1.
Stephen F. Hayes
–
Stephen F. Hayes is an American journalist and biographer. He is a senior writer for National Journal. He is now Editor in chief of The Weekly Standard and he is the author of three books. Stephen Hayes was born in 1970 in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin and he graduated from DePauw University, where he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He went on to journalism at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. His work has appeared in the New York Post, Washington Times, Salon. com, National Review and he has been a commentator on CNN, The McLaughlin Group, Fox News Channel, MSNBC, CNBC, and C-SPAN. Hayes is the author of three books and his first book, The Connection, How al Qaedas Collaboration with Saddam Hussein has Endangered America, was published in 2004. It postulated a relationship between Saddam Husseins Iraq and the al-Qaeda terrorist organization called. His major source was a memo from Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Douglas J. Feith to the U. S. Congress on 27 October 2003. His other books were biographies of Paul Wolfowitz and Dick Cheney, Hayes resides on the Chesapeake Bay with his wife and two children. In September 2014, Hayes name was added to the United States Department of Homeland Securitys Terrorist Watchlist after receiving additional scrutiny on several airline flights, the Connection, How al Qaedas Collaboration with Saddam Hussein has Endangered America. The Brain, Paul Wolfowitz and the Making of the Bush Doctrine, Cheney, The Untold Story of Americas Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President. The Mother of All Connections by Stephen F Hayes The Weekly Standard July 18,2005 Appearances on C-SPAN
2.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
3.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
4.
Conservatism in the United States
–
Historians argue that the conservative tradition has played a major role in American politics and culture since the 1790s. However they have stressed that a conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s. The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movements history, the history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies. Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, Social conservatives see traditional social values as threatened by secularism, they tend to support voluntary school prayer and oppose abortion and same sex marriage. Some also want the teaching of intelligent design or creationism allowed, the 21st century has seen an increasingly fervent conservative support for Second Amendment rights of private citizens to own firearms. Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world, paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration, non-interventionist foreign policy, and stand in opposition to multiculturalism. Nationwide most factions, except some libertarians, support a unilateral foreign policy, the conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of godless communism. All other activities of government tend to diminish freedom and hamper progress, the growth of government must be fought relentlessly. In this great social conflict of the era, we are, without reservations and we believe that truth is neither arrived at nor illuminated by monitoring election results, binding though these are for other purposes, but by other means, including a study of human experience. On this point we are, without reservations, on the conservative side, President Ronald Reagan set the conservative standard in the 1980s, in the 2010s the Republican leaders typically claim fealty to it. For example, most of the Republican candidates in 2012 claimed to be standardbearers of Reagans ideological legacy, the 1980s and beyond became known as the Reagan Era. Typically, conservative politicians and spokesmen in the 21st century proclaim their devotion to Reagans ideals and policies on most social, economic and they support a strong policy of law and order to control crime, including long jail terms for repeat offenders. Most conservatives support the death penalty for particularly egregious crimes, the law and order issue was a major factor weakening liberalism in the 1960s. From 2001 to 2008, Republican President George W. Bush stressed cutting taxes and minimizing regulation of industry and banking, Conservatives generally advocate the use of American military power to fight terrorists and promote democracy in the Middle East. According to a 2014 poll, 38% of American voters identify as conservative or very conservative, 34% as moderate, although the study does show some distinction between the concentration of moderates and conservatives or liberals between the Republican and Democratic parties. Among Democrats, 44% are self-identified liberals, 19% as conservatives, for Republicans 70% self-identified as conservative, 24% as moderate, and 5% as liberal. Conservatism appears to be growing stronger at the state level, the trend is most pronounced among the least well-off, least educated, most blue collar, most economically hard-hit states. Conservatives generally believe that government action is not the solution to problems as poverty and inequality
5.
News Corporation
–
The original News Corporation or News Corp. was an American multinational mass media corporation headquartered in New York City. It was the worlds fourth-largest media group in 2014 in terms of revenue, board members include prominent former Spanish prime minister José María Aznar. News Corporation was a traded company listed on the NASDAQ. Formerly incorporated in Adelaide, South Australia, the company was re-incorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law after a majority of shareholders approved the move on 12 November 2004. News Corporation was headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York and its major holdings at the time of the split were News Limited, News International, Dow Jones & Company, the book publisher HarperCollins, and the Fox Entertainment Group. News Corp was created in 1979 by Rupert Murdoch as a company for News Limited. News Limited was created in 1923 in Adelaide, subsequently the controlling interest was bought by The Herald, in 1949, Sir Keith Murdoch took control of The Adelaide News. When he died in 1952, his son Rupert inherited a controlling interest in an Adelaide afternoon tabloid, News Limited operates today as News Corporations Australian brand, The Australian operating out of Surry Hills, in Sydney. News Ltd. made its first acquisition in the United States in 1973, soon afterwards it founded the National Star, a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976 it purchased the New York Post. In 1981, News Corp bought half of the movie studio 20th Century Fox, in 1985, News Corp announced it was buying the Metromedia group of stations, setting the stage for the launch of a fourth U. S. commercial broadcasting television network. On 4 September 1985, Murdoch became a citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only United States citizens could own American television stations. In 1986, the Metromedia deal closed, and the Fox Broadcasting Company was launched and this network, known on-screen as Fox, can now be picked up in over 96% of U. S. households. In 1986 and 1987, News Corp moved to adjust the production process of its British newspapers, a number of senior Australian media moguls were brought into Murdochs powerhouse, including John Dux, who was managing director of the South China Morning Post. This led to a confrontation with the printing unions National Graphical Association and Society of Graphical, the move of News Internationals London operation to Wapping in the East End resulted in nightly battles outside the new plant. Delivery vans and depots were frequently and violently attacked, in 1993, News Corp acquired a 63. 6% stake of the Hong Kong-based STAR TV satellite network for over $500 million, followed by the purchase of the remaining 36. 4% in July 1995. Murdoch declared that, have proved a threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere. Satellite broadcasting makes it possible for residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels. In 1995, the Fox network became the object of scrutiny from the FCC when it was alleged that its Australian base made Murdochs ownership of Fox illegal, the FCC, however, ruled in Murdochs favour, stating that his ownership of Fox was in the publics best interests
6.
William Kristol
–
William Bill Kristol is an American neoconservative political analyst and commentator. He is the founder and editor at large of the political magazine The Weekly Standard, Kristol is associated with a number of prominent conservative think tanks. He was chairman of the New Citizenship Project from 1997 to 2005, in 1997, he co-founded the Project for the New American Century with Robert Kagan. Kristol was born on December 23,1952 in New York City and his mother, Gertrude Himmelfarb, is a scholar of Victorian era literature. He graduated in 1970 from Collegiate School, a school for boys in New York City. In 1973, Kristol received an A. B. from Harvard College and he was a student of Harvey Mansfield. Kristol received a Ph. D. in government from Harvard in 1979, during his first year of graduate school, Kristol shared a room with fellow government doctoral candidate Alan Keyes. In 1976, Kristol worked for Daniel Patrick Moynihans US Senate campaign, later, in 1988, Kristol was the campaign manager for Alan Keyes unsuccessful Maryland Senatorial campaign against Paul Sarbanes. The New Republic dubbed Kristol Dan Quayles brain when he was appointed the Vice Presidents chief of staff and he served as chairman of the Project for the Republican Future from 1993 to 1994, and as the director of the Bradley Project at the Bradley Foundation in Milwaukee in 1993. In 1993, he rose to fame as he led opposition to the Clinton health care plan. In 2003, Kristol and Lawrence F. Kaplan wrote The War Over Iraq, Americas Mission and Saddams Tyranny, in which the authors analyzed the Bush Doctrine, in the book, Kristol and Kaplan provided support and justifications for war in Iraq. He also served as a policy advisor for Senator John McCains presidential campaign. Kristol has been a critic of former Republican congressman and presidential candidate Ron Paul of Texas. After the Republican sweep of both houses of Congress in 1994, Kristol established, along with conservative John Podhoretz, the conservative newsmagazine The Weekly Standard, rupert Murdoch, Chairman and Managing Director of News Corp. financed the creation. Beginning in 1996, Kristol was a panelist on the ABC Sunday news program This Week, following declining ratings, his contract was not renewed three years later. Kristol was a columnist for Time in 2007 and he joined The New York Times as a columnist the following year. Kristol wrote an opinion column for The New York Times from January 7,2008 to January 26,2009. Many at the Times considered him a writer with a rancorous history of attacking the paper
7.
Neoconservatism
–
For modern conservatism in other countries, see Conservatism § Modern conservatism in different countries. Neoconservatism is a movement born in the United States during the 1960s among conservative-leaning Democrats who became disenchanted with the partys foreign policy. Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, neoconservatives peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Prominent neoconservatives in the George W. Bush administration included Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, the term neoconservative refers to those who made the ideological journey from the anti-Stalinist Left to the camp of American conservatism. The movement had its roots in the Jewish monthly review magazine Commentary. They spoke out against the New Left and in that way helped define the movement, the neoconservative label was used by Irving Kristol in his 1979 article Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed Neoconservative. His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited the magazine Encounter, another source was Norman Podhoretz, editor of the magazine Commentary from 1960 to 1995. By 1982 Podhoretz was terming himself a neoconservative, in a New York Times Magazine article titled The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagans Foreign Policy. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the neoconservatives considered that liberalism had failed and no longer knew what it was talking about, seymour Lipset asserts that the term neoconservative was used originally by a socialist to criticize the politics of Social Democrats, USA. Jonah Goldberg argues that the term is ideological criticism against proponents of American modern liberalism who had become more conservative. Through the 1950s and early 1960s, the future neoconservatives had endorsed the American Civil Rights Movement, racial integration, from the 1950s to the 1960s, there was general endorsement among liberals for military action to prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. Many were particularly alarmed by what they claimed were anti-semitic sentiments from Black Power advocates, a substantial number of neoconservatives were originally moderate socialists associated with the right-wing of the Socialist Party of America, and its successor, Social Democrats, USA. Max Shachtman, a former Trotskyist theorist who developed an antipathy towards the New Left, had numerous devotees among SDUSA with strong links to George Meanys AFL-CIO. Following Shachtman and Meany, this led the SP to oppose an immediate withdrawal from the Vietnam War. They also chose to cease their own party-building and concentrated on working within the Democratic Party, thus the Socialist Party ceased to be in 1972 and SDUSA emerged. SDUSA leaders associated with neoconservatism include Carl Gershman, Penn Kemble, Joshua Muravchik, Norman Podhoretzs magazine Commentary of the American Jewish Committee, originally a journal of liberalism, became a major publication for neoconservatives during the 1970s. Commentary published an article by Jeane Kirkpatrick, an early and prototypical neoconservative, many neoconservatives had been Jewish intellectuals in New York City during the 1930s. They were on the left but strongly opposed Stalinism, some were Trotskyists
8.
American Enterprise Institute
–
The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, known simply as the American Enterprise Institute, or AEI, is a conservative think tank based in Washington, D. C. Its research is dedicated to issues of government, politics, economics, AEI is an independent nonprofit organization supported primarily by grants and contributions from foundations, corporations, and individuals. Arthur C. Brooks has served as president of AEI since January 2009, some AEI staff members are considered to be among the leading architects of the Bush administrations public and foreign policy. More than twenty staff members served either in a Bush administration policy post or on one of the many panels. Perry, Danielle Pletka, Michael Rubin, Gary Schmitt, Christina Hoff Sommers, Jim Talent, Peter J. Wallison, Bill Lenner, AEI takes no institutional positions on policy issues or on any other issues. This distinguishes AEI from other tanks, such as The Heritage Foundation. Although the institute is often cited as a counterpart to the left-leaning Brookings Institution. From 1998 to 2008, they co-sponsored the AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, AEI is the most prominent think tank associated with American neoconservatism, in both the domestic and international policy arenas. However, AEI is not officially neoconservative, AEI staff member Norman J. AEI staff have taken strong stances against the farm bill and agricultural subsidies. A2007 document authored by Bruce Gardner claimed that There is no need for farm subsidies, according to the 2011 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report, AEI is number 17 in the Top Thirty Worldwide Think Tanks and number 10 in the Top Fifty United States Think Tanks. AEI grew out of the American Enterprise Association, which was founded in 1938 by a group of New York businessmen led by Lewis H. Brown, aEI’s founders included executives from Eli Lilly, General Mills, Bristol-Myers, Chemical Bank, Chrysler, and Paine Webber. To this day, AEA’s board is composed of top leaders from major business, AEA’s early work in Washington involved commissioning and distributing legislative analyses to Congress, which developed AEA’s relationships with Melvin Laird and Gerald Ford. Brown eventually shifted AEA’s focus to commissioning studies of government policies and these subjects ranged from fiscal to monetary policy and from health care to energy, and authors included Earl Butz, John Lintner, former New Dealer Raymond Moley, and Felix Morley. Brown died in 1951, and AEA languished, in 1952, a group of young policymakers and public intellectuals—including Laird, William Baroody Sr. Paul McCracken, and Murray Weidenbaum—met to discuss resurrecting AEI. In 1954, Baroody became executive president of the association. Under Baroody’s leadership, AEA developed as a prototypical Washington think tank, took the shape it has today. Baroody began to publicize and distribute AEA’s publications effectively and he also raised money for AEA, expanding its financial base beyond the business leaders on the board. The American Enterprise Institute —which had been renamed in 1962—remained a marginal operation with little influence in the national politics until the 1970s
9.
Ethics and Public Policy Center
–
The Ethics and Public Policy Center is a conservative Washington, D. C. -based think tank and advocacy group. Founded in 1976, the group itself as dedicated to applying the Judeo-Christian moral tradition to critical issues of public policy. The EPPC is active in a number of ways, including holding conferences, publishing written work from the groups scholars, the EPPCs current president is Edward Whelan, who previously worked as an official in the United States Department of Justice. The EPPC is a qualified 501 organization and currently employs 20 individuals, according to Hoovers, the EPPCs annual sales total $2.47 million while their annual income totals $283,900. The EPPC was founded in 1976 by Ernest W. Lefever and he was nominated in 1981 for a State Department position by President Ronald Reagan before ultimately being rejected for the opportunity due to his controversial background. He served as president of the EPPC until 1989 and continued to write articles for the EPPC until his death in 2009. Lefever said upon founding the institute that a small ethically oriented center should respond directly to critics who insist the corporation is fundamentally unjust. The EPPC is politically active in a variety of ways, the EPPC commonly voices its opinion on matters of public interest through traditional media outlets. Members of the EPPC are commonly featured in articles, either as authors or as contributors on issues of national relevance. The Centers president Ed Whelan is active on these initiatives, particularly in regards to the United States Supreme Court, the LA Times published an op-ed piece written by Whelan that critiqued judicial activism on the Supreme Court. Whelan wrote that the activists on the Supreme Court have extravagant, Whelan is also quoted in a number of articles critiquing President Barack Obamas Supreme Court nominations of Justice Elena Kagan after the retirement of Justice John Paul Stevens. Other members of the EPPC have given their opinions regarding the state of care in the United States. EPPC member Yuval Levin argues that the best solution to the health care debate is to tax credits for health insurance. In the Wall Street Journal, EPPC member James Capretta is quoted as saying about President Obamas health care plan and they want to do for health care what theyve done for education—establish a government-run, universal system. Once in place, they defend such a system whether or not it delivers the results it promised. The EPPC publishes a number of publications, most notably through its journal titled The New Atlantis, A Journal of Technology, the New Atlantis focuses on the social and political dimensions of science and technology. It is a journal has earned a reputation as a traditionalist conservative publication. The EPPC describes The New Atlantis as an effort to clarify the moral and political understanding of all areas of technology—from stem cells to hydrogen cells to weapons of mass destruction
10.
Foundation for Defense of Democracies
–
The Foundation for Defense of Democracies is a think tank based in Washington, D. C. focusing on national security and foreign policy. Its political leanings have been described variously as either nonpartisan or neoconservative, specifically, FDD concerns itself with the Irans nuclear ambitions, through its Iran Energy Project and Irans human rights abuses through its Iran Human Rights Project. In 2008, FDD founded the Iran Energy Project which conducts research on ways to deny the Iranian regime the profits of its energy sector. The Wall Street Journal credited FDD with bringing the idea of sanctions to political attention. FDDs bi-partisan approach to advocating sanctions legislation has earned praise from Congressmen in both parties, congressman Howard Berman thanked the organization saying FDD has been one the most committed and creative voices in Washington regarding the Iran nuclear issue and specifically Iran sanctions. FDDs efforts to target the Iranian regimes finances has gone beyond energy sanctions, the organization pushed for sanctions against the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its use of Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication to perform transactions. According to The Wall Street Journal, FDD has done most of the spadework on the issue, FDDs Long War Journal is a FDD project dedicated to reporting the Global War on Terror launched by the United States and its allies following the attacks of September 11,2001. For years, Syria has been a focus of FDDs research because of its alignment with Iran, in 2012, as the Arab Spring spread to Syria, FDD launched The Syria Project to support dissident efforts in removing the Assad regime. In that effort, FDD facilitated a Skype call between dissidents and U. S. journalists in 2012 and produced multiple studies and memos urging U. S. officials to act. The report states that although the FDD is an ardent critic of terrorism and it terms the FDD a prominent member of the web of neoconservative-aligned think tanks, including the American Enterprise Institute, the Hudson Institute and Freedom House. As FDD explained it, a militant Islamic terrorist who martyrs himself by hijacking a plane, the September 11 attacks—is no different from a militant Islamic terrorist who martyrs himself by strapping explosives to his body and walking into a hotel—i. e. In 2011, ThinkProgress, an advocacy organization, published FDDs Form 990 documents that revealed where FDD funding came from, from 2001 to 2004. Donors included, Roland Arnall, $1,802,000 Edgar M. S. the Tactical and Strategic Use of Small Arms by Terrorists, Daveed Gartenstein and Daniel Trombly, October 2012. Terror in the Peaceable Kingdom, Understanding and Addressing Violent Extremism in Canada, Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Senator Linda Frum, Facebook Fatwa, Saudi Clerics, Wahhabi Islam and Social Media, Jonathan Schanzer and Steven Miller, May 2012. The Pasdaran, Inside Irans Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Emanuele Ottolenghi,2011, Palestinian Pulse, What Policymakers Can Learn From Palestinian Social Media, Jonathan Schanzer and Mark Dubowitz,2010. The Afghanistan-Pakistan Theater, Militant Islam, Security & Stability, Clifford D, from Energy Crisis to Energy Security, Clifford D. Foundation for Defense of Democracies official homepage Foundation for Defense of Democracies on Facebook official Facebook discussion group The Long War Journal Qualitative Military Edge
11.
Hudson Institute
–
The Hudson Institute is an American conservative non-profit think tank based in Washington, D. C. It was founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by futurist, military strategist, the Institute is committed to innovative research and analysis that promotes global security, prosperity and freedom. In March 2011, Kenneth R. Weinstein was appointed President, Hudson Institute was founded in 1961 by Herman Kahn, Max Singer, and Oscar M. Ruebhausen. In 1960, while employed at the RAND Corporation, Kahn had given a series of lectures at Princeton University on scenarios related to nuclear war, in 1960, Princeton University Press published On Thermonuclear War, a book-length expansion of Kahns lecture notes. Major controversies ensued, and in the end, Kahn and RAND had a parting of ways, Kahn moved to Croton-on-Hudson, New York, intending to establish a new think tank, less hierarchical and bureaucratic in its organization. Along with Max Singer, a government lawyer who had been a RAND colleague of Kahns. Kahn was the Hudsons driving intellect and Singer built up the institutes organization, Ruebhausen was an advisor to New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller. Kahn and his colleagues made pioneering contributions to nuclear deterrence theory, Kahn did not want Hudson to restrict itself to defense-related research, and along with Singer recruited a full-time professional staff with widely different academic backgrounds. Hudson Institute regularly involved a range of outside notables in their analytic projects. These included French philosopher Raymond Aron, African-American novelist Ralph Ellison, political scientist Henry Kissinger, Hudsons focus expanded to include geopolitics, economics, demography, anthropology, science and technology, education, and urban planning. Kahn eventually expanded the use of scenario planning from defense policy work to economics, Hudson Institutes publications soon became popular in Japan and Kahn developed close ties to numerous politicians and corporate leaders there. Hudson Institute used scenario-planning techniques to forecast long-term developments and became renowned for its future studies, in 1967, Hudson published The Year 2000, a bestselling book, commissioned by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Many of the came to pass, including technological developments like portable telephones and network-linked home. In 1970, The Emerging Japanese Superstate, elaborating Kahn’s predictions on the rise of Japan, was published, Kahn was among the first to foresee unconventional extraction techniques like hydraulic fracturing. Within 20 years, Hudson had become an international think tank with offices in Bonn, Paris, Brussels, Montreal, other research projects were related to South Korea, Singapore, Australia and Latin America. Following Kahns sudden death on July 7,1983, Hudson was restructured, actively recruited by the City of Indianapolis and the Lilly Endowment, Hudson relocated its headquarters to Indiana in 1984. In 1987, Mitch Daniels, an aide to Senator Richard Lugar. Daniels recruited new scholars and experts to the Institute, William Eldridge Odom, former Director of the National Security Agency, became Hudsons director of national security studies, economist Alan Reynolds became director of economic research
12.
Foreign Policy Initiative
–
The Foreign Policy Initiative is an American think tank. The organization was founded in 2009 and is led by Executive Christopher J. Griffin, FPI is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization under Section 501 of the U. S. The Foreign Policy Initiative publishes numerous bulletins, fact sheets, the latter two were project directors of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century. The Foreign Policy Initiative was founded in 2009 by Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol, Dan Senor and it describes itself as having formed in response to foreign policy challenges facing the U. S. Since its foundation, the Foreign Policy Initiative has advocated for the surge in the Afghanistan War. Chris Griffin, a former Legislative Director of Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman, was hired as Executive Director in early 2013 and he replaced Jamie Fly, who served as Director for the organizations first four years and left to become an adviser for Florida Senator Marco Rubio. More diplomacy is not an adequate response, on Fox News, Griffin described what would be a good deal for the U. S. with regards to Iran. Iran would comply with longstanding demands from the United States, IAEA, and UN Security Council, freeze its nuclear program, Griffin also said that Iran has 7,000 kg of 3. 5% low-enriched uranium, which amounts to 70 percent progress toward having a nuclear weapon. He also called out Iran to stop building and disable the heavy water reactor at Iraq. FPI has also called for the U. S. Department of Defense to cancel a $572 million contract with Rosoboronexport, FPI proposed an active U. S. role in Syria. In 2012, Slate Magazine wrote, The most forward-looking part of the FPIs conference came when the French philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy chatted with Sen. John McCain and they quickly agreed that America needed to intervene in Syria, setting up a partial no-fly zone and arming rebels. In 2013, FPI has publicly circulated a letter, signed by former National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley and former Sen. Joe Lieberman. FPI cited the findings of a panel on U. S. military readiness. FPI advocated for a missile defense system and elimination of automatic defense cuts. S. Foreign Policy 2013 FPI Forum, Will America Lead
13.
Elliott Abrams
–
Elliott Abrams is a former American diplomat, lawyer and political scientist who served in foreign policy positions for Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush. Abrams was convicted of withholding information from Congress about the Iran–Contra affair while serving under Reagan and he is currently a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. Abrams is a current member of the U. S, holocaust Memorial Council and teaches foreign policy at Georgetown University as well as maintaining a CFR blog called Pressure Points about US foreign policy and human rights. In February 2014, Abrams, a commissioner of the U. S, commission on International Religious Freedom, gave testimony before a House congressional committee that Christians globally are the most persecuted of the world religions. During the Reagan administration, Abrams gained notoriety for his involvement in foreign policy decisions regarding Nicaragua. During George W. Bushs first term, he served as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director on the National Security Council for Near East and North African Affairs. At the start of Bushs second term, Abrams was promoted to be his Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy and his appointment by Bush was controversial due to his conviction in 1991 on two misdemeanor counts of unlawfully withholding information from Congress during the Iran–Contra affair investigation. Abrams was born into a Jewish family in New York in 1948 and his father was an immigration lawyer. Abrams attended the Little Red School House in New York City, a private high school whose students at the time included the children of many of the citys notable left-wing activists and artists. He practiced law in New York in the summers for his father, from 1977 through 1979, he served as special counsel and ultimately as chief of staff for the then-new senator Daniel Moynihan. Growing dissatisfaction with President Carters foreign policy led Abrams to support Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election, through Senator Moynihan, Abrams was introduced to Rachel Decter, the stepdaughter of Moynihans friend Norman Podhoretz, editor of Commentary. They were married from 1980 until her death in June 2013, the couple had three children, Jacob, Sarah, and Joseph. His nomination to Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs was unanimously approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on November 17,1981. Abrams was Reagans second choice for the position, his first nominee, during this time, Abrams clashed regularly with church groups and human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch. They accused him of covering up atrocities committed by the forces of US-backed governments, such as those in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. In early 1982, when reports of the El Mozote massacre of hundreds of civilians by the military in El Salvador began appearing in U. S, the massacre had come at a time when the Reagan administration was attempting to bolster the human rights image of the Salvadoran military. Abrams implied that reports of a massacre were simply FMLN propaganda, also in 1993, documentation emerged suggesting that some Reagan administration officials could have known about El Mozote and other human rights violations from the beginning. Unrepentant Reaganite Abrams claimed that Washingtons policy in El Salvador was a fabulous achievement, neither the direct aid, nor any foreign contributions, could be used to purchase weapons
14.
John R. Bolton
–
John Robert Bolton is an American lawyer and diplomat who has served in several Republican administrations. Bolton served as the U. S. ambassador to the United Nations from August 2005 until December 2006 as an appointee by President George W. Bush. C. law firm Kirkland & Ellis. He was a policy adviser to 2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney. Bolton is also involved with a number of conservative think tanks and policy institutes, including the Institute of East-West Dynamics, the National Rifle Association. Commission on International Religious Freedom, the Council for National Policy and the Gatestone Institute, Bolton has been labeled as a neoconservative, though he personally rejects the term. Bolton was born on November 20,1948 in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Virginia Clara Ginny, a housewife, and Edward Jackson Jack Bolton, a fireman. He grew up in the neighborhood of Yale Heights and won a scholarship to the McDonogh School in Owings Mills, Maryland. He also ran the schools Students For Goldwater campaign in 1964 and he then attended Yale University and Yale Law School, where he shared classes with his friend Clarence Thomas, and was a contemporary of Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham at Yale Law School. He was a member of the Yale Political Union, and he earned a B. A. graduating summa cum laude in 1970, during the 1969 Vietnam War draft lottery, Bolton drew number 185. Bolton enlisted in the Maryland Army National Guard in 1970 rather than wait to find out if his number would be called. After serving in the National Guard for four years, he served in the United States Army Reserve until the end of his enlistment two years later and he wrote in his Yale 25th reunion book I confess I had no desire to die in a Southeast Asian rice paddy. I considered the war in Vietnam already lost, Boltons first wife was Christine Bolton, whom he married in 1972 and divorced in 1983. He is married to Gretchen Smith Bolton and she has degrees from Wellesley College and New York University. The couples home is currently in Bethesda, Maryland and they have one daughter, Jennifer Sarah Bolton. From 1974 to 1981, Bolton was an associate at the Washington office of Covington & Burling, Bolton was also a partner in the law firm of Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus, from 1993–1999. He is currently of counsel in the Washington office of Kirkland & Ellis, before joining the George W. Bush administration, Bolton was senior vice president for public policy research at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank, from 1997 to 2001. Between 1997 and 2000, Bolton also worked pro bono as an assistant to James Baker in Bakers capacity as Kofi Annans personal envoy to the Western Sahara. During the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, he worked in positions within the State Department, the Justice Department
15.
David Brooks (cultural commentator)
–
David Brooks is an American conservative political and cultural commentator who writes for The New York Times. He is currently a columnist for The New York Times and commentator on PBS NewsHour, Brooks was born in Toronto, Ontario—his father was working on his PhD in Canada at the time—and spent his early years in the middle-income Stuyvesant Town housing development in Lower Manhattan. His father taught English literature at New York University, while his mother studied nineteenth-century British history at Columbia, although his family was Jewish, Brooks himself is not religiously observant. As a young child, Brooks attended the Grace Church School, when he was 12, his family moved to the Philadelphia Main Line, the affluent suburbs of Philadelphia. He graduated from Radnor High School in 1979, in 1983, Brooks graduated from the University of Chicago with a degree in history. His senior thesis was on popular science writer Robert Ardrey, as an undergraduate, Brooks frequently contributed reviews and satirical pieces to campus publications. The evenings are reserved for extended bouts of name-dropping, to his piece, Brooks appended the note, “Some would say I’m envious of Mr. Buckley. But if truth be known, I just want a job and have a way of asking. When Buckley arrived to give his talk, he asked whether Brooks was in the lecture audience, upon graduation, Brooks became a police reporter for the City News Bureau of Chicago, a wire service owned jointly by the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun Times. Brooks was an outsider in more ways than his relative inexperience, national Review was a Catholic magazine, and Brooks is not Catholic. Sam Tanenhaus later reported in The New Republic that Buckley might have eventually named Brooks his successor if it hadn’t been for his being Jewish, “If true, it would be upsetting, ” Brooks says. After his internship with Buckley ended, Brooks spent some time at the conservative Hoover Institution at Stanford University and he also filled in for five months as a movie critic. From 1990–94, The Wall Street Journal posted Brooks as an op-ed columnist to Brussels, whence he covered Russia, the Middle East, South Africa, on his return, Brooks joined the neo-conservative Weekly Standard when it was launched in 1994–95. In 1996, he edited an anthology, Backward and Upward, in 2000, Brooks published a book of cultural commentary titled Bobos in Paradise, The New Upper Class and How They Got There to considerable acclaim. The book, a paean to consumerism, argued that the new managerial or new upper class represents a marriage between the idealism of the 1960s and the self-interest of the 1980s. According to a 2010 article in New York Magazine written by Christopher Beam, New York Times editorial-page editor Gail Collins called Brooks in 2003, Collins was looking for a conservative to replace outgoing columnist William Safire, but one who understood how liberals think. “I was looking for the kind of conservative writer that wouldn’t make our readers shriek and throw the paper out the window, Brooks started writing in September 2003. “The first six months were miserable, ” Brooks says
16.
Christopher Hitchens
–
Christopher Eric Hitchens was an Anglo-American author, columnist, essayist, orator, religious and literary critic, social critic, and journalist. He contributed to New Statesman, The Nation, The Atlantic, London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, Slate, and Vanity Fair. Hitchens was the author, co-author, editor or co-editor of over 30 books, including five collections of essays, on a range of subjects, including politics, literature, and religion. A staple of talk shows and lecture circuits, his style of debate made him both a lauded and controversial figure and public intellectual. Known for his stance on a number of issues, Hitchens criticised such public and generally popular figures as Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger. He was the brother of the conservative journalist and author Peter Hitchens. His strong support of the Iraq War separated him further, in 2007, Hitchens published his most popular book, God Is Not Great, How Religion Poisons Everything, which was a New York Times bestseller. His best-reviewed works include the essay collections Love, Poverty, and War, Hitchens was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, the elder of two boys. His parents, Eric Ernest Hitchens and Yvonne Jean Hitchens, met in Scotland when both were serving in the Royal Navy during World War II, later in life, Hitchens identified as Jewish—since Judaism is matrilineal and his mother was Jewish. His mother was a Wren, and his father an officer aboard the cruiser HMS Jamaica, Hitchenss mother sent him to Mount House School in Tavistock in Devon at the age of eight, followed by the independent Leys School in Cambridge. Hitchens then went up to Balliol College, Oxford, where he was tutored by Steven Lukes and Anthony Kenny and read Philosophy, Politics and Economics, in 1968, he took part in the TV quiz show University Challenge. In the 1960s, Hitchens joined the left, drawn by his anger over the Vietnam War, nuclear weapons, racism. He expressed affinity with the politically charged countercultural and protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s, Hitchens was first inspired to become a journalist after reading a piece by James Cameron. Hitchens was bisexual during his younger days, shortly after he joined a small but growing post-Trotskyist Luxemburgist sect. Hitchens began working as a correspondent for the magazine International Socialism, published by the International Socialists and this group was broadly Trotskyist, but differed from more orthodox Trotskyist groups in its refusal to defend communist states as workers states. Their slogan was Neither Washington nor Moscow but International Socialism, Hitchens left Oxford with a third-class degree. In 1971 he went to work at the Times Higher Education Supplement where he served as a science correspondent. Hitchens admitted that he hated the position, and was fired six months in the job
17.
John Yoo
–
John Choon Yoo is a Korean-American attorney, law professor, and author. Yoo is currently the Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley. Previously, he served as an appointee, the Deputy Assistant U. S. Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice. He is best known for his opinions concerning the Geneva Conventions that attempted to legitimize the War on Terror by the United States and he also authored the so-called Torture Memos, which concerned the use of what the Central Intelligence Agency called enhanced interrogation techniques including waterboarding. John Yoo was born Yu Choon on July 10,1967 in Seoul, South Korea and he grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he graduated from the Episcopal Academy in 1985. He earned a B. A. degree summa cum laude in American history from Harvard University in 1989, Yoo was admitted to practice law in Pennsylvania in 1993. He is married to Elsa Arnett, the daughter of journalist Peter Arnett, Yoo was a law clerk for Judge Laurence H. Silberman of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. He also served as counsel of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Yoo has been a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and he has written two books on presidential power and the war on terrorism, and many articles in scholarly journals and newspapers. Since 2003, Yoo has also been a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. He writes a column, entitled Closing Arguments, for The Philadelphia Inquirer. He wrote and continues to write academic books including Crisis and Command, Yoo has been principally associated with his work from 2001 to 2003 in the Department of Justices Office of Legal Counsel under Attorney General John Ashcroft during the George W. Bush Administration. Yoos expansive view of power led to a close relationship with Vice President Dick Cheneys office. Yoo argued in his opinion that the president was not bound by the War Crimes Act. In addition, he provided an opinion backing the Bush Administrations warrantless wiretapping program. Yoos legal opinions were not shared by everyone within the Bush Administration, in December 2003, Yoos memo on permissible interrogation techniques, also known as the Bybee memo, was repudiated as legally unsound by the OLC, then under the direction of Jack Goldsmith. In June 2004, another of Yoos memos on interrogation techniques was leaked to the press, after which it was repudiated by Goldsmith and they authorized what were called enhanced interrogation techniques and were issued to the CIA. In addition, at the time the OLC issued a new definition of torture, most actions that fall under the international definition did not fall within this new definition advocated by the U. S
18.
Rupert Murdoch
–
Keith Rupert Murdoch /ˈmɜːrdɒk/, AC, KCSG is an Australian-born American media mogul. His father, Keith Murdoch, had been a reporter, editor, after his fathers death in 1952, Murdoch declined to join his late fathers registered public company and created his own private company, News Limited. Murdoch moved to New York City in 1974, to expand into the U. S. market, however, he retained interests in Australia and Britain. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, in 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, Murdoch consolidated his UK printing operations in Wapping, causing bitter industrial disputes. Murdochs News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox, HarperCollins, and The Wall Street Journal, Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990, and during the 1990s expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000, Murdochs News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries, Murdoch faces police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the U. S. On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International, on 1 July 2015, Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox. Murdoch and his own both 21st Century Fox and News Corp through the Murdoch Family Trust. In July 2016, after the resignation of Roger Ailes due to accusations of sexual harassment, Keith Rupert Murdoch was born on 11 March 1931 in Melbourne to Sir Keith Murdoch and Dame Elisabeth Murdoch. He is of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, Murdochs parents were also born in Melbourne. Keith Murdoch was a war correspondent and later a newspaper magnate owning two newspapers in Adelaide, South Australia, and a radio station in a faraway mining town. Later in life, Keith Rupert chose to use Rupert, the first name of his maternal grandfather. Keith Murdoch the elder asked to meet with his wife after seeing her debutante photograph in one of his own newspapers and they married in 1928. In addition to Rupert, the couple had three daughters, Janet Calvert-Jones, Anne Kantor and Helen Handbury, Murdoch attended Geelong Grammar School, where he was co-editor of the schools official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived. He took his schools cricket team to the National Junior Finals and he worked part-time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father to take over the family business. After her husbands death from cancer in 1952, Elisabeth Murdoch did charity work, as governor of the Royal Womens Hospital in Melbourne. At the age of 102, she had 74 descendants, Murdoch completed an MA before working as a sub-editor with the Daily Express for two years. Following his fathers death, when he was 21, Murdoch returned from Oxford to take charge of the family business News Limited, Rupert Murdoch turned its newspaper, Adelaide News, its main asset, into a major success
19.
The Wall Street Journal
–
The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually
20.
The Washington Examiner
–
The Washington Examiner is an American political journalism website and weekly magazine based in Washington, D. C. that covers politics and policy in the United States and internationally. It is owned by MediaDC, a subsidiary of Clarity Media Group, from 2005 to mid-2013, the Examiner published a daily tabloid-sized newspaper, distributed free throughout the Washington, D. C. metro area, largely focused on local news and political commentary. The publication is influential with conservative circles in politics and government-related fields, Philip Anschutz purchased the parent company, Journal Newspapers Inc. in October 2004. The paper became influential in political circles, hiring much of the talent from The Washington Times. The new format has been compared to The Hill, the Examiners editor is Hugo Gurdon, and its managing editor is Philip Klein. The target market for the magazine is the 45,000 government, public affairs, advocacy, academia and political professionals in Washington, DC. When Anschutz first started the Examiner in its newspaper format. According to Politico, When it came to the page, Anschutzs instructions were explicit—he wanted nothing but conservative columns and conservative op-ed writers. The Examiners writers have included Michael Barone, Tim Cavanaugh, David Freddoso, Tara Palmeri, Rudy Takala, the Examiner endorsed John McCain in the 2008 presidential election and Adrian Fenty in the Democratic primary for mayor in 2010. Official website The Washington Examiner at the Wayback Machine
21.
Deepak Chopra
–
Deepak Chopra is an American author, public speaker, alternative medicine advocate, and a prominent figure in the New Age movement. Through his books and videos, he has one of the best-known. Chopra studied medicine in India before emigrating to the United States in 1970 where he completed residencies in internal medicine, as a licensed physician, he became chief of staff at the New England Memorial Hospital in 1980. He met Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1985 and became involved with the Transcendental Meditation movement and he resigned his position at NEMH shortly thereafter to establish the Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center. Chopra gained a following in 1993 after his interview on the The Oprah Winfrey Show regarding his books and he then left the TM movement to become the executive director of Sharp HealthCares Center for Mind-Body Medicine and in 1996 he co-founded the Chopra Center for Wellbeing. Chopra believes that a person may attain perfect health, a condition that is free from disease, that never feels pain, and he claims that his practices can also treat chronic disease. As of 2014, Deepak Chopra lived in a condominium in Manhattan. The ideas Chopra promotes have been criticized by medical and scientific professionals as pseudoscience. This criticism has been described as ranging from dismissive damning, for example, Robert Carroll states Chopra attempts to integrate Ayurveda with quantum mechanics to justify his teachings. Chopra argues that what he calls quantum healing cures any manner of ailments, including cancer and this has led physicists to object to his use of the term quantum in reference to medical conditions and the human body. His treatments benefit from the response, and some argue that his claims for the effectiveness of alternative medicine can lure sick people away from medical treatments. He is placed by David Gorski among the quacks, cranks and purveyors of woo, Richard Dawkins publicly exposed Chopra, accusing him of using quantum jargon as plausible-sounding hocus pocus. Chopra was born in New Delhi, India, to Krishan Lal Chopra and his paternal grandfather was a sergeant in the British Indian Army. As of 2014 Chopras younger brother, Sanjiv Chopra, is a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, Chopra completed his primary education at St. Columbas School in New Delhi and graduated from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in 1969. He spent his first months as a doctor working in rural India, including, he writes and it was during his early career that he was drawn to study endocrinology, particularly neuroendocrinology, to find a biological basis for the influence of thoughts and emotions. He married in India in 1970 before emigrating with his wife that year to the United States, the Indian government had banned its doctors from sitting the American Medical Association exam needed to practice in the USA, so Chopra had to travel to Sri Lanka to take it. He earned his license to practice medicine in the state of Massachusetts in 1973, becoming certified in internal medicine. While visiting New Delhi in 1981, he met the physician Brihaspati Dev Triguna, head of the Indian Council for Ayurvedic Medicine, Chopra was drinking black coffee by the hour and smoking at least a pack of cigarettes a day
22.
Philip Terzian
–
He is the author of Architects of Power, Roosevelt, Eisenhower, and the American Century. Terzian is a native of Kensington, Maryland, the son of Louise Terzian, an attorney and probate judge, and L. A. Terzian. His maternal grandfather, Cecil Whitaker Anderson, was an executive for Acme Markets in Philadelphia. His paternal grandparents were Armenian immigrants, Terzian attended Montgomery County, Maryland public schools, the Sidwell Friends School in Washington, and was graduated from Villanova University with a degree in English in 1973. He did graduate work at Oxford University under H. C. G, mathew, editor of the diaries of William Gladstone, and earned a diploma in theological studies at the Episcopal Theological Seminary in Virginia. He worked as a reporter and editor at The Anniston Star in Alabama, Reuters, during 1974-78 he was assistant editor of The New Republic. In 1970 he was a speechwriter for Larry OBrien, then chairman of the Democratic National Committee and he later wrote speeches for U. S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance. For two decades before joining The Weekly Standard, Terzian wrote a column syndicated by the Scripps Howard News Service and he has been a Pulitzer Prize finalist for Distinguished Commentary, a Pulitzer Prize juror, and has been a media fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. A former member of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, he is a member of the American Council on Germany and the Association of Literary Scholars and Critics
23.
Max Boot
–
Max Boot is an American author, consultant, editorialist, lecturer, and military historian. He has been an advocate of American values in foreign policy and he once described his ideas as American might to promote American ideals. Boot worked as a writer and editor for Christian Science Monitor and he is now Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. He has written for publications such as The Weekly Standard, The Los Angeles Times, and The New York Times. Boots most recent book, titled Invisible Armies which came out in 2013, is about the history of guerrilla warfare and his parents, both Russian Jews, later emigrated from the Soviet Union to Los Angeles, where he was raised. Max Boot was educated at the University of California, Berkeley and he started his journalistic career writing columns for the Berkeley student newspaper The Daily Californian. He later stated that he believes he is the conservative writer in that papers history. Boot and his family live in the New York area. He has blogged regularly for Commentary Magazine since 2007, and for years on its blog page called Contentions. He serves as a consultant to the U. S. military and as a lecturer at U. S. military institutions such as the Army War College. Boot worked as a writer and as an editor for The Christian Science Monitor from 1992 to 1994 and he moved to The Wall Street Journal for the next eight years. He wrote a column called Rule of Law about legal issues. After a short, four-year career with the column, he rose to the position of editor of the Op-Ed page, Boot left the Journal in 2002, and he then joined the Council on Foreign Relations. He became a Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow with the group and his writings with the CFR appeared in several publications such as The New York Post, The Times, Financial Times, and International Herald Tribune in 2002. Boot wrote Savage Wars of Peace, a study of small wars in American history, the title came from Kiplings poem White Mans Burden. James A. Benjamin Schwarz argued in The New York Times that Boot asked the U. S. military to do an impossible task. Victor Davis Hanson in History News Network gave a review, saying that Boots well-written narrative is not only fascinating reading. Robert M. Cassidy in Military Review labeled it extraordinary, Boots book also won the 2003 General Wallace M. Greene Jr. Award from the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation as the best non-fiction book recently published pertaining to Marine Corps history
24.
Tucker Carlson
–
Tucker McNear Carlson is an American political news correspondent for Fox News. He has hosted Tucker Carlson Tonight since November 14,2016 and he is co-founder and former editor-in-chief of The Daily Caller website and formerly co-hosted CNNs Crossfire and MSNBCs Tucker. His mother is the former Lisa McNear Lombardi, and his stepmother is the former Patricia Caroline Swanson, an heiress to the Swanson frozen-food fortune and he has a brother, Buckley Swanson Peck Carlson. Per a profile in People magazine, Tucker and younger brother Buckley were raised in La Jolla, Calif. by their father and stepmother, while living in La Jolla, CA, Tucker briefly attended La Jolla Country Day School before relocating to the East Coast. He attended St. Georges School, a school in Middletown. After graduation, he studied at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut and he is married to Susan Carlson, née Andrews, a St. Georges classmate whose father was the schools headmaster during their time there. Together, they have four children, three girls and one boy, Carlson began his journalism career as a member of the editorial staff of Policy Review, a national conservative journal then published by the Heritage Foundation. He later worked as a reporter at the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette newspaper in Little Rock, Arkansas, as a magazine and newspaper journalist, Carlson has reported from around the world. He has been a columnist for New York and Readers Digest and he has also written for Esquire, The Weekly Standard, The New Republic, The New York Times Magazine, and The Daily Beast. Carlson joined CNN as its youngest anchor ever, remaining at the network until February 2005, Carlson got his television start in 2000 as co-host of The Spin Room opposite Bill Press. He later was appointed co-host of Crossfire, where he represented the political right, during the same period, Carlson also hosted a weekly public affairs program on PBS, Tucker Carlson, Unfiltered. One of Carlsons most memorable appearances on Crossfire was his October 2004 heated exchange with Jon Stewart, host of The Daily Show on Comedy Central, prior to the 2004 presidential election. After their televised confrontation, Carlson recalls, Stewart stayed at CNN several hours after the show to discuss the issues that he raised on the air and it was heartfelt, Carlson said, He needed to do this. In January 2005, CNN suddenly announced they were ending their relationship with Carlson, CNN chief Jonathan Klein told Carlson on January 4,2005, that the network had decided not to renew his contract. Each side coming out, you know, Heres my argument, was a frustrating place to work. Carlsons early evening show, Tucker, premiered June 13,2005, the show lasted fewer than three seasons, the network announced its cancellation due to low ratings on March 10,2008. The final episode aired on March 14,2008, brian Stelter of the New York Times noted that during Mr. Carlsons tenure, MSNBCs evening programming moved gradually to the left. His former time slots,6 and 9 p. m. were then occupied by two liberals, Ed Schultz and Rachel Maddow, Carlson stated that the network had changed a lot and they didnt have a role for me
25.
David Frum
–
David J. Frum is a Canadian-American neoconservative political commentator. A speechwriter for President George W. Bush, Frum later became the author of the first insider book about the Bush presidency and he is a senior editor at The Atlantic and also a CNN contributor. Frum is the son of Canadian journalist Barbara Frum and his fathers parents immigrated from Poland to Toronto in 1930. Frums sister, Linda Frum, is a member of the Senate of Canada, Frum is married to the writer Danielle Crittenden, the stepdaughter of former Toronto Sun editor Peter Worthington. He is a distant cousin of economist Paul Krugman, at age 14, Frum was a campaign volunteer for an Ontario New Democratic Party candidate Jan Dukszta for the 1975 provincial election. My campaign colleagues jeered at the book — and by the end of the campaign and he graduated from the University of Toronto Schools in 1978 where he was the school captain. At Yale University, he simultaneously earned Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in history and he was in Directed Studies, a type of Great Books curriculum. Frum earned his Juris Doctor at Harvard Law School in 1987, after graduating from Harvard, Frum returned to Toronto as an associate editor of Saturday Night. He was an editorial page editor of the Wall Street Journal from 1989 until 1992 and he worked also as a regular contributor for National Public Radio. In 1996, Frum helped organize the Winds of Change in Calgary, Alberta, an effort to unite the Reform Party of Canada. Following the 2000 election of George W. Bush, Frum was appointed to a position within the White House. He would later write that when he was first offered the job by chief Bush speechwriter Michael Gerson, I had no connection to the Bush campaign or the Bush family. I had no experience in government and little of political campaigns, I had not written a speech for anyone other than myself. And I had been only a moderately enthusiastic supporter of George W. Bush … I strongly doubted he was the man for the job. While still a Canadian citizen, he was one of the few foreign nationals working within the Bush White House and he filed for naturalization and took the oath of citizenship on September 11,2007. Frum served as assistant to the president for economic speechwriting from January 2001 to February 2002. Conservative commentator Robert Novak described Frum as a supporter of Israel. Frum is credited with inventing the expression axis of evil which Bush introduced in his 2002 State of the Union address, shortly after the September 11 attacks, Frum hosted pseudonymous Muslim apostate and critic of Islam, Ibn Warraq at an hour-and-a-half lunch at the White House
26.
David Gelernter
–
David Hillel Gelernter is an American artist, writer, and professor of computer science at Yale University. He is a national fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and senior fellow in Jewish thought at the Shalem Center. He publishes widely, his work has appeared in the Wall Street Journal, New York Post, Los Angeles Times, Weekly Standard, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and his paintings have been exhibited in New Haven and Manhattan. Time Magazine profiled Gelernter in 2016, describing him as an arch-genius, the Washington Post, profiling him in early 2017 as a potential science advisor to Donald Trump, called him fiercely anti-intellectual. A vehement critic of modern academia and quoted Gelernters book America-Lite as blaming an increasing Jewish presence at top colleges for what he sees as a decline in American culture, the Post also points to Gelernters writings in America-Lite as evidence that he does not believe in global warming. David Gelernters father was computer science professor Herbert Gelernter, Gelernter received his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in classical Hebrew literature from Yale University in 1976 and his Ph. D. from S. U. N. Y. In the 1980s, he made contributions to the field of parallel computation, specifically the tuple space coordination model. Bill Joy cites Linda as the inspiration for elements of JavaSpaces. On June 24,1993, Gelernter was severely injured opening a mail bomb sent by the Unabomber and he recovered from his injuries, but his right hand and eye were permanently damaged. He chronicled the ordeal in his 1997 book Drawing Life, Surviving the Unabomber and he helped found the company Mirror Worlds Technologies, which in 2001 released Scopeware software using ideas from his 1992 book Mirror Worlds. Gelernter believed that computers can free users from being filing clerks by organizing their data, the company announced it would cease operations effective May 15,2004. On May 23,2013, a related company Mirror Worlds, microsoft Corporation, Samsung Electronic USA Inc, Samsung TeleCommunications America, LLC in the Texas Eastern District Court. In August 2016, the case was dismissed with prejudice, the case has been considered by the Supreme Court of the United States but a Petition for certiorari was denied on June 24,2013. In 2003, he became a member of the National Council on the Arts, Gelernter contributes to magazines such as City Journal, The Weekly Standard, and Commentary which are generally considered neoconservative. For seven months, he contributed a weekly op-ed column to the LA Times, Gelernter is known for his critiques of cultural illiteracy on Americas college campuses. In 2015, he commented, They know nothing about art, and because they have been raised as not even atheists, they don’t rise to the level of atheists, insofar as they’ve never thought about the existence or nonexistence of God. It has never occurred to them and they know nothing about the Bible. Gelernters book Mirror Worlds prophesied the rise of the World Wide Web, bill Joy, founder and Chief Scientist of Sun Microsystems, says Gelernter is one of the most brilliant and visionary computer scientists of our time
27.
Mary Katharine Ham
–
Mary Katharine Ham is an American journalist. She is editor at large of Hot Air, an editor to Townhall Magazine, senior writer at The Federalist. At CPAC2014, she was presented with the ACU Blogger of the Year award and she was previously a Fox News Channel contributor. Ham wrote for the Richmond County Daily Journal, Townhall. com where she was a columnist and managing editor and her video blog series for Townhall. The series ended in June 2008, Ham was a host of The Morning Majority on WMAL in Washington, D. C. until March 5,2012. On February 4,2014, she appeared on The View as a guest co-host, Ham describes her political leaning as primarily fiscal- and security-conscious conservative. At CPAC2014, she was presented with the ACU Blogger of the Year award, Ham was married to Jacob Jake Brewer, a White House aide and co-founder of the immigration activism group Define American. The couple married in 2011, two later, Ham gave birth to their first child, a girl. Brewer died from injuries sustained in a accident in September 2015, Ham gave birth to their second child. In 2011 she ran the Marine Corps Marathon in 4,22,14 with her husband and her father, Jon Ham, is also a journalist and blogger. com Archived columns at Townhall. com Mary Katharine Ham on The Daily Caller Appearances on C-SPAN
