1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Tabloid (newspaper format)
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A tabloid is a newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet. There is no standard size for this newspaper format, the term tabloid journalism refers to an emphasis on such topics as sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and television, and is not a reference to newspapers printed in this format. Some small-format papers with a standard of journalism refer to themselves as compact newspapers. Larger newspapers, traditionally associated with higher-quality journalism, are called broadsheets, in common usage, tabloid and broadsheet are frequently more descriptive of a newspapers market position than physical format. The Berliner format used by many prominent European newspapers is sized between the tabloid and the broadsheet, in a newspaper context, the term Berliner is generally used only to describe size, not to refer to other qualities of the publication. The word tabloid comes from the name given by the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to the compressed tablets they marketed as Tabloid pills in the late 1880s, the connotation of tabloid was soon applied to other small compressed items. A1902 item in Londons Westminister Gazette noted, The proprietor intends to give in tabloid form all the news printed by other journals, thus tabloid journalism in 1901 originally meant a paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. The term preceded the 1918 reference to smaller sheet newspapers that contained the condensed stories, a tabloid is defined as roughly 17 by 11 inches and commonly half the size of a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers, especially in the United Kingdom, boast a very high degree of variation as far as target market, political alignment, editorial style, thus, various terms have been coined to describe the subtypes of this versatile paper format. There are, broadly, two types of tabloid newspaper, red top and compact. The distinction is largely of editorial style, both red top and compact tabloids span the width of the spectrum from socialism to capitalist conservatism. The red top tabloid is, for many, the example of the format. Red tops tend to be written with a simplistic, straightforward vocabulary and grammar, their layout, more often than not, in the extreme case, red top tabloids have been accused of lying or misrepresenting the truth to increase circulation. Poll results are often predicted by red top papers, examples of British red top newspapers include The Sun, the Daily Star, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Sport. In contrast to red top tabloids, compacts use a style more closely associated with broadsheet newspapers. In fact, most compact tabloids formerly used the paper size. The term compact was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail, one of the newspapers to make the change. The purpose behind this was to avoid the association of the word tabloid with the flamboyant, the early converts from broadsheet format made the change in the 1970s, two notable British papers that took this step at the time were the Daily Mail and the Daily Express
3.
Seven West Media
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It has a leading presence in broadcast television, radio, newspaper publishing, magazine publishing and online. Seven West Media owns the Seven Network, Australias largest commercial television network, The West Australian and The Sunday Times, on 21 February 2011, Seven Media Group announced its intention to merge with West Australian Newspapers Holdings Limited. WAN purchased Seven Media Group from Seven Group Holdings and partner Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, on 11 April 2011, the acquisition was approved by WAN shareholders. On 21 May 2013, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts sold its remaining 12% stake in Seven West Media, bloo Community Newspaper Group 67% of Hybrid Television Services exclusive licensee of TiVo in Australia and New Zealand from 2008. The Chairman of Seven West Media is Kerry Stokes AC, who is chairman of Seven Group Holdings. On 26 June 2012, Seven West Media announced David Leckies transition from chief executive officer of Seven West Media to a new role as executive director, media for Seven Group Holdings. Don Voelte, the former Managing Director and CEO of Woodside and he subsequently stepped down to become Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer of Seven Group Holdings and was replaced by Tim Worner who became the CEO. The newspaper was owned by the listed company West Australian Newspapers Ltd from the 1920s. In 1969, the Melbourne-based The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd bought WAN and published the paper until 1987, News sold WAN to Robert Holmes à Courts Bell Group in 1987 The following year Alan Bond, through Bond Corporation, gained control of Bell Group and hence the paper. This ownership structure survived only for a few years until the collapse of Bond Corporation, a newly formed company, West Australian Newspapers Holdings, then purchased the paper from the receivers before being floated in an oversubscribed $185 million public offering. Kerry Stokes acquired 14. 9% through Seven Network and he became chairman of West Australian Newspapers in 2009, Kerry Stokes appointed Chris Wharton as CEO of West Australian Newspapers and Brett McCarthy as Editor. Seven Network dates back to 4 November 1956, when the first stations on the VHF7 frequency were established in Melbourne, the Seven Network is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia. The Seven Network began as a group of independent stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, HSV-7 Melbourne, licensed to The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd, was the first station in the country to use the VHF7 frequency. It launched on 4 November 1956, soon joined on 2 December by Amalgamated Television Services ATN-7 in Sydney, TVW-7 Perth began broadcasting almost two years later, on 16 October 1959, as the citys first commercial station. It was licensed to TVW7, a subsidiary of West Australian Newspapers, bTQ-7 followed on 1 November, signing on as Brisbanes second commercial television station. ADS-7 in Adelaide launched on 24 Oct 1959 as the capital city VHF7 station. The station later swapped frequencies with SAS-10, however, with the latter becoming SAS-7, perth-based businessman Robert Holmes à Court, through his business the Bell Group, bought TVW-7 from its original owners, West Australian Newspapers in 1982. The Herald and Weekly Times, owner of HSV-7 and ADS-7, was sold to Rupert Murdoch in December 1986, Murdochs company, News Limited, sold off HSV to Fairfax soon afterwards, for $320 million
4.
Osborne Park, Western Australia
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Osborne Park is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the local government area of the City of Stirling. Osborne Park was named after William Osborne, a butcher who owned an abattoirs on Wanneroo Road and was elected to the Perth Road Board, the suburb was originally market gardens, due to rich peaty soil from the swamps between Lake Monger and Herdsman Lake. The area was popular among Chinese, Italian and Yugoslav settlers, the suburb was founded by a private trading concern and had a tram service in the early 1900s through an extension of the Perth tram system from the end of the Leederville line. The suburb is now served by Glendalough train station on the Joondalup line, Osborne Park became a residential suburb after World War II, but by the 1980s, it was predominantly an industrial area, with only the north-eastern area still residential. Many warehouses and small businesses are located in Osborne Park, as well as larger retailers such as Harvey Norman, Officeworks, Kambos, Rick Hart, IGA and it has been noted by many commentators that it is a culinary wasteland, where hopes and dreams go to die. The Acts 2 Bible College of Mission and Evangelisation is also located here, main Street in Osborne Park is the Cafe, Shopping and Business strip hosting Cafes such as Amaretto, Cafe Bellini, Siderno and Villa Picasso. The Osborne Park shopping centre consists of major tenant IGA, Australia Post, Flight Centre, Montello Gourmet Deli, Meats Butcher, Salvia Hair design, Capellis Mens hair, Shoes Repairs/Cobler. Next to the Osborne Park Shopping Centre is a family owned Osborne Park Hotel/Pub/Restaurant and Harry Brownes Liquor Store, sacbrough Beach Rd consists of the largest car yard precinct in Australia. Osborne Park is home to many sporting groups, most notably the Collingwood Crew Cycling Team that was established in 2013 and it should be noted that any potential new members of the Collingwood Crew should according to the General be conversant with Velominati Rules
5.
Western Australia
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Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south, the state has about 2.6 million inhabitants, around 11% of the national total. 92% of the lives in the south-west corner of the state. The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, the first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, york was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831, Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890, and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today its economy relies on mining, agriculture and tourism. The state produces 46% of Australias exports, Western Australia is the second-largest iron ore producer in the world. The International Hydrographic Organization designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean, the total length of the states eastern border is 1,862 km. There are 20,781 km of coastline, including 7,892 km of island coastline, the total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km2. Most of the state is a low plateau with an elevation of about 400 metres, very low relief. This descends relatively sharply to the plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment. The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile, even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum, the infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations, the grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils. Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora, large areas of the states wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water. The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate and it was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world
6.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
7.
Perth
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Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth. The first areas settled were on the Swan River, with the central business district. Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the centre of the Swan River Colony. It gained city status in 1856, and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929. The city is named after Perth, Scotland, due to the influence of Sir George Murray, Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. The citys population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century, largely as a result of emigration from the eastern colonies of Australia. During Australias involvement in World War II, Fremantle served as a base for operating in the Pacific Theatre. An influx of immigrants after the war, predominantly from Britain, Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia, Aboriginal people have inhabited the Perth area for 38,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological remains at Upper Swan. The Noongar people occupied the southwest corner of Western Australia and lived as hunter-gatherers, the wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain were particularly important to them, both spiritually and as a source of food. The Noongar people know the area where Perth now stands as Boorloo, Boorloo formed part of Mooro, the tribal lands of Yellagongas group, one of several based around the Swan River and known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk were part of a group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar. The judgment was overturned on appeal, the first documented sighting of the region was made by the Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh and his crew on 10 January 1697. The British colony would be officially designated Western Australia in 1832, Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, said that Perth was as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed. On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship, Sulphur. The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Fremantles diary entry for 12 August, Murray was born in Perth, Scotland, and was in 1829 Secretary of State for the Colonies and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons. The town was named after the Scottish Perth, in Murrays honour, the racial relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans were strained due to these happenings. Because of the amount of building in and around Boorloo
8.
The Sunday Times (Western Australia)
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The Sunday Times, owned by Seven West Media, is a tabloid Sunday newspaper printed in Perth and distributed throughout Western Australia. Formerly owned by Rupert Murdochs News Corp Australia and corporate predecessors since 1955, finalisation of the deal, which included the website PerthNow, was announced by The West on 8 November 2016. Established by Frederick Vosper in the 1890s, The Sunday Times became a vehicle for the harassment of C. Y, OConnor and the proposed Goldfields Water Supply Scheme in the late 1890s until OConnors death by suicide in 1902. A subsequent government inquiry found no justification for Vospers campaign against OConnor, the paper was purchased from Vospers estate by James MacCallum Smith and Arthur Reid in 1901. In 1912 MacCallum Smith became sole proprietor and managing director, remaining in that role until 1935, a. T. Chandler succeeded J. E. Webb as editor around 1920, and was an effective promoter of MacCallum Smiths secessionist views. In 1935, a syndicate led by Jack Simons and including Victor Courtney and mining entrepreneur Claude de Bernales purchased Western Press Limited, Simons was chairman and managing director until his death in 1949 when Courtney took control. In 1955 Courtney sold Western Press to Rupert Murdochs News Limited, the two companies were already partners in Western Australias Community Newspaper Group. Under the sale agreement, printing and distribution of those 17 local papers and its statewide circulation and extensive advertising content make it probably the most profitable newspaper in Australia. The papers stated audited circulation was 282,585 in 2011,257,330 in March 2013, in June 2006, The Sunday Times launched PerthNow, an online presentation of local news from News Limited. Recent editors have been Don Smith from 1987, Brian Crisp from 1999, Brett McCarthy from 2001, Sam Weir from June 2007, Christopher Dore from April 2012, in November 2016, The position devolved to Michael Beach, a Walkley-Award-winning journalist and SWN senior editor. Western Australias diminutive population has not enjoyed a competitive Sunday newspaper since The Independent was bought out by News Limited in 1984, before 1990, Perth had competitive Saturday newspapers, as well as weekday morning and afternoon dailies. A joint venture between the two companies produces many suburban papers under the Community Newspapers banner, independents that are not produced by the Sunday Times-West Australian include Echo Newspapers, Examiner Newspapers, Herald Newspapers, and Post Newspapers. The committees findings included criticism of the Western Australian Department of Premier and Cabinet and it also recommended that the Attorney General continue to pursue the introduction of shield laws for journalists. List of newspapers in Australia The West Australian Dunn, Frank A Century of Sundays Perth, W. A. Sunday Times
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Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
10.
Conservatism
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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
11.
Coalition (Australia)
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The Coalition, also known as the Liberal–National Coalition, is a political alliance of centre-right liberal conservative parties, which has existed in Australian politics in various forms since 1923. The extent to which the parties are in alliance varies at state, a Liberal–National merger at a national level has been proposed on several occasions, without much progress. The most notable exception to rule was in Queensland, where the National Party was generally the stronger coalition partner. At all levels of government, the Coalitions strongest opponent is most often the Australian Labor Party, based on the traditional definition of what a Coalition is, it currently only exists in federal, New South Wales and Victorian politics. The main members of the Coalition at the level are the Liberal Party of Australia. The Nationalists only realistic coalition partner was the two-year-old Country Party, hughes resigned, and Page then entered negotiations with the new Nationalist leader, Stanley Bruce. Nonetheless, Bruce agreed rather than force a new election, the Nationalist–Country Coalition was reelected twice, and continued in office until its defeat in 1929. The parties once again joined in a full Coalition government following the 1934 federal election, the Coalition again split following the 1943 election, but the Country Party and the UAPs successor, the present-day Liberal Party, renewed their agreement for the 1946 federal election. They won the 1949 election as a Coalition, and stayed in office for a record 23 years, the Coalition remained together upon entering opposition in 1983 election. The Coalition suffered another break, related to the Joh for Canberra campaign, from April to August 1987, the solidity of the Coalition is so strong that when the Liberals won outright parliamentary majorities in their own right in 1975,1977 and 1996, the Coalition was retained. The status of the Coalition varies across the Commonwealth and states, below is the Coalitions status on a state-by-state basis, New South Wales, A Coalition between the Liberal and National parties exists in New South Wales. The Liberal Party is led by Gladys Berejiklian and the National Party by John Barilaro, led by Barry OFarrell, it won the 2011 state election in a massive swing and the 2015 election with a reduced majority, led by Baird. The Coalition has existed in one form or another without interruption since 1927, New South Wales is the only state where the non-Labor Coalition has never broken, and yet has also never merged. This remained the case even in 2011, when the Liberals won a majority in their own right, the Nationals were the senior partner in the non-Labor Coalition from 1925 until the Coalition was broken in 1983. The Nationals then governed in their own right until 1989, the Coalition was renewed in 1991, and won power under Rob Borbidge from 1996 to 1998. In 2008, the agreed to merge, forming the Liberal National Party. Although it is dominated by former Nationals, it has full voting rights within the Liberal Party, Springborg stood down in 2009, and was succeeded by former Liberal John-Paul Langbroek. The LNP won a majority government in the 2012 state election under the leadership of former Liberal Campbell Newman
12.
News Corp Australia
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News Corp Australia is one of Australias largest media companies, employing more than 8,000 staff nationwide and approximately 3,000 journalists. News Corp Australia owns approximately 142 daily, Sunday, weekly, bi-weekly and tri-weekly newspapers, the company publishes a further thirty magazine titles across Australia. According to the Finkelstein Review of Media and Media Regulation, in 2011 News Corp Australia accounted for 23% of the titles in Australia. With interests in media, the companys sites include news. com. au, Business Spectator and Eureka Report, Kidspot. com. au, taste. com. au. It has 50% stakes in CareerOne. com. au and carsguide. com. au, the companys other Australian assets include all of Fox Sports Australia, 50% ownership of subscription television provider Foxtel and shares in the Brisbane Broncos NRL team. Until the formation of News Corporation in 1979, News Limited was the holding company for the business interests of Rupert Murdoch. Since then, News Limited had been owned by News Corporation. In 2004, News Corporation announced its intention to reincorporate to the United States, on 3 November News Corp Limited ceased trading on the Australian Stock Exchange, and on 8 November, News Corporation began trading on the New York Stock Exchange. On 28 June 2013, News Corporation was split into two separate companies, Murdochs newspaper interests became News Corp, which was the new parent company of News Limited. News Limited was renamed News Corp Australia following the listing of the new News Corp on 1 July 2013, News Limited was established in 1923 by James Edward Davidson, when he purchased the Broken Hill Barrier Miner and the Port Pirie Recorder. He went on to purchase Adelaides weekly Mail and to found The News, Sir Keith Murdoch acquired a minority interest in the company in 1949. Following the death of his father, Sir Keith, in 1952, Rupert Murdoch inherited The News, in 1964, News Limited made its next important advance when it established The Australian, Australias first national daily newspaper, based initially in Canberra and later in Sydney. The News Limited holding in INL fluctuated over the years and was just over 49 percent in 1997, the INL business was bought by News Limiteds main rival in 2003 – Fairfax Media. Over the next ten years, as his press empire grew, Murdoch established a lucrative financial base. In his early years of newspaper ownership Murdoch was an aggressive, by the 1970s, this power base was so strong that Murdoch was able to acquire leading newspapers and magazines in both London and New York, as well as many other media holdings. Chairman and chief executive of News Limited, John Hartigan, announced the appointment of Richard Freudenstein as chief executive of the division, some of the victims of the alleged hacking, such as Austar were later taken over by News Corp and others such as Ondigital later went bust. The emails were from the drive of NDS European chief. It was also revealed that Australian Federal police were working with UK police to investigate hacking by News Corp, on 28 June 2013, News Corporation split into two publicly traded companies focused on publishing, and broadcasting/media respectively
13.
Fairfax Media
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Fairfax Media Limited is one of the largest media companies in Australia and New Zealand, with investment in newspaper, magazines, radio and the Internet. John Fairfax purchased The Sydney Morning Herald in 1841 and the family retained control of the business until late in the twentieth century. Fairfax has a portfolio of leading online products, including the digital news brands, SMH. com. au, an Australian news site and AFR. com, a financial news site. The group also has leading online marketplaces including Domain. com. au for real estate, events, a major events business including City2Surf and GoodFood Month. Australian Community Media, a network of regional, rural and local newspapers including The Canberra Times, Newcastle Herald, Digital Ventures, encompasses digital publisher Allure Media, and partnerships with Huffington Post for HuffPost Australia and Nine Entertainment Co. for Stan, the video streaming service. New Zealand Media, including national brand Stuff. co. nz and metro titles The Dominion Post in Wellington and The Press in Christchurch. In 2014, Fairfax entered into a joint venture partnership with Nine Entertainment Co, called StreamCo, in 2015, Fairfax Media and The Huffington Post Media Group launched HuffPost. com. au, an Australian edition of The Huffington Post. HuffPost Australia is The Huffington Post’s 15th site in the expanding global presence. In December 2015, automotive digital business 112 and Fairfaxs Drive. com. au announced the formation of a 50,50 joint venture in the online motor sector. Fairfax will license the Drive brand and Drive. com. au URL to 112, which owns and operates themotorreport. com. au. The groups chairman is Nick Falloon and the executive officer is Greg Hywood. John Fairfax purchased The Sydney Morning Herald in 1841, several generations of the Fairfax family continued to control the company. Fairfax Media was founded by the Fairfax family as John Fairfax and Sons, the Fairfax family lost control of the company in December 1990. It was renamed from John Fairfax Holdings to Fairfax Media in 2007, the Australian Financial Review was founded in 1951. In that decade, Fairfax started two stations, ATN and QTQ. Fairfax began expanding in the 1960s, acquiring, among others, The Age, The Newcastle Herald, in 1979, Rupert Murdoch attempted to take over rival The Herald and Weekly Times. Due to the costs of defending the takeover, Fairfax sold its television properties, in 1987, Warwick Fairfax, then aged 26, controversially bought out his familys holdings in the company by borrowing heavily. He successfully took it over, but, on 10 December 1990, the company collapsed, in April 2003, Fairfax acquired the publishing assets of New Zealands Independent Newspapers Limited, including many of New Zealands highest-profile newspapers
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Roy Morgan Research
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Roy Morgan Research is an Australian market research company headquartered in Melbourne. It was founded in 1941 by Roy Morgan, its Executive Chairman today is his son, Gary Morgan, CEO is Michele Levine. The results are published on www. roymorgan. com and by newspapers, magazines, television, radio, the company is a major provider of advertising and media planning data and undertakes large government, social and corporate research programs. Roy Morgan Research developed the Worm, which first appeared on live TV on Channel TENs Face To Face current affairs program. After being commissioned to provide The Worm to the Nine Network for a decade, Roy Morgan Research conducts the fieldwork for The Melbourne Institutes Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey
15.
Western Australian state election, 2017
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The eight and a half year incumbent Liberal–WA National government, led by Premier Colin Barnett, was defeated by the Labor opposition, led by Opposition Leader Mark McGowan. Additionally, Labor exceeded all published opinion polling, winning 55.5 percent of the two-party vote from a record landslide 12.8 percent two-party swing. Labor also became the largest party in the Legislative Council with 14 of the 36 seats, the Labor government will therefore require at least five additional votes from non-government members to pass legislation. The four main media networks covering the election, the ABC, Sky News, Seven News and Nine News, McGowan succeeded Barnett to become the 30th Premier of Western Australia. Meanwhile, the Liberals and WA Nationals had won only 10 and five seats respectively, the swing against the government affected traditionally safe seats. Consequently, six government ministers lost their seats in the Legislative Assembly while one lost his seat in the Legislative Council. 1 Matt Taylor was the member for the seat of Bateman, but contested Bicton after losing preselection to Dean Nalder,2 Albert Jacob was the member for the abolished seat of Ocean Reef, but instead contested Burns Beach, a seat containing much of the same territory. Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election, Labor also retained two seats—Collie-Preston and West Swan—which were notionally Liberal-held after the redistribution. The Liberal Party retained Hillarys, which was being contested by the incumbent MLA Rob Johnson as an independent, Labor became the largest party in the Legislative Council with 14 of the 36 seats. The Labor government will require at least five additional votes from non-government members to pass legislation. The vacancies were filled by Bill Leadbetter and Elise Irwin, who will first sit in the Legislative Council on 11 May 2017. On 3 November 2011, the Government of Western Australia introduced fixed four-year terms for the Legislative Assembly, the first election under the new law was the 2013 election. Previously, under electoral reforms of the Burke Government in 1987, four-year maximum terms were adopted for the Legislative Assembly, at the 2013 election, Labor won 21 seats, the Liberals won 31 seats and the Nationals won 7 seats. No seats were won by independents, on 15 April 2016, the Liberal member for Hillarys, Rob Johnson, resigned from the Liberal Party to sit as an independent, leaving the government with 30 seats in the lower house. At the 2013 election, the Liberals won 17 seats, Labor won 11 seats, the Nationals won five seats, Western Australias Legislative Council is divided into six regions. Three are based in Perth, while three are rural, each region elects six members to the Legislative Council. These areas are not of population sizes, with rural areas receiving from one. The Western Australian rural population dropped from about 12. 1% to 10. 7% of the enrolled electors after the 2008 election
16.
Australian Labor Party
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The Australian Labor Party is a political party in Australia. The party has been in opposition at federal level since the 2013 election, Bill Shorten has been the partys federal parliamentary leader since 13 October 2013. The party is a party with branches in each state. Labor is in government in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the party competes against the Liberal/National Coalition for political office at the federal and state levels. Labors current National Platform describes the party as a social democratic party, the party of opportunity and security for working people. The ALP was not founded as a party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901. Nevertheless, it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the labour movement in Australia. Labor is thus the countrys oldest political party, colonial labour parties contested seats from 1891, and federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. Labor was the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian Parliament, internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance network of social-democratic parties, having previously been a member of the Socialist International. The Australian Labor Party has its origins in the Labour parties founded in the 1890s in the Australian colonies prior to federation, Labor tradition ascribes the founding of Queensland Labour to a meeting of striking pastoral workers under a ghost gum tree in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The Balmain, New South Wales branch of the party claims to be the oldest in Australia, Labour as a parliamentary party dates from 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia,1893 in Queensland, and later in the other colonies. The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, the major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions, the United Labor Party of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election, at the 1893 South Australian elections the ULP was immediately elevated to balance of power status with 10 of 54 lower house seats. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of the ULP, so successful, less than a decade later at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the worlds first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the states first of many majority governments at the 1910 election, in 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a minority Labour government in Queensland, the first in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split. The colonial Labour parties and the unions were mixed in their support for the Federation of Australia. They feared that federation would further entrench the power of the conservative forces, the first Labour leader and Prime Minister, Chris Watson, however, was a supporter of federation
17.
Mark McGowan (politician)
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Mark McGowan is an Australian politician and the current Premier of Western Australia. Born in Newcastle, McGowan was educated in country New South Wales before attending the University of Queensland and he subsequently worked as a legal officer for the Royal Australian Navy, serving at naval base HMAS Stirling, south of Perth. After the 2005 election, he was elevated to the ministry, McGowan became opposition leader and leader of the Labor Party following Eric Rippers resignation in January 2012, and led the party during its defeat at the 2013 election. Whilst in opposition, McGowan held several portfolios in addition to his role as opposition leader. McGowan led Labor to a win at the 2017 election. He joined the Australian Labor Party in 1984, in 1989, he joined the Navy and served at the naval base HMAS Stirling. In 1996, he was awarded a Commendation for Brave Conduct, in 1994, he was elected to the City of Rockingham as a councillor, and in 1995, he became Deputy Mayor. He was preselected to run for the seat of Rockingham at the 1996 state election following the retirement of long-serving MP Mike Barnett, at the 2001 election, Labor defeated the previous Liberal–National government, and McGowan was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Premier. He also chaired the ANZAC Committee, the managing the States 175th anniversary celebrations in 2004. Gallop ordered him to return to Perth, following Labors win at the 2005 election, Gallop reshuffled the ministry, giving McGowan the Tourism portfolio as well as Racing and Gaming, Youth, and Peel and the South West. McGowan introduced major reforms including the introduction of small bars, created the Department of Environment and Conservation. In April 2008 McGowan came under fire when he referred to an ex-Labor MP John DOrazio as an the worst ethnic branch stacker in the history of Labor in WA, McGowan later apologised to anyone who took offence to the remark. McGowan was again in the spotlight after it was revealed that he had dealings with Brian Burke during the 2005 state election. A copy of an email showed that he had consulted with Burke over fundraising, following the defeat of the Labor Party at the 2008 state election and Carpenters resignation as leader of the Labor Party, McGowan was one of several contenders to replace him. Ultimately, he did not contest, and Eric Ripper was elected unopposed, however, McGowan contested the deputy role, which he lost to newcomer Roger Cook in a 30–9 vote. McGowan was awarded a place in the ministry as shadow minister for State Development, Trade, Planning, Housing and Works. On 17 January 2012, Eric Ripper announced his resignation as state Labor leader, at a caucus meeting on 23 January, McGowan was elected unopposed as Rippers successor. McGowan led Labor into the 2013 state election, Labor suffered a 5.4 percent two-party swing and a loss of five seats, including that of former leader Ripper
18.
Colin Barnett
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Colin James Barnett is an Australian politician who was the 29th Premier of Western Australia. He had previously served as the states Treasurer, as well as holding various portfolios in Western Australias Cabinet. Mark McGowan succeeded Barnett as Premier, following the Liberal/National Coalitions defeat in the March 2017 state election, Barnett was born in Nedlands, Perth. He graduated from the University of Western Australia with an economics degree and he resigned as leader after the unsuccessful 2005 election, but regained the position prior to the 2008 election, where he was elected premier. Barnett was sworn into office on 23 September 2008 by Ken Michael, at the 2013 election Barnett and his government were re-elected to a second term. The Liberals were defeated at the 2017 election, Barnett was born in Nedlands, an inner western suburb of Perth, on 15 July 1950. He was educated at Nedlands Primary School and Hollywood Senior High School and he began studying geology at the University of Western Australia, but switched to an economics course from which he graduated with an honours degree and later a masters degree. In 1981, he was seconded to the Confederation of Western Australian Industry, becoming the editor of their publication. He was later appointed their chief economist, and served with them until 1985, Barnett was elected to parliament at the 1990 Cottesloe by-election, caused by the resignation of Bill Hassell. He had not previously been a member of the Liberal Party, Barnett was appointed to the shadow cabinet of Barry MacKinnon shortly after entering parliament, with responsibility for housing and works. He also added the fuel and energy portfolio in August 1991, in May 1992, MacKinnon was replaced as leader by Richard Court. Barnett ran for the deputy leadership against Cheryl Edwardes, and after an initial 16–16 tie was elected by lot and he retained responsibility for fuel and energy in the subsequent reshuffle of the shadow ministry, and was also given the state development portfolio. He was also the Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly and he was generally regarded as a competent and successful minister, and was associated with a number of important resource development projects. The Court government was defeated at the 2001 election, Court had a somewhat frosty relationship with Barnett and wanted to keep him from becoming leader of the opposition. While Court was from the wing of the state Liberal Party. Court engineered a plan to have federal MP Julie Bishop succeed him instead, under Courts plan, both he and Barnett would have resigned from the state legislature. Bishop would have resigned from parliament and handed her seat of Curtin. When Barnett found out about the plan, he claimed to have choked on his Weet-Bix at what he described as an act of treachery or deceit, however, when Bishop rejected the plan, Court, finding himself in an untenable situation, resigned
19.
Seven News
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Seven News is the television news service of the Seven Network and the highest-rating in Australia. The network also produces news bulletins for regional Queensland and the Gold Coast. The news service is retransmitted via a number of affiliates, including Prime Television. It draws upon the resources of ITN, NBC, MediaWorks New Zealand, CBC, CNN, APTN, the networks Director of News and Current Affairs is Craig McPherson. In 2003, former Nine Network news and current affairs chief Peter Meakin was appointed to Seven News, in 2007, Seven News beat National Nine News in ratings for the first time in the Melbourne market. During the year, they ranked highest nineteen weeks in a row compared to Nines thirteen weeks, previously, in 2006, Seven had ranked on top 16 weeks in while Nine had 24 weeks on top in Melbourne. During 2008, from weeknight to weeknight, Seven and Nine had similar ratings, as of 2013, Nine News retains a national lead, although Seven still has a tight grip on the Adelaide and Perth bulletins. In November 2012, Peter Meakin resigned as director of news and current affairs of the Seven Network after nine years in the role, with Rob Raschke named as his successor. In October 2013, it was announced that the Saturday 6pm bulletins would be extended to one hour, in February 2014, Today Tonight was axed in the Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane markets and the news bulletins were extended to one hour. The Adelaide and Perth bulletins remain at 30 minutes with Today Tonight being retained in those two markets only, in July 2016, a new locally focused bulletin for the Gold Coast was introduced, airing at 5. 30pm every evening from the networks Surfers Paradise studios. Seven Early News airs at 5 am on weekdays and is presented by Jodie Speers and it airs from Sevens Martin Place studios and is followed by Sunrise. In January 2016, it was announced that Jodie Speers would replace Natalie Barr and Mark Beretta due to Sunrise starting at 5, the bulletin also moved to the earlier time of 5am. Sunrise is the networks breakfast program, aired weekdays from 5,30 am to 9, 15am, the program is hosted by David Koch and Samantha Armytage with news presenter Natalie Barr, sport presenter Mark Beretta, entertainment presenter Edwina Bartholomew and weather presenter Sam Mac. Andrew OKeefe and Monique Wright host Weekend Sunrise with Angela Cox as news presenter, Simon Reeve as sport presenter, Sally Bowrey as entertainment presenter, Seven Morning News airs at 11. Chris Bath previously presented the bulletin from 2004 until 2006, in 2006, Bath and Sanders swapped roles with Bath appointed weekend presenter on Seven News Sydney and Sanders appointed presenter of Seven Morning News. Fill in presenters for the bulletin include Angela Cox, Robert Ovadia, Sally Bowrey and Sarah Cumming, Matt Carmichael, Jim Wilson, the main National bulletin is broadcast from the networks Martin Place studios and is presented by Ann Sanders and Sally Bowrey. Sport is presented by Mel McLaughlin and Jim Wilson and weather is presented by David Brown, the Melbourne edition is broadcast from the networks Docklands studios in Melbourne and is presented by Jacqueline Felgate, with weather presented by meteorologist Jane Bunn. The local edition simulcasts across Victoria and New South Wales/South Australian border areas over Prime7 Victoria and it is considered as the highest rating market for the bulletin
20.
Paul Murray (journalist)
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Paul Murray is a former working journalist and later editor of The West Australian newspaper who resigned and was later retained to write opinion articles for the same newspaper. Murray was the longest serving newspaper editor in Australia when he resigned in February 2000, Murray was born in Mount Lawley in 1950, and grew up in the eastern Perth suburb of Guildford in the Swan Valley. His father, Keith Murray, was a journalist at The West Australian for a decade from 1948 and he attended Guildford Primary School and then Guildford Grammar School. He initially studied geology at the University of Western Australia, then worked as a mine geologist in Kalgoorlie before changing career and he took a cadetship at The West Australian in 1970 and through the 1970s worked variously from its Fremantle, Kalgoorlie, Perth, Sydney and Melbourne offices. He worked at the Western Mail from 1981, before returning to The West Australian as chief of staff in 1987, in March 1990 he was appointed editor of the newspaper where he began his career in 1970. He quit The West ten years later to become a morning announcer on Perth commercial radio station, 6PR. In 2006 he returned to The West Australian as a columnist and he introduced Asia Desk, which involved the assignment of a journalist to cover events mainly in Southeast Asia. References at State Library of Western Australia
21.
Fokker F27 Friendship
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The Fokker F27 Friendship is a turboprop airliner developed and manufactured by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. It has the distinction of being the most numerous aircraft to have been manufactured in the Netherlands. Innovative manufacturing techniques were employed in the aircrafts construction. On 24 November 1955, the F27 performed its maiden flight, on 19 November 1958, shortly after its introduction, the F27 was recognised as being a commercial success. During the 1980s, Fokker developed a successor to the F27, the Fokker 50. In the aftermath of the Second World War, twin-engine all-metal monoplanes such as the successful Douglas DC-3 airliner dominated commuter aviation. Over 10,000 DC-3s had been manufactured during wartime, what had led to the type being highly available, by 1951, figures within Fokker were urging that design work be undertaken on a prospective 32-seat airliner intended as a direct replacement for the popular DC-3. Fokker sought the opinions of a number of existing DC-3 operators on what performance increases, on the basis of this feedback, the design team chose to incorporate various new technologies into the tentative design. In 1953, the proposed airliner received the name Friendship, on 24 November 1955, the first prototype, registered PH-NIV, performed its maiden flight. The second prototype and initial production machines were 0 and these aircraft were also powered by the Dart Mk 528 engine, which was capable of generating greater thrust. Throughout the F27s production life, Fokker F27 proceeded to adapt the design for various purposes and roles, the adaption of the type to produce several models for the purpose of performing as a military transport were also produced. Fokker also chose to design a model of the F27 for conducting maritime reconnaissance missions. During 1952, Fokker established a relationship with the American aircraft manufacturer Fairchild, in 1956, Fokker signed a licensing deal with Fairchild, under which the latter was authorised to manufacture the F27 in the USA. On 12 April 1958, the first American-built aircraft conducted its first flight, production of Fairchild built aircraft would continue until July 1973. Fairchild proceeded to developed a stretched version of the airliner. The majority of sales completed by Fairchild fell within the North American market, in the early 1980s, Fokker decided to develop a modernised successor to the F27 Friendship, designated as the Fokker 50. The Fokker 50 ultimately replaced the F27 in production, in November 1958, the first production aircraft, an F27-100 model, was delivered to Irish airline Aer Lingus, it performed its first revenue flight in the following month. In 1960, demand for the F27 increased rapidly as multiple airlines placed orders for the type
22.
The Herald and Weekly Times
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The Herald and Weekly Times Limited is a newspaper publishing company based in Melbourne, Australia. It is owned and operated by Rupert Murdochs News Corp Australia, the HWTs newspaper interests date back to 1840 and the launch of the Port Phillip Herald. The Herald had a 150-year history and The Sun News-Pictorial a 68-year history in Melbourne, HWT had bought The Sun News-Pictorial in 1925. The HWT also publishes The Weekly Times, aimed at farmers, the HWT bought a controlling stake in The Advertiser of Adelaide in 1929. From 1929 until 1987, HWT owned and operated Melbourne radio station 3DB, in 1929, 3DB along with 3UZ participated in experimental television broadcasts using the Radiovision system. The Advertiser took a stake in The News two years later, the News was sold in 1949. The HWT bought The West Australian in 1969, but sold it to Robert Holmes à Court in 1987 as part of the News Limited takeover
23.
Rupert Murdoch
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Keith Rupert Murdoch /ˈmɜːrdɒk/, AC, KCSG is an Australian-born American media mogul. His father, Keith Murdoch, had been a reporter, editor, after his fathers death in 1952, Murdoch declined to join his late fathers registered public company and created his own private company, News Limited. Murdoch moved to New York City in 1974, to expand into the U. S. market, however, he retained interests in Australia and Britain. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, in 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, Murdoch consolidated his UK printing operations in Wapping, causing bitter industrial disputes. Murdochs News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox, HarperCollins, and The Wall Street Journal, Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990, and during the 1990s expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000, Murdochs News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries, Murdoch faces police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the U. S. On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International, on 1 July 2015, Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox. Murdoch and his own both 21st Century Fox and News Corp through the Murdoch Family Trust. In July 2016, after the resignation of Roger Ailes due to accusations of sexual harassment, Keith Rupert Murdoch was born on 11 March 1931 in Melbourne to Sir Keith Murdoch and Dame Elisabeth Murdoch. He is of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, Murdochs parents were also born in Melbourne. Keith Murdoch was a war correspondent and later a newspaper magnate owning two newspapers in Adelaide, South Australia, and a radio station in a faraway mining town. Later in life, Keith Rupert chose to use Rupert, the first name of his maternal grandfather. Keith Murdoch the elder asked to meet with his wife after seeing her debutante photograph in one of his own newspapers and they married in 1928. In addition to Rupert, the couple had three daughters, Janet Calvert-Jones, Anne Kantor and Helen Handbury, Murdoch attended Geelong Grammar School, where he was co-editor of the schools official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived. He took his schools cricket team to the National Junior Finals and he worked part-time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father to take over the family business. After her husbands death from cancer in 1952, Elisabeth Murdoch did charity work, as governor of the Royal Womens Hospital in Melbourne. At the age of 102, she had 74 descendants, Murdoch completed an MA before working as a sub-editor with the Daily Express for two years. Following his fathers death, when he was 21, Murdoch returned from Oxford to take charge of the family business News Limited, Rupert Murdoch turned its newspaper, Adelaide News, its main asset, into a major success
24.
News Corporation
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The original News Corporation or News Corp. was an American multinational mass media corporation headquartered in New York City. It was the worlds fourth-largest media group in 2014 in terms of revenue, board members include prominent former Spanish prime minister José María Aznar. News Corporation was a traded company listed on the NASDAQ. Formerly incorporated in Adelaide, South Australia, the company was re-incorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law after a majority of shareholders approved the move on 12 November 2004. News Corporation was headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York and its major holdings at the time of the split were News Limited, News International, Dow Jones & Company, the book publisher HarperCollins, and the Fox Entertainment Group. News Corp was created in 1979 by Rupert Murdoch as a company for News Limited. News Limited was created in 1923 in Adelaide, subsequently the controlling interest was bought by The Herald, in 1949, Sir Keith Murdoch took control of The Adelaide News. When he died in 1952, his son Rupert inherited a controlling interest in an Adelaide afternoon tabloid, News Limited operates today as News Corporations Australian brand, The Australian operating out of Surry Hills, in Sydney. News Ltd. made its first acquisition in the United States in 1973, soon afterwards it founded the National Star, a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976 it purchased the New York Post. In 1981, News Corp bought half of the movie studio 20th Century Fox, in 1985, News Corp announced it was buying the Metromedia group of stations, setting the stage for the launch of a fourth U. S. commercial broadcasting television network. On 4 September 1985, Murdoch became a citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only United States citizens could own American television stations. In 1986, the Metromedia deal closed, and the Fox Broadcasting Company was launched and this network, known on-screen as Fox, can now be picked up in over 96% of U. S. households. In 1986 and 1987, News Corp moved to adjust the production process of its British newspapers, a number of senior Australian media moguls were brought into Murdochs powerhouse, including John Dux, who was managing director of the South China Morning Post. This led to a confrontation with the printing unions National Graphical Association and Society of Graphical, the move of News Internationals London operation to Wapping in the East End resulted in nightly battles outside the new plant. Delivery vans and depots were frequently and violently attacked, in 1993, News Corp acquired a 63. 6% stake of the Hong Kong-based STAR TV satellite network for over $500 million, followed by the purchase of the remaining 36. 4% in July 1995. Murdoch declared that, have proved a threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere. Satellite broadcasting makes it possible for residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels. In 1995, the Fox network became the object of scrutiny from the FCC when it was alleged that its Australian base made Murdochs ownership of Fox illegal, the FCC, however, ruled in Murdochs favour, stating that his ownership of Fox was in the publics best interests
25.
Alan Bond
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Born in London and raised in Australia from the age of 12, Bond began his career as a signwriter and formed what became the Bond Corporation in 1959. He became a hero in his adopted country after bankrolling challenges for the Americas Cup. His Australia II syndicate won the 1983 Americas Cup, which had held by the New York Yacht Club since 1851. In 1992, Bond was declared bankrupt with debts totalling A$1.8 billion. The funds were used to shore up the resources of the ailing Bond Corporation. Alan Bond was born on 22 April 1938, the son of Frank and Kathleen Bond in the Hammersmith district of London, in 1950, aged 12, he emigrated to Australia with his parents and his older sister Geraldine, living in Fremantle, near Perth. At age 14, he was charged with stealing and being unlawfully on premises, at age 18, he was arrested for being unlawfully on premises and reportedly admitted planning a robbery. The Perth-based Bond made his fortune initially in property development and at one time was one of Australias most prominent businesspeople, in 1970 he bought three Americas Cup challenge yachts from Sir Frank Packer. He later extended his business interests into other fields including brewing, gold mining, television, in 1987, Australias first private university, Bond University was founded by Bond Corporation. He purchased QTQ-9 Brisbane and settled an outstanding defamation dispute the station had with the Queensland premier, in 1987, Bond purchased Vincent van Goghs renowned painting, Irises, for $54 million—the highest price ever paid for a single painting. However, the purchase was funded by a loan from the auctioneer, Sothebys. The transaction was criticised by art dealers as possibly a manipulated sale designed to artificially inflate values generally, the painting was subsequently re-sold in 1990 to the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Also in 1987, he built and developed the Bond Centre in Hong Kong and it was later bought by the Lippo Group of Indonesia and is now known as the Lippo Centre, Hong Kong. In 1987, Bond paid $1 billion for the Australia-wide Channel Nine television network from Kerry Packers PBL, and said, Well, I dont really want to sell my stations. And I said, Oh, is that right, so, anyway, after much discussion, Kerry thumped the table and said, Listen, if you can pay me $1 billion, Ill sell them to you, otherwise bugger off. Hen I rang the National Australia Bank, I said, Look, Im in discussions here to buy these television stations. Kerry will sell to me, and what I want to do is put our stations together and then, with Sky Channel, Im going to float it off as a separate entity, said $1 billion, but I think Ill get it for $800 million. Duly rang back and said yes, Ill go and have some further negotiations with Kerry, which I did
26.
Initial public offering
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Through this process, a privately held company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise the expansion of capital, possibly to monetize the investments of early private investors. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors, after the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors. The IPO process is known as going public. Details of the offering are disclosed to potential purchasers in the form of a lengthy document known as a prospectus. Most companies undertake an IPO with the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter, underwriters provide several services, including help with correctly assessing the value of shares and establishing a public market for shares. Alternative methods such as the dutch auction have also been explored, in terms of size and public participation, the two most notable examples of this method is the Google IPO and Snapchats parent company Snap Inc. China has recently emerged as a major IPO market, with several of the largest IPOs taking place in that country, the earliest form of a company which issued public shares was the case of the publicani during the Roman Republic. Like modern joint-stock companies, the publicani were legal bodies independent of their members whose ownership was divided into shares, there is evidence that these shares were sold to public investors and traded in a type of over-the-counter market in the Forum, near the Temple of Castor and Pollux. The shares fluctuated in value, encouraging the activity of speculators, mere evidence remains of the prices for which partes were sold, the nature of initial public offerings, or a description of stock market behavior. Publicanis lost favor with the fall of the Republic and the rise of the Empire, the first modern IPO occurred in March 1602 when the Dutch East India Company offered shares of the company to the public in order to raise capital. All the shares were tradable, and the shareholders received receipts for the purchase, a share certificate documenting payment and ownership such as we know today was not issued but ownership was instead entered in the companys share register. In the United States, the first IPO was the offering of Bank of North America around 1783. An IPO, therefore, allows a company to tap into a pool of potential investors to provide itself with capital for future growth, repayment of debt. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. Those investors must endure the unpredictable nature of the market to price. After the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, for early private investors who choose to sell shares as part of the IPO process, the IPO represents an opportunity to monetize their investment. This type of offering is not dilutive, since no new shares are being created, once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares in a number of different ways, one of which is the follow-on offering
27.
Australian Securities Exchange
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Australian Securities Exchange Ltd, or ASX Limited, is an Australian public company that operates Australias primary securities exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange. It merged with the Sydney Futures Exchange in 2006, today, ASX has an average daily turnover of A$4.685 billion and a market capitalisation of around A$1.6 trillion, making it one of the worlds top 15 listed exchange groups. ASX Group is an operator, clearing house and payments system facilitator. It also oversees compliance with its rules, promotes standards of corporate governance among Australias listed companies. Its primary markets are the AQUA Markets, ASIC also supervises ASXs own compliance as a public company with ASX Listing Rules. ASX Compliance is an ASX subsidiary company that is responsible for monitoring and enforcing ASX-listed companies compliance with the ASX operating rules, the Reserve Bank of Australia has oversight of the ASXs clearing and settlement facilities for financial system stability. The major market index is the S&P/ASX200, a made up of the top 200 shares in the ASX. This supplanted the previously significant All Ordinaries index, which runs parallel to the S&P ASX200. Other indices for the stocks are the S&P/ASX100 and S&P/ASX50. A further exchange in Launceston, Tasmania, merged into the Hobart exchange, in November 1903, the first interstate conference was held to coincide with the Melbourne Cup. The exchanges then met on a basis until 1937 when the Australian Associated Stock Exchanges was established. Over time, the AASE established uniform listing rules, broker rules, Trading was conducted by a call system, where an exchange employee called the names of each company and brokers bid or offered on each. In the 1960s, this changed to a post system, Exchange employees called chalkies wrote bids and offers in chalk on blackboards continuously, and recorded transactions made. The ASX was formed in 1987 by legislation of the Australian Parliament which enabled the amalgamation of six independent stock exchanges that formerly operated in the capital cities. After demutualisation, the ASX was the first exchange in the world to have its shares quoted on its own market, the ASX was listed on 14 October 1998. On 7 July 2006 the Australian Stock Exchange merged with SFE Corporation,1861, Ten years after the official advent of the Gold Rush, Australias first stock exchange was formed in Melbourne. In the 1850s Victoria was Australias gold mining centre, its population increasing from 80,000 in 1851 to 540,000 in 1861. 1871, Thirty years after it lit the first gas light in Sydney, AGL took its place in history again
28.
Postmaster
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A postmaster is the head of an individual post office. When a postmaster is responsible for an entire mail distribution organization, in the United States, women have served as postmasters since the Revolutionary War and even earlier, under British rule. In Canada, many places are named after the first postmaster. In the days of horse-drawn carriages, a postmaster was an individual from whom horses and/or riders could be hired, the postmaster would reside in a post house. In the United States, many postmasters are members of a management organization which consults with the United States Postal Service for compensation, the level of pay is based on deliveries and revenue of the post office. Levels are from EAS18 through 26, smaller remotely managed post offices no longer have Postmasters and report to a nearby larger office. Larger metropolitan post offices are PCES
29.
Western Mail (Western Australia)
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The Western Mail, or Western Mail, was the name of two weekly newspapers published in Perth, Western Australia. It was printed by James Gibbney at the office in St Georges Terrace. The newspaper was renamed to The Countryman on 27 January 1955, however, the name Western Mail was recycled for a last Christmas Annual in 1956. In 1980 the name was resurrected for a new weekly, published by Western Mail Limited, the push for a new paper was made by Robert Holmes à Court and Bell Group following his failed takeover attempt of The Times. The venture was wound up in 1988, Vol.1, no.1 – Vol.70, no.3403 Days of issues Weekly on Thursday 3 July 1919 –20 January 1955. Weekly on Friday 27 September 1912 –27 June 1919, Weekly on Saturday 16 September 1899 –21 September 1912. Weekly on Friday 21 June 1895 –8 September 1899, known as Weekend Mail – TV from 5 September 1959 to 1960. Annual supplement, Weekend Mail Annual The Western Mail, Perth, W. A,1944, Malcolm Uren Most dates are derived from the entries in the State Librarys reference catalogue, Western Mail 1980 Western Mail 1885
30.
St Georges Terrace
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St Georges Terrace is the main street in the city of Perth, Western Australia. It runs parallel to the Swan River and forms the major road through the central business district. Its western end is marked by the Barracks Arch, whereas the end joins Adelaide Terrace at the intersection with Victoria Avenue. St Georges Terrace was named after St Georges Cathedral, originally, houses occupied by clergy of the cathedral and lay clerks of the cathedral choir constituted a substantial portion of the Terrace. Some of these such as The Deanery remain, however the majority of these were demolished in the 1960s. Originally 150 plaques were installed in 1979, as part of the WAY79 celebrations, since then, additional plaques have been added, so that there is now one for each year from 1829 to 1999. Australian roads portal Media related to St Georges Terrace, Perth at Wikimedia Commons
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Palace Hotel, Perth
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The Palace Hotel in Perth, Western Australia is a landmark three-storey heritage listed building located in the citys central business district. The building is located on the most prominent intersection in the district of the city, at the corner of St Georges Terrace. When the hotel opened for business on 18 March 1897 it was, although smaller than some of its contemporary buildings in other capital cities in Australasia. One of the most beautiful and elegant hotels in Australasia, redolent of the bourgeois luxury and splendour of the Paris of Napoleon III and later. In its day, as sumptuous a hostelry as any in Melbourne or Sydney and it operated as licensed premises from 1897 until 1981. The building is described as being of a Federation Free Classical architectural style and it is three storeys high and of brick and iron construction. It was designed by architects Porter and Thomas and built by prominent mining entrepreneur, in 1973, a public lobby group known as The Palace Guards was formed to push state planning authorities for the preservation of the building. In 1990, legislation enforcing compliance with heritage preservation orders was enacted and it was recorded as a permanent entry in the state heritage register at the Heritage Council of Western Australia in May 2000. At the time of its transformation into banking chambers in the 1980s, considerable amounts of nostalgia, the site was first used as a lodging house when the Kings Head Hotel operated there from at least 1830, owned and operated by William Dixon. In 1831 Dixon sold it to William Henry Leeder after which it was known as Leeders Hotel, with it becoming a centre for the town with many important dinners. Leeders Hotel was extended in 1845, by time it was known as the Freemasons Tavern. A fire at the rear of the hotel in 1888 destroyed a number of outbuildings, american real estate investor and former hotelier John De Baun purchased the property from Leeders widow for ₤14,000 in 1894, along with several other sites along St Georges Terrace. He engaged architects Ernest Saunders Porter and Edmond Neville Thomas to design the new Palace Hotel for the site with no expense to be spared, marble for the fireplaces and mosaic floor tiles for the main entrance and bar-room floors came from Italy. De Baun also commenced construction of the nearby Melbourne Hotel in 1895 in similar style, if not quite the same degree of opulence, a newspaper advertisement dated 1903 boasted. De Baun died in 1911 and ownership passed to the West Australian Trustee Executor and Agency Company Limited, charles Atkins purchased the property in 1924 for £48,000. External renovations were made in 1935 and 1939, prior to this refurbishment, engraved lettering of the former name De Bauns Palace Hotel was displayed in the corbelling above the front entrance. The Commonwealth Banking Corporation purchased the property sometime around 1972 with an announcement that it planned to redevelop the site as high-rise offices, the groups inaugural meeting was held on 27 March 1973 at the Hotel. There were never many hotels of its standard in Australia and to my knowledge this is the last of them
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Old Perth Technical School
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The building is a three-level red-brick structure with limestone footings and Donnybrook stone trimmings. There is a tower, originally intended to be central. The interiors exhibit fine craftsmanship in joinery, with timber panelling and art nouveau leadlighting. A grand staircase of jarrah connects the three levels of the building, the site of the former Perth Technical School was, in the early years of the Swan River Colony, part of the holding of Henry Willey Reveley. Plans show the manner in which Reveleys mill and spring-fed mill pond were linked by an ingenious mill-race down the slope to Bazaar Terrace. In May 1900, the Perth Technical School opened in the Old Perth Boys School building in St Georges Terrace, the curriculum included chemistry, assaying, engineering, art and design, woodwork and metalwork. Its motto Truth, Beauty and Utility, emblazoned above the front entry, allen also extended the curriculum to include blacksmithing, carpentry, engine-driving, fitting and turning, plumbing, commercial studies, pharmacy and surveying. The buildings were designed by the architect of the Public Works Department. Beasley is noted for his blood and bandages style of public architecture. Perth Technical School was the venue for the first tertiary educational activity in the state, in 1908, a biology course was implemented qualifying for the first-year B. Sc. programme. Various degree courses continued to be provided under licence from Adelaide University until the University of Western Australia was established in 1914, the name Perth Technical College began to be used in 1929. From demand arising in the 1930s depression years, the wanted to organise courses for the School of Mines Diploma. However, priorities changed in 1939 because of World War II, mining students ingeniously adapted the buildings tower with strategically aligned trapdoors which, when opened, allowed creation of a vertical shaft akin to a mine. The college site extended southward from St Georges Terrace to Mounts Bay Road and its facilities were increasingly supplemented by other campuses including the former boys school in James Street, where the college principals office was located in the 1980s. Bennett, town planner Margaret Feilman, pioneer aviator Sir Norman Brearley, and businessmen Sir James Cruthers, speech pathologist Lionel Logue taught at the school from 1910 to 1911. However, premier Brian Burke was persuaded to order preservation of the 1910 building, following a campaign waged by a pressure-group. In February 1985, the site was valued at $19 million. The consortium paid $33.5 million for the site, two years later, the site was sold to Kerry Packer and Warren Anderson, who paid $270 million and had grand plans to build on what they called Westralia Square
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Brookfield Place (Perth)
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Brookfield Place is a skyscraper within the Brookfield Place office complex in Perth, Western Australia. It is currently the second tallest building in Western Australia, located at 125 St Georges Terrace, the major tenant was BHP Billiton. Construction commenced in April 2008 and was completed in 2012, the project is estimated to have cost around A$500 million. In June 2013 the second tower was approved - with tenancy commitments from law firm Corrs Chambers Westgarth, completion date of the second tower is estimated for 2015. Retail tenants in the Brookfield Place complex include Montblanc and Daniel Hechter,1986 - Laurie Connell and Alan Bond both buy 25% stakes in the site in 1986 in partnership with the State Superannuation Board. 1988 - The site, then called Perth Technical College, sold to Kerry Packer, one office building on what was renamed Westralia Square was constructed. The development is mired in WA state politics, and the deal will later be scrutinised in detail by the WA Inc Royal Commission, Kerry Packer famously declares, “All West Australians are crooks. ”1990s - A $2 billion development by Indonesias Samma Group collapses. 2003 - Kerry Packer sells the site to Multiplex and Stowe for $19 million, Multiplex and Griffin have agreed to carve up the Westralia Square property. Griffin has an area on Mounts Bay Road and Multiplex has the prime location fronting St Georges Terrace. 2005 - The vacant lot is voted the city’s ugliest feature in a 2005 survey of the state’s leading planning, design, december 2007 - BHP signs the biggest office leasing deal in Perths history—60,000 sq m
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Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
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The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission is an independent authority of the Australian government. It was established in 1995 with the amalgamation of the Australian Trade Practices Commission and its mandate is to protect consumer rights, business rights and obligations, perform industry regulation and price monitoring and prevent illegal anti-competitive behaviour. The ACCC administers the Competition and Consumer Act, and has standing to take action in the Federal Court of Australia to enforce its provision, the ACCC, under the Act, also regulates certain industries by providing access to national infrastructure. The ACCC also has a role and seeks to educate both consumers and businesses as to their rights and responsibilities under the act. The Australian Energy Regulator is a constituent but separate part of the ACCC and is responsible for economic energy regulation and it shares staff and premises with the ACCC, but has a separate board, although at least one board member must also be a Commissioner at the ACCC. In most cases the spirit of the act, and thus the actions of the ACCC, favours neither consumer nor supplier, the ACCC is committed in bringing court actions against companies that breach the Competition and Consumer Act. Penalties for non-compliance of the CCA can be quite severe, companies that do not comply with the restrictive trade practices provisions of CCA may be fined by the Federal Court. There are three ways the maximum fine can be calculated, the maximum possible fine is the larger of A$10,000,000, or three times the value of the illegal benefit, or 10% of turnover for the preceding 12 months. Companies that do not comply with the consumer protection provisions of CCA may be fined by the Federal Court, up to $1.1 M for companies and $220,000 for individuals. The ACCC also has power to accept, on its on behalf, court enforceable undertakings under s87B of the Competition, such undertakings may include a wide range of remedies to the conduct. A range of other remedies can be ordered by the court, for example, companies are frequently forced to publish retractions of false advertising claims in national newspapers and at their places of business. Companies found in breach of the CCA are usually bound to implement a program to ensure future compliance with the Act. Whilst it is acknowledged that the ACCC is required to safeguard consumer rights. This criticism is most likely due to the inherent difficulty in obtaining sufficient evidence to prove breaches of the trade practices provisions of the Competition. Recently the ACCC has exercised its authority in a number of areas, including fining retailer Target for false advertising. In 2008 the ACCC published findings of its inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for groceries in Australia, in September 2009 the ACCC reached agreement with Coles and Woolworths to phase out restrictive lease agreements. The ACCC has enforced the law against producers of quack devices with medical claims like Power Balance
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John Winthrop Hackett
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Sir John Winthrop Hackett Senior KCMG, generally known as Winthrop Hackett, was a proprietor and editor of several newspapers in Western Australia, a politician and a University chancellor. Hackett was born near Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland, the eldest child of the Rev. John Winthrop Hackett, M. A. and his wife, educated at Trinity College, Dublin, he graduated BA in 1871 and MA in 1874. He was called to the Irish bar in 1874, but emigrated to Sydney, Hackett took up journalism and contributed to the Sydney Morning Herald, but in 1876 went to Melbourne to become vice-principal and tutor in law, logic and political economy, at Trinity College. He also contributed to The Age and the Melbourne Review, in 1880 he was a candidate for Normanby at an election for the Victorian Legislative Assembly as an advanced liberal, but was badly defeated and lost his deposit. At a later election Hackett was opposed to John Madden, in 1882 he resigned his positions at Trinity College and went to Western Australia to become a squatter in the Gascoyne district. His first season was a bad one and he decided to give up the land and he joined forces with Charles Harper, the proprietor of The West Australian, and very soon his influence on this paper began to be felt. The Western Mail was established in 1885 and both papers became prosperous, in 1887 Hackett became editor of The West Australian and was a strong advocate of responsible government. Western Australia received its constitution in 1890, and Alexander Forrest selected Hackett as the first man to be asked to join the nominee Western Australian Legislative Council. The population of the colony was still under 50,000 but was beginning to rise, the newspapers grew with the population and became very valuable properties. Hackett, as editor, was writing a daily leading article, in 1894 Hackett was elected to the Legislative Council as representative of the south-western province, and held this seat until his death. He was a delegate to the 1891 and 1897 Federal conventions and he was asked to join more than one ministry, but had to decline as it was impossible for him to add to the work he was already doing. He was also of the opinion that, as a newspaper editor and he advocated womens suffrage, and Western Australia was one of the early jurisdictions to give women the vote. He also strongly supported Forrest in his development policy, in the building of the line to the goldfields. He was interesting himself very much in the Perth public library, museums, and national gallery of which he became president and he was a prominent member of the Church of England, holding the offices of registrar of the Diocese of Perth and chancellor of St Georges Cathedral. He declined a knighthood in 1902 but accepted it in 1911, the University of Western Australia opened in 1913 with Sir John as its first chancellor, and he gave it its first substantial private contribution when he endowed the chair of agriculture. Hacketts partner, Charles Harper, died in 1912, and Hackett acquired full ownership of the West Australian for £88,000, Hackett suffered from Parkinsonism and his health began to fail in 1915. He took a trip to the states which appeared to have benefited him. On 3 August 1905, Hackett married the 18-year-old Deborah Vernon Brockman and they had four daughters, and a son also called John
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Bob Hawke
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Robert James Lee Bob Hawke AC, GCL is an Australian politician who was the Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Labor Party from 1983 to 1991. After graduating from the University of Oxford in 1956, Hawke was allowed to join the Australian Council of Trade Unions as a research officer. Having risen to responsible for wage arbitration, he was elected President of the ACTU in 1969. After a decade as ACTU President, Hawke announced his intention to enter politics, three years later, he led Labor to a landslide election victory at the 1983 election and was sworn in as Prime Minister. He led Labor to victory at three more elections in 1984,1987 and 1990, thus making him the most electorally successful Labor Party Leader in history, to date, he is the only Australian Prime Minister to be born in South Australia. Hawke was born in Bordertown, South Australia, the child of Arthur Hawke, a Congregationalist minister, and his wife Edith. His uncle, Albert, was the Labor Premier of Western Australia between 1953-59, and was also a friend of Prime Minister John Curtin, who was in many ways Bob Hawkes role model. Hawkes elder brother Neil, who was nine years his senior, died at the age of seventeen after contracting meningitis, ellie Hawke subsequently developed an almost messianic belief in her sons destiny, and this contributed to Hawkes supreme self-confidence throughout his career. At the age fifteen, he boasted to friends that he would one day become the Prime Minister of Australia. At the age of seventeen, the age that his brother Neil had died. This near-death experience acted as his catharsis, driving him to make the most of his talents and he joined the Labor Party in 1947 at the aged eighteen, and successfully applied for a Rhodes Scholarship at the end of 1952. Hawke was educated at Perth Modern School and the University of Western Australia, graduating in 1952 with a Bachelor of Arts and he was also president of the universitys guild during the same year. The following year, Hawke won a Rhodes Scholarship to attend University College, Oxford, in his memoirs, Hawke suggested that this single feat may have contributed to his political success more than any other, by endearing him to an electorate with a strong beer culture. In 1956, Hawke accepted a scholarship to undertake studies in the area of arbitration law in the law department at the Australian National University in Canberra. Soon after his arrival at ANU, Hawke became the representative on the University Council. A year later, Hawke was recommended to the President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions to become a research officer, the recommendation was made by Hawkes mentor at ANU, H. P. Brown, who for a number of years had assisted the ACTU in national wage cases, Hawke decided to abandon his doctoral studies and accept the offer, moving to Melbourne with his wife Hazel. He was first appointed as an ACTU advocate in 1959, the 1958 case, under previous advocate R. L. Eggleston, had yielded only a five-shilling increase
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Western Australian state election, 2005
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Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 26 February 2005 to elect all 57 members to the Legislative Assembly and all 34 members to the Legislative Council. The Labor government, led by Premier Geoff Gallop, won a term in office against the Liberal Party. Notes,1 The Independent member for Pilbara, Larry Graham, the seats returned to the Labor and Liberal parties respectively. None managed to retain their seats, members in italics did not contest their seat at this election
