of Axminster. His principal work, however, is the Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales, being an edition of the small work issued by William Phillips. The original contributions of Conybeare formed the portion of this edition, of which only Part 1, dealing with the Carboniferous. It affords evidence throughout of the extensive and accurate knowledge possessed by Conybeare and he was a fellow of the Royal Society and a corresponding member of the Institute of France. In 1844, he was awarded the Wollaston medal by the Geological Society of London and his elder brother, John Josias Conybeare, was also interested in geology. He is buried near the Chapter House at Llandaff Cathedral and his tomb is marked by a cross on a memorial shaft De la Beche, Henry & Conybeare. Notice of the discovery of a new Fossil Animal, forming a link between the Ichthyosaurus and Crocodile, together -with general remarks on the Osteology of the Ichthyosaurus, on the Discovery of an almost perfect Skeleton of the Plesiosaurus. Works written by or about William Conybeare at Wikisource This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Conybeare
35.
Tudor dynasty
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The House of Tudor was a royal house of Welsh and English origin, descended in the male line from the Tudors of Penmynydd. Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales, the Tudors succeeded the House of Plantaganet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first monarch, Henry VII, descended through his mother from a branch of the English royal House of Lancaster. The Tudor family rose to power in the wake of the Wars of the Roses and his victory was reinforced by his marriage to Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV, symbolically uniting the former warring factions under a new dynasty. They also maintained the nominal English claim to the Kingdom of France, although none of them made substance of it, after him, his daughter Mary I lost control of all territory in France permanently with the fall of Calais in 1558. In total, five Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for just over a century, Henry VIII was the only male-line male heir of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity. Issues around the royal succession became major political themes during the Tudor era, the House of Stuart, descended from Henry VIIIs sister Margaret, came to power in 1603 when the direct Tudor line failed, as Elizabeth I died without a legitimate heir. The church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate by way of a bull the same year. A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunts legitimate son, Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts legitimacy, nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunts legitimate descendants from his first marriage, the House of Lancaster. On 1 November 1455, John Beauforts granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, married Henry VIs half-brother Edmund Tudor and it was his father, Owen Tudor, who abandoned the Welsh patronymic naming practice and adopted a fixed surname. When he did, he did not choose, as was generally the custom, his fathers name, Maredudd, Owen Tudor was one of the bodyguards for the queen dowager Catherine of Valois, whose husband, Henry V, had died in 1422. Evidence suggests that the two were married in 1429. The two sons born of the marriage, Edmund and Jasper, were among the most loyal supporters of the House of Lancaster in its struggle against the House of York, Edmund died on 3 November 1456. On 28 January 1457, his widow Margaret Beaufort, who had just attained her fourteenth birthday, gave birth to a son, Henry Tudor, at her brother-in-laws Pembroke Castle. Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII, spent his childhood at Raglan Castle, the home of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, a leading Yorkist. Following the murder of Henry VI and death of his son, Edward, in 1471, concerned for his young nephews life, Jasper Tudor took Henry to Brittany for safety. Lady Margaret remained in England and remarried, living quietly while advancing the Lancastrian cause, capitalizing on the growing unpopularity of Richard III, she was able to forge an alliance with discontented Yorkists in support of her son. Two years after Richard III was crowned, Henry and Jasper sailed from the mouth of the Seine to the Milford Haven Waterway, upon this victory, Henry Tudor proclaimed himself King Henry VII
36.
Myxomatosis
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Myxomatosis is a disease that affects rabbits, caused by the myxoma virus. It was first observed in Uruguay in laboratory rabbits in the late 19th century and it was introduced into Australia in 1950 in an attempt to control the rabbit population. Affected rabbits develop skin tumors, and in some cases blindness, followed by fatigue and fever, the disease is spread by direct contact with an affected animal or by being bitten by fleas or mosquitoes that have fed on an infected rabbit. The myxomatosis virus does not replicate in these hosts, but can be physically carried by an insects mouthparts. Due to the potential of insect vector transmission, pet rabbits may be susceptible in enzootic areas, in rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus living in the Americas, myxomatosis causes only localized skin tumors, but the European rabbit is more severely affected. At first, normally the disease is visible by lumps and puffiness around the head and it may progress to acute conjunctivitis and possibly blindness, however, this also may be the first visible symptom of the disease. The rabbits become listless, lose appetite, and develop a fever, secondary bacterial infections occur in most cases, which cause pneumonia and purulent inflammation of the lungs. In cases where the rabbit has little or no resistance, death may take place rapidly, often in as little as 48 hours, often the symptoms like blindness make the infected rabbit more vulnerable to predators. In pet rabbits, myxomatosis can be misdiagnosed as pasteurellosis, an infection which can be treated with antibiotics. In practice, the owner is often urged to euthanize the animal to end its suffering, after its discovery in 1896 in imported rabbits in Uruguay, a relatively harmless strain of the disease spread quickly throughout the wild rabbit populations in South America. In Australia, the virus was first field-tested for population control in 1938, a full-scale release was performed in 1950. It was devastatingly effective, reducing the rabbit population from 600 million to 100 million in two years. However, the rabbits remaining alive were those least affected by the disease, genetic resistance to myxomatosis was observed soon after the first release, and descendants of the survivors acquired partial immunity in the first two decades. Resistance has been increasing slowly since the 1970s, the disease now kills about 50% of infected rabbits, in an attempt to increase that rate, a second virus was introduced into the rabbit population in 1996. Myxomatosis was introduced to France by the bacteriologist Dr. Paul Armand Delille, within four months the virus had spread 50 km, Armand suspected this was due to poachers taking infected rabbits from his estate. By 1954, 90% of the rabbits in France were dead. The disease reached the UK in 1953, the first outbreak in the UK to be officially confirmed was in Bough Beech, Kent in September 1953. It was encouraged in the UK as an effective rabbit bio-control measure, as a result, it is understood that more than 99% of rabbits in the UK were killed by the outbreak
37.
Sabine Baring-Gould
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Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould of Lew Trenchard in Devon, England, was an Anglican priest, hagiographer, antiquarian, novelist and eclectic scholar. His bibliography consists of more than 1240 publications, though this list continues to grow and his family home, the manor house of Lew Trenchard, near Okehampton, Devon, has been preserved as he had it rebuilt and is now a hotel. He is remembered particularly as a writer of hymns, the best-known being Onward, Christian Soldiers and he also translated the carol Gabriels Message from the Basque language to English. Sabine Baring-Gould was born in the parish of St Sidwell, Exeter on 28 January 1834, because the family spent much of his childhood travelling round Europe, most of his education was by private tutors. He only spent about two years in formal schooling, first at Kings College School in London and then, for a few months, here his time was ended by a bronchial disease of the kind that was to plague him throughout his long life. His father considered his ill-health as a reason for another European tour. In 1852 he was admitted to Cambridge University, earning the degrees of Bachelor of Arts in 1857, in September 1853 he informed Nathaniel Woodard of his desire to be ordained. He taught for ten days at one of Woodards boys boarding schools in Sussex, Lancing College, but then moved to another, Hurstpierpoint College. He took Holy Orders in 1864, and became the curate at Horbury Bridge and it was while acting as a curate that he met Grace Taylor, the daughter of a mill hand, then aged fourteen. In the next few years they fell in love and his vicar, John Sharp, arranged for Grace to live for two years with relatives in York to learn middle-class manners. Baring-Gould, meanwhile, relocated to become curate at Dalton. He and Grace were married in 1868 at Wakefield and their marriage lasted until her death 48 years later, and the couple had 15 children, all but one of whom lived to adulthood. When he buried his wife in 1916 he had carved on her tombstone the Latin motto Dimidium Animae Meae, Baring-Gould became the rector of East Mersea in Essex in 1871 and spent ten years there. In 1872 his father died and he inherited the 3, 000-acre family estates of Lew Trenchard in Devon, when the living became vacant in 1881, he was able to appoint himself to it, becoming parson as well as squire. He did a deal of work restoring St Peters Church, Lew Trenchard. He regarded his principal achievement to be the collection of songs that he made with the help of the ordinary people of Devon. His first book of songs, Songs and Ballads of the West, was published in four parts between 1889 and 1891, the musical editor for this collection was Henry Fleetwood Sheppard, though some of the songs included were noted by Baring-Goulds other collaborator Frederick Bussell. Baring-Gould and Sheppard produced a collection named A Garland of Country Songs during 1895
38.
The French Lieutenant's Woman
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The French Lieutenants Woman is a 1969 postmodern historical fiction novel by John Fowles. It was his published novel, after The Collector and The Magus. The novel explores the relationship of gentleman and amateur naturalist Charles Smithson and Sarah Woodruff. The novel builds on Fowles authority in Victorian literature, both following and critiquing many of the conventions of period novels, following publication, the library magazine American Libraries, described the novel as one of the Notable Books of 1969. The novel remains popular, figuring in both public and academic conversations, in 2005, Time magazine chose the novel as one of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005. Part of the reputation is based on its expression of postmodern literary concerns through thematic focus on metafiction, historiography, metahistory. Stylistically and thematically, Linda Hutcheon describes the novel as an exemplar of a particular postmodern genre, because of the contrast between the independent Sarah Woodruff and the more stereotypical male characters, the novel often receives attention for its treatment of gender issues. However, despite claims by Fowles that it is a feminist novel, following popular success, the novel created a larger legacy, the novel has had numerous responses by academics and other writers, such as A. S. Byatt, and through adaptation as film and dramatic play, in 1981, the novel was adapted as a film of the same name with script by the playwright Harold Pinter, directed by Karel Reisz and starring Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons. The film received critical acclaim and awards, including several BAFTAs. The novel was adapted and produced as a British play in 2006. Before Fowles published The French Lieutenants Woman in 1969, he had established his literary reputation with his novels The Collector. While writing The French Lieutenants Woman, he was working on the screenplay for the adaptation of The Magus. Moreover, The Collector had already adapted in a 1965 film that gained Fowles further popular attention. Fowles described his inspiration for The French Lieutenants Woman to be a persistent image of a Victorian Woman. In a 1969 essay titled Notes on an Unfinished Novel, Fowles reflects on his writing process and he said he had an image during the autumn of 1966 of A woman stands at the end of a deserted quay and stares out to sea. He determined that she belonged to a Victorian Age and had mysterious, and, Remember the etymology of the word. It must have relevance to the writers now - so dont ever pretend you live in 1867, in an appended comment, dated October 27,1967, he writes that he finished the first draft of the novel at about 140,000 words
39.
The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)
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The French Lieutenants Woman is a 1981 British romantic drama film directed by Karel Reisz, produced by Leon Clore and adapted by playwright Harold Pinter. It is based on the novel by John Fowles, the music score is by Carl Davis and the cinematography by Freddie Francis. In both segments, Jeremy Irons and Meryl Streep play the roles, but in line with John Fowles source novel having multiple endings. In the Victorian story, Charles enters into an emotional relationship with Sarah. The two meet secretly in the Lyme Regis Undercliff, and eventually have sex in an Exeter hotel and this leads to Charles breaking off his engagement, but Sarah then disappears. In social disgrace after being sued for breach of promise, Charles searches for Sarah, after three years, Sarah, who has a job as a governess in the Lake District, contacts Charles to explain that she needed time to find herself. Despite Charless initial anger, he forgives her, and the two are reconciled and they are finally seen boating on Lake Windermere. In the modern story, the American actress Anna and the English actor Mike, as filming concludes, although Mike wishes to continue the relationship, Anna becomes increasingly cool about the affair, and avoids Mike in favour of spending time with her French husband. During the film wrap party, Anna leaves without saying goodbye, Mike calls out to Anna from a window as she drives away, using her character name. Leon had produced Karels Morgan, A Suitable Case for Treatment, the film was shot in 1980, on location in Lyme Regis, Exeter, London docks, and Lake Windermere, with studio sets built at Londons Twickenham Studios to Assheton Gortons period-perfect designs. The audience is given alternating sequences of a rigid Victorian society, the book was published in 1969. Its transfer to the big screen was a process, with film rights changing hands a number of times before a treatment, funding. A number of directors were attached to the film, Sidney Lumet, Robert Bolt, Fred Zinnemann, the script went through a number of treatments, including one by Dennis Potter in 1975 and by James Costigan in 1976, before Pinters final draft. The award-winning music was composed by Carl Davis and performed by an unidentified orchestra, sharp Cut, Harold Pinters Screenplays and the Artistic Process. On Filming Metafiction, John Fowless Unpublished The Last Chapter and the Road to Postmodern Cinema, gale, Steven H. Harold Pinters The French Lieutenants Woman, A Masterpiece of Adaptation. Albany, State University of New York Press, Albany, fowlesBooks. com—The Official John Fowles web site The French Lieutenants Woman at the Internet Movie Database The French Lieutenants Woman at Rotten Tomatoes
40.
Beer, Devon
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Beer is a village and civil parish in the East Devon district of Devon, England. The village faces Lyme Bay and is a little over one mile west of the town of Seaton, at the 2011 Census, the parish had a population of 1,317. The village is situated on the 95-mile long Jurassic Coast, Englands first natural World Heritage Site and its picturesque cliffs, including Beer Head, form part of the South West Coast Path. Beer is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, at time it was located within Colyton hundred and had 28 households. Its name is not derived from the drink, but from the Old English word bearu, meaning grove and it is a pretty coastal village that grew up around a smugglers cove and caves which were once used to store contraband goods. These are now part of the attraction of the village, many of the buildings are faced with flint, a hard glassy stone found in the local chalk rock. Historically, the sources of income for the village include fishing. Boats are winched up the beach as there is no harbour, nowadays small electrically driven winches using steel cables or tractors are located on the beach to haul boats in. Higher up is an old manual capstan operated by up to 20 men, a brook winds its way in an open conduit alongside the main road down to the sea. A WW2 pillbox is located close to the side of the beach exit. Nowadays, the sources of income are tourism and fishing. Beer is also the home of the Pecorama, which includes pleasure gardens, Beer has a steep pebble beach. This makes walking on the beach difficult, long rubber mats — actually recycled conveyor belts — are laid down to assist walkers. Beer is home to a complex, the Beer Quarry Caves. This stone has been prized since Roman times, because of its workability for carving, bovey House, an Elizabethan manor house, is a mile inland. Starre House, the oldest house in Beer is built using the local Beer stone that has been quarried since Roman times, bacteria taken from cliffs at Beer on the south coast were launched to the International Space Station in 2008. The Beer microbes were placed on the European Space Agencys Technology Exposure Facility and were sent up still sitting on, after 553-days they found that many were still alive. The survivors are now reproducing in a laboratory and this was part of an experiment to study the survival of microbes in extreme conditions
41.
Chalk Formation
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The Chalk Group is the lithostratigraphic unit which contains the late Cretaceous limestone succession in southern and eastern England. The same or similar rock sequences occur across the wider northwest European chalk province and it is characterised by thick deposits of chalk, a soft porous white limestone, deposited in a marine environment. Chalk is a limestone that consists of coccolith biomicrite, a biomicrite is a limestone composed of fossil debris and calcium carbonate mud. Most of the debris in chalk consists of the microscopic plates. In addition to the coccoliths, the fossil debris includes a variable, the coccolithophores lived in the upper part of the water column. The Chalk Group usually shows few signs of bedding, other lines of flint nodules which become common in the upper part. Nodules of the mineral pyrite also occur and are oxidized to brown iron oxide on exposed surfaces. The Chalk Group is now divided into a White Chalk Subgroup and these modern divisions replace numerous earlier divisions, references to which occur widely on geological maps and in other geological literature. Previously no subgroups were defined but three formations were identified, the Upper Chalk, Middle Chalk and Lower Chalk, different formations are defined within the northern and southern provinces, from Norfolk northwards and south of the Thames valley respectively. A transitional province between the two and covering much of East Anglia and the Chiltern Hills is also recognised, a different approach again is taken as regards the succession beneath the North Sea. The Grey Chalk Subgroup is usually soft and greyish in colour. It is also the most fossiliferous, the strata of this subgroup usually begins with the Glauconitic Marl Member, named after the grains of the green minerals glauconite and chlorite which it contains. The remainder of the subgroup is argillaceous in its lower part (the West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation, in the central Chilterns the two parts are separated by the hard Totternhoe Stone, which forms a prominent scarp in some places. There are few, if any, flint nodules present and these two formations are not recognised within the northern province i. e. the outcrop north from East Anglia to Yorkshire, where the entire sequence is now referred to as the Ferriby Chalk Formation. The thickness of the Grey Chalk Subgroup strata varies, averaging around 200 feet and they often contains fossils such as the ammonites Schloenbachia, Scaphites, and Mantelliceras, the belemnite Actinocamax, and the bivalves Inoceramus and Ostrea. The White Chalk Subgroup includes what were designated the Middle Chalk and Upper Chalk Formations. The sparse fossils found in this include the brachiopod Terebratulina. It may contain ammonite and gastropod fossils in some nodular layers, the thickness of this sequence varies greatly, often averaging around 300 feet
42.
Undercliff Walk
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Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs is a 167.5 hectares biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex, England. The site was notified in 1986 under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, the site includes two sites before known as Black Rock and Peacehaven cliffs to Castle Hill. Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs provides the best and most extensive exposure of an important chronological fossil site in England, the gentle folding and the ease of access to the cliff exposures make this an important collecting site for faunas of the upper Santonian and lower Campanian. It is an important reference section for the Upper Cretaceous. Black Rock is a key for the study of Quaternary Stratigraphy and has attracted scientific interest for over 150 years, the modern sea cliff at Black Rock obliquely intersects a fossil cliff and abrasion platform cut in the Upper Chalk. The angle between the beach and the old cliff is filled by great quantities of chalk rubble apparently derived from the weathering. Chalk muds and fine gravel and grit, are banked against the rubble on the west. The muds contain appreciable quantities of loess and are overlain by further, coarser solifluction deposits, the chalk rubble and solifluction deposits are particularly notable for their fossil remains of many Devensian mammals, including Elephas primigenius, Tichorhinus antiquitatus and Equus caballus. An area of the cliff at Saltdean provides probably the finest example of normal faults in the Chalk of southern England. This exposure of Upper Chalk lies on the flank of the Weald anticline, an upward flexure of the crust. The faults run in a direction, at right angles to the trend of the anticline. These structures were formed by stretching of the crust parallel to the axis of the anticline during an episode of crustal compression in the mid Tertiary. The formation of the Wealden Anticline is related to the formation of the Alpine Chain to the South, along much of the cliffed coast between Brighton and Newhaven, frost involution structures can be seen in the upper meter of the chalk cliff. These involutions appear as repeated U shaped structures and date from the Devensisn, frost heaving broke up the sub-surface sedimentary layers of chalk turning small slabs into a more and more upright orientation towards the surface, to be covered by present day soil. The centre of the U structure is a fill of finer chalk and these structures have a polygonal surface manifestation which can be revealed by stripping away turf and soil. Slope angle appears to have had an effect on their formation, where the gradient exceeds 20 degrees solifluction appears to have been a more dominant process preventing their formation. The Undercliff Walk is a 4.5 km path at the foot of the cliffs from Black Rock, when it is open, this seafront route is popular with walkers and cyclists. However, Brighton & Hove City Council has often had to close it after rockfalls by Brighton Marina during the winters of 2000/01, netting and other devices have been placed on parts of the cliffs known to be unstable to prevent rocks from falling onto the path
43.
Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs
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Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs is a 167.5 hectares biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex, England. The site was notified in 1986 under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, the site includes two sites before known as Black Rock and Peacehaven cliffs to Castle Hill. Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs provides the best and most extensive exposure of an important chronological fossil site in England, the gentle folding and the ease of access to the cliff exposures make this an important collecting site for faunas of the upper Santonian and lower Campanian. It is an important reference section for the Upper Cretaceous. Black Rock is a key for the study of Quaternary Stratigraphy and has attracted scientific interest for over 150 years, the modern sea cliff at Black Rock obliquely intersects a fossil cliff and abrasion platform cut in the Upper Chalk. The angle between the beach and the old cliff is filled by great quantities of chalk rubble apparently derived from the weathering. Chalk muds and fine gravel and grit, are banked against the rubble on the west. The muds contain appreciable quantities of loess and are overlain by further, coarser solifluction deposits, the chalk rubble and solifluction deposits are particularly notable for their fossil remains of many Devensian mammals, including Elephas primigenius, Tichorhinus antiquitatus and Equus caballus. An area of the cliff at Saltdean provides probably the finest example of normal faults in the Chalk of southern England. This exposure of Upper Chalk lies on the flank of the Weald anticline, an upward flexure of the crust. The faults run in a direction, at right angles to the trend of the anticline. These structures were formed by stretching of the crust parallel to the axis of the anticline during an episode of crustal compression in the mid Tertiary. The formation of the Wealden Anticline is related to the formation of the Alpine Chain to the South, along much of the cliffed coast between Brighton and Newhaven, frost involution structures can be seen in the upper meter of the chalk cliff. These involutions appear as repeated U shaped structures and date from the Devensisn, frost heaving broke up the sub-surface sedimentary layers of chalk turning small slabs into a more and more upright orientation towards the surface, to be covered by present day soil. The centre of the U structure is a fill of finer chalk and these structures have a polygonal surface manifestation which can be revealed by stripping away turf and soil. Slope angle appears to have had an effect on their formation, where the gradient exceeds 20 degrees solifluction appears to have been a more dominant process preventing their formation. The Undercliff Walk is a 4.5 km path at the foot of the cliffs from Black Rock, when it is open, this seafront route is popular with walkers and cyclists. However, Brighton & Hove City Council has often had to close it after rockfalls by Brighton Marina during the winters of 2000/01, netting and other devices have been placed on parts of the cliffs known to be unstable to prevent rocks from falling onto the path
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Site of Special Scientific Interest
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The acronym SSSI is often pronounced triple-S I. Sites notified for their biological interest are known as Biological SSSI/ASSIs, SSSI/ASSIs may be divided into management units, with some areas including units that are noted for both biological and geological interest. Biological SSSI/ASSIs may be selected for reasons, which for Great Britain is governed by published SSSI Selection Guidelines. Within each area, a series of the best examples of each significant natural habitat may be notified. Sites of particular significance for various groups may be selected —each of these groups has its own set of selection guidelines. In Scotland, the authority is Scottish Natural Heritage, the role in Wales is performed by Natural Resources Wales. In the Isle of Man the role is performed by the Department of Environment, Food, Geological SSSI/ASSIs are selected by a different mechanism to biological ones, with a minimalistic system selecting one site for each geological feature in Great Britain. Each of these sites is described, with most published in the Geological Conservation Review series, almost all GCR sites are subsequently notified as geological SSSIs, except some that coincide with designated biological SSSI management units. If the exposure becomes obscured, the feature could in principle be re-exposed elsewhere, Conservation of these sites usually concentrates on maintenance of access for future study. These are features which are limited in extent or physically delicate—for example, they include small lenses of sediment, mine tailings, caves, if such features become damaged they cannot be recreated, and conservation usually involves protecting the feature from erosion or other damage. Following devolution, legal arrangements for SSSIs and ASSIs differ between the countries of the UK, the Isle of Man ASSI system is a separate entity. Scottish Natural Heritage publishes a summary of the SSSI arrangements for SSSI owners and occupiers which can be downloaded from the SNH website, legal documents for all SSSIs in Scotland are available on the SSSI Register, hosted by The Registers of Scotland. Further information about SSSIs in Scotland is available on the SNH website, SSSIs are also covered under the Water Resources Act 1991 and related legislation. An SSSI may be made on any area of land which is considered to be of special interest by virtue of its fauna, flora, SSSI notification can cover any land within the area of the relevant nature conservation body, including dry land, land covered by freshwater. The extent to which an SSSI/ASSI may extend seawards differs between countries, in England, Natural England may notify an SSSI over estuarial waters and further adjacent waters in certain circumstances. Access on to SSSIs is the same as for the rest of the countryside of the relevant country, most SSSIs/ASSIs are in private ownership and form parts of working farms, forests and estates. In Scotland, people may use their rights of access to visit SSSIs. When creating a new SSSI/ASSI the designation hs legal effect from the date of notification. g, in Scotland, Scottish Natural Heritage must also notify the relevant community councils and community group having registered an interest in the land. )
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East Cliff and Warren Country Park
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East Cliff and Warren Country Park is in Folkestone, in Kent, England. This country park is formed of the East Cliffs of Folkestone, the beaches of East Wear Bay. On the East cliffs, are 3 Martello Towers and these were built on the cliffs in 1804-09 to protect against the French invasion of Napoleon. Number 3, since 1990 is used as a Martello Tower visitor centre by Shepway Council, beside it is an information panel describing the Roman villa ruins on the site. In 1875 until 1892, near Martello Tower 1, was a house called the Warren Inn. It closed after it people were caught drinking after hours, the Earl of Radnor had it closed, as it was on his land. The East cliffs were popular with Victorians who picnicked on the meadows of the cliffs before heading down towards the sandy beaches. The area was popular with burrowing rabbits and was named informally The Warren, in 1884, the South East Main Line railway was built from Ashford to Folkestone and then onwards to Dover, through the Warren. Also a zig-zag path led down the East Cliff to the station, fortunately, no-one was hurt in the occurrence. This was one of the largest landslides in Kent, the station and the line were closed until 1919. The Warren was still a popular spot in Edwardian times. The land was then defended from coastal erosion with the effect of stopping any more landslips to the land beyond the line. In 1923, the Halt Station was rebuilt by the Southern Railway which added a set of platforms, the station remained open for a further 16 years before another landslip in 1939. In 1924, the land was given to the council of Folkestone for perpetual recreational use by the Earls of Radnor during the 19th century, and the country park was formed soon after by the council. The park covers an area of 299.4 hectares It has various paths leading through it towards the coastline and beach, the land is generally formed out of Gault Clay and sandstone for the more resistant rocky headland of Copt Point. The site of a World War II observation post, after the Country Park was set up, grazing animals were banned, this has allowed shrubs and trees to seed naturally across the site. Patches of wildflower meadow still exist and these are the habitats of various rare insects. Including a harvestman and a millipede, also rare plant species in the park include, wild cabbage, the Dover variety of Nottingham catchfly and the extremely local clove-scented broom rape
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Dover
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Dover is a town and major ferry port in the home county of Kent, in South East England. The town is the centre of the Dover District and home of the Dover Calais ferry through the Port of Dover. The surrounding chalk cliffs are known as the White Cliffs of Dover and its strategic position has been evident throughout its history, archaeological finds have revealed that the area has always been a focus for peoples entering and leaving Britain. The name of the town derives from the name of the river flows through it. There was a barracks in Dover, which was closed in 2007. Although many of the ferry services have declined, services related to the Port of Dover provide a great deal of the town’s employment. Local residents had clubbed together to propose buying it for the community, first recorded in its Latinised form of Portus Dubris, the name derives from the Brythonic word for waters. The same element is present in the towns French and Modern Welsh forms, subsequent name forms included Doverre, The current name was in use at least by the time of Shakespeares King Lear, in which the town and its cliffs play a prominent role. The sight of the cliffs when approaching Dover may have given the island of Britain its ancient name of Albion. Dover’s history, because of its proximity to France, has always been of strategic importance to Britain. Archaeological finds have shown there were Stone Age people in the area. Some Iron Age finds exist also, but the coming of the Romans made Dover part of their communications network, like Lemanis and Rutupiae Dover was connected by road to Canterbury and Watling Street, and it became Portus Dubris, a fortified port. Forts were built above the port, lighthouses were constructed to guide passing ships, Dover figured largely in the Domesday Book as an important borough. It also served as a bastion against various attackers, notably the French during the Napoleonic Wars and it was one of the Cinque Ports during medieval times. Dover is near the extreme south-east corner of Britain between Deal and Folkestone and this led to the silting up of the river mouth by the action of longshore drift, the town was then forced into making artificial breakwaters to keep the port in being. These breakwaters have been extended and adapted so that the port lies almost entirely on reclaimed land. The higher land on either side of the valley – the Western Heights, the town has gradually extended up the river valley, encompassing several villages in doing so. Little growth is possible along the coast, since the cliffs are on the sea’s edge, the railway, being tunnelled and embanked, skirts the foot of the cliffs
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Tiger beetle
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Tiger beetles are a large group of beetles, from Cicindelinae family, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest species of beetle, Cicindela hudsoni, can run at a speed of 9 km/h. As of 2005, about 2,600 species and subspecies were known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental region, Tiger beetles often have large bulging eyes, long, slender legs and large curved mandibles. All are predatory, both as adults and as larvae, the genus Cicindela has a cosmopolitan distribution. Other well-known genera include Tetracha, Omus, Amblycheila and Manticora, while members of the genus Cicindela are usually diurnal and may be out on the hottest days, Tetracha, Omus, Amblycheila and Manticora are all nocturnal. Both Cicindela and Tetracha are often colored, while the other genera mentioned are usually uniform black in color. Tiger beetles in the genus Manticora are the largest in size of the subfamily and these live primarily in the dry regions of southern Africa. The larvae of tiger beetles live in cylindrical burrows as much as a meter deep and they are large-headed, hump-backed grubs that flip backwards to capture prey insects that wander over the ground. The fast-moving adults run down their prey and are extremely fast on the wing, some tiger beetles in the tropics are arboreal, but most run on the surface of the ground. They live along sea and lake shores, on dunes, around playa lakebeds and on clay banks or woodland paths. Tiger beetles are considered an indicator species and have been used in ecological studies on biodiversity. Several species of parasitic wasps in the genus Methocha, lay their eggs on larvae of various Cicindela spp. Tiger beetles display a form of pursuit in which they alternatively sprint quickly toward their prey, then stop. This may be because while running, the beetle is moving too fast for its system to accurately process images. To avoid obstacles while running they hold their antennae rigidly and directly in front of them to sense their environment. Tiger beetles were traditionally classified as the family Cicindelidae but most authorities now treat them as the subfamily Cicindelinae of the Carabidae, the most recent classifications, however, have relegated them to a monophyletic subgroup within the subfamily Carabinae, though this is not yet universally accepted. Many genera are the result of the splitting of the large genus Cicindela, the genera of tiger beetles include, Further new country records of African Tiger Beetles with some taxonomical note by Peter Schüle. The Tiger beetles of Africa by Karl Werner, Taita Publishers 2000, a Quantitative Analysis of Species Descriptions of Tiger Beetles, from 1758 to 2004, and Notes about Related Developments in Biodiversity Studies by D. L. Pearson and F. Cassola
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
