1.
Mario Bava
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Mario Bava was an Italian director, screenwriter, special effects artist, and cinematographer from the golden age of Italian horror films. His work kick-started the giallo genre and the modern slasher film. His son Lamberto Bava later went on to become a horror film director in his own right. Mario Bava was born in San Remo, Liguria on 31 July 1914 and he was the son of Eugenio Bava, a sculptor who also worked as a special effects photographer and cameraman in the Italian silent movie industry. Mario Bavas first ambition was to become a painter, unable to turn out paintings at a profitable rate, he went into his fathers business, working as an assistant to other Italian cinematographers like Massimo Terzano. He also helped his father at the effects department at Benito Mussolinis film factory. Bava became a cinematographer in his own right in 1939, shooting two films with Roberto Rossellini. He made his debut in the early 1940s. Bavas camerawork was a factor in developing the screen personas of such stars of the period as Gina Lollobrigida, Steve Reeves. Bava completed filming I vampiri for director Riccardo Freda in 1956, Bava co-directed The Day the Sky Exploded in 1958, the first Italian science fiction film, predating even the sci-fi films of Antonio Margheriti. Because he had no earlier credited experience as a director, the film was credited solely to Paolo Heusch, in 1960, Bava directed the gothic horror classic Black Sunday, his first solo directorial effort, which made a genre star out of Barbara Steele. His use of light and dark in black-and-white films is widely acclaimed along with his use of color in films such as Black Sabbath, Kill. Blood and Black Lace and The Whip and the Body and his work has proved very influential. Bava directed what is now regarded as the earliest of the Italian giallo films, The Girl Who Knew Too Much and Blood and his 1965 sci-fi/ horror film Planet of the Vampires was a thematic precursor to Alien. Although comic books had served as the basis for countless serials and childrens films in Hollywood, Bavas Danger, many elements of his 1966 film Kill, Baby. Regarded by Martin Scorsese as Bavas masterpiece, also appear in the Asian strain of terror film known as J-horror, 1971s A Bay of Blood is considered one of the earliest slasher films, and was explicitly imitated in Friday the 13th Part 2. Mario Bava was very disappointed with the distribution of some of his later films. His Lisa and the Devil was never picked up by a distributor, in 1977, Bava directed his last horror film, Shock, which was co-directed with his son Lamberto Bava who did the work uncredited
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Daliah Lavi
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Daliah Lavi is an Israeli actress, singer, and model. Lavi was born in Shavei Zion, British Mandate of Palestine, to Jewish parents from Germany and she studied ballet in Stockholm, Sweden, where she appeared in her first film Hemsöborna. Returning to Israel, her career took off in 1960, when she started appearing in a number of European and American productions. Fluent in several languages, she has also been in German-, French-, Italian-, Spanish-, however, her best-known role is probably as The Detainer/007 in Casino Royale. With the decline of her career, Lavi was discovered by record producer Jimmy Bowien and began a successful schlager singing career in Germany, with hits such as Oh. Willst du mit mir gehn. and Cest ça, la vie and she recorded German-language covers of Melanie Safkas Look What Theyve Done to My Song, Ma and Gordon Lightfoots If You Could Read My Mind. R. Harris und der Heiratsschwindler as Jill Howard Daliah Lavi at the Internet Movie Database Daliah Lavi infosite
3.
Christopher Lee
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Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee CBE CStJ was an English character actor, singer, and author. With a career spanning nearly 70 years, Lee initially portrayed villains, Lee was knighted for services to drama and charity in 2009, received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2011, and received the BFI Fellowship in 2013. Lee considered his best performance to be that of Pakistans founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the biopic Jinnah and he frequently appeared opposite Peter Cushing in Hammer Horror films, and late in his career had roles in six Tim Burton films. The heavy metal follow-up Charlemagne, The Omens of Death was released on 27 May 2013 and he was honoured with the Spirit of Metal award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards ceremony. Lee died from complications of respiratory problems and heart failure on the morning of 7 June 2015, Lee was born in Belgravia, London, the son of Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Trollope Lee of the 60th Kings Royal Rifle Corps, and his wife, Countess Estelle Marie. Lees maternal great-grandfather was an Italian political refugee, whose wife and he had one sister, Xandra Carandini Lee. Lees parents separated when he was four and divorced two years later, during this time, his mother took him and his sister to Wengen in Switzerland. After enrolling in Miss Fishers Academy in Territet, he played his first role and they then returned to London, where Lee attended Wagners private school in Queens Gate, and his mother married Harcourt George St-Croix Rose, a banker and uncle of Ian Fleming. Fleming, author of the James Bond novels, thus became Lees step-cousin, the family moved to Fulham, living next door to the actor Eric Maturin. One night, he was introduced to Prince Yusupov and Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, the assassins of Grigori Rasputin, when Lee was nine, he was sent to Summer Fields School, a preparatory school in Oxford whose pupils often later attended Eton. He continued acting in plays, though the laurels deservedly went to Patrick Macnee. Lee applied for a scholarship to Eton, where his interview was in the presence of the ghost story author M. R. James, sixty years later, Lee played the part of James for the BBC. His poor maths skills meant that he placed eleventh, and thus missed out on being a Kings Scholar by one place and his step-father was not prepared to pay the higher fees that being an Oppidan Scholar meant, and so he did not attend. Instead, Lee attended Wellington College, where he won scholarships in the classics, studying Ancient Greek, aside from a tiny part in a school play, he didnt act while at Wellington. He was a passable racquets player and fencer and a competent cricketer but did not do well at the sports played, hockey, football, rugby. He disliked the parades and weapons training and would always play dead as soon as possible during mock battles. Lee was frequently beaten at school, including once at Wellington for being beaten too often, though he accepted them as logical, at age 17, and with one year left at Wellington, the summer term of 1939 was his last. His step-father had gone bankrupt, owing £25,000 and his mother separated from Rose, and Lee had to get a job, his sister already working as a secretary for the Church of England Pensions Board
4.
Ida Galli
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Ida Galli is an Italian film actress best known for her roles in spaghetti western and giallo films in the 1960s and 1970s. Galli has appeared under pseudonyms, including Arianna, Evelyn Stewart. Ida Galli was born in Sestola, Emilia-Romagna, Italy and her date of birth has variously been given as 9 April 1942 and 8 October 1939. After finishing school, Galli moved to Rome to find work as an actress, Gallis first film appearance was in 1959, under the pseudonym Arianna, in Nel blu dipinto di blu, directed by Piero Tellini. This role caught the attention of Federico Fellini, who cast Galli in a part in his 1960 film La dolce vita. Galli has since appeared in over forty-five film roles, one of her significant roles was the part of Carolina in Luchino Viscontis 1963 film adaptation of the novel Il Gattopardo. She last appeared in 1990s Con i piedi per aria, directed by Vincenzo Verdecchi, although her early roles were usually billed by her real name, Galli mostly acted under the pseudonym Evelyn Stewart. However, her role in Mario Bavas 1963 film La frusta e il corpo was credited to the pseudonym Isli Oberon, several of Gallis roles have been in the spaghetti western genre, beginning with Un dollaro bucato, Adiós gringo and Perché uccidi ancora in 1965. Galli has also featured in several films, including Lucio Fulcis Sette note in nero. Dizionario del cinema italiano, Le attrici dal 1930 ai giorni nostri, ida Galli at the Internet Movie Database
5.
Titanus
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Titanus is an Italian film production company, founded in 1904 by Gustavo Lombardo. The companys headquarters are located at 28 Via Sommacampagna, Rome, Lombardo ran the studios until his death in 1951. His son, Goffredo Lombardo and later his grandson, Guido Lombardo have continued to run the company, the company has been responsible for hundreds of Italian productions, including some of the most popular or important films in Italian cinema. Titanus made many films and comedies featuring Totò and Franco. The film The Shortest Day was not only a parody of The Longest Day, the studio made numerous international co-productions with American and French film studios. The flop of the Robert Aldrich film Sodom and Gomorrah, after a hiatus of approximately ten years, Titanus reorganized and resumed film production on a smaller scale. Despite a few starts, the company seemed to be back on its feet by the late 1980s, though, now
6.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
7.
Gothic fiction
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Gothic fiction, which is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature and film that combines fiction and horror, death, and at times romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, the effect of Gothic fiction feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, an extension of Romantic literary pleasures that were relatively new at the time of Walpoles novel. It originated in England in the half of the 18th century and had much success in the 19th, as witnessed by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Another well known novel in this genre, dating from the late Victorian era, is Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the name Gothic refers to the -medieval buildings, emulating Gothic architecture, in which many of these stories take place. This extreme form of romanticism was very popular in England and Germany, the English Gothic novel also led to new novel types such as the German Schauerroman and the French Georgia. The novel usually regarded as the first Gothic novel is Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto, Horace Walpoles declared aim was to combine elements of the medieval romance, which he deemed too fanciful, and the modern novel, which he considered to be too confined to strict realism. Walpole published the first edition disguised as a romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. When Walpole admitted to his authorship in the edition, its originally favourable reception by literary reviewers changed into rejection. A romance with elements, and moreover void of didactical intention, was considered a setback. Walpoles forgery, together with the blend of history and fiction, contravened the principles of the Enlightenment and associated the Gothic novel with fake documentation. Clara Reeve, best known for her work The Old English Baron, set out to take Walpoles plot, the question now arose whether supernatural events that were not as evidently absurd as Walpoles would not lead the simpler minds to believe them possible. Ann Radcliffe developed the technique of the supernatural in which every seemingly supernatural intrusion is eventually traced back to natural causes. Among other elements, Ann Radcliffe introduced the figure of the Gothic villain. Radcliffes novels, above all The Mysteries of Udolpho, were best-sellers, however, along with most novels at the time, they were looked down upon by many well-educated people as sensationalist nonsense. Radcliffe also provided an aesthetic for the genre in an influential article On the Supernatural in Poetry, Romantic literary movements developed in continental Europe concurrent with the development of the Gothic novel. The roman noir appeared in France, by writers as François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil, Baculard dArnaud. In Germany, the Schauerroman gained traction with writers as Friedrich Schiller, with novels like The Ghost-Seer and these works were often more horrific and violent than the English Gothic novel. Matthew Gregory Lewiss lurid tale of debauchery, black magic
8.
Eastern Europe
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Eastern Europe, also known as East Europe, is the eastern part of the European continent. There is no consensus on the area it covers, partly because the term has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, cultural. There are almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region, a related United Nations paper adds that every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct. One definition describes Eastern Europe as an entity, the region lying in Europe with main characteristics consisting in Byzantine, Orthodox. Another definition was created during the Cold War and used more or less synonymously with the term Eastern Bloc, a similar definition names the formerly communist European states outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe. Historians and social scientists generally view such definitions as outdated or relegating, several definitions of Eastern Europe exist today, but they often lack precision or are extremely general. These definitions vary both across cultures and among experts, even scientists, recently becoming more and more imprecise. The Ural Mountains, Ural River, and the Caucasus Mountains are the land border of the eastern edge of Europe. Eurovoc, a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union, provides entries for 23 EU languages, of these, those in italics are classified as Eastern Europe in this source. Other official web-pages of the European Union classify some of the countries as strictly Central European. The East–West Schism is the break of communion and theology between what are now the Eastern and Western churches which began in the 11th century and lasts until this very day and it divided Christianity in Europe, and consequently the world, into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Christian churches in the east, due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic, for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, the fall of the Iron Curtain brought the end of the East–West division in Europe, but this geopolitical concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media. The Baltic states have seats in the Nordic Council as observer states and they also are members of the Nordic-Baltic Eight whereas Eastern European countries formed their own alliance called the Visegrád Group. Estonia Latvia Lithuania The Caucasus nations may be included in the definitions of Eastern Europe, the extent of their geographic or political affiliation with Europe varies by country and source. All three states are members of the European Unions Eastern Partnership program and the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, on 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future. Georgia — in modern geography, Georgia has been classified as part of Eastern Europe. Under the European Union’s geographic criteria, Georgia is viewed as part of Eastern Europe and is the only Caucasus country to be actively seeking EU membership and it is a member of Council of Europe and Eurocontrol
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Flogging
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Flagellation, flogging, whipping or lashing is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, lashes, rods, switches, the cat o nine tails, the sjambok, etc. Typically, flogging is imposed on a subject as a punishment, however, it can also be submitted to willingly, or performed on oneself. The strokes are usually aimed at the back of a person. For a moderated subform of flagellation, described as bastinado, the soles of a persons feet are used as a target for beating. In some circumstances the word flogging is used loosely to any sort of corporal punishment. However, in British legal terminology, a distinction was drawn between flogging and whipping, in Britain these were both abolished in 1948. In Sparta, young men were flogged as a test of their masculinity, Jewish law limited flagellation to forty strokes, and in practice delivered thirty-nine, so as to avoid any possibility of breaking this law due to a miscount. In the Roman Empire, flagellation was often used as a prelude to crucifixion, whips with small pieces of metal or bone at the tips were commonly used. Such a device could easily cause disfigurement and serious trauma, such as ripping pieces of flesh from the body or loss of an eye, in addition to causing severe pain, the victim would approach a state of hypovolemic shock due to loss of blood. The Romans reserved this treatment for non-citizens, as stated in the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia, the poet Horace refers to the horribile flagellum in his Satires. Typically, the one to be punished was stripped naked and bound to a low pillar so that he could bend over it, two lictors alternated blows from the bare shoulders down the body to the soles of the feet. There was no limit to the number of blows inflicted—this was left to the lictors to decide, nonetheless, Livy, Suetonius and Josephus report cases of flagellation where victims died while still bound to the post. Flagellation was referred to as death by some authors, as many victims died shortly thereafter. Cicero reports in In Verrem, pro mortuo sublatus brevi postea mortuus, the Whipping Act was passed in England in 1530. Under this legislation, vagrants were to be taken to a populated area and there tied to the end of a cart naked. In England, offenders were sentenced to be flogged at a carts tail along a length of public street, usually near the scene of the crime. In the late century, however, the courts occasionally ordered that the flogging should be carried out in prison or a house of correction rather than on the streets. From the 1720s courts began explicitly to differentiate between private whipping and public whipping, over the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the proportion of whippings carried out in public declined, but the number of private whippings increased
10.
The Pit and the Pendulum (1961 film)
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The Pit and the Pendulum is a 1961 horror film directed by Roger Corman, starring Vincent Price, Barbara Steele, John Kerr, and Luana Anders. The screenplay by Richard Matheson was based on Edgar Allan Poes short story of the same name, set in sixteenth-century Spain, the story is about a young Englishman who visits a forbidding castle to investigate his sisters mysterious death. The film was the title in the popular series of Poe-based movies released by American International Pictures. Like House, the film features cinematography by Floyd Crosby, sets designed by art director Daniel Haller. A critical and box-office hit, Pits commercial success convinced AIP and Corman to continue adapting Poe stories for another six films, the series ended in 1965 with the release of The Tomb of Ligeia. Stephen King has described one of Pits major shock sequences as being among the most important moments in the horror film. In sixteenth century Spain, Englishman Francis Barnard visits the castle of his brother-in-law Nicholas Medina to investigate the death of his sister Elizabeth. Francis vows that he not leave until he discovers the true circumstances surrounding his sisters death. During dinner with the physician, Dr. Leon, Francis again asks about his sisters death. Dr. Leon tells him that his sister died of heart failure. Francis demands to be shown where Elizabeth died, Nicholas takes him to the castles torture chamber. Nicholas reveals that Elizabeth, under the influence of the heavy atmosphere. After becoming progressively unbalanced, one day she locked herself into an iron maiden, Francis refuses to believe Nicholass story. Francis tells Catherine that Nicholas appears to feel definite guilt regarding Elizabeths death, in response, Catherine talks about Nicholass traumatic childhood. Their father was Sebastian Medina, an agent of the Spanish Inquisition. When Nicholas was a child, he was exploring the forbidden torture chamber when his father entered the room with his mother Isabella and Sebastians brother. Hiding in a corner, Nicholas watched in horror as his father repeatedly hit Bartolome with a red-hot poker, after murdering Bartolome, Sebastian began torturing his wife slowly to death in front of Nicholas. Catherine and Francis are later informed by Dr. Leon that Isabella in fact was not tortured to death, Dr. Leon explains, The very thought of premature interment is enough to send your brother into convulsions of horror
11.
Italian lira
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The lira was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002 and of the Albanian Kingdom between 1941 and 1943. Between 1999 and 2002, the Italian lira was officially a national subunit of the euro, however, cash payments could be made in lira only, as euro coins or notes were not yet available. The lira was also the currency of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy between 1807 and 1814, L, sometimes in a double-crossed script form, was the symbol most often used. Until the Second World War, it was subdivided into 100 centesimi, the lira was established at 4.5 grams of silver or 290.322 milligrams of gold. This was a continuation of the Sardinian lira. Other currencies replaced by the Italian lira included the Lombardy-Venetia pound, the Two Sicilies piastra, the Tuscan fiorino, the Papal States scudo and this practice has obviously ended with the introduction of the euro in 2002. World War I broke the Latin Monetary Union and resulted in prices rising severalfold in Italy, in 1927, the lira was pegged to the U. S. dollar at a rate of 1 dollar =19 lire. This rate lasted until 1934, with a separate tourist rate of US$1 =24.89 lire being established in 1936, in 1939, the official rate was 19.8 lire. After the Allied invasion of Italy, a rate was set at US$1 =120 lire in June 1943. In German occupied areas, the rate was set at 1 Reichsmark =10 lire. After the war, the value of the lira fluctuated, before Italy set a peg of US$1 =575 lire within the Bretton Woods System in November 1947, following the devaluation of the pound, Italy devalued to US$1 =625 lire on 21 September 1949. This rate was maintained until the end of the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s, several episodes of high inflation followed until the lira was replaced by the euro. The lira was the unit of currency in Italy until January 1,1999. Old lira denominated currency ceased to be legal tender on February 28,2002, the conversion rate is 1,936.27 lire to the euro. All lira banknotes in use immediately before the introduction of the euro, originally Italys central bank pledged to redeem Italian coins and banknotes until 29 February 2012, but this was brought forward to 6 December 2011. Italys Constitutional Court has now declared the law that shortening the period of Italian Lira unlawful. Currently, studies are being conducted by the Banca dItalia and the Ministry of Economy, in 1863, silver coins below 5 lire were debased from 90% to 83. 5% and silver 20 centesimi coins were introduced. Minting switched to Rome in the 1870s, apart from the introduction in 1894 of cupro-nickel 20 centesimi coins and of nickel 25 centesimi pieces in 1902, the coinage remained essentially unaltered until the First World War
12.
Anzio
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Anzio is a city and comune on the coast of the Lazio region of Italy, about 51 kilometres south of Rome. Well known for its seaside setting, it is a fishing port. The city bears great significance as the site of Operation Shingle. Anzio occupies a part of the ancient Antium territory, in ancient times, Antium was the capital of the Volsci people until it was conquered by the Romans. In some versions of Romes foundation myth, Antium was founded by Anteias, son of Odysseus, in 493 BC the Roman consul Postumus Cominius Auruncus fought and defeated two armies from Antium, and as a result captured the Volscian towns of Longula, Pollusca and Corioli. With the latter expansion of Rome it was just far away to be insulated from the riots and tumults of Rome. When Cicero returned from exile, it was at Antium that he reassembled the battered remains of his libraries, leading Romans built magnificent seaside villas at Antium. Remains of Roman villas are conspicuous all along the shore, both to the east and to the north-west of the town. Many ancient works of art have found there, the Fanciulla dAnzio, the Borghese Gladiator. Of the villas, the most famous was the Villa of Nero at Antium which cannot be identified, but is generally placed at the so-called Arco Muto. It extended along the coast of the Capo dAnzio some 800 metres of seafront, of the famous temple of Fortune no remains are known. There are records of the participation of a few bishops of Antium in synods held in Rome, Gaudentius in 465, Felix in 487, barbarian incursions in the 6th century put an end to its existence as a residential bishopric. Accordingly, Antium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see, in the Middle Ages Antium was deserted in favour of Nettuno, which maintained the legacy of the ancient city. The sea is encroaching slightly at Anzio, but some kilometres farther north-west the old Roman coast-line now lies slightly inland, the Volscian Antium stood on higher ground and somewhat away from the shore, though it extended down to it. This was defended by a ditch, which can still be traced, and by walls. In 1857 Pope Pius IX founded the municipality of Anzio. Anzio and Nettuno are also notable as sites of an Allied forces landing, the Commonwealth Anzio War Cemetery and Beach Head War Cemetery are located here. In February 1944 American soldiers were surrounded by Germans in the caves of Pozzoli for a week, a film based on the events called Anzio was made, starring Robert Mitchum and based on a book by Wynford Vaughan-Thomas
13.
Castel Sant'Angelo
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The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as Castel SantAngelo, is a towering cylindrical building in Parco Adriano, Rome, Italy. It was initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself, the building was later used by the popes as a fortress and castle, and is now a museum. The Castle was once the tallest building in Rome, the tomb of the Roman emperor Hadrian, also called Hadrians mole, was erected on the right bank of the Tiber, between 134 and 139 AD. Originally the mausoleum was a cylinder, with a garden top. Hadrians ashes were placed here a year after his death in Baiae in 138, together with those of his wife Sabina, and his first adopted son, Lucius Aelius, who also died in 138. Following this, the remains of succeeding emperors were also placed here, the urns containing these ashes were probably placed in what is now known as the Treasury room deep within the building. Much of the contents and decorations have been lost since the buildings conversion to a military fortress in 401. The use of spolia from the tomb in the period was noted in the 16th century — Giorgio Vasari writes. Legend holds that the Archangel Michael appeared atop the mausoleum, sheathing his sword as a sign of the end of the plague of 590, thus lending the castle its present name. A less charitable yet more apt elaboration of the legend, given the militant disposition of this archangel, was heard by the 15th-century traveler who saw a statue on the castle roof. He recounts that during a season of the plague, Pope Gregory I heard that the populace. A vision urged the pope to lead a procession to the church, upon arriving, the idol miraculously fell apart with a clap of thunder. Returning to St Peters by the Aelian Bridge, the pope had another vision of an angel atop the castle, wiping the blood from his sword on his mantle, and then sheathing it. While the pope interpreted this as a sign that God was appeased, leo X built a chapel with a Madonna by Raffaello da Montelupo. In 1536 Montelupo also created a statue of Saint Michael holding his sword after the 590 plague to surmount the Castel. Later Paul III built an apartment, to ensure that in any future siege the pope had an appropriate place to stay. Montelupos statue was replaced by a statue of the same subject, executed by the Flemish sculptor Peter Anton von Verschaffelt. Verschaffelts is still in place and Montelupos can be seen in a court in the interior of the Castle
14.
Sadomasochism
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Sadomasochism is the giving or receiving pleasure from acts involving the receipt or infliction of pain or humiliation. Practitioners of sadomasochism may seek sexual gratification from their acts, while the terms sadist and masochist refer respectively to one who enjoys giving or receiving pain, practitioners of sadomasochism may switch between activity and passivity. The abbreviation S&M is often used for sadomasochism, although practitioners themselves normally remove the ampersand, Sadomasochism is not considered a clinical paraphilia unless such practices lead to clinically significant distress or impairment for a diagnosis. Similarly, sexual sadism within the context of mutual consent, generally known under the heading BDSM, is distinguished from acts of sexual violence or aggression. The term sadomasochism is used in a variety of different ways and it can refer to cruel individuals or those who brought misfortunes onto themselves and psychiatrists define it as pathological. The two words incorporated into this compound, sadism and masochism, were derived from the names of two authors. The term Sadism has its origin in the name of the Marquis de Sade, who not only practiced sexual sadism, Masochism is named after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, who wrote novels expressing his masochistic fantasies. These terms were first selected to identifying human behavioural phenomena and for the classification of psychological illnesses or deviant behaviour, the German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing introduced the terms Sadism and Masochism into medical terminology in his work Neue Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Psychopathia sexualis in 1890. In 1905, Sigmund Freud described sadism and masochism in his Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie as stemming from aberrant psychological development from early childhood and he also laid the groundwork for the widely accepted medical perspective on the subject in the following decades. This led to the first compound usage of the terminology in Sado-Masochism by the Viennese Psychoanalyst Isidor Isaak Sadger in his work Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex in 1913, however, the term BDSM also includes, B&D, D/s, and S&M. The terms bondage and discipline usually refer to the use of physical or psychological restraint or punishment. Both terms were introduced to the field by German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his 1886 compilation of case studies Psychopathia Sexualis. Pain and physical violence are not essential in Krafft-Ebings conception, and this observation is commonly verified in both literature and practice, many sadists and masochists define themselves as switchable—capable of taking pleasure in either role. However it has also argued that the concurrence of sadism and masochism in Freuds model should not be taken for granted. Freud introduced the terms primary and secondary masochism and this complete rejection is related to the death drive in Freuds psychoanalysis. In a secondary masochism, by contrast, the masochist experiences a less serious, more feigned rejection, secondary masochism, in other words, is the relatively casual version, more akin to a charade, and most commentators are quick to point out its contrivedness. In Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World, René Girard attempts to resuscitate and reinterpret Freuds distinction of primary and secondary masochism, both Krafft-Ebing and Freud assumed that sadism in men resulted from the distortion of the aggressive component of the male sexual instinct. Masochism in men, however, was seen as a more significant aberration, Freud doubted that masochism in men was ever a primary tendency, and speculated that it may exist only as a transformation of sadism
15.
DVD region code
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This is achieved by way of region-locked DVD players, which will play back only DVDs encoded to their region. The American DVD Copy Control Association also requires that DVD player manufacturers incorporate the regional-playback control system, however, region-free DVD players, which ignore region coding, are also commercially available, and many DVD players can be modified to be region-free, allowing playback of all discs. DVDs may use one code, a combination of codes, every code or no codes, DVDs in Hispanophone Latin America and Mexico use both the region 1 and region 4 codes. DVDs sold in the Baltic states use both region 2 and 5 codes, Region 0 is widely used by China and the Philippines. Most DVDs in India combine the region 2, region 4, European region 2 DVDs may be sub-coded D1 to D4. D1 are the United Kingdom–only releases, D2 and D3 are not sold in the UK and Ireland, any combination of regions can be applied to a single disc. For example, a DVD designated Region 2/4 is suitable for playback in Western Europe, Oceania, so-called Region 0 and ALL discs are meant to be playable worldwide. The term Region 0 also describes the DVD players designed or modified to incorporate Regions 1–6, thereby providing compatibility with most discs, regardless of region. This apparent solution was popular in the days of the DVD format. This system is known as Regional Coding Enhancement, the scheme was deployed on only a handful of discs. The disc contained the program material region coded as region 1. But it also contained a video loop of a map of the world showing the regions, which was coded as region 2,3,4,5. The intention was that when the disc was played in a non-region 1 player and this played the aforementioned video loop of a map, which was impossible to escape from, as the user controls were disabled. However, the scheme was fundamentally flawed, as a player tries to play a disc using the last region that worked with the previously inserted disc. If it cannot play the disc, then it tries another region until one is found that works, RCE could thus be defeated by briefly playing a normal region 1 disc, and then inserting the RCE protected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE caused a few problems with genuine region 1 players, some manufacturers of DVD players now freely supply information on how to disable regional lockout, and on some recent models, it appears to be disabled by default. Computer programs such as DVD Shrink, Digiarty WinX DVD Ripper Platinum can make copies of region-coded DVDs without RCE restriction, One purpose of region coding is controlling release dates. A practice of movie marketing threatened by the advent of home video is to release a movie to cinemas
16.
Blu-ray
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Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition, the plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs being the standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs and quadruple layers are available for BD-XL re-writer drives, the name Blu-ray refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats, high-definition video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution, at up to 60 frames per second. DVD discs had been limited to a resolution of 480p or 576p. The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its release in June 2006. During the high definition disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008. According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales, Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand and the continued sale of DVDs. As of January 2016, 44% of U. S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player, the information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used. Following protracted development, blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis, Sony started two projects in collaboration with Philips applying the new diodes, UDO, and DVR Blue, a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc. The core technologies of the formats are similar, the first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony. A trademark for the Blue Disc logo was filed February 9,2001, on February 19,2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10,2003, the Sony BDZ-S77, but there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player. On October 4,2004, the name Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association, the Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004
17.
Variety (magazine)
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Variety is a weekly American entertainment trade magazine and website owned by Penske Media Corporation. The last daily printed edition was put out on March 19,2013, Variety originally reported on theater and vaudeville. Variety has been published since December 16,1905, when it was launched by Sime Silverman as a weekly periodical covering vaudeville with its headquarters in New York City, on January 19,1907, Variety published what is considered the first film review in history. In 1933, Sime Silverman launched Daily Variety, based in Hollywood, Sime Silverman had passed on the editorship of the Weekly Variety to Abel Green as his replacement in 1931, he remained as publisher until his death in 1933 soon after launching the Daily. His son Sidne Silverman, known as Skigie, succeeded him as publisher of both publications, both Sidne and his wife, stage actress Marie Saxon, died of tuberculosis. Their only son Syd Silverman, born 1932, was the heir to what was then Variety Inc. Young Syds legal guardian Harold Erichs oversaw Variety Inc. until 1956, after that date Syd Silverman was publisher of both the Weekly Variety in New York and the Daily Variety in Hollywood, until the sale of both papers in 1987 to the Cahners Corp. In L. A. the Daily was edited by Tom Pryor from 1959 until 1988, for twenty years its editor-in-chief was Peter Bart, originally only of the weekly New York edition, with Michael Silverman running the Daily in Hollywood. Bart had worked previously at Paramount Pictures and The New York Times, in April 2009, Bart moved to the position of vice president and editorial director, characterized online as Boffo No More, Bart Up and Out at Variety. From mid 2009 to 2013, Timothy M. Gray oversaw the publication as Editor-in-Chief, after over 30 years of various reporter, in October 2014, Eller and Wallenstein were upped to Co-Editors in Chief, with Littleton continuing to oversee the trades television coverage. This dissemination comes in the form of columns, news stories, images, video, Cahners Publishing purchased Variety from the Silverman family in 1987. On December 7,1988, Barts predecessor, Roger Watkins, proposed, upon its launch, the new-look Variety measured one inch shorter with a washed-out color on the front. In October 2012, Reed Business Information, the periodicals owner, PMC is the owner of Deadline. com, which since the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike has been considered Varietys largest competitor in online showbiz news. In October,2012, Jay Penske announced that the paywall would come down, the print publication would stay. A significant portion of the advertising revenue comes during the film-award season leading up to the Academy Awards. During this Awards Season, large numbers of colorful, full-page For Your Consideration advertisements inflate the size of Variety to double or triple its usual page count, paid circulation for the weekly Variety magazine in 2013 was 40,000. Each copy of each Variety issue is read by an average of three people, with a total readership of 120,000. Variety. com has 17 million unique monthly visitors, Variety is a weekly entertainment publication with a broad coverage of movies, television, theater, music and technology, written for entertainment executives
18.
Henri-Georges Clouzot
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Henri-Georges Clouzot was a French film director, screenwriter and producer. He is best remembered for his work in the film genre, having directed The Wages of Fear and Les Diaboliques. Clouzot also directed films, including The Mystery of Picasso. Clouzot was an fan of the cinema and, desiring a career as a writer. He was later hired by producer Adolphe Osso to work in Berlin, after being fired from German studios due to his friendship with Jewish producers, Clouzot returned to France, where he spent years bedridden after contracting tuberculosis. Upon recovering, Clouzot found work in Nazi occupied France as a screenwriter for the German-owned company Continental Films, at Continental, Clouzot wrote and directed films that were very popular in France. His second film Le Corbeau drew controversy over its harsh look at provincial France, as a result of his association with Continental, Clouzot was barred by the French government from filmmaking until 1947. After the ban was lifted, Clouzot reestablished his reputation and popularity in France during the late 1940s with successful films including Quai des Orfèvres. After the release of his comedy film Miquette et sa mère, Clouzot married Véra Gibson-Amado, in the early and mid-1950s, Clouzot drew acclaim from international critics and audiences for The Wages of Fear and Les Diaboliques. Both films would serve as material for remakes decades later. After the release of La Vérité, Clouzots wife Véra died of an attack and Clouzots career suffered due to depression, illness. Clouzots career became less active in years, limited to a few television documentaries. Clouzot wrote several unused scripts in the 1970s and died in Paris in 1977, Henri-Georges Clouzot was born in Niort, France, to mother Suzanne Clouzot and father Georges Clouzout, a book store owner. He was the first of three children in a middle-class family, Clouzot showed talent by writing plays and playing piano recitals. In 1922, Clouzots fathers bookstore went bankrupt and his moved to Brest, France. In Brest, Henri-Georges Clouzot went to Naval School, but was unable to become a Naval Cadet due to his myopia, at the age of 18, Clouzot left for Paris to study political science. While living in Paris, he became friends with several magazine editors and his writing talents led him to theater and cinema as a playwright, lyricist and adaptor-screenwriter. The quality of his work led producer Adolphe Osso to hire him and send him to Germany to work in Studio Babelsberg in Berlin, throughout the 1930s, Clouzot worked by writing and translating scripts, dialogue and occasionally lyrics for over twenty films
19.
AllMovie
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AllMovie is an online guide service website with information about films, television programs, and screen actors. As of 2013, AllMovie. com and the AllMovie consumer brand are owned by All Media Network, AllMovie was founded by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine, who also founded AllMusic and AllGame. The AllMovie database was licensed to tens of thousands of distributors and retailers for point-of-sale systems, websites, the AllMovie database is comprehensive, including basic product information, cast and production credits, plot synopsis, professional reviews, biographies, relational links and more. AllMovie data was accessed on the web at the AllMovie. com website and it was also available via the AMG LASSO media recognition service, which can automatically recognize DVDs. In late 2007, Macrovision acquired AMG for a reported $72 million, the AMG consumer facing web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in August 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. The buyers also include the founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. All Media Network offices are located in San Francisco, California, AllMusic AllGame SideReel All Media Network Official website
20.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
21.
British Film Institute
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The British Film Institute is a film and charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the United Kingdom. The BFI maintains the worlds largest film archive, the BFI National Archive, previously called National Film Library, National Film Archive and National Film, the archive contains more than 50,000 fiction films, over 100,000 non-fiction titles and around 625,000 television programmes. The majority of the collection is British material but it also features internationally significant holdings from around the world, the Archive also collects films which feature key British actors and the work of British directors. The BFI runs the BFI Southbank and London IMAX cinema, both located on the bank of the River Thames in London. The IMAX has the largest cinema screen in the UK, and shows popular recent releases and short films showcasing its technology, BFI Southbank shows films from all over the world particularly critically acclaimed historical & specialised films that may not otherwise get a cinema showing. The BFI also distributes archival and cultural cinema to other venues – each year to more than 800 venues all across the UK, the BFI offers a range of education initiatives, in particular to support the teaching of film and media studies in schools. In late 2012, the BFI received money from the Department For Education to create the BFI Film Academy Network, the BFI runs the annual London Film Festival along with BFI Flare, London LGBT Film Festival and the youth-orientated Future Film Festival. The BFI publishes the monthly Sight & Sound magazine as well as films on Blu-ray, DVD, SIFT has a collection of about 7 million still frames from film and television. The institute was founded in 1933, the institute was restructured following the Radcliffe Report of 1948 which recommended that it should concentrate on developing the appreciation of filmic art, rather than creating film itself. Thus control of film production passed to the National Committee for Visual Aids in Education. From 1952-2000, the BFI provided funding for new and experimental filmmakers via the BFI Production Board, the institute received a Royal Charter in 1983. This was updated in 2000, and in the year the newly established UK Film Council took responsibility for providing the BFIs annual grant-in-aid. As an independent registered charity, the BFI is regulated by the Charity Commission, in 1988, the BFI opened the London Museum of the Moving Image on the South Bank. The Museum was temporarily closed in 1999 when the BFI stated that it would be re-sited and this did not happen, and MOMIs closure became permanent in 2002 when it was decided to redevelop the South Bank site. This redevelopment was itself then further delayed, the BFI is currently managed on a day-to-day basis by its chief executive, Amanda Nevill. Supreme decision-making authority rests with a chair and a board of up to 14 governors, the current chair is Josh Berger, who took up the post in February 2016. He succeeded Greg Dyke, who took office on 1 March 2008, Dyke succeeded the late Anthony Minghella, who was chair from 2003 until 31 December 2007. The chair of the board is appointed by the BFIs own Board of Governors but requires the consent of the Secretary of State for Culture, Media, other Governors are co-opted by existing board members when required
22.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
25.
I Vampiri
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I Vampiri is a 1957 Italian horror film. The film was directed by Riccardo Freda and completed by the films cinematographer and it stars Gianna Maria Canale, Carlo DAngelo and Dario Michaelis. The film is about a series of murders on young women who are found all their blood drained. The newspapers describes the killer as the Vampire and young journalist Pierre Lantin researches the crimes, Lantin investigates the mysterious Du Grand family who lives in a castle occupied by Gisele Du Grand who is in love with Lantin. She lives with her aunt who hides her face in a veil as well as the scientist Julian Du Grand who is trying to find the secret to eternal youth. Freda made a deal with producers at the Italian film studio Titanus to create a low budget film by writing a story in one day. The producers agreed and Freda began filming, on the films release in 1957, it became Italys first horror film of the sound era. It was not successful in Italy, which Freda interpreted as an audience not interested in films made by Italians. The film was released theatrically as The Devils Commandment and Lust of the Vampire in the United States, English critics predominantly discuss the film in terms of its cinematography and place in film history. In 1957 Paris, a series of mysterious killings are committed against young women of the blood type who are found dead. These killings are reported in the press as being performed by a murderer coined The Vampire, the journalist Pierre Lantin begins to investigate, and becomes more involved when his fiancee, the dancer Nora Duval is kidnapped. As Inspector Chantal examines the scene, Lantin arrives predicting that the crime was committed by The Vampire. Lantin investigates the school that the latest murder happened at to search for clues, elsewhere, a man named Joseph begs for his fix in a dark room is told to go after a woman named Lorette and that he know what to do at Rue Saint Etienne. Joseph arrives at the location and is spotted by Lantin but manages to get away from him, Joseph arrives at the clinic of Professor Julian Du Grand and demands money to leave town or he will report whats happening to the police. He is strangled by Du Grands assistant when a woman named Marguerite arrives and states that if the police track them down. A newspaper headline reveals that Professor Julian Du Grand has died unexpectedly. After a funeral procession for Julian, a group of men arrive, josephs corpse is taken to a castle where he is experimented on by Julian who is attempting discover the secret for eternal life. Later, Lorette meets a man in the street who asks her to drop off a letter
26.
The Giant of Marathon
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La battaglia di Maratona is a 1959 Italian/French international co-production sword and sandal film, loosely based on the Battle of Marathon. It was directed by Jacques Tourneur and Mario Bava and it starred Steve Reeves as Phillipides. The story is set in 490 BC, the time of the Medic Wars, athenian supporters of Hippias conspire, hoping to sideline Phillippides with a marriage to Theocrites expensive servant Charis, and thus neutralize the guard. She fails to seduce him, as his heart is taken by a young girl before he learns her name is Andromeda. Phillippides makes the journey and survives an attempt on his life by conspirators, Charis, left for dead after overhearing Dariuss orders, reaches the camp to tell that the Persian fleet, now commanded by the traitor Theocrites, is heading for the Piraeus to take Athens. Miltiades sends Phillippides ahead to hold out with the Sacred Guard until his victorious troops arrive. The movie was successful at the box office, according to MGM records the film earned $1,335,000 in the US and Canada. Cinema Italiano - The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult
27.
Black Sunday (1960 film)
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The film stars Barbara Steele, John Richardson, Arturo Dominici and Ivo Garrani. It was Bavas directorial debut, although he had completed several previous films without credit. Based very loosely on Nikolai Gogols short story Viy, the narrative concerns a witch who is put to death by her own brother, only to return 200 years later to seek revenge on her descendants. By the social standards of the 1960s, Black Sunday was considered unusually gruesome, despite the censorship, Black Sunday was a worldwide critical and box office success, and launched the careers of director Mario Bava and movie star Barbara Steele. In 2004, one of its sequences was voted number 40 among the 100 Scariest Movie Moments by the Bravo TV network, in Moldavia, in the year 1630, beautiful witch Asa Vajda and her paramour Javuto are sentenced to death for sorcery by Asas brother. Before being burned at the stake, Asa vows revenge and puts a curse on her brothers descendants, a metal mask with sharp spikes on the inside is placed over the witchs face and hammered into her flesh. While waiting for their coachman to fix it, the two wander into an ancient crypt and discover Asas tomb. Observing her death mask through a panel, Kruvajan breaks the panel by accident while striking a bat. He then removes Asas death mask revealing a partially preserved corpse that is visible underneath and he cuts his hand on the broken glass. Some of his blood drips onto Asas dead face, returning outside, Kruvajan and Gorobec meet Katia. She tells them that she lives with her father, Prince Vajda, Gorobec is instantly smitten by the beautiful young woman. The two men leave her and drive to an inn. The witch Asa is brought back to life by Kruvajans blood and she contacts Javuto telepathically and orders him to rise from his grave. He does so and goes to Prince Vajdas castle, where Vajda holds up a crucifix to ward the reanimated corpse away, however, Vajda is so terrified by the visit that he becomes paralyzed with fear. Katia and Constantin send a servant to fetch Dr. Kruvajan and it is the evil Javuto who arrives to bring Kruvajan to the castle. Javuto leads Kruvajan to Asas crypt, and Kruvajan watches in horror as her coffin explodes, from its ruins, the witch hypnotizes Kruvajan and says she needs a few more drops of his blood, offering him eternal life in return. Asa then kisses him, turning him into her servant, by Asas command, Kruvajan enters Vajdas room and murders him. Asas plan is to drain Katia of her life, believing that this act will grant her immortality, a little girl who had seen Javuto meet Kruvajan at the inn describes the dead man to Gorobec
28.
Esther and the King
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Ester e il re is a 1960 Italian / American international co-production religious epic film directed, written, and produced by Raoul Walsh. It was made in Cinemascope and DeLuxe Color, and produced at 20th Century Fox/ Raoul Walsh Productions, based on the Old Testament, this epic recreates the Book of Esther, the tale that is the basis for the Jewish celebration of Purim. The film is set in Persia in the 5th century BC, after the King’s wife is murdered, Esther comes to the attention of the recently widowed King Ahasuerus. The king has been trying to stifle and defeat the campaign of hatred against the Jews by his evil minister Haman, before the King can pair off with Esther and defeat the villainous Haman, there are several intervening adventures and an additional, attractive woman who competes for attention. Cinema Italiano - The Complete Guide From Classics To Cult
29.
Hercules in the Haunted World
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Hercules in the Haunted World is a 1961 Italian sword-and-sandal film directed by Mario Bava. British bodybuilder Reg Park incorporates Hercules while British actor Christopher Lee performs as Hercules nemesis Lico, shooting at Cinecittà director Mario Bava used some of the same sets from his earlier Hercules and the Conquest of Atlantis which had already starred Reg Park. Upon his return to Italy from his adventures, the great warrior Hercules learns that his lover. According to the oracle Medea, Daianaras only hope is the Stone of Forgetfulness which lies deep in the realm of Hades, Lico is in fact in league with the dark forces of the underworld, and it is up to Hercules to stop him. The climax has Hercules smashing Lico with a giant boulder and throwing similarly large rocks at an army of zombies, Christopher Lees more familiar deep, smoothly menacing voice was dubbed by another actor for the English-language version of the film. In a contemporary review, The Globe & Mail referred to the film as a particularly awful Italian movie, specifying Reg Parks acting and the film plays havoc with the mythology. Allmovie wrote Hercules in the Haunted World is about as good a film as could be made on a budget in the mythic hero subgenre of action films. In his book Italian Horror Film Directors, Louis Paul described the film as a combination of the athletic muscleman peplum revival. The film started a subgenre of films trying to combine the peplum genre with horror elements. Films considered belonging to this subgenre include Riccardo Fredas The Witchs Curse and Sergio Corbuccis, the Opera Theater Oregon commissioned composer Patrick Morganelli to write a companion piece to the film, Hercules vs. Vampires, which premiered in Portland in 2010. In April 2015 the work was staged by the Los Angeles Opera, cinema Italiano - The Complete Guide From Classics To Cult. Hercules in the Haunted World at the Internet Movie Database Hercules in the Haunted World at AllMovie
30.
Erik the Conqueror
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They finally meet after almost 20 years, as rivals on opposite sides of an English–Viking war. It is a remake of the American film The Vikings. In 786 AD, three large Viking ships land in England, King Harald, the only Viking chieftain interested in maintaining peace, makes a plea to King Loter. The English king sends Sir Rutford to work out a deal with the Vikings, Rutford stages a surprise attack on the Vikings. King Harald is felled by an arrow fired by Rutfords chief assassin, during the battle, Harolds two young sons, Erik and Eron, are whisked away by one of his chiefs. Eron is rescued but Erik is left behind in the chaos, later, King Loter arrives on the scene, where he threatens to strip Rutford of his title. Rutford retaliates by having his assassin kill Loter with an arrow, loters wife, Queen Alice, wanders away. She finds Erik hiding on the beach, the queen decides to raise Erik as her own son. 20 years later, the Vikings once again wage war against England, the adult Eron, has fallen in love with a vestal virgin named Daya, the identical twin sister of the vestal Rama. They hide their love out of fear of being executed, Eron tells Daya that a king is permitted to marry a vestal. Viking leader King Olaf makes a pact with the kingdoms of Iceland, Norway, due to his age, Olaf appoints a younger to lead the attack. Olaf chooses Eron but his choice is contested by Garian, Garian wishes to be elected leader, and a vote by 100 warriors is taken. Olaf declares that they will have to fight to the death, Eron is victorious but refuses to kill his opponent, asking Garian to serve as his right-hand man. In England, the adult Erik is appointed Duke of Helford and leader of the English sea forces, Rutford plants an agent on board to set fire to Eriks ship while at sea. The Viking and English fleets meet in the North Sea and a sea battle begins, Vikings board Eriks flagship just as the agent sets fire to it. In the battle, Erik and Eron meet and engage in a sword fight, Erik jumps overboard and later washes ashore in Viking land. Rama points Erik in the direction of a fishing village. Back in England, Sir Rutford proposes marriage to the queen, Eron then appoints Rutford as Regent and takes Queen Alice as a hostage back to Viking land
31.
The Girl Who Knew Too Much (1963 film)
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The Girl Who Knew Too Much is a 1963 Italian giallo film. Directed by Italian filmmaker Mario Bava, the film stars John Saxon as Dr. Marcello Bassi, the plot revolves around a young woman named Nora, who travels to Rome and witnesses a murder. The police and Dr. Bassi dont believe her since a corpse cant be found, several more murders follow, tied to a decade-long string of killings of victims chosen in alphabetical order. The Girl Who Knew Too Much is considered to be the first giallo film, the film was re-cut on its American release by American International Pictures where it received a new score by Les Baxter, some added comic elements, and the new title Evil Eye. On vacation, Nora Davis arrives by plane in Rome to visit her ailing aunt. Noras aunt is being treated by Dr. Marcello Bassi, Noras aunt passes away on the first night of Noras visit and she walks to the nearby hospital to notify Dr. Bassi. On the way, she is mugged and knocked out in Piazza di Spagna, when she wakes up, she sees the body of a dead woman lying on the ground near her, a bearded man pulls a knife out of the womans back. Nora reports this to the police in the hospital, who dont believe her when they find no evidence, later, at a cemetery, Nora meets a close friend of her aunts, Laura Torrani, who lives in the Piazza di Spagna. Laura plans to soon and allows Nora to stay in her house for the remaining time of the vacation. The killer has already murdered victims whose last names begin with A, B, Nora also finds that the last victim is Lauras sister, whom Nora had seen in a vision. According to the reports in the paper, this took place ten years ago. Nora then receives a call, in which an anonymous voice tells her that D is for death. Nora receives help from Dr. Marcello, who takes her on a trip to various Roman tourist sites to calm her down as they become romantically interested in each other. When they return to the Craven house, she receives a call from a person who orders her to go to a particular address, Nora goes there, and she is guided to a vacant room. With Dr. Marcello, she discovers that the voice that guided her to spot is tape recorded. Nora and Marcello discover that the room is leased to Landini, after several unsuccessful attempts to locate Landini, Nora and Marcello go to the beach to relax. Upon their return to the Craven house, they find Landini, investigative reporter Landini has secretly been following them since he spotted Nora in the square. The reporter wrote about the story when it first broke
32.
Black Sabbath (film)
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Black Sabbath is a 1963 horror film directed by Mario Bava. The film is centered on three separate tales that have an introduction and conclusion from Boris Karloff, the film stars an international cast in three short stories. The first, titled The Telephone, involves Suzy who continually receives threatening calls from an unseen stalker. The second is The Wurdulak, where a man named Gorca returns to his family claiming to have slain a Wurdulak. Black Sabbath follows the 1960s trend of Italian film productions, being a low budget horror film with an international cast. The film is credited to various authors but is based on several uncredited sources. Several changes were made to the script even after the film had gone into production, American International Pictures suggested changes to Mario Bava during filming to make the film acceptable for the American target audience. The company created their own English language dub of the film that removed scenes involving violence and this version greatly changed the plot of The Telephone, giving it a supernatural story element and removing any reference to lesbianism or prostitution. A follow-up to Black Sabbath titled Scarlet Friday was originally going to be directed by Bava, plans for a remake were announced in 2004 with Jonathan Hensleigh attached to write the script. Black Sabbath has received reviews from critics. In the early 2010s, Time Out magazine conducted a poll with several authors, directors, actors, Black Sabbath placed at number 73. Note, This plot summary refers to the original Italian version of the film Rosy and she receives a series of strange phone calls. The caller eventually identifies himself as Frank, her pimp who has recently escaped from prison. Rosy is terrified, it was her testimony that sent Frank to prison, the women have been estranged, but Rosy is certain that only Mary can help her. Mary agrees to come over that night, seconds later, Frank calls again, promising that no matter what Rosy does he will have his revenge. Rosy doesnt realize that Mary is impersonating Frank on the telephone, Mary arrives at Rosys apartment and attempts to calm Rosys nerves. Mary provides Rosy with a knife for protection before she goes to sleep. As Rosy sleeps, Mary writes a confession explaining that she made the calls to force a reunion, while she is writing, an intruder enters the apartment
33.
Blood and Black Lace
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Blood and Black Lace is a 1964 Italian horror thriller film directed by Mario Bava. Bava co-wrote the screenplay with Giuseppe Barilla and Marcello Fondato, the film stars Cameron Mitchell and Eva Bartok. The story concerns the stalking and brutal murders of various scantily-clad fashion models, the film is generally considered one of the earliest and most influential of all giallo films and served as a stylistic template for the body count slasher films of the 1980s. Tim Lucas has noted that the film has gone on to inspire legions of contemporary filmmakers, in 2004, one of its sequences was voted No.85 in The 100 Scariest Movie Moments by the Bravo TV network. Police Inspector Sylvester is assigned to investigate the murder and he interviews Max Marian, the manager who co-manages the salon with his lover and it is revealed that Isabella had kept a diary detailing these vices, and suddenly almost every employee becomes nervous. Nicole finds the diary, and she promises to provide it to the police and that night, Nicole drives to an antique store owned by her paramour, Frank. He is not there, and while inside she suddenly finds herself stalked by a black clad figure and she gets to the front entrance door but is grabbed from behind by the masked individual, who raises and slams a spiked glove into her face, killing her instantly. The murderer searches the corpse and her purse for the diary, when it becomes clear that she did not have it, the killer runs out of the shop. The murderer next visits Peggys apartment, the killer gains entrance simply by knocking on the front door, and when Peggy opens it, the masked figure abruptly walks inside. The assailant slaps and hits her repeatedly, and she explains that she no longer has the diary and had in fact burned it in the fireplace. When her attacker checks the fireplace to see if she told the truth, enraged, the murderer hits her over and over again in the face until she is knocked unconscious. The assailant then carries her away just as the police arrive, Peggy is taken to another location and tied to a chair. The killer tortures her, demanding to know where the diary is, the woman reaches up and knocks off the mask. The shocked girl recognizes her assailant, who proceeds to kill her brutally by slowly pressing her face against the surface of a burning furnace. Inspector Sylvester is convinced that the murderer is one of the men employed at the fashion house, however, while the suspects are in custody, Greta discovers Peggys corpse hidden in the trunk of her car, and is then attacked and smothered to death by the killer. After discovering the bodies of the latest victims, Sylvester releases all of the men, Max visits Cristina and reminds her about how he had assisted in the murder of her husband. Isabella had found out that Max had been involved in the crime, when she started asking for more and more money, Max murdered her. It was only later that Max and Cristina realized she had been keeping a diary that revealed everything, while attempting to retrieve the diary, Max had also killed Nicole and Peggy
34.
Planet of the Vampires
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Planet of the Vampires is a 1965 Italian/Spanish science fiction horror film, produced by Fulvio Lucisano, directed by Mario Bava, that stars Barry Sullivan and Norma Bengell. American International Pictures released the film as the feature on a double bill with Daniel Hallers Die, Monster. The story follows the experiences of the crew members of two giant spaceships that have crash landed on a forbidding, unexplored planet. The disembodied inhabitants of the world possess the bodies of the crew who died during the crash, the film was co-produced by AIP and Italian International Film, with some financing provided by Spains Castilla Cooperativa Cinematográfica. Ib Melchior and Louis M. Heyward are credited with the script for the AIP English-language release version, years after its release, some critics have suggested that Bavas film was a major influence on Ridley Scotts Alien and Prometheus, in both narrative details and visual design. Two huge interplanetary ships on an expedition into deep uncharted space receive a distress signal emanating from Aura, both ships, the Galliott and the Argos, attempt to land on the surface of the fog-encased world. While entering the atmosphere, the crew of the Argos becomes possessed by an unknown force. Only Captain Markary has the will to resist, and is able to all of the others aboard his ship out of their hypnotic. After the Argos lands on the surface, the crew disembarks, thick, pulsating mists, lit by ever-shifting eerie colors, saturate the terrain. When they finally arrive at the ship, they find that the crew members have killed each other. Markarys younger brother, Toby, is among the dead and they proceed to bury as many of the corpses as they can, but several bodies are locked inside the ships bridge. Markary departs to get tools for opening the room. Some of the Argos crew are found dead, Tiona sees their corpses walking in the ship, and becomes paralyzed with fear. Markary advises the survivors that they must escape from Aura, unfortunately, the Argos incurred serious damage during the landing, and repairs will take time. During the waiting period that ensues, several more killings occur, in a private tape recording, Markary admits that he suspects none of them will survive. While exploring Aura, Wes discovers the ruins of a spaceship a few miles from the Argos. Inside the ship, they discover large skeletal remains of the dead crew. Markary and Sanya are temporarily trapped inside the ship, but manage to escape, two crew members of the Galliott, Kier and Sallis, arrive at the Argos to steal the ships Meteor Rejector device
35.
Kill, Baby, Kill
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Kill, Baby, Kill is a 1966 Italian horror film directed by Mario Bava and starring Giacomo Rossi-Stuart and Erika Blanc. In 1907, Dr. Paul Eswai is sent to a Carpathian village to perform an autopsy on a woman who died under mysterious circumstances in an abandoned church, there, he meets Monica Shuftan, a native of the town who has returned to visit her parents graves. Upon performing the autopsy, he finds a silver coin embedded in the womans heart. The local villagers are accustomed to medicinal practices and superstitions Dr. Eswai finds preposterous, after Nadienne, the daughter of local innkeepers, is visited by the girl, the village witch named Ruth performs a ritual to help reverse the curse. The following evening, while venturing through the village, Eswai goes to meet with a colleague, Inspector Kruger, upon arriving at large, decrepit home, she informs him that she knows of no such Kruger. Upon leaving, Eswai also encounters the young girl. Meanwhile, Monica has a nightmare about the child. She runs into Eswai in the street, and he offers to take her to the inn so she can sleep, at the inn, Eswai finds Nadienne has become increasingly ill, and gives her parents medicine to help her. In the local cemetery, Eswai finds two gravediggers burying the corpse of Inspector Kruger, who had shot in the head. Simultaneously, Nadienne is awoken by the girl at her window. When he goes to retrieve documents proving so, he is attacked by Melissa, Monica and Eswai attempt to get the villagers—who are reluctant to help them—attention by ringing the bell in the abandoned church. In the church, they find a passageway, in which Monica experiences déjà vu. Inside, they discover the Graps family tomb, which includes that of Melissa and they find a staircase leading out of the tomb, which takes them inside the Baroness Graps home, who confronts them in the hallway. The Baroness reveals that Melissa died while fetching a toy ball during a village festival. Melissa appears in the room, and Monica suddenly vanishes through a doorway, Eswai chases after her through a series of doorways before finding himself locked in a room. He loses consciousness, and awakens in Ruths home, back at the Graps manor, the Baroness reveals to Monica that she is in fact her daughter, and Melissa her sister. Melissas ghost appears, and chases Monica through the manor, down the grand staircase, Ruth arrives at the manor and confronts the Baroness. The Baroness stabs her through the chest with a fire poker, Eswai and Monica leave the manor as the sun rises in the distance
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