1.
Newspaper
–
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
–
A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
Norfolk, Virginia
–
Norfolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 242,803, in 2015, Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area, officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, the city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay. It also shares borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south. Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads, and is considered to be the historic, urban, financial, the city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point. The largest Navy base in the world, Naval Station Norfolk, is located in Norfolk along with one of NATOs two Strategic Command headquarters. As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water, Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property, including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay. It is linked to its neighbors by a network of Interstate highways, bridges, tunnels. In 1619, the Governor of the Virginia Colony, Sir George Yeardley incorporated four jurisdictions, termed citties and these formed the basis for colonial representative government in the newly minted House of Burgesses. What would become Norfolk was put under the Elizabeth Cittie incorporation, in 1634 King Charles I reorganized the colony into a system of shires. The former Elizabeth Cittie became Elizabeth City Shire, after persuading 105 people to settle in the colony, Adam Thoroughgood was granted a large land holding, through the head rights system, along the Lynnhaven River in 1636. When the South Hampton Roads portion of the shire was separated, one year later, it was split into two counties, Upper Norfolk and Lower Norfolk, chiefly on Thoroughgoods recommendation. This area of Virginia became known as the place of entrepreneurs, the House of Burgesses established the Towne of Lower Norfolk County in 1680. In 1691, a final county subdivision took place when Lower Norfolk County split to form Norfolk County, in 1730, a tobacco inspection site was located here. By 1775, Norfolk developed into what contemporary observers argued was the most prosperous city in Virginia and it was an important port for exporting goods to the British Isles and beyond. In part because of its merchants numerous trading ties with other parts of the British Empire, after fleeing the colonial capital of Williamsburg, Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, tried to reestablish control of the colony from Norfolk. Dunmore secured small victories at Norfolk but was forced into exile by the American rebels and his departure brought an end to more than 168 years of British colonial rule in Virginia. On New Years Day,1776, Lord Dunmores fleet of three ships shelled the city of Norfolk for more than eight hours, the damage from the shells and fires started by the British and spread by the patriots destroyed over 800 buildings, almost two-thirds of the city
4.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
5.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
6.
Wright brothers
–
They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17,1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft, although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible. The brothers fundamental breakthrough was their invention of three-axis control, which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and this method became and remains standard on fixed-wing aircraft of all kinds. From the beginning of their work, the Wright brothers focused on developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to solving the flying problem. This approach differed significantly from other experimenters of the time who put emphasis on developing powerful engines. Using a small wind tunnel, the Wrights also collected more accurate data than any before, enabling them to design and build wings. Their first U. S. patent,821,393, did not claim invention of a machine, but rather. They gained the skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors. Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that a vehicle like a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice. From 1900 until their first powered flights in late 1903, they conducted extensive tests that also developed their skills as pilots. Their bicycle shop employee Charlie Taylor became an important part of the team, the Wright brothers status as inventors of the airplane has been subject to counter-claims by various parties. Much controversy persists over the competing claims of early aviators. The Wright brothers were two of seven born to Milton Wright, of English and Dutch ancestry, and Susan Catherine Koerner, of German. Wilbur was born near Millville, Indiana, in 1867, Orville in Dayton, Ohio, the other Wright siblings were Reuchlin, Lorin, Katharine, and twins Otis and Ida. In elementary school, Orville was given to mischief and was once expelled, the direct paternal ancestry goes back to a Samuel Wright who sailed to America and settled in Massachusetts in 1636. In 1878 their father, who traveled often as a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, the device was based on an invention of French aeronautical pioneer Alphonse Pénaud. Made of paper, bamboo and cork with a band to twirl its rotor. Wilbur and Orville played with it until it broke, and then built their own, in later years, they pointed to their experience with the toy as the spark of their interest in flying
7.
The Weather Channel (United States)
–
The Weather Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel, owned by a consortium made up of The Blackstone Group, Bain Capital, and NBCUniversal. Its headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia, launched on May 2,1982, the channel broadcasts weather forecasts and weather-related news and analysis, along with documentaries and entertainment programming related to weather. These services are now administered by The Weather Channels former parent company, The Weather Company, the Weather Channel continues to license its brand assets and weather data from IBM. As of July 2015, The Weather Channel was received by approximately 89.7 million American households that subscribe to a pay television service, as recently as February 2015, the network was the most distributed cable network in the United States with 97.3 million subscribers. However, it was dropped by Verizon FiOS, giving the title of most distributed network to HLN. Actual viewership of the channel averaged 210,000 during 2013 and has been declining for several years, the Weather Channel was founded on July 18,1980, by veteran television meteorologist John Coleman and Frank Batten, then-president of the channels original owner Landmark Communications. The channel launched at 8,00 p. m. Eastern Time on May 2,1982, originally, regional and local information was obtained by the National Weather Service for broadcast. Since 2002, all forecasting has been done on-site in Atlanta, however, satellite customers with newer systems or interactive receivers have the choice of roundups or localized forecasts. For both cable and satellite viewers, popular and smooth jazz music plays in the background during these segments, some older WeatherStar units were still in use by small cable companies that couldnt afford to upgrade to the IntelliStar. The WeatherStar units are able to overlay text-based local contact information over the national feed during certain business advertisements aired on the channel. The Weather Channel also runs websites in Latin America, Brazil, TWC only runs its U. S. channel, although it does produce international forecasts. Also The Weather Channel has Weather station in national universities of USA, UK and Global Meteo Station in North Pole, on January 3,2008, Landmark Communications put The Weather Channel and its assets up for sale. On July 6,2008, NBC Universal, Bain Capital and Blackstone Group agreed to jointly purchase The Weather Channel from Landmark, the sale was finalized on September 12,2008. With the exception of Deon, all had been on the air for more than ten years, in July 2010, The Weather Channel terminated Bill Keneely, the last of the original on-camera meteorologists who appeared on the networks first broadcasts in 1982. S. Air Force Reserve as one of the Hurricane Hunters team, such reserve duties are protected by U. S. law, inevitably, the merger of NBC on-air meteorologists began in May 2009. Former NBC Weather Plus meteorologist Todd Santos joined The Weather Channel on May 2 of that year, Al Roker of NBCs Today began hosting a one-hour morning program called Wake Up With Al, alongside meteorologist Stephanie Abrams later in the summer. On September 10,2009, The Weather Channel co-founder Frank Batten died, in January 2012, David Kenny took over as chief executive officer of The Weather Channel, replacing former AOL executive Mike Kelly, who had been appointed as the companys CEO in the summer of 2009. This is counter to general policy which discourages telecommuting for the majority of employees
8.
NBC Universal
–
NBCUniversal is an American multinational media conglomerate. It has a significant presence in broadcasting through a portfolio of domestic and international properties, including terrestrial, via the Universal Parks & Resorts division, the company is also the third-largest operator of amusement parks in the world. NBC Universal was formed on May 12,2004 by the merger of General Electrics National Broadcasting Company with Vivendis Vivendi Universal Entertainment, as of March 19,2013, it is wholly owned by Comcast who bought GEs ownership stake. NBC and Universal Television had a long-standing partnership dating back to 1950 and this partnership continued throughout a number of name changes and changes of ownership. NBC Universal Television has its roots in a series of expansions undertaken by NBC. In the late 1980s, NBC began pursuing a strategy of diversification, NBC also had partial ownership of several regional sports channels and other cable channels such as American Movie Classics and Court TV. In 1995, NBC began operating NBC Desktop Video, a news service that delivered live video to personal computers. The following year, NBC announced an agreement with Microsoft to create an all-news cable television channel, a separate joint venture with Microsoft included establishing a news website, MSNBC. com. In 1998, NBC partnered with Dow Jones & Co, the two companies combined their financial news channels outside the US. The new networks included NBC Europe, CNBC Europe, NBC Asia, CNBC Asia, NBC Africa, in 1999, NBC took a 32% stake in the Paxson group, operator of PAX TV. Five years later, NBC decided to sell its interest in PAX TV and end its relationship with PAX owner, in 2001, NBC acquired the US Spanish-language broadcaster Telemundo, which included the bilingual Mun2 Television. That same year NBC acquired the cable channel Bravo, the sale and resulting merger formed NBC Universal. The new company was 80% owned by GE, and 20% owned by Vivendi, Universal Music Group was not included in the deal and is not part of NBC Universal. On August 2,2004, the divisions of NBC. NBC Studios series bought into the company include the NBC dramas Las Vegas, Crossing Jordan, Universal Network Television bought the Law & Order franchise and The District—in fact, Universal Network Television had co-produced American Dreams with NBC before the merger. Entertainment shows produced by the new group include The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, Last Call with Carson Daly, and Saturday Night Live. The formation of NBC Universal saw the establishment of NBC Universal Cable, which oversees the distribution, marketing, NBC Universal Cable also manages the companys investments in The Weather Channel and TiVo. The cable division also used to operate NBC Weather Plus until 2008 and it also owned a 50% stake in Canal+ and also owned a 15% stake in A+E Networks until 2012
9.
Pulitzer Prize
–
The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
10.
Lynching
–
Lynching is an extrajudicial punishment by an informal group. It is most often used to characterise informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a group. It is a form of informal group social control such as charivari, skimmington, riding the rail, and tarring and feathering. Lynchings have been frequent in times of social and economic tension. However, it has resulted from long-held prejudices and practices of discrimination that have conditioned societies to accept this type of violence as normal practices of popular justice. Indeed, instances of it can be found in societies long antedating European settlement of North America, the legal and cultural antecedents of American lynching were carried across the Atlantic by migrants from the British Isles to colonial North America. Collective violence was an aspect of the early modern Anglo-American legal landscape. In the United States, during the decades before the Civil War, assertive free-Blacks, Latinos in the South West, Violence rose even more at the end of the 19th century, after southern white Democrats regained their political power in the South in the 1870s. Nearly 3,500 African Americans and 1,300 whites were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968, mostly from 1882 to 1920, the origins of the word lynch are obscure, but it likely originated during the American revolution. The verb comes from the phrase Lynch Law, a term for a punishment without trial, two Americans during this era are generally credited for the phrase, Charles Lynch and William Lynch, who both lived in Virginia in the 1780s. Charles Lynch has the claim, as he was known to have used the term in 1782. There is no evidence that death was imposed as a punishment by either of the two men, in 1782, Charles Lynch wrote that his assistant had administered Lynchs law to Tories for Dealing with negroes, &c. In the United States, the origin of the terms lynching, Charles Lynch was a Virginia planter and American Revolutionary who headed a county court in Virginia which incarcerated Loyalist supporters of the British for up to one year during the war. While he lacked proper jurisdiction, he claimed this right by arguing wartime necessity, subsequently, he prevailed upon his friends in the Congress of the Confederation to pass a law which specifically exonerated him and his associates from wrongdoing. He was concerned that he might face legal action from one or more of those so incarcerated, Lynch was not accused of racist bias, and indeed acquitted blacks accused of murder on three separate occasions, as dictated by the facts brought before him. He was accused, however, of ethnic prejudice in his abuse of Welsh miners, William Lynch from Virginia claimed that the phrase was first used for a 1780 compact signed by him and his neighbors in Pittsylvania County. While Edgar Allan Poe claimed that he found this document, this was likely a hoax, however, linguistic evidence is strongly against it, and the story was likely invented in the 19th century. Racist extremism with an eye to viciousness and public spectacle was frequently evident, in the South, members of the abolitionist movement or other people opposing slavery were usually targets of lynch mob violence before the Civil War
11.
Desegregation
–
Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races. This is most commonly used in reference to the United States, racial integration of society was a closely related goal. Starting with King Philips War in the 17th century, blacks served alongside whites in an environment in the North American colonies. They continued to fight in every American war integrated with whites up until the War of 1812 and they would not fight in integrated units again until the Korean War. Thousands of black men fought on the side of rebellious colonists in the American Revolutionary War and their names, accomplishments or total numbers are unknown because of poor record keeping. During the American Civil War, Blacks enlisted in large numbers and they were mostly enslaved blacks who escaped in the South, although there were many northern black Unionists as well. More than 180,000 blacks served with the Union Army and Navy during the Civil War, in segregated units known as the United States Colored Troops and they were recorded and are part of the National Park Services Civil War Soldiers & Sailors System. Around 18,000 black people also joined the Union Navy as sailors and they were recorded and are part of the National Park Services War Soldiers & Sailors System. Many African Americans served with the Confederacy as well, either forcibly or willingly is not completely clear, but many historians have agreed upon this. In the final days of the Civil War, Confederate Congress signed a law permitting freed and enslaved men to join the Confederacy, some professors state that stories of African Americans in Confederate units is evidence that the conflict may not have been completed based on slavery. Upon entering office, President Woodrow Wilson segregated the United States Navy, during World War II, most officers were white and most black troops still served only as truck drivers and as stevedores. The Red Ball Express, which was instrumental in facilitating the advance of Allied forces across France after D-Day, was operated almost exclusively by African-American truck drivers. In the midst of the Battle of the Bulge in late 1944, in World War II, the U. S. Navy first experimented with integrating the USCGC Sea Cloud, then later the USS Mason, a ship with black crew members and commanded by white officers. Some called it Eleanors folly, after President Franklin Roosevelts wife, the Masons purpose had been to allow black sailors to serve in the full range of billets rather than being restricted to stewards and messmen, as they were on most ships. The Navy was pressured to train sailors for billets by Eleanor Roosevelt. In 1948, President Harry S. Trumans Executive Order 9981 ordered the integration of the armed forces shortly after World War II, using the Executive Order meant that Truman could bypass Congress. Representatives of the Solid South, all white Democrats, would likely have stonewalled related legislation, for instance, in May 1948, Richard B. Truman signed Executive Order 9981 on July 26,1948. In June 1950 when the Selective Services Law came up for renewal, at the end of June 1950, the Korean War broke out
12.
Jim Crow
–
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these continued in force until 1965. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a separate. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to available to European Americans. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, the U. S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson. By requiring candidates to submit photos, his administration practiced racial discrimination in hiring and these Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. The phrase Jim Crow Law can be found as early as 1892 in the title of a New York Times article about voting laws in the South, as a result of Rices fame, Jim Crow by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning Negro. When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation which were directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century, during the Reconstruction period of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the U. S. South for freedmen, the African Americans who had formerly been slaves, extensive voter fraud was also used. Gubernatorial elections were close and had been disputed in Louisiana for years, in 1877, a national Democratic Party compromise to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the governments withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White Democrats had regained power in every Southern state. These Southern, white, Democratic Redeemer governments legislated Jim Crow laws, grandfather clauses temporarily permitted some illiterate whites to vote but gave no relief to most blacks. Voter turnout dropped drastically through the South as a result of such measures, in Louisiana, by 1900, black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls, although they comprised the majority of the states population. By 1910, only 730 blacks were registered, less than 0. 5% of eligible black men, in 27 of the states 60 parishes, not a single black voter was registered any longer, in 9 more parishes, only one black voter was. The cumulative effect in North Carolina meant that voters were completely eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896–1904. The growth of their middle class was slowed. Alabama had tens of thousands of poor whites disenfranchised and those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices. They effectively disappeared from political life, as they could not influence the state legislatures, like schools, Jim Crow public libraries were underfunded and often stocked with secondhand books and other resources
13.
Compuserve
–
CompuServe was the first major commercial online service provider in the United States. It dominated the field during the 1980s and remained an influence through the mid-1990s. They are also known for their introduction of the GIF format for pictures, AOLs entry into the PC market in 1991 marked the beginning of the end for CIS. AOL used a monthly subscription instead of hourly rates, so for active users it was less expensive. AOL also used a GUI-based client, and while such systems existed for CIS, in response, CIS lowered their hourly rates on several occasions. The number of users grew, peaking at 3 million in April 1995, by this point AOL had over 20 million users in the United States alone, but this was off their peak of 27 million, due to customers leaving for lower-cost offerings. CIS finally introduced monthly pricing in late 1997, but by time the number of users leaving all online services for dialup Internet service providers was reaching a crescendo. In 1997, CISs parent company, H&R Block, announced its desire to sell the company, a complex deal was worked out with WorldCom acting as a broker, resulting in CIS being sold to AOL. CompuServe Classic shut down in 2009, CompuServe 2000 followed suit in 2011, CompuServe Dialer continues to operate as a Web portal. CompuServe was founded in 1969 as Compu-Serv Network, Inc. in Columbus, Ohio, as a subsidiary of Golden United Life Insurance. While Jeffrey Wilkins, the son-in-law of Golden United founder Harry Gard, Sr. is widely credited as the first president of CompuServe, Goltz and Wilkins were both graduate students in electrical engineering at the University of Arizona. Early employees also recruited from the University of Arizona included Sandy Trevor, Doug Chinnock, Wilkins replaced Goltz as CEO within the first year of operation. It was spun off as a company in 1975, trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol CMPU. The first of new executives was Robert Tillson, who left Service Bureau Corporation to become CompuServes Executive Vice President of Marketing. He then recruited Charles McCall, Maury Cox, and Robert Massey, barry Berkov was recruited from Xerox to head product development and marketing. In 1977, CompuServes board changed the name to CompuServe Incorporated. In 1980, H&R Block acquired CompuServe, in the earliest buildups, each line terminated on a single machine at CompuServes host, so different numbers had to be used to reach different computers. Finally, CompuServe developed its own switching network, implemented on DEC PDP-11 minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout the US
14.
Virginia Beach
–
Virginia Beach is an independent city located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 437,994, in 2015, the population was estimated to be 452,745. Although mostly suburban in character, it is the most populous city in Virginia, despite being larger, Virginia Beach is generally considered to be a suburb of Norfolk. Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels, motels, and restaurants along its oceanfront. Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship, a beach soccer tournament. Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet, Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists, the city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world. It is located at the end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel. The Chesepian were the indigenous people of the area now known as Tidewater in Virginia at the time of European encounter. Little is known about them but archeological evidence suggests they may have related to the Carolina Algonquian. They would have one of the Algonquian languages. These were common among the tribes of the coastal area. The Chesepian occupied an area which is now defined as the independent cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake and they named it Cape Henry, after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James I of England. They created their first permanent settlement on the side of the James River at Jamestown. Adam Thoroughgood of Kings Lynn, Norfolk, England is one of the earliest Englishmen to settle in this area, at the age of 18, he had contracted as an indentured servant to pay for passage to the Virginia Colony in the hopes of bettering his life. He earned his freedom after several years and became a citizen of the area. In 1629, he was elected to the House of Burgesses for Elizabeth Cittie, in 1634, the Colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia, soon renamed as counties. Thoroughgood is credited using the name of his home in England when helping name New Norfolk County in 1637. The following year, New Norfolk County was split into Upper Norfolk County, Thoroughgood resided after 1634 was along the Lynnhaven River, named for his home in England
15.
Suffolk, Virginia
–
Suffolk is an independent city located in the U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2014 census, the population was 86,806 It is the largest city in Virginia by area as well as the 14th largest in the country. With miles of waterfront property on the Nansemond and James River, present day Suffolk was formed in 1974 after consolidating with Nansemond County, the current mayor is Linda T. Johnson. Suffolk was founded by English colonists in 1742 as a town on the Nansemond River in the Virginia Colony. Originally known as Constants Warehouse, for John Constant, Suffolk was renamed after Royal Governor William Goochs home of Suffolk, before European contact, indigenous American tribes lived in the region for thousands of years. At the time of English settlement, the Nansemond Indians lived along the river, in the early colonial years, the English cultivated tobacco as a commodity crop, but later turned to mixed farming. It became the county seat of Nansemond County in 1750, early in its history, Suffolk became a land transportation gateway to the areas east of it in South Hampton Roads. Other railroads and later major highways followed after the war, Suffolk became an incorporated town in 1808. In 1910, it incorporated as a city and separated from Nansemond County, however, it remained the seat of Nansemond County until 1972, when its former county became the independent city of Nansemond. In 1974, the independent cities of Suffolk and Nansemond merged under Suffolks name, Peanuts grown in the surrounding areas became a major industry for Suffolk. Notably, Planters Peanuts was established in Suffolk beginning in 1912, Suffolk was the birthplace of Mr. Peanut, the mascot of Planters Peanuts. For many years, the call-letters of local AM radio station WLPM stood for Worlds Largest Peanut Market, Suffolk is located at 36°44′29″N 76°36′36″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 429 square miles. It is the largest city in Virginia by land area and second-largest by total area, part of the Great Dismal Swamp is located in Suffolk. As of the census of 2010, there were 84,585 people,23,283 households, the population density was 159.2 people per square mile. There were 24,704 housing units at a density of 61.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 50. 1% White,42. 7% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 6% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 8% from other races, and 2. 3% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 2. 9% of the population,20. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
16.
Portsmouth, Virginia
–
Portsmouth is an independent city located in the U. S. commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 95,535 and it is part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. The shipyard upgrades, remodels, and repairs ships of the US Navy and is one of the few facilities in the world with the capability to dry dock an aircraft carrier. Directly opposite Norfolk, the city of Portsmouth also has miles of waterfront land on the Elizabeth River as part of the harbor of Hampton Roads, there is a ferry boat that takes riders back and forth across the water between Downtown Norfolk and Olde Towne Portsmouth. Portsmouth is located on the side of the Elizabeth River directly across from the City of Norfolk. In 1620, the site of Portsmouth was recognized as suitable shipbuilding location by John Wood, a shipbuilder. The surrounding area was settled as a plantation community. Portsmouth was founded by Colonel William Crawford, a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and it was established as a town in 1752 by an act of the Virginia General Assembly and was named for Portsmouth, England. In 1767, Andrew Sprowle, a shipbuilder, founded the Gosport Shipyard adjacent to Portsmouth, the Gosport Shipyard at Portsmouth was owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia after the American Revolutionary War and was sold to the new United States federal government. In 1855, the Portsmouth and Norfolk area suffered an epidemic of fever which killed 1 of every three citizens. It became an independent city from Norfolk County in 1858, during the American Civil War, in 1861, Virginia joined the Confederate States of America. Fearing that the Confederacy would take control of the shipyard at Portsmouth, the Confederate forces did in fact take over the shipyard, and did so without armed conflict through an elaborate ruse orchestrated by civilian railroad builder William Mahone. The Union forces withdrew to Fort Monroe across Hampton Roads, which was the land in the area which remained under Union control. In early 1862, the Confederate ironclad warship CSS Virginia was rebuilt using the hulk of USS Merrimack. Virginia engaged the Union ironclad USS Monitor in the famous Battle of Hampton Roads during the Union blockade of Hampton Roads, the Confederates burned the shipyard again when they left in May 1862. Following the recapture of Norfolk and Portsmouth by the Union forces, the name of the shipyard was derived from its location in Norfolk County. The Norfolk Naval Shipyard today is located entirely within the city limits of Portsmouth, Portsmouth was the county seat of Norfolk County until 1963 when the new city of Chesapeake was formed in a political consolidation with the city of South Norfolk. Portsmouths other county neighbor, the former Nansemond County, also consolidated with a smaller city, one of the older cities of Hampton Roads, in the early 21st century, Portsmouth was undergoing moderate urban renewal in the downtown
17.
Chesapeake, VA
–
Chesapeake is an independent city located in the U. S. commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 222,209, in 2013, Chesapeake is included in the Virginia Beach–Norfolk–Newport News, VA–NC MSA. Chesapeake is the second-largest city by area in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It has miles of waterfront industrial, commercial and residential property, in 2011, Chesapeake was named the 21st best city in America by Bloomberg Businessweek. In 1963, the new independent city of Chesapeake was created when the independent city of South Norfolk consolidated with Norfolk County. The consolidation was approved and the new name selected by the voters of each community by referendum, formed in 1691 in the Virginia Colony, Norfolk County had originally included essentially all the area which became the towns and later cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, and South Norfolk. Its area was reduced after 1871 as these cities added territory through annexations, becoming an independent city was a method for the former county to stabilize borders with neighbors, as cities could not annex territory from each other. The relatively small city of South Norfolk had become a town within Norfolk County in 1919. Its residents wanted to make a change to put their jurisdiction on an equal footing in other aspects with the much larger cities of Norfolk. The consolidation that resulted in the city of Chesapeake was part of a wave of changes in the structure of government in southeastern Virginia which took place between 1952 and 1975. The Chesapeake region was among the first areas settled in the colonial era. Beginning in the late 1980s and accelerating in the 1990s, however, Chesapeake saw significant growth, attracting numerous and this explosive growth quickly led to strains on the municipal infrastructure, ranging from intrusion of saltwater into the citys water supply to congested roads and schools. Chesapeake made national headlines in 2003 when, under a change of venue. A jury convicted him of murder but spared him a death sentence, it chose a sentence of life in prison without parole for the young man. A jury in neighboring Virginia Beach convicted his older partner John Allen Muhammad, Chesapeake is located at 36°46′2″N 76°17′14″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 351 square miles. The northeastern part of the Great Dismal Swamp is located in Chesapeake, Chesapeake is one of the larger cities in Virginia and the nation in terms of land area. This poses challenges to city leaders in supporting infrastructure to serve this area, in addition, the city has many historically and geographically distinct communities
18.
Outer Banks
–
They cover most of the North Carolina coastline, separating the Currituck Sound, Albemarle Sound, and Pamlico Sound from the Atlantic Ocean. The Outer Banks are a major tourist destination and are known around the world for their subtropical climate, the Cape Hatteras National Seashore has four campgrounds open to visitors. The treacherous seas off the Outer Banks and the number of shipwrecks that have occurred there have given these seas the nickname Graveyard of the Atlantic. The Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum is located in Hatteras Village near a United States Coast Guard facility, the English Roanoke Colony—where Virginia Dare was born—vanished from Roanoke Island in 1587. The Wright brothers first flight in a controlled, powered, heavier-than-air vehicle took place on the Outer Banks on December 17,1903, the Wright Brothers National Monument commemorates the historic flights, and First Flight Airport is a small, general-aviation airfield located there. The Outer Banks is a string of peninsulas and barrier islands separating the Atlantic Ocean from mainland North Carolina, from north to south, the largest of these include, Bodie Island, Hatteras Island, Ocracoke Island, Portsmouth Island, and the Core Banks. The Outer Banks stretch southward from Sandbridge in Virginia Beach down the North Carolina coastline, sources differ regarding the southern terminus of the Outer Banks. Generations of North Carolina schoolchildren have learned that the term includes the three prominent capes, Cape Hatteras, Cape Lookout, and Cape Fear. Other sources limit the definition to two capes and coastal areas in four counties, some authors include Carterets Shackelford Banks and Bogue Banks in their descriptions, while others exclude Bogue Banks. Still other references restrict the definition to the three counties of Currituck, Dare, and Hyde. The abbreviations OBX and SOBX are modern terms used to promote tourism and to market a variety of stickers, t-shirts, OBX, which originated first, is generally used in the northern Outer Banks. SOBX is used primarily in Carteret County, which is known as the Crystal Coast. The northern part of the Outer Banks, from Oregon Inlet northward, is actually a part of the North American mainland, since the northern inlets of Bodie Island and Currituck Banks no longer exist. It is separated by the Currituck Sound and the Intracoastal Waterway, road access to the northern Outer Banks is cut off between Sandbridge and Corolla, North Carolina, with communities such as Carova Beach accessible only by four-wheel drive vehicles. North Carolina State Highway 12 links most of the popular Outer Banks communities in this section of the coast, the easternmost point is Cape Point at Cape Hatteras on Hatteras Island, site of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse. The Outer Banks are not anchored to offshore coral reefs like some other barrier islands, in fact, their location jutting out into the Atlantic makes them the most hurricane-prone area north of Florida, for both landfalling storms and brushing storms offshore. The tear was subsequently repaired and restored by sand dredging by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and it was cut off once again in 2011 by Hurricane Irene. Access to the island was limited to boat access only from August to late October until another temporary bridge could be built
19.
Nags Head, North Carolina
–
Nags Head is a town in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. It is a vacation spot because of its beaches and sand dunes of Jockeys Ridge. The population was 2,757 at the 2010 census, early maps of the area show Nags Head as a promontory of land characterized by high sand dunes visible from miles at sea. The origin of the name is obscure, but it is likely to have been named after any one of the Nags Heads on the English coast. The towns emblem depicts one such equine accomplice from the tale, around 1830, Nags Head became known as a resort area, and so remains today. Jockeys Ridge is the last vestige of the sand dunes seen by the first explorers, Nags Head is located at 35°55′55″N 75°36′54″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 6.6 square miles, of which 6.6 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,757 people,1,223 households, the population density was 413.2 people per square mile. There were 4,884 housing units at a density of 634.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 6% White,1. 6% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 3% Asian,1. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 44% of the population. 29. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.65. In the town, the population was out with 19. 2% under the age of 18,5. 1% from 18 to 24,30. 7% from 25 to 44,28. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 43 years, for every 100 females there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.4 males, the median income for a household in the town was $53,095, and the median income for a family was $61,302. Males had an income of $33,289 versus $30,139 for females. The per capita income for the town was $30,157, about 4. 4% of families and 6. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 9% of those under age 18 and 4. 3% of those age 65 or over. Located in Nags Head is the largest sand dune on the East Coast, the sand dune has migrated over the years from wind and erosion, and has buried a miniature golf course along the way. The old Nags Head Hotel is buried, too, the area surrounding Jockeys Ridge is good for biking, or hiking
20.
Local News on Cable
–
Local News on Cable, or LNC5, was a joint venture between WVEC-TV, Cox Communications, and The Virginian-Pilot. LNC5 was owned by the Belo Corporation, launched on February 24,1997 as LNC4 on Cox Cable channel 4. It later moved to channel 5 after the launch of independent station WSKY-TV), LNC5 was available only on Cox Communications in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. LNC5 aired WVECs live newscasts and rebroadcasts throughout the day. LNC occasionally aired live broadcasts of events in the Hampton Roads area. In December 2010, Cox issued a statement to customers that LNC5 will cease operation after December 31,2010 and this lasted from March-July 2011, previewing each channel for 2-3 weeks. Currently, channel 5 broadcasts the national feed of Univision, from LNCs debut until January 30,2009, WVEC produced a half-hour 10 p. m. newscast that aired on LNC Monday through Friday, Pilot 13 News. The newscast was canceled due to low ratings, LNC information from The Virginian-Pilot WVEC-TV The Virginian-Pilot
21.
Brunswick Beacon
–
Because of the areas allure to tourists and retirees insistent on keeping up with Brunswick Countys burgeoning real estate market, the Beacon boasts paid circulation in 49 states. The Brunswick Beacon was founded by Brunswick County native Robert B, stanley, Sr. in 1962, following a series of ill-fated publications that served the area dating back to the 1930s. The first publication of what would become The Brunswick Beacon was called Shallotte Press and was dated November 1,1962, a contest held to name the paper was won by Shallotte businesswoman, JoAnn Simmons. The Beacon was purchased in 1970 by Edward Sweatt, then a partner in Community Newspapers Inc. out of Spartanburg, by the mid-1990s, real estate and service industry advertising allowed the Beacon to expand from printing 28 to 32 pages to 70-plus pages each week. In early 2001, the Beacon moved from its location on Main Street to a new 21,000 square foot office center and printing plant on Smith Avenue
22.
Alternative newspaper
–
Its news coverage is more locally focused and their target audiences younger than those of daily newspapers. Typically, alternative newspapers are published in format and printed on newsprint. Other names for such publications include weekly, alternative newsweekly. Most metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada are home to at least one alternative paper, Alternative papers usually operate under a different business model than daily papers. They sometimes include ads for adult entertainment, such as bookstores and strip clubs. They usually include comprehensive classified and personal ad sections and event listings as well, many alternative papers feature an annual best of issue, profiling businesses that readers voted the best of their type in the area. Often these papers send out certificates that the businesses hang on their wall or window and this further cements the papers ties to local businesses. Alternative newspapers represent the more commercialized and mainstream evolution of the press associated with the 1960s counterculture. Their focus remains on arts and entertainment and social and political reportage, editorial positions at alternative weeklies are predominantly left-leaning, though there is a contingent of conservative, and libertarian, alt-weeklies. Styles vary sharply among alternative newspapers, some affect a satirical, ironic tone, columns commonly syndicated to alternative weeklies include The Straight Dope, Dan Savages Savage Love, Rob Bresznys Free Will Astrology, and Ben Tausigs crossword puzzle Ink Well. Quirky, non-mainstream comics, such as Matt Groenings Life in Hell, Lynda Barrys Ernie Pooks Comeek, Ruben Bollings Tom the Dancing Bug, the Village Voice, based in New York City, is one of the first and best-known examples of the form. The Association of Alternative Newsmedia is the alternative weeklies trade association, the Alternative Weekly Network and the Ruxton Group are national advertising sales representatives for alternative weeklies. However, due in part to increasing concentration of media ownership, the Tribune Company, a multibillion-dollar company that owns the Chicago Tribune, owns four New England alternative weeklies, including the Hartford Advocate and New Haven Advocate. Village Voice Media and New Times Media merged in 2006, before that, the pre-merger Village Voice Media, an outgrowth of New York Citys Village Voice, included LA Weekly, OC Weekly, Seattle Weekly, Minneapolis City Pages, and Nashville Scene. In 2003, the two entered into a non-competition agreement which stated that the two would not publish in the same market. The US Justice Department launched an antitrust investigation into the agreement, the case was settled out of court with the two companies agreeing to make available the publishing assets and titles of their defunct papers to potential competitors. The Cleveland Free Times recommenced publication in 2003 under the publication group Kildysart LLC, while the assets of New Times LA were sold to Southland Publishing and relaunched as LA CityBeat. The deal was approved by the Justice Department and, on January 31,2006, in 1999, PM/CG expanded further through New England to Portland, Maine with the creation of the Portland Phoenix
23.
Homes.com
–
Homes. com, Inc. a subsidiary of Dominion Enterprises, is the fourth-largest real estate portal by traffic market share. Headquartered at 150 Granby Street, Norfolk, Virginia, United States, Homes. com maintains additional offices in Boca Raton, Florida, Tallahassee, Florida and San Diego, California. The company also provides real estate marketing and media services including advertising, property listing syndication, reputation management. Homes. com began as the website for Homes and Land Publishing in 1993 and incorporated in January 1999 as Homes. com. In March of the year, a venture capital funding round generated 38.5 million dollars. And gave Hummer Winblad Venture Partners a controlling interest in Homes. com, in October 2004, Homes. com, Inc. was purchased by Trader Publishing Company, a joint business venture of Landmark Media Enterprises and Cox Enterprises. 1993 - Homes. com launched by Homes and Land Publishing, home Values channel of Homes. com allows consumers research area home values, property details and area demographics. GPS search functionality gives users the ability to search for nearby property listings, data Services by Homes. com manages more than 650 MLS IDX listing feeds representing over 4.3 million listings. The company provides IDX data aggregation and search technology to real estate companies such as RE/MAX. The Powered by Homes. com offers product media partners the ability to real estate listings into their sites at no charge. Partners can incorporate their display advertising network into the pages to generate revenue, agent and Broker Websites can be purchased from Homes. com with IDX and VOW capabilities. Lead Generation and Management services aggregate leads from various sources and provide CRM tools for managing those leads
24.
Landmark Communications v. Virginia
–
Landmark Communications v. Virginia,435 U. S.829, was a United States Supreme Court case that was argued on January 11,1978 and decided on May 1,1978. Floyd Abrams represented Landmark Communications, which owned The Virginian-Pilot and they were deciding whether or not to begin disciplinary proceedings against Sharp. Under Virginia statute, each complaint against a judge was to be reviewed in secret, all states had confidentiality requirements to avoid use of the disciplinary inquiry as retribution against a judge, but only Virginia and Hawaii provided for criminal penalties for disclosure. There was a trial and conviction of the publisher of a misdemeanor. Landmark appealed to the Supreme Court of Virginia, which affirmed the conviction by 6–1, in his memoir Speaking Freely, Abrams stated that it was the first case he argued by himself before the Supreme Court. He continued that he devoted most of their preparation for the case with three overlapping issues, ones that have consumed my attention in every later Supreme Court argument as well, the first was jurisprudential, what rule of law would they urge the Court to adopt. What would be its effect as stare decisis and its impact on the First Amendment, justices are known for taking up the 30 minutes of allotted argument time with question-and-answer sessions. Abrams felt he needed to figure out his core message, the Third question was what the court might ask that would be exceptionally difficult to respond to, and what should such responses be. Assistant Attorney General James Kulp defended the Virginia Supreme Court opinion with the three reasons for the statute. White said if that was so, his arguments about protection the judiciary, virginias time before the Court dealt with the scope of the statute. Abrams declined his rebuttal time, as he was confident in Landmarks victory, during one exchange, Justice William Rehnquist asked a question for which Mr. Abrams said he was totally unprepared, but Justice Potter Stewart came to his rescue. Of all the justices, Mr. Abrams found Justice Byron R. White the most unnerving, White invariably asked questions that were both pointed and powerful, he recalls, and Mr. Abrams never once had the sense that anything I said pleased him. He confides that during oral argument he often felt like a mouse with a tormenting cat, nonetheless, he won a unanimous victory. It had been quite an introduction for me to arguing for a thirty minutes in the Supreme Court, fifty-four judicial questions. The Court held unanimously in favor of Landmark, chief Justice Burger wrote the opinion for himself and the other five members. The Court did not adopt Abramss categorical approach, however, the Court rejected the argument that these interests were sufficient grounds for criminal sanctions on nonparticipants in proceedings. List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 435
25.
Bristol Herald Courier
–
The Bristol Herald Courier is a 39,000 circulation daily newspaper owned by Berkshire Hathaway. The newspaper is located in Bristol, Virginia, a city located in Southwest Virginia on the Tennessee border. The Herald Courier is in what the industry calls a converged newsroom, meaning its online print. Herald Courier reporters are trained to occasionally deliver webcasts of Bristol news, conduct TV talk-backs with WJHL, News Channel 11 reporters often have bylined stories that appear in the Herald Courier news pages. Under Media General, both operations provided content for TriCities. com, a subsidiary of Media Generals Digital Media Department, the future of the website is said to be up in the air. The beginning of the present Bristol Herald Courier came in 1865 and that was the year John Slack founded the Bristol News, a publication which continued until after the turn of the century. In 1870, Slack launched the Bristol Courier, a weekly which became Bristols first daily paper in 1888, george L. Carter, founder of the Clinchfield Railroad, moved to Bristol in 1903 and founded the Bristol Herald. When Carter left Bristol in 1907 the Herald was combined with the Courier, the combined morning publication with three editions covered and circulated in nine Southwest Virginia counties, Upper East Tennessee and the City of Bristol. January 1,1998 marked the sale of the Bristol Herald Courier to Media General and it was sold to Berkshire Hathaway in 2012. Under the new ownership of Berkshire Hathaway, Bristol Herald Courier has rebranded its online presence moving from tricities. com to heraldcourier. com, the newspaper now operates only in print and online, and is no longer affiliated with the TV station WJHL. The Bristol Herald Courier is located at 320 Bob Morrison Blvd in Bristol, the paper was a 2007 national finalist for online convergence by the Associated Press Managing Editors
26.
Bristol, Virginia
–
Bristol is an independent city in the U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,835 and it is the twin city of Bristol, Tennessee, just across the state line, which runs down the middle of its main street, State Street. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Bristol, Virginia, with neighboring Washington County, Virginia, evan Shelby first appeared in what is now the Bristol area around 1765. In 1766, Shelby, moved his family and settled at a place called Big Camp Meet and it is said that Cherokee Indians once inhabited the area and the Indian village was named, according to legend, because numerous deer and buffalo met here to feast in the canebrakes. Shelby renamed the site Sapling Grove, in 1774, Shelby erected a fort on a hill overlooking what is now downtown Bristol. It was an important stopping-off place for such as Daniel Boone and George Rogers Clark. This fort, known as Shelby’s Station was actually a combination trading post, way station, anderson laid out the original town of Bristol, Tennessee/Virginia and building began in 1853. Samuel Goodson, who owned land that adjoined the original town of Bristol TN/VA at its northern boundary, anderson was unable to incorporate Bristol across the state lines of Tennessee and Virginia. In 1856, Goodsonville and the original Bristol, Virginia were merged to form the town of Goodson. Incorporation for Bristol, Tennessee and Goodson, Virgina occurred in 1856, the Virginia and Tennessee Railroads reached the cities in the late summer of 1856. In 1890, Goodson, Virginia once again took the name Bristol, the Grove, Solar Hill Historic District, and Walnut Grove are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Bristol is located in southwestern Virginia at 36°36′N 82°11′W and it is bordered to the west, north, and east by Washington County, Virginia, and to the south by the city of Bristol in Sullivan County, Tennessee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 13.2 square miles, of which 13.0 square miles is land and 0.15 square miles. Little Creek and Beaver Creek flow south through the city, Little Creek flows into Beaver Creek two blocks south of the line in Tennessee. Beaver Creek is a tributary of the South Fork Holston River, the city is served by Interstates 81 and 381, and by U. S. Routes 11,19,58, and 421, I-81 leads northeast 149 miles to Roanoke, Virginia, and southwest 113 miles to Knoxville, Tennessee. Interstate 381 is a spur from Interstate 81 that provides access to Bristol, Virginia and it runs for 1.7 miles from the intersection of Commonwealth Avenue and Keys/Church Streets in Bristol at exit 0 north to Interstate 81. The I-81 interchange, the one on I-381, is signed as exits 1A
27.
Culpeper, Virginia
–
Culpeper is the only incorporated town in Culpeper County, Virginia, United States. The population was 16,379 at the 2010 census, up from 9,664 at the 2000 census and it is the county seat of Culpeper County. Culpeper is located at 38°28′19″N 77°59′57″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 6.8 square miles, of which 6.7 square miles is land and 0.04 square mile is water. After forming Culpeper County, Virginia, in 1748, the Virginia House of Burgesses voted to establish the Town of Fairfax on February 22,1759, the original plan of the town called for ten blocks, which form the core of Culpepers downtown area today. The original town was surveyed by a young George Washington, in 1795, the town received a post office under the name Culpeper Court House, although most maps continued to show the Fairfax name. During the American Revolutionary War, the Culpeper Minutemen, a pro-Independence militia and they organized in what was then known as Claytons Old Field, near todays Yowell Meadow Park. During the Civil War, Culpeper was a crossroads for a number of marching through central Virginia. In the heart of downtown, the home of Confederate General A. P. Hill stands at the corner of Main. One block north on Main St. was the house where The Gallant Major John Pelham died after sustaining a wound at the battle of Kelleys Ford. Culpeper began to grow dramatically in the 1980s, becoming a community of more densely populated Northern Virginia and Washington. A growing number of residents of the town and county of Culpeper once lived, in 2011, East Davis Street in downtown Culpeper was named as a 2011 Americas Great Place by the American Planning Association. Downtown Culpeper was one of the communities most affected by the August 23,2011 Virginia earthquake, several buildings along Main Street and East Davis Street suffered structural damage, and some have been condemned. The earthquake led to the evacuation of the Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation. In 2014 the Museum of Culpeper History moved into the historic train depot. As of the 2010 Census, the makeup of the town was 61. 5% White,21. 9% Black,0. 6% Native American,2. 1% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17. 0% of the population. The towns population included 25. 7% under the age of 18,10. 0% from 18 to 24,30. 3% from 25 to 44,19. 0% from 45 to 64, the median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 87.9 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males
28.
Harrisonburg, Virginia
–
Harrisonburg is an independent city in the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 48,914, Harrisonburg is the county seat of Rockingham County, although the two are separate jurisdictions. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Harrisonburg with Rockingham County for statistical purposes, Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University and Eastern Mennonite University. Harrisonburg is the city of the Harrisonburg, Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Harrisonburg, previously known as Rocktown, was named for Thomas Harrison, in 1779, Harrison deeded 2.5 acres of his land to the public good for the construction of a courthouse. In 1780, Harrison deeded an additional 50 acres and this is the area now known as Historic Downtown Harrisonburg. In 1849, trustees chartered a mayor–council form of government, although Harrisonburg was not officially incorporated as an independent city until 1916, today, a council–manager government administers Harrisonburg. When the slaves of the Shenandoah Valley were freed in 1865 and this settlement was eventually annexed by the independent city of Harrisonburg some years later, probably around 1892. Today, the old city of Newtown is still the home of the majority of Harrisonburgs predominantly black churches, such as First Baptist, the modern Boys and Girls Club of Harrisonburg is located in the old Lucy Simms schoolhouse used for the black students in the days of segregation. This effort, called Project R4, focused on the city blocks east of Main, north of Gay, west of Broad, and south of Johnson. According to Bob Sullivan, an intern working in the city office in 1958. Newtown, a low socioeconomic status housing area, was declared a slum, federal law mandated that the city needed to have a referendum on the issue before R4 could begin. The vote was close with 1,024 votes in favor and 978 against R4, after the vote, the Harrisonburg Redevelopment and Housing Authority was formed. All of the members were white men, the project began and, due to eminent domain, the government could force the people of Newtown to sell their homes. They were offered rock bottom prices for their homes, many people couldnt afford a new home and had to move into public housing projects and become dependent on the government. Likewise, many of the businesses of Newtown that were bought out could not afford to reestablish themselves, klines, a white-owned business, was actually one of the few businesses in the area that was able to reopen. The city later sold the land to commercial developers, in early 2002, the Harrisonburg community discussed the possibility of creating a pedestrian mall downtown. Public meetings were held to discuss the merits and drawbacks of pursuing such a plan, ultimately, the community decided to keep its Main Street open to traffic
29.
Newport News, Virginia
–
Newport News is an independent city located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 180,719, in 2013, the population was estimated to be 183,412, making it the fifth-most populous city in Virginia. Newport News is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, the area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County. Warwick County was one of the eight original shires of Virginia, formed by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of King Charles I, the county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land until almost 250 years later. In 1881,15 years of development began under the leadership of Collis P. With the new railroad came a terminal and coal piers where the colliers were loaded, within a few years, Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard. In 1896, the new incorporated town of Newport News, which had briefly replaced Denbigh as the county seat of Warwick County, had a population of 9,000. In 1958, by mutual consent by referendum, Newport News was consolidated with the former Warwick County, the more widely known name of Newport News was selected as they formed what was then Virginias third largest independent city in population. The location on the harbor and along the James River facilitates a large boating industry which can take advantage of its miles of waterfront. Newport News also serves as a junction between the rails and the sea with the Newport News Marine Terminals located at the East End of the city. Served by major east-west Interstate Highway 64, it is linked to others of the cities of Hampton Roads by the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway, part of the Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport is in the city limits. The original area near the mouth of the James River was first referred to as Newportes Newes as early as 1621, the source of the name Newport News is not known with certainty. Several versions are recorded, and it is the subject of popular speculation locally, the new governor ordered them to turn around, and return to Jamestown. Under this theory, the community was named for Newports good news, another possibility is that the community may have derived its name from an old English word news meaning new town. At least one source claims that the New arose from the settlements being rebuilt after a fire. Another source gave the name as New Port Newce, named for a person with the name Newce. The namesake, Sir William Newce, was an English soldier, there he had established Newcestown near Bandon, County Cork. He sailed to Virginia with Sir Francis Wyatt in October 1621 and was granted 2,500 acres of land and his brother, Capt. Thomas Newce, was given 600 acres at Kequatan, now called Elizabeth Cittie
30.
The Daily Progress
–
The Daily Progress is the sole daily newspaper in the vicinity of Charlottesville, Virginia. It has been published daily since September 14,1892, the paper was founded by James Hubert Lindsay and his brother Frank Lindsay. The Progress was initially published six days a week, the first Sunday edition was printed in September 1968, lindsays family owned the paper for 78 years. On November 30,1970, the family announced a sale to the Worrell Newspaper group, T. Eugene Worrell, of Bristol, Virginia, owned about two dozen rural weekly newspapers and a few dailies, all with less circulation than the Daily Progress. The Progress immediately became the flagship paper, and Worrell moved his newspaper group headquarters to Charlottesville. Faced with major newspaper industry change, Worrell sold his properties to Richmond-based Media General as a part of a larger $230M deal in 1995. In the 21st century, Media General sold the Progress printing press, Daily Progress 75th Anniversary Edition, historical notes of Rey Barry, a contemporary reporter and columnist
31.
Charlottesville, Virginia
–
Charlottesville, colloquially Cville and formally the City of Charlottesville, is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 48,210 and it is the county seat of Albemarle County, which surrounds the city, though the two are separate legal entities. It is named after the British Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with the County of Albemarle for statistical purposes, bringing its steadily growing population to approximately 150,000. Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area, which includes Albemarle, Fluvanna, Greene, Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents, Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe. While both served as Governor of Virginia, they lived in Charlottesville, and traveled to and from Richmond, Orange, located 26 miles northeast of the city, was the hometown of President James Madison. The University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies, straddles the citys border with Albemarle. Monticello, located 3 miles southeast of the city, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located on a hilltop overlooking Charlottesville, Monticello attracts thousands of tourists every year. At the time of European encounter, part of the area that became Charlottesville was occupied by a Monacan village called Monasukapanough, Charlottesville was formed in 1762 by an Act of the Assembly of Albemarle County. Thomas Walker was named its first trustee and it was along a trade route called Three Notched Road which led from Richmond to the Great Valley. It was named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen consort of the United Kingdom as the wife of King George III, during the American Revolutionary War, the Convention Army was imprisoned in Charlottesville between 1779 and 1781 at the Albemarle Barracks. Unlike much of Virginia, Charlottesville was spared the brunt of the American Civil War, the only battle to take place in Charlottesville was the skirmish at Rio Hill, an encounter in which George Armstrong Custer briefly engaged local Confederate home guards before he retreated. The mayor surrendered the city to Custers men to keep the town from being burned, 1820–30, was accidentally burnt during General Sheridans 1865 raid through the Shenandoah Valley. The factory had taken over by the Confederacy and used to manufacture woollen clothing for the soldiers. It caught fire when some coals taken by Union troops to burn the railroad bridge had been dropped on the floor. The factory was rebuilt immediately and was known as the Woolen Mills until its liquidation in 1962, the first black church in Charlottesville was established in 1864. Previously, it was illegal for African-Americans to have their own churches, a current predominantly African-American church can trace its lineage to that first church. Congregation Beth Israels 1882 building is the oldest synagogue building standing in Virginia. The closures were required by a series of laws collectively known as the Stanley plan
32.
Danville, Virginia
–
Danville is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,055 and it is bounded by Pittsylvania County, Virginia and Caswell County, North Carolina. It hosts the Danville Braves baseball club of the Appalachian League, Danville is the principal city of the Danville, Virginia Micropolitan Statistical Area. Numerous Native American tribes had lived in part of the Piedmont region since prehistoric times. During the colonial period, the area was inhabited by Siouan language-speaking tribes, in 1728, English colonist William Byrd headed an expedition sent to determine the true boundary between Virginia and North Carolina. The river along which he camped was named the Dan, for Byrd, supposing himself to be in the land of plenty, the first European-American settlement developed in 1792 downstream from Byrds campsite, at a spot along the river shallow enough to allow fording. It was named Wynnes Falls, after the first settler, the village had a social reason for its origin, growing from the meetings of pioneering Revolutionary War veterans, who gathered annually to fish and talk over old times. The village was renamed Danville by act of the Virginia Legislature on November 23,1793, a charter for the town was drawn up February 17,1830, but by the time of its issue, the population had exceeded the pre-arranged boundaries. This necessitated a new charter, which was issued in 1833, in that year, James Lanier was elected the first mayor, assisted by a council of twelve fit and able men. By the mid-19th century, William T. Sutherlin, a planter and entrepreneur, was the first to apply power to run a tobacco press. Several railroads reached Danville including the Richmond and Danville Railroad, the Atlantic and Danville Railway, enabling the export of Danvilles manufacturing, due to the falls on the river, the area was prime for industrial development based on water power. On July 22,1882, six of Danvilles citizens founded the Riverside Cotton Mills, in its day it was known nationally as Dan River Inc. the largest single-unit textile mill in the world. The mill is now closed, since the late 20th century, many of Dan Rivers buildings have been torn down and the bricks sold. The White Mill, considered historically and architecturally significant, is being renovated in the early 21st century as an apartment complex, on September 9,1882, Danville mayor John H. Johnston shot and killed John E. Hatcher, his chief of police. Hatcher had demanded an apology for a statement Johnston had made regarding unaccounted fine money, Johnston was charged with murder, but he was acquitted at trial, as the Southern culture of honor was still strong. A dramatic train wreck occurred in Danville, on September 27,1903, Old 97, the Southern Railways crack express mail train, was running behind schedule. Its engineer gave her full throttle, but the speed of the train caused it to jump the tracks on a trestle crossing the valley of the Dan. The engine and five cars plunged into the ravine below, killing nine, the locomotive and its engineer, Joseph A. Broadey, were memorialized in song
33.
Free Lance-Star
–
A one-year subscription that first year cost $1.50. In 1900, the Free Lance operation merged with its competitor, the two papers continued to be published separately until 1926 when, under the leadership of Josiah P. Rowe Jr. they were combined into The Free Lance–Star, a single newspaper published 6 days a week. The paper has occupied two addresses in its history, the offices of The Free Lance, and later the Daily Star and The Free Lance–Star, were at 303 William St in Fredericksburg. In 1965 the newspaper moved to its current location at 616 Amelia Street, charles and Josiah Rowe inherited the paper from their father in 1949, and in 1997, upon Charles’ retirement, the family of Josiah P. Rowe III purchased total ownership of the business. The Free Lance–Star was owned and operated by members of the Rowe family from 1926 until 2014, the newspaper was purchased by Sandton Capital Partners on June 19,2014, ending the Rowe familys involvement. BH Media acquired The Free Lance–Star in 2015, WFLS, the company’s first radio station housed at the same location, went on the air in 1960. WFLS-FM was added to the company in 1961, later on, in 1994, The Star Radio Group bought 99.3 WYSK, The Rock Alternative The company purchased WWUZ, a classic rock-formatted station out of Bowling Green in 2001. In 2009, WYSK became 99.3 The Vibe, advertised as Fredericksburgs #1 Hit Music Station, in September 2010, the company added a sports talk station, ESPN The Game, at AM1350 and FM96.5. In March 2012, WWUZ became 96.9 The Rock, BH Media did not acquire the radio stations. In the mid-1990s the company maintained a web presence under FLStarWeb. com and those efforts have since shifted to fredericksburg. com. In 1984, The Free Lance–Star was named by Time magazine as one of two top small daily newspapers in the country, in March 2010, The Free Lance–Star began printing in their new production facility, Print Innovators. Print Innovators is a 92, 000-square-foot facility, and a $45 million investment, Print Innovators is the only press in America that uses the Goss International Flexible Printing System. In mid-2008, the installation began for the new printing systems, Goss also provided the Ferag press gripper and storage components, plus the Magnapack packaging system with 34 packaging stations. The 29-foot high press, includes four printing towers, and two folders that are capable of being run as two separate processes, each unit can produce 24 pages, making a total capacity of 96 full-color pages. ”Print Innovators is also environmentally conscious. The building is lit by skylights, using sunlight in the day. Print Innovators uses post-consumer recycled paper fiber, from all of the newspapers that dont pass quality control are recycled and then used as roofing material. Print Innovators immediately planted native grass after construction ceased, to bring back the natural environment, in this natural environment live frogs, deer, rabbits, and turtles. Print Innovators has a bike rack outside for employees, and so far, the press is run mostly by computers, but is maintained by many workers
34.
Fredericksburg, Virginia
–
Fredericksburg is an independent city in Virginia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,286, the city population was estimated at 28,118 in 2015. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Fredericksburg with neighboring Spotsylvania County for statistical purposes, located near where the Rappahannock River crosses the Fall Line, Fredericksburg was a prominent port in Virginia during the colonial era. Fredericksburg is home to major commercial centers including Central Park and Spotsylvania Towne Centre. Major employers include the University of Mary Washington, Mary Washington Healthcare, many Fredericksburg-area residents commute to work by car, bus, and rail to Washington and Richmond, as well as Fairfax, Prince William, and Arlington counties. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Fredericksburg were a Siouan-speaking tribe called the Manahoac, english colonists recorded the name of the Manahoac village there as Mahaskahod. Located on the Rappahannock River near the head of navigation at the fall line, the land on which the city was founded was part of a tract patented in 1671. The Virginia General Assembly established a fort on the Rappahannock in 1676, in 1714, Lt. Gov. Named for Frederick, Prince of Wales, son of King George II, the colonial towns streets bore the names of members of the royal family. The county court was moved to Fredericksburg in 1732, and the served as county seat until 1780. In 1781, Fredericksburg was incorporated as a town, with its own court, council and it received its charter as a city in 1879, and under Virginia law was separated from Spotsylvania County. The city adopted its present city manager/council form of government in 1911, the city has close associations with George Washington, whose family moved to Ferry Farm in Stafford County just off the Rappahannock River opposite Fredericksburg in 1738. Washingtons mother Mary later moved to the city, and his sister Betty lived at Kenmore, other significant early residents include the Revolutionary War generals Hugh Mercer and George Weedon, naval war hero John Paul Jones, and future U. S. president James Monroe. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in Fredericksburg, during the 19th century, Fredericksburg sought to maintain its sphere of trade, but with limited success. It promoted the development of a canal on the Rappahannock and construction of a turnpike, by 1837, a north-south railroad, which became the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad, linked the town to Richmond, the state capital. A much-needed railroad joining the town to the region to the west was not finished until after the Civil War. During the Civil War, Fredericksburg gained strategic importance due to its location midway between Washington and Richmond, the capitals of the Union and the Confederacy. During the Battle of Fredericksburg, December 11–15,1862, the town sustained significant damage from bombardment, a Second Battle of Fredericksburg was fought in and around the town on May 3,1863, in connection with the Chancellorsville campaign. The battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House were fought nearby in May 1864, after the war, Fredericksburg recovered its former position as a center of local trade and slowly grew beyond its prewar boundaries
