1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
Tronc
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Tronc, Inc. is an American newspaper print and online media publishing company based in Chicago, Illinois. It also publishes several local newspapers in metropolitan regions, which are organized in subsidiary groups. It is the nations third-largest newspaper publisher, with ten daily newspapers, on June 20,2016, the company adopted the name tronc, short for Tribune online content. Troncs history dates back to 1847, when the Chicago Tribune published its first edition on June 10 of that year, in a plant located at LaSalle. The Tribune resumed printing two days later with an editorial declaring Chicago Shall Rise Again, the newspapers editor and part-owner, Joseph Medill, was elected mayor and led the citys reconstruction. A native Ohioan who first acquired an interest in the Tribune in 1855, Medill gained full control of the newspaper in 1874, medills two grandsons, cousins Robert R. McCormick and Joseph Medill Patterson, assumed leadership of the company in 1911. That same year, the Chicago Tribunes first newsprint mill opened in Thorold, Ontario, the mill marked the beginnings of the Canadian newsprint producer later known as QUNO, in which Tribune held an investment interest until 1995. The Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate was formed in 1918, leading to Joseph Pattersons establishment of the second newspaper. Tribunes ownership of the New York City tabloid was considered interlocking due to an agreement between McCormick and Patterson, the company acquired the Fort Lauderdale-based Sun-Sentinel newspaper in 1963, this was later followed by its purchase of the Orlando Sentinel in 1965. In 1973, the company began sharing stories among 25 subscriber newspapers via the newly formed news service, by 1990, this service was known as Knight-Ridder/Tribune and provided graphics, photo and news content to its member newspapers. KRT became McClatchy-Tribune Information Services, which is owned by the Tribune Company and McClatchy. Tribune later acquired the Newport News, Virginia-based Daily Press in 1986, in the wake of a dispute with some of its labor unions, the New York Daily News was sold to British businessman Robert Maxwell in 1991. In June 2000, Tribune acquired the Los Angeles-based Times Mirror Company in a deal worth $8.3 billion. The merger added seven daily newspapers to Tribunes portfolio, including the Los Angeles Times, the Long Island-based Newsday, The Baltimore Sun and the Hartford Courant. Tribune Media Net, the advertising sales organization of Tribune Publishing, was established in 2000 to take advantage of the companys expanded scale. Later in the decade, Tribune launched daily newspapers targeting urban commuters, including the Chicago Tribunes RedEye edition in 2002, in 2006, Tribune acquired the minority equity interest in AM New York, giving it full ownership of the newspaper. The company sold both Newsday and AM New York to Cablevision Systems Corporation in 2008, with the sale of the latter paper closing on July 29 of that year. On April 2,2007, Chicago-based investor Sam Zell announced plans to buy out the Tribune Company for $34.00 a share, totaling $8.2 billion, the deal was approved by 97% of the companys shareholders on August 21,2007
4.
Williamsburg, Virginia
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Williamsburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,068, in 2014, the population was estimated to be 14,691. Located on the Virginia Peninsula, Williamsburg is in the part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. It is bordered by James City County and York County, Williamsburg was founded in 1632 as Middle Plantation, a fortified settlement on high ground between the James and York rivers. The city served as the capital of the Colony of Virginia from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. S. Presidents as well as other important figures in the nations early history. The citys tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city, along with nearby Jamestown and Yorktown, Williamsburg forms part of the Historic Triangle, which attracts more than four million tourists each year. Modern Williamsburg is also a town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary students. Prior to the arrival of the English colonists at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia in 1607, by the 1630s, English settlements had grown to dominate the lower portion of the Virginia Peninsula, and the Powhatan tribes had abandoned their nearby villages. Jamestown was the capital of Virginia Colony, but was burned down during the events of Bacons Rebellion in 1676. The members of the House of Burgesses discovered that the location was both safer and more pleasant environmentally than Jamestown, which was humid and plagued with mosquitoes. A school of education had long been an aspiration of the colonists. An early attempt at Henricus failed after the Indian Massacre of 1622, the location at the outskirts of the developed part of the colony had left it more vulnerable to the attack. In the 1690s, the colonists tried again to establish a school and they commissioned Reverend James Blair, who spent several years in England lobbying, and finally obtained a royal charter for the desired new school. It was to be named the College of William & Mary in honor of the monarchs of the time, when Reverend Blair returned to Virginia, the new school was founded in a safe place, Middle Plantation in 1693. Classes began in temporary quarters in 1694, and the College Building, four years later, in 1698, the rebuilt Statehouse in Jamestown burned down again, this time accidentally. The government again relocated temporarily to Middle Plantation, and in addition to the better climate now also enjoyed use of the Colleges facilities. The College students made a presentation to the House of Burgesses, a village was laid out and Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg in honor of King William III of England, befitting the towns newly elevated status
5.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
6.
William Parks (publisher)
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William Parks was a printer and journalist in England and Colonial America. Parks was born in Shropshire, England on May 23,1699 and he was first a printer and newspaper publisher in England, where he maintained printing houses at Ludlow, Hereford and Reading. In Ludlow, Parks published the Ludlow Post-Man starting in 1719, in 1721 he moved to Hereford where he published two books. In July 1723 Parks operated a business in Reading, where he published The Reading Mercury with one D. Kinnier. Parks eventually moved to America in 1726 where he started a print shop in Annapolis, Parks began publishing Maryland government documents in 1726 when he published the Acts of the Assembly for the colony. In 1727 he became the first public printer for the government of colonial Maryland, and was commissioned to print all government documents, about 1730 he began a print shop in Colonial Williamsburg on Duke of Gloucester Street near the Capitol. Sometime shortly after 1737 he moved to the print shop familiar today as the tourist attraction on lot 48 and he became the first official government public printer for the colony of Virginia as well. Parks was then the government public printer for both colonies of Maryland and Virginia, Parks founded the Maryland Gazette newspaper in 1727, which he published continuously through 1734. In the Maryland Gazette he published the poetry of Ebenezer Cook, Parks moved from Annapolis to Colonial Williamsburg permanently in 1736, where he was elected as Williamsburgs postmaster. That same year, he founded Virginias first newspaper, the Virginia Gazette, the first issue was printed on August 6,1736. He published the newspaper until his death in 1750, the history of Parkss Williamsburg paper mill began with his journey to Philadelphia in the fall of 1742 to consult with Benjamin Franklin. Franklin had advertised in the Pennsylvania Gazette for a contractor who knew about building a paper mill, together, Parks and Franklin interviewed various people who responded to the ad. When Parks had to return to Williamsburg, he left Franklin in charge as his agent, Franklin hired a German contractor who knew how to build a paper mill, and hired skilled craftsmen. Franklin also obtained paper making equipment and furnished Parks with rags for the making the paper, construction on the paper mill began in the fall of 1742, and was completed sometime in 1743. At times Parks employed as many as nine assistants for his paper mill, Shutz left Williamsburg and went back to Pennsylvania to start up his own paper mill in 1744. Parks advertised for additional rags for his papermaking in the Virginia Gazette on July 26,1744, the Williamsburg paper mill established by Parks was the first paper mill in colonial America south of Pennsylvania, and the first paper mill built in Virginia. Leo Lemay has speculated that the reason Franklin was so interested in seeing Parks getting started in the paper making business is that he wanted to promote American industry and it is not clear whether the mill continued to operate after the death of Parks in 1750. Williamsburg historian Rutherfoord Goodwin speculated that it may have taken over by William Hunter, the new proprietor of the Virginia Gazette
7.
Maryland Gazette
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The Gazette, founded in 1727 as The Maryland Gazette, is one of the oldest newspapers in America. Its modern-day descendant, The Capital, was acquired by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014, previously, it was owned by the Capital Gazette Communications group, which published The Capital, Bowie Blade-News, Crofton-West County Gazette, and Capital Style Magazine. The Gazette and their publications have a long history, having been composed and printed in numerous locations, all in the Annapolis area. The company has moved seven times, including from 3 Church Circle to 213 West St. in 1948. The Maryland Gazette was founded in Annapolis in 1727 and published through 1734 by William Parks, Parks moved to Virginia in 1736. John Peter Zenger, who learned the trade of a newspaperman as a servant and apprentice printer for the Gazette. His 1735 trial established in American law that printing the truth is not libel or sedition, a key forerunner to the First Amendment to the Constitution, the Gazettes second publisher was Jonas Green, a former protégé of Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia. Money was sometimes hard to come by, so Green sometimes traded an ad or a subscription for supplies and his wife, Anne Catherine Hoof Green, also helped to make ends meet by selling homemade chocolates at the post office. Green, a troublemaker, hated the Stamp Act, which among other things directly taxed his newspaper. Refusing to pay, he published the Gazette with what was then a blaring headline, The Maryland Gazette Expiring, Green wrote that because of the Stamp Act, the newspaper will not any longer be published. In the bottom corner of the page, where the tax stamp should have been placed, there appeared instead a skull. A strong supporter of Colonial rights, she continued her husbands policy of operating an independent newspaper under the nose of the governor in Annapolis. Ultimately, she published the newspaper for eight years while raising 14 children, the newspaper stayed in the Green family for 94 years. Jonas Greens house, where the Gazette was published for years, still stands on Charles Street in downtown Annapolis. The article called Chase a busy, reckless incendiary, a ringleader of mobs, a foul-mouthed and inflaming son of discord and faction, a common disturber of the public tranquility. In 1772, Charles Carroll of Carrollton engaged in a debate conducted through the Maryland Gazette, writing in the Gazette under the pseudonym First Citizen, he became a prominent spokesman against the governors proclamation increasing legal fees to state officers and Protestant clergy. Opposing Carroll in these debates and writing as Antillon was Daniel Dulany the Younger. Eventually word spread of the identity of the two combatants, and Carrolls fame and notoriety began to grow
8.
Annapolis, Maryland
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Annapolis is the capital of the U. S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census, the city served as the seat of the Continental Congress in 1783–84 and was the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention and the Annapolis Peace Conference, held in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. Johns College as well as the United States Naval Academy, a settlement in the Province of Maryland named Providence was founded on the north shore of the Severn River in 1649 by Puritan exiles from Virginia led by Governor William Stone. The settlers later moved to a harbor on the south shore. The settlement on the shore was initially named Town at Proctors, then Town at the Severn. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. On March 25,1655, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland), Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the chief industries. Annapolis is home to a number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. Dr. Alexander Hamilton was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis, Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw, the flag is slightly different from other designs of the time. The blue field extends over the height of the hoist. Shaw created two versions of the flag, one started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one. In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the regulation of commerce. Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, the Philadelphia convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States, which is still in force. During this period, a prisoner of war camp, Camp Parole, was set up in Annapolis. As the war continued, the camp expanded to a location just west of the city
9.
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman. As a scientist, he was a figure in the American Enlightenment. As an inventor, he is known for the rod, bifocals. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphias fire department and the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin earned the title of The First American for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation, in the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age, Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richards Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, after 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies. He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and he organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France, during the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, from 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective, Franklins father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23,1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15,1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, Josiah Franklin had seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683, after her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9,1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their child, was Josiah Franklins fifteenth child and tenth
10.
William Hunter (publisher)
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William Hunter was a colonial American newspaper publisher, book publisher, and printer for the colony of Virginia. Hunter was born in Yorktown, Virginia at a date in the early eighteenth century. His parents were William Hunter Sr. a merchant of Elizabeth City County, shortly after the deaths of Hunters parents, his sister Elizabeth married John Holt, a merchant, printer, and the mayor of Williamsburg. Since all of Hunters sisters were children and had no parents, they moved in with Elizabeth. Hunter and his sisters lived in the house of the Ravenscroft property owned by Holt from 1745 to 1754 at the corner of Nicholson. Hunter was then the owner of the property after Holts death in 1754, Hunter was a journeyman apprentice under Virginias first public printer William Parks. He was an adult in 1749 and was the foreman of Parks print shop, upon Parks’ death in 1750, Hunter took over his position as the official government public printer for the colony of Virginia. He was the printer for the House of Burgesses in the colony of Virginia from 1751 to 1761. Hunters salary was increased from Parks last salary of £280 per year to a salary of £300 when he became the official public printer for Virginia in 1751. His salary was increased to £350 per year in 1759, Hunters print shop foreman was Joseph Royle. Hunter did the printing of the Virginia Gazette and took over the newspaper upon Parks death on April 1,1750 and he remained publisher of the Virginia Gazette from January 3,1751 until his death in April 1761. Hunter started his own identity of the Gazette with no.1 in February 1751 and it contained news of the Virginia colony, neighboring colonies, and news from England and parts of Europe. Hunter bought out Parks print shop in 1753 for £288 for the printing presses, Hunter was a close friend of Benjamin Franklin. In 1753, he and Franklin were appointed deputy postmaster general as co-directors of the colonies, Franklin was responsible for the northern areas and Hunter was responsible for areas south of Annapolis, Maryland, a position Hunter held until his death. Hunters main work consisted of printing the laws of Virginia, the publication of the Virginia Gazette newspaper, printed cover page samples of Hunters publications, Some additional publications credited to Hunter are,10 editions of The journal of the House of Burgesses from 1752 into 1761. 5 editions of The speech of the Honorable Robert Dinwiddie, Esq, His Majestys lieutenant-governor,4 editions of Acts of Assembly passed at a General Assembly, begun and held at the capitol, in the city of Williamsburg from 1732 into 1754. 3 editions of A letter to the Right Reverend Father in God the Lord-B-----p of L------n. in money for the ensuing year,3 editions of Anno regni Georgii II. Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, & Hiberniae, tricesimo tertio of 1759 into 1760,3 editions of Anno regni Georgii II, Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, & Hiberniae, tricesimo secundo of 1758 into 1759
11.
Joseph Royle
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Joseph Royle was an colonial American newspaper publisher and printer for the colony of Virginia. Royle was Scottish, born in 1732 in a location in Great Britain. It is not known when he immigrated to the American colonies, Royle likely lived in the same colonial Williamsburg house as his employer, the Virginia Gazette publisher William Hunter, as a co-tenant. This property, known as the Ravenscroft site consisting of two lots, is located at the corner of Nicholson and Botetourt Streets in colonial Williamsburg. This is at the east end of colonial Williamsburg, an away from Duke of Gloucester Street. Royle was a journeyman who apprenticed under Virginias public printer William Hunter and he became the foreman in the print shop around 1758 when he was 26 years old. Upon the death of Hunter in 1761, Royle took over the position as Virginias public printer – a prestigious job of producing all legal public documents and he was the public printer through the Assembly of June 1765. His salary started in 1761 at £350 per year and increased to £375 in 1764, Royle also took over Hunters position as the publisher of the Virginia Gazette and enlarged it to demy size. He also became then the postmaster of the Williamsburg post office, Royle followed Ben Franklins model as a typical colonial printer and postmaster. Upon the death of Hunter Royle also inherited the remainder of a 25-year lease on the Ravenscroft property and he eventually bought the property in 1763 and owned it until his death in 1766. The Ravenscroft lots, part of Royles estate, were held in trust for Royles son, William was only two years old when Royle died in 1766. Royle was the brother-in-law to the tenant on the lease. Holt, one time Mayor of Colonial Williamsburg, had started the 25-year lease in 1745, Royle became Holts brother-in-law when he married William Hunters sister, Roseanna. Roseanna was the sister of Holts wife, Elizabeth. Royle died in 1766 before his nephew became of age, Royle and his wife Roseanna lived with their sons, William and Hunter, at the Ravenscroft property. It is likely that William Hunter Jr, the infant son of William Hunter, there were additionally in the household at least five slaves. There were two Negro men and three Negro females, one of the females was a mulatto 16-year-old girl who was a runaway. There may have been slaves in the household
12.
Alexander Purdie (publisher)
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Alexander Purdie was a prominent colonial American printer, publisher, and merchant in eighteenth-century Williamsburg, Virginia US. Purdie is believed to have born in Scotland by 1743, however, his exact birth date. He was trained at an age in the skills of printing in his motherland. His immigration to the American British colonies is not known for sure, however, by 1764 he took up residence in colonial Williamsburg, at that time he was employed by the then current Williamsburg printer Joseph Royle, as an apprentice. Purdie succeeded Royle as editor of the Virginia Gazette on his death in 1766 and he formed a partnership with John Dixon until 1774, when Dixon developed a new partnership with William Hunter, the printer at Williamsburg. Purdie then ran a third Virginia Gazette that was similar in articles to the other two Virginia Gazettes being printed in Williamsburg at the time, the newspapers motto was, Always for Liberty and the Public Good. Purdie became the official Virginia public printer in Williamsburg in 1775 and he also became the postmaster in Williamsburg by October of that year. Purdie owned a residence in colonial Williamsburg on a half-acre lot, the legal description of its location is Block 9 Lot 24 and is known further today as building 28A. The house was reconstructed by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation based on the underground foundation. It is located on the side of Duke of Gloucester Street next to the King Arms Tavern about a block from the Capitol. Purdie purchased the Williamsburg lot and house from the estate of Joanna McKenzie in 1767 with a Dr. James Carter being the administrator and he paid 300 pounds current money of Virginia. The lot already had by 1707 one good dwelling house thereon, Purdie lived in the house and ran a store that sold yarn goods and wearing apparel from it. There is good reason to believe that Purdies printing shop business was located in what is today as Tarpleys Store. It is located four lots west on lot #20 on Duke of Gloucester Street on the southeast corner at Botetourt Street, Purdie with his first wife Mary had at least two children. Mary died sometime in or before 1772 and it appears that Alexander Purdie, her husband, was selling off her remains of her womens hats business after her death - at or below cost according to his advertisements of July and August 1772. Purdie married Peachy Devenport in December of that year, Purdie suffered from dropsy in his later years. He died at Williamsburg in 1779, Purdie favored the American revolutionary patriots’ cause and his Virginia Gazette newspaper articles reflected that voice. In the time period of the American Revolution, Purdie changed his front page design title several times to reflect his solidarity for the cause of the patriots, at first the masthead read, Thirteen United Colonies and United we stand, divided we fall
13.
Richmond, Virginia
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Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region and it was incorporated in 1742, and has been an independent city since 1871. As of the 2010 census, the population was 204,214, in 2015, the population was estimated to be 220,289, the Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state. Richmond is located at the line of the James River,44 miles west of Williamsburg,66 miles east of Charlottesville. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast. The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 and it became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America, the city entered the 20th century with one of the worlds first successful electric streetcar systems. The Jackson Ward neighborhood is a hub of African-American commerce. Richmonds economy is driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, in 1737, planter William Byrd II commissioned Major William Mayo to lay out the original town grid. The settlement was laid out in April 1737, and was incorporated as a town in 1742, Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, after the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag, on April 17,1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its capital to Richmond. It became the target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond, three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B, gordons desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed
14.
Bruton Parish Church
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Bruton Parish Church is located in the restored area of Colonial Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It was established in 1674 by the consolidation of two parishes in the Virginia Colony, and remains an active Episcopal parish. The building, constructed 1711-15, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 as an early example of colonial religious architecture. The roots of Bruton Parish Church trace back to both the Church of England and the new settlement of the Colony of Virginia at Jamestown in the early 17th century. The role of the church and its relationship to the government had established by King Henry VIII some years earlier. The same relationship was established in the new colony, when the English colony was established at Jamestown on May 14,1607, the conduct of worship and the building of a primitive chapel were given priority even as the first fort was built. The Reverend Robert Hunt served as the first chaplain and he also was the one to plant the cross at Cape Henry. Captain John Smith described the Reverend Mr Hunt as our honest, in his role as religious leader, he was a peacemaker, often bringing harmony to a quarreling group of men. Hunt was among those who did not survive that first year, after five very difficult years, during which the majority of the constant flow of colonists did not survive, the colony began to grow. As in England, the became a unit of local importance equal in power and practical aspects to other entities such as the courts. The earlier settlements were along the waterways, such as the James River. The expansion and subdivision of the parishes and shires of Virginia after 1634 both followed this growth. Parishes needed to be enough for travel to church for worship. Dr John Potts figured prominently in the early development, in 1625, he was commissioned a member of the Governors Council, on which he served for a number of years. In 1628 he was chosen Governor, and held the position from 1629 until the part of 1630. Dr Potts had a plantation which he called Harrop, possibly named in honor of his home, Harrop, in Cheshire, England. On July 12,1632, Dr Potts obtained a patent for 1,200 acres at the head of Archers Hope Creek, part of this land was to become the fortified palisade across the peninsula. Palisades, six miles in length, were run from creek to creek, the doctor would have certainly recognized the sanitary advantages of the country around Middle Plantation
15.
Colonial Williamsburg
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Colonial Williamsburg is a living-history museum and private foundation presenting part of a historic district in the city of Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Colonial Williamsburgs 301-acre Historic Area includes buildings from the century, as well as 17th-century, 19th-century, Colonial Revival structures. The Historic Area is an interpretation of a colonial American city, with exhibits of dozens of restored or re-created buildings related to its colonial, Colonial Williamsburgs motto has been That the future may learn from the past. One of the largest history projects in the nation and a tourist attraction, it is part of the Historic Triangle of Virginia, the site was once used for conferences by world leaders and heads of state, including U. S. presidents. It was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1960, costumed employees work and dress as people did in the era, sometimes using colonial grammar and diction. Colonial Williamsburgs portion of the Historic Area begins east of the College of William & Marys College Yard, Colonial Williamsburg is a historical landmark and a living history museum. Its core runs along Duke of Gloucester Street and the Palace Green that extends north and south perpendicular to it and this area is largely flat, with ravines and streams branching off on the periphery. Surviving colonial structures have been restored as close as possible to their 18th-century appearance, with traces of later buildings, many of the missing colonial structures were reconstructed on their original sites beginning in the 1930s. Animals, gardens, and dependencies add to the environment, four taverns have been reconstructed for use as restaurants and two for inns. There are craftsmens workshops for period trades, including a shop, a shoemakers, blacksmiths, a cooperage, a cabinetmaker, a gunsmiths, a wigmakers. There are merchants selling tourist souvenirs, books, reproduction toys, pewterware, pottery, the Public Gaol served as a jail for the colonists. Former notorious inmates include the pirate Blackbeards crew who were kept in the jail while they awaited trial in 1704, Colonial Williamsburg operations extend to Merchants Square, a Colonial Revival commercial area designated a historic district in its own right. Nearby are the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum and DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum, locals, students, and employees frequently call Colonial Williamsburg CW. The Jamestown statehouse, housing Virginias government at the time, burned down on October 20,1698, the legislators consequently moved their meetings to the College of William and Mary in Virginia at Middle Plantation, putting an end to Jamestowns 92-year run as Virginias colonial capital. Interested Middle Plantation landowners donated some of their holdings to advance the plan, Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg by Governor Francis Nicholson, who was first among the proponents of the change, in honor of King William III of England. Nicholson said that at Williamsburg clear and crystal springs burst from the champagne soil, by champagne, he meant excellent or fertile. Nicholson had the city surveyed and a laid out by Theodorick Bland taking into consideration the brick College Building. The grid seems to have obliterated all but the remnants of a plan that laid out the streets in the monogram of King William and Queen Mary
16.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
17.
Newport News, Virginia
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Newport News is an independent city located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 180,719, in 2013, the population was estimated to be 183,412, making it the fifth-most populous city in Virginia. Newport News is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, the area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County. Warwick County was one of the eight original shires of Virginia, formed by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of King Charles I, the county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land until almost 250 years later. In 1881,15 years of development began under the leadership of Collis P. With the new railroad came a terminal and coal piers where the colliers were loaded, within a few years, Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard. In 1896, the new incorporated town of Newport News, which had briefly replaced Denbigh as the county seat of Warwick County, had a population of 9,000. In 1958, by mutual consent by referendum, Newport News was consolidated with the former Warwick County, the more widely known name of Newport News was selected as they formed what was then Virginias third largest independent city in population. The location on the harbor and along the James River facilitates a large boating industry which can take advantage of its miles of waterfront. Newport News also serves as a junction between the rails and the sea with the Newport News Marine Terminals located at the East End of the city. Served by major east-west Interstate Highway 64, it is linked to others of the cities of Hampton Roads by the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway, part of the Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport is in the city limits. The original area near the mouth of the James River was first referred to as Newportes Newes as early as 1621, the source of the name Newport News is not known with certainty. Several versions are recorded, and it is the subject of popular speculation locally, the new governor ordered them to turn around, and return to Jamestown. Under this theory, the community was named for Newports good news, another possibility is that the community may have derived its name from an old English word news meaning new town. At least one source claims that the New arose from the settlements being rebuilt after a fire. Another source gave the name as New Port Newce, named for a person with the name Newce. The namesake, Sir William Newce, was an English soldier, there he had established Newcestown near Bandon, County Cork. He sailed to Virginia with Sir Francis Wyatt in October 1621 and was granted 2,500 acres of land and his brother, Capt. Thomas Newce, was given 600 acres at Kequatan, now called Elizabeth Cittie
18.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
19.
The Baltimore Sun
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The Baltimore Sun is the largest general-circulation daily newspaper based in the American state of Maryland and provides coverage of local and regional news, events, issues, people, and industries. Founded in 1837, it is owned by tronc, abell was born in Rhode Island, where he began journalism with the Providence Patriot. He later worked with newspapers in New York City and Boston, from 1947 to 1986, The Sun was the owner of Marylands first television station, WMAR-TV. In the postwar years, The Sun significantly expanded its overseas presence, the newspaper opened its first foreign bureau in London in 1924. Between 1955 and 1961, it added four new foreign offices, as Cold War tensions grew, it set up shop in Bonn, West Germany, in February 1955. Eleven months later, The Sun opened a Moscow bureau, becoming one of the first U. S. newspapers to do so, a Rome office followed in July 1957, and in 1961, The Sun expanded to New Dehli. At its height, The Sun ran eight foreign bureaus, giving rise to its boast in a 1983 ad that The Sun never sets on the world, the paper was sold in 1986 to the Times-Mirror Company of the Los Angeles Times. The same week, the rival News American, with publishing antecedents since 1773, the oldest paper in the city, it had been owned by the Hearst Corporation since the 1920s. In 1997, The Sun acquired the Patuxent Publishing Company, a suburban newspaper publisher that had a stable of weekly papers. In the 1990s and 2000s, The Sun began cutting back its foreign coverage, in 1995 and 1996, closed its Tokyo, Mexico City and Berlin bureaus. Two more — Beijing and London — fell victim to cost-cutting in 2005, the final three bureaus — Moscow, Jerusalem, and Johannesburg, South Africa — fell a couple years later. All were closed by 2008, as the Tribune Co. streamlined and downsized the newspaper chains foreign reporting, some material from The Suns foreign correspondents is archived at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. In 2000, the Times-Mirror company was purchased by the Tribune Company of Chicago, I,2014 it transferred its newspapers, including The Sun, to Tribune Publishing. On September 19,2005, and again on August 24,2008 and its circulation as of 2010 was 195,561 for the daily edition and 343,552 on Sundays. On April 29,2009, the Tribune Company announced that it would lay off 61 of the 205 staff members in the Sun newsroom. On September 23,2011, it was reported that the Baltimore Sun would be moving its web edition behind a paywall starting October 10,2011, BSMG content reaches more than one million Baltimore-area readers each week and is the regions most widely read source of news. On February 20,2014, The Baltimore Sun Media Group announced they are going to buy the alternative weekly City Paper, in April, the Sun acquired the Maryland publications of Landmark Media Enterprises. The Evening Sun was first published in 1910 under the leadership of Charles H. Grasty, former owner of the Evening News, for most of its existence, The Evening Sun led its morning sibling in circulation
20.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
21.
Aurora, Illinois
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Aurora, a suburb of Chicago, is a city predominantly in Kane County and DuPage County, with portions extending into Kendall and Will counties. It is located in the region of Greater Chicago in the U. S. state of Illinois. It is the second most populous city in the state, the population was 197,899 at the 2010 census, and was estimated to have increased to 199,963 by July 2013. Once a mid-sized manufacturing city, Aurora has grown tremendously since the 1960s, founded within Kane County, Auroras city limits and population have since expanded into DuPage, Will, and Kendall counties. Between 2000 and 2003, the U. S. Census Bureau ranked Aurora as the 34th fastest growing city in the United States. From 2000 to 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau ranked the city as the 46th fastest growing city with a population of over 100,000. In 1908, Aurora officially adopted the nickname City of Lights, Auroras historic downtown is located on the Fox River, and centered on Stolp Island. The Aurora area is home to a collection of architecture, including structures by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Bruce Goff. The Hollywood Casino Aurora, a gaming facility with 53,000 square feet and 1,200 gaming positions, is located on the river in downtown Aurora. Aurora is also home to a collection of Sears Catalog Homes. Before European settlers arrived, there was a Native American village in what is today downtown Aurora, in 1834, following the Black Hawk War, the McCarty brothers arrived. They initially owned land on both sides of the river, but sold their lands to the Lake Brothers on the west side, the Lake Brothers opened a mill on the opposite side of the river. The McCartys lived and operated their mill on the east side, a post office was established in 1837, officially creating Aurora. Aurora was originally two villages, East Aurora, incorporated in 1845, on the east side of the river, in 1857, the two towns joined officially, incorporated as the city of Aurora. The two sides could not agree which side of the river should house the buildings, so most public buildings were built on or around Stolp Island in the middle of the Fox River. As the city grew, many factories and jobs came to Aurora, in 1856, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad located its roundhouse and locomotive shop in Aurora to become the towns largest employer until the 1960s. The heavy industries on the East side provided employment for generations of European immigrants, immigrants flocked to the city, mainly from Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, Luxembourg, Germany, France, and Italy. Aurora became the center of the Fox Valley region
22.
Post-Tribune
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The Post-Tribune of Northwest Indiana is a daily newspaper headquartered in Merrillville, Indiana, United States. It serves the Northwest Indiana region, and is owned by the Chicago Tribune Media Group, the paper was founded in 1907 as The Gary Weekly. It was established to serve steel industry residents, on September 7,1908 the weekly became a daily and changed its name to the Gary Tribune. Snyder, purchased the Gary Evening Post from Gary mayor Thomas Knotts on March 9,1910, in July 1921 the two papers were merged producing the Post-Tribune a weekday evening and weekend morning paper. In August 1966, the Snyder heirs sold the publication to Northwest Publications, Gary was dropped from the masthead to further regionalize the Post-Tribune, although critics charged that it was an attempt to distance itself from the declining city. In 1974 the Post-Tribune became part of the Knight-Ridder chain of productions, in June,1986, the Post-Tribune became a morning paper. Hollinger International took over the production on February 2,1998, the Post-Tribune consolidated its printing with that of the Sun-Times in 2007, at which time it closed its printing plant on Broadway in Gary, ending more than 50 years of press runs there. It had moved its editorial offices from Gary to neighboring Merrillville in 2000. In 2014, it was purchased by the Chicago Tribune Media Group, an abridged edition of the Post-Tribune appears in Northwest Indiana copies of the Sunday Tribune. The Post-Tribune is printed early at one of its parent-companys facilities in Chicago, driven to Northwest Indiana, regions are, Gary Lake County Porter County Southlake Valparaiso The Times of Northwest Indiana List of newspapers in Indiana Post-Trib. com
23.
RedEye
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The RedEye is a daily publication put out by the Chicago Tribune geared toward 18- to 34-year-olds. RedEye was created due in part to the loss of readership among young people of the Chicago Tribune, Tribune Company began publishing the RedEye in an effort to pull readers back into readership and eventually migrate them into the big edition. When RedEye appeared, it was in competition with another paper Red Streak. Initially, both papers were handed out for free by hawkers on street corners, usually with one vendor from each paper directly next to each other. After about 6 months of the papers, both companies placed vending boxes throughout the city with the papers thereafter costing 25 cents. At the end of 2005, the Sun-Times discontinued Red Streak, according to Sun-Times publisher John Cruickshank, Red Streak was only launched to stop from gaining a foothold in the paid tabloid market. Its only purpose was to undermine RedEyes attempt at drawing commuters, customers which have belonged to the Sun-Times. At the beginning of 2006, RedEye became a free paper once again, with vending boxes being unlocked, in February 2007, after NewsCorp launched a late-night talk television program on Fox News entitled Red Eye, the Tribune Company filed a federal trademark infringement lawsuit. As compared with mainstream newspapers, RedEye strongly emphasizes pop culture and entertainment news, humorous or lighthearted rather than serious columns, and flashy graphics and large pictures. Like the Chicago Sun-Times, RedEye is a newspaper, oriented vertically rather than horizontally and with a front page consisting only of a large picture. RedEye is published five times a week and has a circulation of 250,000 as of December 2,2009
24.
Hartford Courant
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The Hartford Courant is the largest daily newspaper in the U. S. state of Connecticut, and is often recognized as the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United States. A morning newspaper serving most of the north of New Haven and east of Waterbury. It reports regional news with a chain of bureaus in smaller cities, beginning in 2000, it was owned by Tribune Company, which later combined the papers management and facilities with those of Tribune-owned WTIC-TV in Hartford. In 2014, the newspapers were spun off to corporate parent Tribune Publishing, the Connecticut Courant began as a weekly on October 29,1764, started by Thomas Green. The word courant, borrowed from the French, was a name for English-language newspapers. The daily Hartford Courant traces its existence back to the weekly, thereby claiming the title Americas oldest continuously published newspaper, joseph Roswell Hawley, a leading Republican politician and former governor of the state, in 1867 bought the newspaper, which he combined with the Press. Under his editorship, this became the most influential newspaper in Connecticut, emile Gauvereau became a reporter in 1916, and the managing editor in 1919. His energetic and often sensational news policies affronted Charles Clark, the owner, Clark fired him when he refused to stop a series of stories about the exploitation of fake medical diplomas. Herbert Brucker was the most prominent editor in the 20th century, the Courant was purchased in 1979 by Times Mirror, the Los Angeles Times parent company. The first years of ownership are described by a former Courant reporter in a book titled Spiked. One criticism was that the new owners were interested in awards. A series of articles about sexual abuse by the head of a worldwide Catholic order, published since February 1997, in 2000, Times Mirror and the Courant became part of the Tribune Company, one of the worlds largest multimedia companies. Ironically, along the way, the Courant also acquired the Valley Advocate group of alternative weeklies started by two disgruntled Courant staff members in 1973, under new ownership, it is co-owned with two local television stations, Fox affiliate WTIC-TV and The CW affiliate WCCT-TV. The Courant is the most recent American newspaper to win the Society for News Designs Worlds Best Designed Newspaper award. In late June 2006, the Tribune Co. announced that Courant publisher Jack W. Davis Jr. would by replaced by Stephen D. Carver, vice president and general manager of Atlanta, Ga. TV station WATL. In March 2009, Tribune replaced Carver with Richard Graziano, who was given a role as Courant publisher. Shortly after that, the Courants two highest ranking editors were let go, after 2010, Courant has offered early retirement and buyout packages to reduce staff as it continues to experience declines in advertising revenue. There have also been layoffs and reduction in pages, newsroom staff peaked in 1994 at close to 400 staff, down to 175 staff by 2008, and 135 staff in 2009
25.
CTNow
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CTNow is a free weekly newspaper in central and southwestern Connecticut, published by New Mass. Media was privately owned until 1999, when its owners, including founding publisher Geoffrey Robinson, a year later, Courant parent company Times-Mirror was bought by the Tribune Company, based in Chicago. In 2013, the Hartford Advocate, New Haven Advocate, and Fairfield County Weekly were merged with the Courants calendar section, the company was founded in 1973 by Geoffrey Robinson and Edward Matys, then copy editors at The Hartford Courant. Robinson, a native of New Haven, Connecticut, worked as wire service editor of the daily Lorain Journal of Ohio after his graduation from Yale University in 1971, Matys had worked in editorial positions at several Massachusetts and Connecticut newspapers. The pair began publishing the Valley Advocate, a bi-weekly serving Western Massachusetts, in September 1973 from small basement offices in Amherst, in September 1974, the Valley Advocate began publishing weekly, Robinson and Matys opened offices in Hartford and started publication of the Hartford Advocate. A year later, in September 1975, the pair began publishing the weekly New Haven Advocate, in 1999, the four-paper chain was sold to Times-Mirror, which was itself acquired by Tribune in 2000. Tribune announced in December 2007 that it would sell the Valley Advocate, its only Massachusetts publication, Advocate weeklies offered investigative journalism, national, state and local political coverage, commentary, and arts features and criticism, mostly from a liberal or countercultural point of view. They shared some editorial content, but each had regionally focused news and opinion pieces, restaurant reviews, event listings, the newspapers had annual Best Of write-in contests, and subsequent issues that featured the winning businesses. The Fairfield County Weekly was distributed throughout Fairfield County and its average weekly circulation was 26,708 in 2011. The Hartford Advocate was published in Hartford, Connecticut and had a circulation of 37,779 in 2011, the Hartford Advocate was founded in 1974 by Geoffrey Robinson and Edward Matys to fill a void in investigative and beat reporting in the capital city of Connecticut. For example, The Hartford Courant, where Robinson and Matys had previously worked, did not routinely cover one of the citys largest industries, gail Collins reported on state government and politics, she is now an op-ed columnist at The New York Times. Another early reporter was David Lieberman, who was later a writer for the Courant. Polman left the Advocate after some five years to become a columnist at the Courant and he also taught at the University of Pennsylvania. Kauffman later worked for CNN, taught at Emerson College in Boston, Morehouse College in Atlanta and he also worked for the North County Times, one of two daily newspapers in San Diego County, California. In a history of the media, A Trumpet to Arms. The author explored the papers examination of the power exercised by the corporate elite in Hartford. The city of Hartford would end up divesting the South Africa–related investments and it began as an independent newspaper in 1973 and was sold in late 2007 to Newspapers of New England, parent of its competitor the Daily Hampshire Gazette of Northampton, Massachusetts
26.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
27.
The San Diego Union-Tribune
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The San Diego Union-Tribune is an American metropolitan daily newspaper, published in San Diego, California. Its name derives from a 1992 merger between the two daily newspapers at the time, The San Diego Union and the San Diego Evening Tribune. The name changed to U-T San Diego in 2012 but was changed again to The San Diego Union-Tribune in 2015, in 2015, it was acquired by Tribune Publishing, later renamed tronc. Both the Union and the Tribune were acquired by Copley Press in 1928 and were merged on February 2,1992, the merged newspaper was sold to the private investment group Platinum Equity of Beverly Hills, California, on March 18,2009. On August 17,2010, the Union-Tribune changed its design to improve clarity, legibility, the U-T nameplate was created by Jim Parkinson, a type designer who also created nameplates for The Rolling Stone, Esquire, and Newsweek. In November 2011, Platinum Equity sold the newspaper to MLIM Holdings, a company led by Doug Manchester, a San Diego real estate developer, the purchase price was reportedly in excess of $110 million. Manchester built two landmark downtown hotels, the Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel and the San Diego Marriott Hotel and his group also owns the Grand Del Mar luxury resort in San Diego. On January 3,2012, the announced that it would use the name U-T San Diego on all of our media products and communications. The official announcement explained the change as being intended to unify our print and digital products under a brand with a clear. U-T San Diego bought the North County Times in 2012, on October 15,2012, the North County Times ceased publication and became the U-T North County Times, which was an edition of the U-T with some North County–specific content. Six months later the U-T North County Times name was dropped, in June 2012, U-T San Diego launched U-T TV, a television news channel. The network featured news, lifestyle, and editorial content produced by the newspapers staff, by October 2013, just over a year after its launch, the network re-formatted with a focus on news, amidst a number of major departures among the channels staff. On February 19,2014, U-T TV was discontinued, in November 2013, the newspaper bought eight more local weekly newspapers in the San Diego area, which continued publication under their own names. The sale ended the newspapers 146 years of private ownership, the transaction was completed on May 21,2015. On the same date, the newspaper reintroduced its previous branding as The San Diego Union-Tribune, the two newspapers reportedly would retain distinct operations, but there would be a larger amount of synergy and content sharing between them. The acquisition did not include the headquarters, which was retained by Manchester. On June 13,2015, at 10,02 p. m. PDT the final run of The San Diego Union Tribune was printed at the San Diego headquarters in Mission Valley began and it was to print the Sunday edition newspaper for June 14,2015. The following Mondays newspaper would be printed at the Los Angeles Times location, the dismantling of the printing presses in Mission Valley began in mid-September 2015
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The Morning Call
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The Morning Call is a daily newspaper based in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It ranks among the nations top 100 largest-circulation daily newspapers, with circulation of 80,548 daily readers and 119,216 Sunday readers, the Morning Calls history goes back to 1883 when The Critic, an Allentown newspaper, was founded. The editor, owner and chief reporter of The Critic was Samuel S. Woolever, in what would become a family dynasty that would oversee the company for four decades, in 1894 Muhlenberg College senior David A. Miller went to work for The Critic as its sole reporter. Its owners were Charles Weiser, editor, and Kirt W. DeBelle, the identity of the lucky winner is lost to history, but on Jan. 1,1895, Allentown City Treasurer A. L. Reichenbach and that same year, David A. Miller and his brother Samuel Miller were able to purchase their first shares of The Morning Call. It was the start of a series of stock buyouts that would leave the newspaper entirely in the hands of the Miller brothers by 1904, in that nine-year period, the Miller brothers worked to gather subscribers. In one case, David A. Miller even attended a corn husking party and had family there signed up by the time he left. By 1920, World War I and the work of the Millers had raised circulation to 20,000, a series of newspaper mergers that year, funded by Gen. Harry Clay Trexler, led to the Millers sale of The Morning Call to the Trexler interests. It was only after Trexlers death in 1933, and at the urging of David A. Millers sons, Donald P. in 1935 The Morning Call acquired the sole remaining Allentown newspaper, the Chronicle and News, and renamed it the Evening Chronicle. In 1938 the Sunday Call-Chronicle was first published, in 1951, David A. Miller assumed the official title of president of the Call-Chronicle newspapers. He would keep that post until his death in 1958 at the age of 88 and that September his sons, Donald and Samuel, were named publishers. After Samuels death in 1967, Donald P. Miller continued to run the newspaper and he did so with his son, Edward D. Miller, until the late 1970s when Edward became executive editor and publisher. The Evening Chronicle went to press for the last time in 1980, in 1981 Edward D. Miller left the newspaper, and Donald P. Miller returned as chairman. The publisher and chief officer was Bernard C. Publishers of the Stamford Advocate and Greenwich Times, shorts was publisher and chief executive officer from 1987 until succeeded by Guy Gilmore in 2000. Susan Hunt was named publisher in June 2001, in September 1996, The Morning Call launched its website, themorningcall. com. In 2000, Times Mirror was acquired by the Tribune Company, merging 11 newspapers,22 television stations, four stations, a cable TV company. In February 2006, Timothy R. Kennedy was named publisher, in 2010, Timothy E. Ryan, the publisher and CEO of The Baltimore Sun Media Group, also became The Morning Call’s publisher and CEO
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Orlando Sentinel
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The Orlando Sentinel is the primary newspaper of Orlando, Florida and the Central Florida region. The Sentinel is owned by Tribune Publishing, the Sentinel prices are $1.50 daily and $2 on Saturdays, Sundays and Thanksgiving Day, sales tax is included at newsracks. The Sentinels predecessors date to 1876, when the Orange County Reporter was first published, the Reporter became a daily newspaper in 1905, and merged with the Orlando Evening Star in 1906. Another Orlando paper, the South Florida Sentinel, started publishing as a daily in 1913. Then known as the Morning Sentinel, it bought the Reporter-Star in 1931, Andersen eventually bought both papers outright in 1945, selling them to the Tribune Company of Chicago in 1965. In 1973, the two merged into the daily Sentinel Star. Tribune appointed Charles T. Brumback as president in 1976, harold Tip Lifvendahl was named president and publisher in 1981. The newspaper was renamed the Orlando Sentinel in 1982, john Puerner succeeded Lifvendahl in 1993, who was replaced by Kathleen M. Waltz in 2000. She announced her resignation in February 2008, howard Greenberg, already publisher of fellow Tribune newspaper the Sun-Sentinel of Fort Lauderdale, was named publisher of both papers after Waltz left. In 2008, the Tribune Company called for a redesign of the Sentinel, according to one listing, some of the Sentinels predecessors are, Orlando Reporter, 1892–1903. 1993, investigative reporting, Jeff Brazil and Steve Berry, for exposing the unjust seizure of millions of dollars from motorists—most of them minorities—by a sheriffs drug squad. Bersia, for his editorial campaign attacking predatory lending practices in the state
