1.
L. Frank Baum
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Lyman Frank Baum, better known by his pen name L. Frank Baum, was an American author chiefly known for his childrens books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He wrote thirteen novel sequels, nine other novels, and a host of other works. Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family and he had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry, and was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. Lyman was the name of his fathers brother, but he disliked it. Benjamin Baum succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, L. Frank Baum grew up on his parents expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York, Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a printing press. He had always close to his younger brother Henry Clay Baum. The brothers published several issues of the journal, which included advertisements, at 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg, Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable and his skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family and his father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life, Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way, disillusioned, Baum left the theater — temporarily — and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-laws dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story The Suicide of Kiaros, a fellow clerk one day was found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage and he performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, the Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Blacks novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it, and acted in the leading role and his aunt Katharine Gray played his characters aunt
2.
William Wallace Denslow
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Denslow, was an American illustrator and caricaturist remembered for his work in collaboration with author L. Frank Baum, especially his illustrations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Denslow was an editorial cartoonist with a strong interest in politics, born in Philadelphia, Denslow spent brief periods at the National Academy of Design and the Cooper Union in New York, but was largely self-educated and self-trained. In the 1880s, he traveled about the United States as an artist and newspaper reporter, he came to Chicago for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893, and chose to stay. Denslow acquired his earliest reputation as a poster artist, he designed books and bookplates. Denslow may have met Baum at the Chicago Press Club, where men were members. Besides The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Denslow also illustrated Baums books By the Candelabras Glare, Father Goose, His Book, Baum and Denslow held the copyrights to most of these works jointly. Denslow illustrated an edition of traditional nursery rhymes titled Denslows Mother Goose, along with Denslows Night Before Christmas and the 18-volume Denslows Picture Books series. He also used his copyright to the art of the Baum books to newspaper comic strips featuring Father Goose. He also created the comic strip Billy Bounce, notable as one of the earliest comic strips in which the protagonist has some manner of super powers. The royalties from the print and stage versions of The Wizard of Oz were sufficient to allow Denslow to purchase Blucks Island, Bermuda, Denslow wrote and illustrated a childrens book called The Pearl and the Pumpkin. Denslow had three wives and three divorces in his lifetime and his first wife, Annie McCartney married him in 1882 and gave birth to his only child, a son, the following year. The couple were separated, however, and Denslow never saw his son. They finally divorced in 1896, freeing her to marry the man she lived with for five months and that same day, February 20,1896, Denslow married Anne Holden Denslow, the daughter of Martha Holden, writer. The marriage did not last long either, Anne filed for divorce in September 1903, alleging that he told her in June 1901 that he did not love her and henceforth declined to live with her. In less than a month she married a young artist, their friend, Lawrence Mazzanovich, Denslow then married his third wife, Mrs. Frances G. Doolittle December 24. Frances left him in 1906 and they divorced in 1911. He rewrote his will in 1914 leaving his estate to a fourth woman, Works by William Wallace Denslow at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William Wallace Denslow at Internet Archive Works by William Wallace Denslow at LibriVox Hearn, Michael Patrick. “The Man Behind the Man Behind Oz, W. W, Denslow at 150” AIGA July 5,2006
3.
Fantasy novel
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Fantasy literature is the body of written works that employ the motifs, themes, and stylistic approaches expected in the fantasy genre. Historically, most works of fantasy were written pieces of literature, since the 1960s, a growing segment of the fantasy genre has taken the form of films, television programs, graphic novels, video games, music and painting. Stories involving paranormal magic and terrible monsters have existed in spoken forms before the advent of printed literature, homers Odyssey satisfies the definition of the fantasy genre with its magic, gods, heroes, adventures and monsters. Fantasy literature as a distinct type emerged in Victorian times, with the works of such as Mary Shelley, William Morris. J. R. R. Tolkien played a role in the popularization and accessibility of the fantasy genre with his highly successful publications The Hobbit. Rarely does one consider modern fantasy without conjuring the memory and image of Tolkien, Tolkien was largely influenced by an ancient body of Anglo-Saxon myths, particularly Beowulf, as well as modern works such as The Worm Ouroboros by E. R. Eddison. Tolkiens close friend C. S. Lewis, author of The Chronicles of Narnia, the tradition established by these predecessors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has continued to thrive and be adapted by new authors. Tolkiens fiction has—particularly over the genre of high fantasy—prompted backlash, at the turn of the millennium, the Harry Potter novels of J. K. Rowling achieved widespread popularity. R. Martin in 2005, and 2011, Neil Gaiman in 2005, authors often engage in worldbuilding, constructing a framework or entire world against which the narrative plays out. Symbolism often plays a significant role in literature, often through the use of archetypal figures inspired by earlier texts or folklore. Some argue that fantasy literature and its archetypes fulfill a function for individuals and society, le Guin, in her essay From Elfland to Poughkeepsie, presented the idea that language is the most crucial element of high fantasy, because it creates a sense of place. She analyzed the misuse of a formal, olden-day style, saying that it was a trap for fantasy writers because it was ridiculous when done wrong. Brian Peters writes that in various forms of fantasy, even the villains language might be inappropriate if vulgar. The fantastical details of the series fade away by the installment, revealing that the wizarding community of the Harry Potter books is just as bad, if not worse. Farah Mendlesohn argues the world of literature is broken up into four categories, the portal quest, the immersive, the intrusive. How the fantastic enters the world is what determines how a story fits into these categories. In a portal quest such as C. S. Lewis The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, The Witch, in the intrusion fantasies like Bram Stokers Dracula, the fantastic invades the fictional world. With liminal fantasy, for example Phillip Pullman’s His Dark Materials, The Subtle Knife, tolkiens The Hobbit for example, allows the reader no escape from the fantastic
4.
Children's literature
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Childrens literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children. Modern childrens literature is classified in two different ways, genre or the age of the reader. Childrens literature can be traced to stories and songs, part of an oral tradition. The development of childrens literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many childrens tales were originally created for adults. Since the 15th century, a quantity of literature, often with a moral or religious message, has been aimed specifically at children. The late nineteenth and early centuries became known as the Golden Age of Childrens Literature as this period included the publication of many books acknowledged today as classics. There is no single or widely used definition of childrens literature and it can be broadly defined as anything that children read or more specifically defined as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or drama intended for and used by children and young people. The International Companion Encyclopedia of Childrens Literature notes that the boundaries of genre. are not fixed but blurred, sometimes, no agreement can be reached about whether a given work is best categorized as literature for adults or children. Rowlings Harry Potter series was written and marketed for young adults, the series extreme popularity led The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for childrens books. Despite the widespread association of childrens literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before printing, seth Lerer, in the opening of Childrens Literature, A Readers History from Aesop to Harry Potter, says, This book presents a history of what children have heard and read. The history I write of is a history of reception, early childrens literature consisted of spoken stories, songs, and poems that were used to educate, instruct, and entertain children. It was only in the 18th century, with the development of the concept of childhood, that a genre of childrens literature began to emerge, with its own divisions, expectations. French historian Philippe Ariès argues in his 1962 book Centuries of Childhood that the concept of childhood only emerged in recent times. He explains that children were in the past not considered as different from adults and were not given significantly different treatment. Pre-modern childrens literature, therefore, tended to be of a didactic and moralistic nature, with the purpose of conveying conduct-related, educational, during the 17th century, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection, the English philosopher John Locke developed his theory of the tabula rasa in his 1690 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and he also suggested that picture books be created for children
5.
George M. Hill Company
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George M. Hill Company was a publishing company based in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1893 by George M. Hill, who learned the trade through an apprenticeship. In 1901, the main offerings were childrens novels authored by L. Frank Baum. It sold Dot and Tot of Merryland and American Fairy Tales, the company also published a reprint of the 1847 edition of Websters Dictionary, which was out of copyright. In 1902, it purchased the right from the G. & C, merriam Company to publish the 1864 unabridged edition of the dictionary with an additional 10,000 words from the 1879 version. Compelled to declare bankruptcy in March 1902, the company had, on April 26, Robert O. Law was selected by the court to be the interim trustee. Law authorized the selling of George M. Hill Companys property, on March 29, Publishers Weekly reported the sale of hundreds of plates and juvenile books, including books that had yet to be published and Baums works. Despite Hills attempts to repossess his company, the George W. Ogilvie Company was established on May 8 to manage its holdings. Having purchased Hills manufacturing plant, C. O. Owen & Co. resold it to the Hill Bindery Company, L. Frank Baum and W. W. Denslow wanted to publish Father Goose in color. Because few publishers would spend the money to have the books illustrations done as they desired, Denslow had previous involvement with George M. Hill Company. He and Baum brought the drafts of their novel to Hill in the hopes that the company would makes samples for them, Hill not only complied, but he also promised to publish it if Baum and Denslow paid for the color plates. The books initial printing was 5,700 copies which sold out. Subsequent printings were also sold out, and Father Goose came to be the bestselling picture book in 1900. In 1900, Hill also published The Songs of Father Goose, Hill gave Baum and Denslow a $1,000 advance to be shared equally on The Emerald City. Later the title was changed to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In their contract, every time the book was sold at the retail price of $1.50. That portion of the contract was dissolved by agreement of all parties because Hill failed to fulfill another part of the contract. Though Hill pledged to publish the book in England, Baum later said it was never done, notes Footnotes Bibliography Media related to George M. Hill Company at Wikimedia Commons
6.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
7.
The Marvelous Land of Oz
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This and the next 34 Oz books of the famous 40 were illustrated by John R. Neill. The book was made into an episode of The Shirley Temple Show in 1960 and it was also adapted in comic book form by Marvel Comics, with the first issue being released in November 2009. Plot elements from The Marvelous Land of Oz are included in the 1985 Disney feature film Return to Oz, the events are set shortly after the events in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and after Dorothy Gales departure back to Kansas. The protagonist of the novel is a boy called Tip. For as long as he can remember, Tip has been under the guardianship of a cruel Wicked Witch named Mombi, Mombi has always been extremely mean and abusive to Tip. As Mombi is returning home one day, Tip plans to get revenge and frighten her with a man he has made, with a large Jack-o-lantern he carves for a head. To Tips dismay, Mombi is not fooled by this trick, Mombi tells Tip that she intends to transform him into a marble statue to punish him for his mischievous ways. In order to avoid being turned into a statue, Tip runs away with Jack that very same night. He uses it to animate the wooden Sawhorse for Jack to ride, the Sawhorse runs so quickly that Tip is left behind. Walking alone, he meets General Jinjurs all-girl Army of Revolt, meanwhile, Jack and the Sawhorse arrive at the Emerald City and make the acquaintance of His Majesty the Scarecrow. Jinjur and her crew invade the Emerald city, terrorize the citizens, Tip joins Jack and the Scarecrow in the palace, and they escape on the Sawhorses back. The companions arrive at the tin castle of the Tin Woodman and plan to retake the Emerald City with his help, on their way back, they are diverted by the magic of Mombi. They are joined by the Highly Magnified and Thoroughly Educated Woggle-Bug, the Queen of the field mice allows the Scarecrow to take twelve mice concealed in his straw. When the party reaches the Emerald City, Jinjur and her soldiers imprison the group, however, the female soldiers are scared by the field mice and leave the citys palace. However, they occupy the grounds of the city. The travelers are imprisoned in the palace, the Scarecrow proposes manufacturing a clever flying machine with a Gumps stuffed head to direct it. Tip uses the powder of life to animate this machine, which is assembled from the palace furniture and they land in a nest of jackdaws which is full of all of the birds stolen goods. The flying Gumps wings are damaged in the landing, the jackdaws return to their nest and attack the travelers, carrying off the Scarecrows straw
8.
The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)
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The Wizard of Oz was a 1902 musical extravaganza based on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, which was originally published in 1900. Although Baum is the credited bookwriter, Glen MacDonough was hired on as jokewriter after Baum had finished the script and it starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, Fred Stone as the Scarecrow and David C. Arthur Hill played the Cowardly Lion, but in this version his role was reduced to a bit part, the Wicked Witch of the West is mentioned but does not appear in this version, and Toto is replaced by a cow named Imogene. Other new characters in the piece are King Pastoria II and his girlfriend, Trixie Tryfle, Cynthia Cynch, Sir Dashemoff Daily, Sir Wiley Gyle, Dorothy Gales surname was introduced in this piece. It was not mentioned in the novel, though it is mentioned in Ozma of Oz. The main plot of the show, as recounted in newspapers of the time, is Pastorias attempts to regain the throne from the Wizard of Oz, the original protagonists search for the Wizard puts them on the wrong side of the law. A young girl named Dorothy Gale lives on the great Kansas prairies with her Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, one day, while she is playing with her pet cow Imogene, a fierce whirlwind appears. Dorothy and Toto take shelter in the farmhouse, which is carried far away into the clouds. Meanwhile, in the hamlet of Center Munch, the little Munchkins dance around their maypole, not noticing that Dorothys house has fallen to earth, Dorothy opens the front door and marvels at the strange Land of Oz. The Good Witch of the North awards Dorothy with a ring that grants her three wishes and can summon Glinda the Good Witch of the South at any time. The Good Witch then waves her wand and a pair of beautiful shoes appear on Dorothys feet and she tells Dorothy that if she wants to get home, she must ask the Wizard of Oz to help her. After a while everyone exits, and Dorothy is left alone with a Scarecrow hung on a pole and she wishes she had someone to talk to, and the Scarecrow comes to life. He gets down from the pole and complains that he has no brain, Dorothy suggests that he join her on the road to the Emerald City, and he sings Alas for the Man Without Brains. Dorothy and the Scarecrow come upon the Tin Woodman, who has rusted playing his piccolo, as it turns out, the Woodmans real name is Niccolo Chopper. He explains that the Wicked Witch of the West took his heart, so he cannot love Cynthia and he joins the others in the hope of receiving a heart from the Wizard, so that he can return to Cynthia. The Keeper of the Gates patrols outside the Emerald City, Sir Wiley Gyle enters, a mad old inventor who has scorned magic since his mother died. He is sent to prison for murdering his wife, and the enter the Emerald City. The Wizard gives the Scarecrow a brain and the Tin Woodman a heart and he declares this the greatest of all his achievements and calls for a celebration
9.
The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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The film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. Notable for its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score and it was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, but lost to Gone with the Wind. It did win in two categories, including Best Original Song for Over the Rainbow and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart. However, the film was a box office disappointment on its release, earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget. It was MGMs most expensive production at that time, and did not completely recoup the studios investment and turn a profit until theatrical re-releases starting in 1949. The film was named the most-viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress, designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. It is also one of the few films on UNESCOs Memory of the World Register, the Wizard of Oz is often ranked on best-movie lists in critics and public polls. It is the source of many quotes referenced in popular culture. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming, noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, but uncredited contributions were made by others. The songs were written by Edgar Yip Harburg and Harold Arlen, the musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart. The film begins in Kansas, which is depicted in a sepia tone, Dorothy Gale lives with her dog Toto on the farm of her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. Dorothys dog gets in trouble with a neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch. However, Dorothys family and the farmhands are all too busy to pay attention to her, Miss Gulch arrives with permission from the sheriff to have Toto euthanized. She takes him away, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy and they meet Professor Marvel, a phony but kindly fortune teller, who realizes Dorothy has run away and tricks her via his crystal ball into believing that Aunt Em is ill so that she must return home. She races home just as a tornado strikes. Unable to get into her familys storm cellar, she seeks safety in her bedroom, a wind-blown window sash hits her in the head, knocking her out. The house is picked up and sent spinning in the air by the twister, the farmhouse crashes in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz, where the film changes to Technicolor. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine, as the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East, leaving only her stocking feet exposed
10.
Dorothy Gale
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Dorothy Gale is the fictional protagonist of many of the Oz novels by the American author L. Frank Baum. Her best friend is Ozs ruler Princess Ozma, Dorothy first appears in Baums classic childrens novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and reappears in most of its sequels. In addition, she is the character in various adaptations, notably the classic 1939 movie adaptation of the book. In later books, Oz steadily becomes more familiar to her than her homeland of Kansas, Dorothys best friend Princess Ozma officially makes her a princess of Oz later in the book series. An influence on the creation of Dorothy appears to be the Alice books of Lewis Carroll, Dorothys character was probably named after Baums own niece, Dorothy Louise Gage, who died in infancy. Baums wife was very attached to her and was grieved by her death. Elements of Dorothy Gales character are derived from Matilda Joslyn Gage. Dorothy Gage is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Bloomington, Illinois, Dorothys last name is never mentioned in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz or The Marvelous Land of Oz, the first two Oz books. It is disclosed in the third book Ozma of Oz, the last name of Gale was originally mentioned in Baums script for the 1902 Broadway stage version of The Wizard of Oz, in which it was originally a setup for a punning joke. In the Oz books, Dorothy is an orphan raised by her aunt, whether Aunt Em or Uncle Henry is Dorothys blood relative remains unclear. Uncle Henry makes reference to Dorothys mother in The Emerald City of Oz, in many of the Oz books, Dorothy is the main heroine of the story. She is often seen with her best friend and the ruler of Oz and she brazenly rebuffs Princess Langwideres threat to take her head for her collection — Well, I blieve you wont. This aspect of her character was lessened by her companionship of Ozma, in whom Baum placed the greater level of wisdom. Dorothy has several pets, including her white/pink/purple kitten, Eureka. Popular in crossword puzzles is Dorothys cow, Imogene, from the 1902 stage version, eric Shanowers novel, The Giant Garden of Oz, features a cow named Imogene. She becomes princess of Oz and Ozmas companion essentially marrying the queen, in Jack Snows The Magical Mimics in Oz, Ozma places Dorothy on the throne of Oz while she is away visiting Queen Lurlines fairy band. The magic of Oz keeps Dorothy young, in The Lost King of Oz, a Wish Way carries Dorothy to a film set in Hollywood, California. She begins to age rapidly to her late 20s, making up for at least some of the years that have already passed
11.
Land of Oz
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The fictional Land of Oz is a magical country first introduced in the classic childrens novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The US Library of Congress has considered it the best home grown fairytale and it is to the United States what Lewis Carrolls Wonderland and C. S. Lewis Narnia are to the United Kingdom. Oz consists of four vast quadrants, the North, South, East and West, each of which has its own ruler, however, the realm itself has always been ruled by one official dominant monarch, who represents the entire country as a whole. Due to Ozs worldwide success, Baum decided to return to it four years after his first Oz book was published. After his death in 1919, author Ruth Plumly Thompson, illustrator John R. Neill, there are over 50 novels based upon Baums original Oz saga. Baum originally intended for Oz to be a real, existing place, unlike MGMs 1939 musical movie adaptation and this is what makes it nearly impossible for anyone to deliberately visit or leave the realm of Oz, thus keeping the continent safe from global discovery and unwanted invasion. The canonical demonym for Oz is Ozite, the term appears in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, The Road to Oz, and The Emerald City of Oz. Elsewhere in the canon, Ozmie is also used, in the animated 1974 semi-sequel to the MGM film, Journey Back to Oz, Ozonian is used. The term Ozian appears in the script for the Royal Shakespeare Companys stage adaptation of the MGM movie, ozmite was used in Reilly & Lee marketing in the 1920s, which has suggested to some critics that Ozmie may have been a typographical error. Oz is, in the first book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, distinguished from Dorothys native Kansas by not being civilized, in the third book, Ozma of Oz, Oz is described as a fairy country, new terminology that remained to explain its wonders. In the center of Oz, where the cross, is the fabled Emerald City, capital of the land of Oz and seat to the monarch of Oz. The effect is consistent in later works. Baum, indeed, never used the color schema consistently, in books, he alluded to the colors to orient the characters and readers to their location. His most common technique was to depict the man-made articles and flowers as the color of the country, leaving leaves, grass, most of these regions are settled with prosperous and contented people. However, this naturally is lacking in scope for plot, numerous pockets throughout the land of Oz are cut off from the main culture, for geographic or cultural reasons. Many have never heard of Ozma, making it impossible for them to acknowledge her as their rightful queen and these regions are concentrated around the edges of the country, and constitute the main settings for books that are set entirely within Oz. The Lost Princess of Oz, for instance is set entirely in rough country in Winkie Country, in Glinda of Oz, Ozma speaks of her duty to discover all these stray corners of Oz. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a brick road leads from the lands of the Munchkins to the Emerald City
12.
Toto (Oz)
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Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baums Oz series of childrens books, and works derived from them. The name is pronounced with a long O, a homophone of toe toe, the dog was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of the Wizard of Oz. He reappears in numerous adaptations, such as The Wizard of Oz, The Wiz, Toto belongs to Dorothy Gale, the heroine of the first and many subsequent books. In the first book, he never spoke, although other animals, native to Oz, in subsequent books, other animals gained the ability to speak upon reaching Oz or similar lands, but Toto remained speechless. In Tik-Tok of Oz, continuity is restored, Toto reveals that he is able to talk, just like animals in the land of Oz. In The Lost Princess of Oz, he talks a blue streak, other major appearances include The Road to Oz, The Emerald City of Oz, Grampa in Oz and The Magical Mimics in Oz, in which he is the first to recognize the Mimics. In subsequent books he becomes a Boston Terrier for reasons that are never explained, Toto is the title character in two apocryphal Oz books, Toto in Oz by Chris Dulabone and Toto of Oz by Gina Wickwar. On the way, he wanders into the town of Arfrica, digs up an ivory scepter that he mistakes for a bone and he requires everyone to learn the language of dogs in a series of lessons. When he is about to be forced into a marriage with a princess, he escapes on a magic carpet. Ultimately, he names a Second Magistrate to serve in his place, in Gregory Maguires novel Wicked, The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, Toto is a minor character who is only described as being vile and annoying. In the musical adaption Wicked, he is mentioned briefly when Glinda mistakenly calls him Dodo. In the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, Toto was played by a female brindle Cairn Terrier whose real name was Terry and she was paid a $125 salary each week, which was far more than many of the human actors. During production, Terrys foot was broken one of the Winkie guards accidentally stepped on it. A second dog had to be used while she healed, due to the popularity of the movie, and because that role was the one she was most remembered for, her owner and trainer changed her official name to Toto. She actually appeared in 13 films, willard Carroll wrote her autobiography, I, Toto. When she died in 1945 Carl Spitz buried her on his ranch in Studio City, however, the construction of the Ventura Freeway in 1958 destroyed her grave. On June 18,2011 a permanent memorial for Terry was dedicated at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles, in Disneys 1985 movie Return to Oz, Toto was played by a female Border Terrier named Tansy. The 1978 movie version of The Wiz featured a dark gray Schnauzer as Toto, Toto appears in The Wizard of Oz cartoon with his vocal effects provided by Frank Welker
13.
Kansas
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Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous, tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. When it was opened to settlement by the U. S. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29,1861, after the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles is the 15th largest state by area and is the 34th most populous of the 50 United States with a population of 2,911,641, residents of Kansas are called Kansans, officially. Mount Sunflower is Kansass highest point at 4,041 feet, for a millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, in 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, from 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state, the Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30,1854, establishing the U. S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery, the secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29,1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature and his application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record
14.
Tornado
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A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that spins while in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour, are about 250 feet across, the most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 miles per hour, are more than two miles in diameter, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles. Various types of tornadoes include the multiple vortex tornado, landspout and waterspout, waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water and these spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator, and are less common at high latitudes. Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, downbursts are frequently confused with tornadoes, though their action is dissimilar. Tornadoes have been observed and documented on every continent except Antarctica, however, the vast majority of tornadoes occur in the Tornado Alley region of the United States, although they can occur nearly anywhere in North America. There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes, the Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, an F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes, Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating. The word tornado is a form of the Spanish word tronada. This in turn was taken from the Latin tonare, meaning to thunder and it most likely reached its present form through a combination of the Spanish tronada and tornar, however, this may be a folk etymology. A tornado is also referred to as a twister, and is also sometimes referred to by the old-fashioned colloquial term cyclone. The term cyclone is used as a synonym for tornado in the often-aired 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the term twister is also used in that film, along with being the title of the 1996 tornado-related film Twister. A tornado is a rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud. For a vortex to be classified as a tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the cloud base. Scientists have not yet created a definition of the word, for example. Tornado refers to the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud and this results in the formation of a visible funnel cloud or condensation funnel. There is some disagreement over the definition of cloud and condensation funnel
15.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
16.
Maud Gage Baum
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Maud Gage Baum was the wife of L. Frank Baum. Her mother was the suffragist Matilda Joslyn Gage, in her early life, she attended a boys high school and was raised to be headstrong. Maud lived in Fayetteville, New York, with her parents until she married Frank in 1882. At the onset of their marriage, she accompanied her husbands acting troupe throughout the United States, after she became pregnant, Maud and Frank settled down in a rented house, where she gave birth to Frank Joslyn in 1883. Complications arising from giving birth to her second son Robert Stanton in 1886 caused Maud to become afflicted with peritonitis, Ill for two years, she found solace in visiting her mother and siblings. In 1889 and 1891, she gave birth to Harry Neal and Kenneth Gage, described by her children as a no-nonsense mother, Maud took charge of the family finances and the disciplining of her children. She was their primary caretaker because her husbands business obligations frequently led to his being away for weeks at a time, the family moved to Aberdeen, South Dakota, in 1888 because Maud wished to be near her brother and two sisters. After her husband was unable to sustain a living there, they moved to Chicago, because of their dire financial situation, Maud also worked, teaching embroidery and lace-making. Beginning in 1900, her husbands best-selling picture book, Father Goose, His Book and they began spending their summers at a cottage in Macatawa Park, Michigan. In November of that year, Frank transferred to Maud the literary rights of his most recent books, including Father Goose, by dint of Franks literary successes, Maud and Frank were financially secure enough to tour Egypt and Europe for six months. Since Frank was frequently occupied with penning stories for his publishers and these letters were later published in 1907 as In Other Lands Than Ours for friends and family. After Frank died, she authorized Ruth Plumly Thompson to write more Oz sequels, in 1953, she died at 91 years of age, surviving her husband by 34 years. Born on March 27,1861 to Matilda Joslyn Gage and Henry Hill Gage Maud was the youngest of their four children and she had two sisters, Helen Leslie Gage and Julia Gage Carpenter, and a brother, Thomas Clarkson Gage. Her mother was a feminist who fought for rights. A relative noted that Mauds mother was a woman of force who ruled her mild, gentle husband, Maud lived with her graying parents in a Greek Revival home in Fayetteville, New York. Baum scholar Evan I. Schwartz wrote that Maud had dark hair, a shapely figure, in her youth, Maud went to a boys high school. Both she and her husband, L. Frank Baum, attended Syracuse Classical School. In September 1880, Maud headed to Cornell University, leaving on a train and her brother, Clarkson, had graduated as one of the top of the class, though her elder sisters did not attend a university
17.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
18.
The Palmer House Hilton
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The Palmer House Hilton is a famous and historic hotel in Chicago in the citys Loop area. Currently operating as the Palmer House - A Hilton Hotel, it is a Historic Hotel of America member, three Palmer House hotels have been located at the corner of State and Monroe streets in Chicago. The first was built as a present from Potter Palmer to his bride Bertha Honoré. It opened on September 26,1871, but burned down just 13 days later on October 9,1871 in the Great Chicago Fire. Palmer immediately set to rebuilding, and with a $1.7 million signature loan. Designed by architect John M. Van Osdel, the second Palmer House Hotel was seven stories and its amenities included oversized rooms, luxurious decor, and sumptuous meals served in grand style. The floor of its barber shop was tiled and silver dollars were embedded in a diamond pattern, constructed mainly of iron and brick, the hotel was widely advertised as, The Worlds Only Fire Proof Hotel. By the 1920s, the business in downtown Chicago could support a larger facility. They hired Holabird & Roche to design the building, between 1923 and 1925, the hotel was rebuilt on the same site. In December 1945, Conrad Hilton bought the Palmer House for $20 million, in 2005, it was sold to Thor Equities, but it remains part of the Hilton chain. From 2007 to 2009, the hotel was renovated and restored by the architecture firm Loebl Schlossman & Hackl. The total cost was over $170 million, the hotel has a total of 1,639 guest rooms, making it the second-largest hotel in the city after the Hyatt Regency Chicago. It has recently had its name adjusted to Palmer House - A Hilton Hotel, chocolate brownie, invented at the hotel. Robert V. Bernstein, A Hotel Looks Back to Its 1920s Glamour, New York Times, October 25,2008 Palmer House Hilton Reviews - Reviews of guests who have visited the hotel
19.
Harry Neal Baum
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Harry Neal Baum was an American author and the third son of L. Frank Baum. His father dedicated his 1902 novel The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus to him, Baum, who received a Ph. D. in medieval history, wrote a number of history books for children. He worked in several advertising companies and ghostwrote the 1917 novel Mary Louise Solves a Mystery to satisfy his ill fathers publishing obligations, raised in Chicago, Baum was born in Aberdeen, South Dakota, on December 18,1889, to Maud Gage and L. Frank Baum. His brothers were Frank Joslyn, Robert Stanton, and Kenneth Gage. Baum received a Ph. D. in medieval history and he coauthored with Olive Beaupre Miller the Book of History, a 1929 four-volume work published by The Bookhouse for Children. He served as a president of Burson-Marsteller. He worked as a manager at Fairbanks-Morse before being employed at Gebhardt & Brockson. L. Frank Baum dedicated his 1902 novel The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus to Harry, because of L. Frank Baums deteriorating health in 1917, he was unable to fulfill his obligations to his publishers. Therefore, Harry ghostwrote the 1917 novel Mary Louise Solves a Mystery, in 1944, Harry starred as President Woodrow Wilson in the play The Time to Come produced by the Little Theater of Western Springs. He stated that he considered acting to be only a hobby and he had seen the opening production of The Wizard of Oz, which had been written by his father. Baum also served as the host of a number of meetings held by The International Wizard of Oz Club. At the 1964 convention, he awarded a plaque, the annual clubs annual Oz award. Baum married Mary Niles in 1910, in 1942, he married Brenda Holter, a pianist and composer who served as the president of Chicagos Musicians Club of Women. Baum retired to Bass Lake, Indiana, at which he managed the Wizard of Oz lodge, upon his death, on June 7,1967, he was survived by his wife, Brenda. He was also survived by sons Richard and Henry and daughters Ann and Judith, notes Bibliography Harry Neal Baum at The International Wizard of Oz Club
20.
Sing a Song of Sixpence
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Sing a Song of Sixpence is a well-known English nursery rhyme, perhaps originating in the 18th century. It is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as number 13191, four and twenty blackbirds, Baked in a pie. When the pie was opened The birds began to sing, Wasnt that a dainty dish, the king was in his counting house, Counting out his money, The queen was in the parlour, Eating bread and honey. The maid was in the garden, Hanging out the clothes, the final line of the fourth verse is sometimes slightly varied, with nose pecked or nipped off. One of the following additional verses is often added to moderate the ending, They sent for the doctor, who sewed it on again, He sewed it on so neatly. Or, There was such a commotion, that little Jenny wren Flew down into the garden, the next printed version that survives, from around 1780, has two verses and the boys have been replaced by birds. A version of the four verses is first extant in Gammer Gurtons Garland or The Nursery Parnassus published in 1784. Fifth verses with the happier endings began to be added from the middle of the 19th century, many interpretations have been placed on this rhyme. It is known that a 16th-century amusement was to place live birds in a pie, the wedding of Marie de Medici and Henry IV of France in 1600 contains some interesting parallels. The first surprise, though, came shortly before the starter—when the guests sat down, unfolded their napkins, the highlight of the meal were sherbets of milk and honey, which were created by Buontalenti. The rye and the birds have been seen to represent a tribute sent to Henry VII, and on another level, the number 24 has been tied to the Reformation and the printing of the English Bible with 24 letters. From a folklorish tradition, the taking the maids nose has been seen as a demon stealing her soul. The lyrics of the song Handbags and Gladrags by Rod Stewart reference this rhyme, the title of the rhyme is mentioned in the lyrics Burn The Witch by Radiohead. Sing a song of sixty pence, for a pocketful of rye are two lines in the song Justify the Thrill by the Blues Traveler. The novelty song Loadsamoney by Harry Enfield ends with a parody of the rhyme, going sing a song of sixpence. It was used in the movie The Cell, a Pocketful of Rye is a novel by A. J. Cronin. A Pocket Full of Rye is a fiction novel by Agatha Christie. Four and Twenty Blackbirds is a story by Agatha Christie
21.
Uncle Henry (Oz)
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Uncle Henry is a fictional character from The Oz Books by L. Frank Baum. He is the uncle of orphan Dorothy Gale and husband of Aunt Em, after their house was famously carried off to the Land of Oz by a tornado in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Henry mortgaged his farm in order to rebuild. This crisis, combined with the stress of Dorothys prolonged disappearance and sudden reappearance, took a toll on his health, and his doctor ordered him to take a vacation. In The Emerald City of Oz, Henry and Em finally confessed to Dorothy the extent of their financial problems, Dorothy solved this problem for them by bringing them to live with her in the Emerald City, as permanent guests of Princess Ozma. Henry was given the job of being Keeper of the Jewels in Ozmas treasure hoard for the purpose of keeping him occupied. Unlike Em, who is questioning everything about the Land of Oz, Henry accepts his new life and home with surprising ease, having traveled and seen the world a lot more than his wife had. By Glinda of Oz, he has one of Ozmas closest advisers, having taught his agricultural abilities to Ozite farmers. Henry has been featured more than Em in the Oz books, despite being less featured than she in the film. Ruth Plumly Thompson gave him only two mentions, in The Royal Book of Oz and Grampa in Oz. He had somewhat larger roles in John R. Neills The Wonder City of Oz and The Scalawagons of Oz, Jack Snows The Magical Mimics in Oz, Frank Alexander portrayed him as a villain in Larry Semons Wizard of Oz. In MGMs 1939 musical adaptation The Wizard of Oz, Uncle Henry is played by Charley Grapewin, hickory addresses Aunt Em as Mrs. Gale just before she offers crullers to the three farmhands, and Hunk does so just afterward. The name Gale appears on the mailbox and Miss Almira Gulch addresses him as Mr. Gale and he and Aunt Em reunite with their three farmworkers, and Professor Marvel when Dorothy awakens from being unconscious. In the 1974 animated film Journey Back to Oz, Paul Ford voices Uncle Henry and he and Aunt Em have a farmworker named Amos who does not have an alter ego in Oz. In the 1980 animated short film Dorothy in the Land of Oz, in the 1985 film Return to Oz, Uncle Henrys wife Emily is called Mrs. Blue, implying that his full name is Henry Blue. He is played by Matt Clark opposite Piper Laurie and he has a broken leg throughout the film that Aunt Em insists is mended. In the comic book The Oz/Wonderland Chronicles, Henry Gale was born in 1852 and he was buried in St. Anns Cemetery in Kansas. Due to Oz residents never really dying in entirety, the new Witch in Oz had Henry in unconscious stasis, after his Earthly soul had died. In the American television program Lost, the character Benjamin Linus initially tells survivors his name is Henry Gale, and claims to have arrived on the island via hot air balloon
22.
Munchkin Country
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Munchkin Country is in the East, noted by later being ruled by the Wicked Witch of the East. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, it was called the land of Munchkins. Munchkin Country is linked to Ozs imperial capital the Emerald City by means of the brick road. The native inhabitants of this quadrant are called Munchkins, in the story, the novels protagonist Dorothy Gale, attends a celebration upon her arrival to Oz at the mansion of Boq, who is the friendliest and wealthiest Munchkin man. Munchkin does not necessarily mean someone of short stature, many Munchkins portrayed in the books are of normal height, most notably Nick Chopper. For some undiscovered reason this map flip-flops the directions of east and west, the West and East subsection of the Wikipedia article on the Land of Oz discusses this error and the resulting contradictions. The revised version of the map published by the International Wizard of Oz Club corrects the directions, Munchkin Country is distinguished by the color blue, which is worn by most of the Munchkins, as well as the color of their surroundings. While the Eastern part of the Munchkin Country is described as rich, beautiful, fertile and pleasant, and inhabited by friendly people, certain areas of this land are densely forested, and inhabited by ferocious beasts. Munchkin Country is the site where Dorothy Gales house lands after being carried to Oz by a cyclone. Munchkin Countrys ruler was the Wicked Witch of the East but upon Dorothys arrival in Oz, she is eliminated when the lands on top of her. Princess Ozmas party visited the King of the Munchkins on their return from the Dominions of the Nome King and this king also appears briefly in The Road to Oz. Ruth Plumly Thompsons books identify the king of the Munchkin Country as Cheeriobed and he rules from the Sapphire City in the Ozure Isles, with his wife, Queen Orin, and son, Prince Philador. He is introduced by name in The Giant Horse of Oz, in some of Thompsons Oz books, the geography is inverted, with the Munchkin Country in the Western part of Oz and the Winkie Country in the East. John R. Neills Oz books name the Scarecrow as king of the Munchkins and he is never shown in this capacity, he is simply stated to be so. In The Patchwork Girl of Oz, it is revealed parts of the Yellow Brick Road have Man-Eating Plants near them. In Gregory Maguires novels, Wicked, The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and Son of a Witch, the characters are not all Munchkins, and so they are actually called Munchkinlanders. In these books, Munchkins are generally shorter than average height, though the more powerful families, as Frexspar said, maguire portrays Munchkinland as the corn belt of Oz. Munchkinland is also shown to be the home of Elphaba, or the Wicked Witch of the West
23.
Wicked Witch of the East
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The Wicked Witch of the East is a fictional character in the Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. She is a character but appears only briefly in Baums classic childrens series Of Oz books. The Wicked Witch was an elderly, malevolent woman who conquered and tyrannized the Munchkin Country in Ozs eastern quadrant, forcing the native Munchkins to slave for her night and her charmed Silver Shoes held many mysterious powers and were her most precious and prized possession. The Witch met her demise when Dorothy Gales farmhouse landed on her after being swept into the sky by a cyclone and her old and withered body turned to dust, leaving behind the magical shoes which were passed to Dorothy as their new owner. The Wicked Witch of the East was believed to be powerful than the Good Witch of the North, but not as powerful as Glinda. After the fall of Pastoria, the last mortal King of Oz and she had lived a rather humble dwelling deep within the woods in a cottage located somewhere in Ozs eastern quadrant called Munchkin Country. She also owned a beautiful Munchkin maid Nimmie Amee, who worked for her as a full-time servant, determined to prevent Nimee Amee from getting married to Nick and leaving her, the Wicked Witch of the East resolved to enchant Nick Choppers axe. Once a man of tin with no heart, Nick Chopper believed he no longer had the proper emotions that were required to love Nimmie Amee with—much to the Wicked Witchs satisfaction. She was the Wicked Witch of the East, as I said and she has held all the Munchkins in bondage for many years, making them slave for her night and day. Now they are all set free, and are grateful to you for the favor and she had helped certain Munchkins with her witchcraft, under certain circumstances. This demonstrates that she was a ruler who could be approached and propitiated, and among her exceedingly cruel actions wasnt just the enchantment of the woodman Nick Choppers axe, but also Captain Fyters sword, which caused him to turn into the Tin Soldier. In most adaptations and references to the Wicked Witch of the East, it is usually in her famous appearance, under a house, notable recent exceptions are ABCs 2005 television film The Muppets Wizard of Oz and Disneys 2013 theatrical film Oz the Great and Powerful. The Wicked Witch of the East was featured in the film The Wizard of Oz, as in the book, she is revealed to have been killed when Dorothys house fell on her. The Wicked Witch of the West was not pleased with Dorothy for the death of her sister. In the original book, the Wicked Witch of the West showed no remorse for the death of her counterpart in the East and she was only interested in the magic footwear. In Alexander Melentyevich Volkovs The Wizard of the Emerald City, The Witchs name is Gingema, like in the 1939 movie, the two Wicked Witches are sisters. In Magic Land, she is summoning a hurricane to destroy all humanity. However, the Good Witch of the North learns of her schemes, unlike in Baums books, while being the formal ruler of the Munchkins, she interfered little in their lives, and only demanded that people collect food for her
24.
Munchkin
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The Munchkins are the natives of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. They first appear in the childrens novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. They are described as only wearing shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins favorite color, and they were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to, but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go. Baum apparently did not mean that only Munchkins are short in stature, still later, the Quadlings of the southern land are described as short and fat. The Tin Woodman is also of Munchkin descent but is of adult height. In W. W. Denslows illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard, Baum rarely refers to Ozites as small of stature in the Oz books that follow. Baum never explained where the came from, but Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Münchner Kindl. The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, Baums family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood. It is also possible that Munchkin came from the German word Männchen, in 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers. It is also possible that the term came from the Romanian word for laborer, muncitor, replacing the Romanian suffix of agency, -itor, with the English suffix of class identification, munci is the Romanian verb to labor and is pronounced /MOOHN-chee/. Pipt Real Bad Sister Six Tallulah Dash The classic 1939 musical movie The Wizard of Oz loosely based upon Baums novel, unlike the book, their country is called Munchkinland and they all wear colorful garments and outfits instead of all blue attire. On November 20,2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, seven of the surviving Munchkins actors from the film were present. The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film, most of the 124 dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singers Midgets. An additional dozen or so child actresses of average size were hired to make up for the shortage of people that the studio found to appear in the film. These actors – including those with speaking parts – were credited on-screen collectively, in 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember which was revised as The Munchkins of Oz
25.
Good Witch of the North
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The Good Witch of the North, sometimes named Locasta or Tattypoo, is a fictional character in the Land of Oz, created by American author L. Frank Baum. She is the elderly and mild-mannered Ruler of the Gillikin Country and she makes a brief cameo appearance at Princess Ozmas birthday party in The Road to Oz, but is otherwise only mentioned elsewhere in the series. L. Frank Baum presented her as a kind and gentle character who stood against the oppression and subjugation of people. She became the Ruler of the Gillikin Country in the North after freeing the Gillikins from the clutches of Mombi, the erstwhile Wicked Witch of the North. However, the kindness and magnanimity of spirit was not confined to her own domain. She also appears as a highly altered player in Ruth Plumly Thompsons The Giant Horse of Oz and her role was significantly expanded in the 1902 musical extravaganza, in which L. Frank Baum named her Locasta. The character was more famously conflated with that of Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, for the 1939 film version. In the original novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Good Witch of the North is summoned to the Munchkin Country when Dorothy Gales falling house kills the Wicked Witch of the East. She welcomes Dorothy to the Land of the Munchkins, points out the body of the dead witch and then introduces herself as the Witch of the North. Having been told that all witches are evil, Dorothy is initially frightened of her and she also mentions that she is not as powerful as the Witch of the East had been, or she would have liberated the Munchkins from slavery herself. Using a magic slate formed from her hat, she advises Dorothy to travel to the Emerald City to seek the aid of the powerful Wizard of Oz in returning to Kansas. She kisses Dorothy on the forehead, an act that serves to protect Dorothy on the journey. This statement is proven to be later in the book. The sight of this mark is one of the factors which convinces the Wizard to admit Dorothy to his presence. At the beginning of The Marvelous Land of Oz, it is revealed that the Good Witch of the North had banned the practice of magic by any other witch in Gillikin Country. The Gillikin Country had once been under the power of Mombi, but she was overpowered and routed by the Good Witch of the North, as revealed in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. Thus, the Wicked Witch of the North was forced to be no more than a lowly wizardess, in Baums fifth Oz book, The Road to Oz, the Witch of the North is one of the many guests who attend Ozmas birthday party. The name of the Good Witch of the North in Baums own stage version of The Wizard of Oz is Locasta
26.
Silver Shoes
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The Silver Shoes are the magical shoes that appear in L. Frank Baums 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as heroine Dorothy Gales transport home. They are originally owned by the Wicked Witch of the East, the Wonderful Wizard of Oz is the only book in the original series to feature the Silver Shoes directly. They are the property of the Wicked Witch of the East until Dorothys house lands on and they are then given to Dorothy by the Good Witch of the North, who tells Dorothy that there is some charm connected with them, but what it is we never knew. When Dorothy is captured by the Wicked Witch of the West and she finally gets one by tricking Dorothy into tripping over an invisible iron bar. Dorothy then melts the Witch with a bucket of water and recovers the shoe, in the final chapters of the book, Glinda explains that the shoes can transport the wearer anywhere they wish. After saying goodbye to her friends, Dorothy knocks her heels three times, and commands the Shoes to carry her home. When Dorothy opens her eyes, she has arrived in Kansas and she finds that the shoes are gone, having fallen off during her flight and landing somewhere in the Deadly Desert. Though they are mentioned several times in sequels, they never again in the original series. In Alexander Melentyevich Volkovs The Wizard of the Emerald City, the red shoes. She is therefore attacked once by an Ogre when removing them and they are not taken from the Witchs body, but rather brought by Toto from her dwelling. It is said the Witch only wore the shoes on very special occasions and they are lost just like in Baums book. In Roger S. Baums Dorothy of Oz, Glinda recovers the silver shoes and they have enough power remaining that Dorothy can travel once more to Oz and back to Kansas. In Wicked, The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and they are made by her father using special glass beads another man taught him to make, which make the shoes appear silver or ruby depending on the light. They are enchanted by Glinda to give her the balance to walk. In the Broadway musical adaption of the book, Elphaba is the one who enchants the shoes and her spell makes the silver shoes burn red hot, turning them into the ruby slippers. The shoes were absent from the 1925 movie, in the 1939 movie the shoes served the same purpose as in the book but were changed to red by its screenwriter Noel Langley. In fact, he gave a different appearance than in Denslows illustrations. This movie proves that the shoes are magically protected, when the Wicked Witch of the West reaches for them, they shock and burn her hands and she cries out in pain
27.
Emerald City
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The Emerald City is the capital city of the fictional Land of Oz in L. Frank Baums Oz books, first described in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Located in the center of the Land of Oz, the Emerald City is the end of the yellow brick road. In the center of the Emerald City is the Royal Palace of Oz, in the first book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the walls are green, but the city itself is not. This is yet another humbug created by the Wizard, in this book, the Wizard also describes the city as having been built for him within a few years after he arrived. This is continued throughout the series, the only allusions to the earlier conception appeared in The Road to Oz, where the Little Guardian of the Gates wears green spectacles, the only character to do so. The book quickly concerns itself with finding the rightful heir to the crown of the city, ozma remained the kings heir, though both she and the original king were transformed to the ruler of all Oz. However, the story reverted to the Wizards having built the city in Dorothy, the Oz books describe the Emerald City as being built of green glass, emeralds, and other jewels. This contrasts with the description of Oz, in which money does not feature. Interpreters have argued that the Wizard may have introduced money into the city, the Emerald City of Oz, the sixth book in the Oz series, describes the city as having exactly 9654 buildings and 57,318 citizens. The quick building of the White City, in less than a year and it is also likely that Baums favored haunt, the Hotel Del Coronado, influenced its description in later books. Scholars who interpret The Wizard of Oz as a political allegory see the Emerald City as a metaphor for Washington, D. C. and unsecured greenback paper money. In this reading of the book, the citys illusory splendor and value are compared with the value of paper money and it is highly likely that the Hotel del Coronado influenced its description in later books, as well as in the artwork by John R. Neill. David Williamson wrote a play called Emerald City, subsequently, Emerald City has occasionally been used as an unofficial nickname for the city of Sydney. The firm was named after Baums book and the David Williamson play, the American city of Seattle, Washington has used The Emerald City as its official nickname since 1982. There is also a known as Emerald City that is associated with the city of Seattle. Eugene, Oregon is also referred to as the Emerald City, muntinlupa City is nicknamed as the Emerald City of the Philippines by the Department of Tourism. The Emerald City appears in the film The Wizard of Oz, the Emerald City appeared in the film Return to Oz having been destroyed by the Nome King with all of its inhabitants turned to stone. When Dorothy enters she finds the city inhabited by Wheelers and ruled over by Mombi, upon retrieving the ruby slippers from the Nome King, Dorothy uses their power to restore the Emerald City to its former glory
28.
Wizard of Oz (character)
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Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkle Emmannuel Ambroise Diggs is a fictional character in the Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. The character was further popularized by a play and several movies, most famously the classic 1939 movie. The Wizard is one of the characters in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, unseen for most of the novel, he is the ruler of the Land of Oz and highly venerated by his subjects. Believing he is the man capable of solving their problems, Dorothy and her friends travel to the Emerald City. Oz is very reluctant to meet them, but eventually each is granted an audience, one by one. In each of these occasions, the Wizard appears in a different form, once as a giant head, once as a fairy, once as a ball of fire. When, at last, he grants an audience to all of them at once, working as a magician for a circus, he wrote OZ on the side of his hot air balloon for promotional purposes. One day his balloon sailed into the Land of Oz, as Oz had no leadership at the time, he became Supreme Ruler of the kingdom, and did his best to sustain the myth. He leaves Oz at the end of the novel, again in a hot air balloon, after the Wizards departure, the Scarecrow is briefly enthroned, until Princess Ozma is freed from the witch Mombi at the end of The Marvelous Land of Oz. In The Marvelous Land of Oz, the Wizard is described as having usurped the throne of King Pastoria and handed over the baby princess to Mombi. This did not please the readers, and in Ozma of Oz, although the character did not appear, the Wizard returns in the novel Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. With Dorothy and the boy Zeb, he falls through a crack in the earth, in their journey, he acts as their guide. Oz explains that his name is Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkle Emmannuel Ambroise Diggs. To shorten this name, he used only his initials, but since they spell out the word pinhead, he shortened his name further, Ozma then permits him to live in Oz permanently. He becomes an apprentice to Glinda, Ozma decrees that, besides herself, only The Wizard and Glinda are allowed to use magic unless the other magic users have permits. In later books, he proves himself quite an inventor, providing devices that aid in various characters’ journeys and he introduces to Oz the use of mobile phones in Tik-Tok of Oz. Some of his most elaborate devices are the Ozpril and the Oztober, balloon-powered Ozoplanes in Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, the Wizard has appeared in nearly every silent Oz film, portrayed by different actors each time. His face was also used as the projected image of the Wizard
29.
Yellow brick road
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The Yellow Brick Road is a fictional element in the 1900 childrens novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by American author L. Frank Baum. The road also appears in the several sequel Oz books such as The Marvelous Land of Oz, the roads most notable portrayal is in the classic 1939 MGM musical movie The Wizard of Oz, loosely based on Baums first Oz book. In the novels first edition the road is referred to as the Road of Yellow Bricks. Within a short time she was walking briskly toward the Emerald City, her Silver Shoes tinkling merrily on the hard, the road is first introduced in the third chapter of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The road begins in the heart of the eastern quadrant called Munchkin Country in the Land of Oz. It functions as a guideline that leads all who follow it, in the book, the novels main protagonist, Dorothy, is forced to search for the road before she can begin her quest to seek the Wizard. This is because the cyclone from Kansas did not release her farmhouse closely near it as it did in the film adaptations. After the council with the native Munchkins and their friend the Good Witch of the North, Dorothy begins looking for it and sees many pathways. Thankfully it doesnt take her too long to spot the one paved with yellow bricks. In the end of the book we learn the history, unlike in Walt Disneys prequel film Oz the Great and Powerful. In the classic 1939 film, a red brick road can be seen starting at the point as the yellow brick road and is entwined with it. This version of the road does not exist in Baums books, also, at the cornfield where Dorothy meets and befriends the Scarecrow, there is a fork in the yellow brick road leading in different directions. Luckily they choose the one of the three branches that leads to Emerald City. In Disneys 1985 live action semi-sequel to the 1939 movie Return to Oz, upon her second arrival she finds the yellow brick road in ruins by the hands of the evil Nome King who also conquered the Emerald City. In the end, it is presumed that after she defeats him and saves the city and its citizens, the actual road is believed to be one in Peekskill, New York, where L. Frank Baum attended Peekskill Military Academy. According to a legend, the Yellow Brick Road was derived from a road paved with yellow bricks near Holland, Michigan. Ithaca, New York, also makes a claim for being Frank Baums inspiration and he opened a road tour of his musical, The Maid of Arran, in Ithaca, and he met his future wife Maud Gage Baum while she was attending Cornell University. At the time, yellow bricks paved local roads, supposedly, after a rainstorm the sun came out and he saw a bright yellow brick road from the window of his room
30.
Boq
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Boq is a minor character in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. In Baums The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Boq is a rich Munchkin man who lives in the eastern quadrant called Munchkin Country in the Land of Oz. He gladly provides shelter for Dorothy and her dog Toto on their first night in Oz while on their journey to the Emerald City and they welcome Dorothy as a guest of honor and thank her for freeing them. He is also the one who informs her that the color of the Munchkin people is blue. After the celebration, Boq gives Dorothy and Toto a comfortable bed to sleep in, in Dorothy of Oz, Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and China Doll Princess arrive in the Munchkin Village where they meet up with Boq. Following a break in the storm, Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, in Maguires novel, Boq has very little interaction with Nessarose, and while he does fancy Galinda, he does not become involved with either girl. Boq narrates a section of the book in the Shiz University section of the novel. However, Boq befriends Elphaba, as they were childhood playmates, Boq becomes friends with Crope, Tibbett, and Avaric, although he appears to be jealous of Avaric, due to his good looks, charm, and money. His infatuation with Galinda, which never comes to more than a kiss, gradually lifts. Boq eventually marries Milla, one of Galindas classmates at Crage Hall, the two wed and return to Boqs Munchkindland farm. Elphaba encounters Boq not long after Nessaroses funeral, as she inquires after Dorothy, in the musical, Boq is the love interest of Elphabas younger sister, Nessarose. However, the feeling is not mutual, Boq only became involved with Nessarose in hopes of impressing Galinda, unfortunately, Galinda has so little regard for him that she cannot remember his name. When Nessarose eventually becomes the governor of Munchkinland, she uses her power to enslave Boq as her personal servant, when Boq confesses his love for Glinda, Nessarose becomes extremely angry with him. At that point, she casts a spell on him from Elphabas spell book, the Grimmrie and this causes Boqs heart to shrink until it is completely gone. In a desperate attempt to save Boqs life, Elphaba turns Boq into the Tin Woodman, unlike in the novel, Boq plays a considerably condensed role in the stage production. In the original Broadway production, he was played by Christopher Fitzgerald, originally in the West End, James Gillan played the role. In the season 5, episode Our Decay Boq has an appearance when the Wicked Witch, Zelena
31.
Scarecrow (Oz)
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The Scarecrow is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum and illustrator W. W. In his first appearance, the Scarecrow reveals that he lacks a brain, in reality, he is only two days old and merely ignorant. In Baums classic 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the living scarecrow encounters Dorothy Gale in a field in the Munchkin Country while she is on her way to the Emerald City. He tells her about his creation and of how he at first scared away the crows, before an older one realised he was a straw man, the old crow then told the Scarecrow of the importance of brains. The mindless Scarecrow joins Dorothy in the hope that The Wizard will give him a brain and they are later joined by the Tin Woodman and the Cowardly Lion. When the group goes to the West, he kills the Witchs crows by twisting their necks and he is taken apart by the Flying Monkeys and his clothes thrown up a tree, but when his clothes are filled with straw he is back again. After Dorothy and her friends have completed their mission to kill the Wicked Witch of the West, before he leaves Oz in a balloon, the Wizard appoints the Scarecrow to rule the Emerald City in his stead. He accompanies Dorothy and the others to the palace of the Good Witch of the South Glinda, and she uses the Golden Cap to summon the Winged Monkeys, who take the Scarecrow back to the Emerald City. His desire for a brain notably contrasts with the Tin Woodmans desire for a heart, indeed, both believe they have neither. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior, neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and need not select. In the musical of Gregory Maguires interpretation of the Oz franchise, this version of the Scarecrow was Fiyero Tigelaar, Fiyero attends school with Elphaba and Glinda the Good, while they were all still young. Fiyero takes a special interest in Elphaba, however, he is highly sought after by Elphabas roommate, Glinda. Fiyero and Elphaba share a secret romance, and when she leaves for the Emerald City, he gives her a long, many years later, after Elphaba goes into hiding, we are shown that Glinda and Fiyero are to be wed. However this is not because of love, at least not on Fiyeros part, once she reappears in the Emerald City, they escape together, much to Glindas discontent. Elphaba then goes to the site of her sisters death, here she is ambushed by guards, and about to be taken away, when Fiyero saves her, but he is merely sacrificing himself to save her. Elphaba in a fit of rage and heartbreak reads a spell to keep Fiyero safe, with the words of the spell including pleas to let him feel no pain and never die however they try to destroy him. In Gregory Maguires novel Wicked, The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West The Scarecrow is a companion of Dorothy and she sends minions after him to tear him apart to see if Fiyero is inside, but he is not. In the novel he is NOT Fiyero, but this is probably where they got the idea for the stage version, the Scarecrow appears briefly in this novel, first giving Liir advice
32.
Tin Woodman
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The Tin Woodman, better known as either the Tin Man or the Tin Woodsman, is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. Baums Tin Woodman first appeared in his classic 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in late 19th-century America, men made out of various tin pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons. Originally an ordinary man by the name of Nick Chopper, the Tin Woodman used to make his living chopping down trees in the forests of Oz, the enchanted axe chopped off his limbs, one by one. Each time he lost a limb, Ku-Klip the tinsmith replaced it with a prosthetic limb made of tin, finally, nothing was left of him but tin. However, Ku-Klip, the tinsmith who helped him, neglected to replace his heart, once Nick Chopper was made entirely of tin, he was no longer able to love the lady he had fallen for. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain and he follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard. They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion, the Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. The Tin Woodmans axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, however Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch. His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrows desire for brains and this occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior, neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and need not select, the Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain, but cares nothing for the loss of his brain. Towards the end of the novel, though, Glinda praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrows, the Wizard turns out to be a humbug and can only provide a placebo heart made of velvet and filled with sawdust. However, this is enough to please the Tin Woodman, who, with or without a heart, was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothys companions. When he accidentally crushes an insect, he is grief-stricken and, ironically, claims that he must be careful about such things, while those with hearts do not need such care. This tenderness remains with him throughout the series, as in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, when Dorothy returns home to her farm in Kansas, the Tin Woodman returns to the Winkie Country to rule as emperor. Later, he has his subjects construct a palace made entirely of tin — from the all the way down to the flowers in the garden. Baum emphasized that the Tin Woodman remains alive, in contrast to the mechanical man Tik-Tok Dorothy meets in a later book. Nick Chopper was not turned into a machine, but rather had his body replaced by a metal one
33.
Cowardly Lion
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The Cowardly Lion is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. He is an African Lion, but he speaks and interacts with humans, since lions are supposed to be The Kings of Beasts, the Cowardly Lion believes that his fear makes him inadequate. He does not understand that courage means acting in the face of fear, Only during the aftereffects of the Wizards gift, when he is under the influence of an unknown liquid substance that the Wizard orders him to drink is he not filled with fear. He argues that the courage from the Wizard is only temporary, the Cowardly Lion makes his first appearance in the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He is the last of the companions Dorothy befriends on her way to the Emerald City where he ambushes her, Toto, Scarecrow, and Tin Woodman. When he tries to bite Toto, Dorothy slaps him for trying to attack Toto where she discovers that the Lion is actually a coward which he admits that he is. The Cowardly Lion joins her so that he can ask The Wizard for courage, being ashamed that, in his role as the King of the Beasts. Despite outward evidence that he is fearful, The Cowardly Lion displays great bravery along the way. During the journey, he leaps across a chasm on the road of yellow brick multiple times, each time with a companion on his back, and the leap back to get the next one. When they come into another, wider chasm, the Cowardly Lion holds off two Kalidahs while the Tin Woodman cuts a tree to cross it. In spite of his fears, he goes off to hunt for his food, and he even offers to kill a deer for Dorothy to eat. The Wizard gives him a dish of unknown liquid, telling him it is courage to drink, in the remainder of the book, the Lion becomes almost like a bully and ready to fight. His favored companion is the Hungry Tiger, the Lion finds the Giant Spider asleep and decapitates it. The Tiger and the other animals bow to him and ask him to be their king, Glinda orders the Winged Monkeys to carry him back to the Forest once Dorothy has returned home. In the rest of Baums Oz series, the Lion never again played a major role, in later books, The Cowardly Lion often accompanies Dorothy on her adventures. He is Princess Ozmas chief guardian on state occasions, and he, in subsequent Oz books by Baum, the Lion was shown to have continued being courageous and loyal, although still considering himself a coward and regularly frightened, even by Aunt Em. He befriended the Hungry Tiger in Ozma of Oz, if this was not the earlier Tiger, in Glinda of Oz he is on Ozmas board of advisers. In The Cowardly Lion and the Hungry Tiger in Little Wizard Stories of Oz, the Lion begins with cowardly bravado, intending to find a man to tear apart, instead, they find a small child and return it to its mother
34.
Guardian of the Gates
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Characters from Gregory Maguires Wicked are not included, as his works, among others such as the work of March Laumer, are considered heretical in Baum scholarship. The A-B-Sea Serpent is a 200-foot-long snake made up of a series of blocks that appeared in The Royal Book of Oz. He lives in Mer City where he teaches the merchildren their letters Abatha the Good Witch of the East is the character in Eric Shanowers graphic novel. She fell under a spell during a battle with her brother-in-law over custody of her son. Agnes is a dragon who appeared in The Giant Horse of Oz and she is the close friend and assistant of the Good Witch of the North. The Army of Oogaboo appears in the book Tik-Tok of Oz and they have been formed from different Oogaboo citizens by Queen Ann Soforth. It consists of, General Jo Apple - He owns an apple orchard, General Jo Bunn - He owns an orchard where his trees grow graham buns and wheat buns in both the hot and cold variety. Jo Bunn is married and has children, General Jo Cone - He owns an orchard where he grows ice cream cones. His wife is a good fighter, General Jo Clock - He owns an orchard that contains Clock Trees. He was the one who suggested to Queen Ann Soforth to make out of the rest of the latest recruits. Colonel Jo Plum - He owns a plum orchard, colonel Jo Egg - He owns an orchard where his trees grow eggs. Colonel Jo Banjo - He owns an orchard where his trees grow banjos, colonel Jo Cheese - He owns an orchard where his trees grow cheese. Major Jo Nail - He owns an orchard where his trees grow nails and he suggested to Queen Ann Soforth to make him a major. Major Jo Cake - He owns an orchard where his trees grow cakes, major Jo Ham - He owns an orchard where his trees grow hams. Major Jo Stockings - He owns an orchard where his trees grow stockings, Captain Jo Sandwich - He owns an orchard where his trees grow sandwiches. Captain Jo Padlock - He owns an orchard where his trees grow padlocks, Captain Jo Sundae - He owns an orchard where his trees grow sundaes. Captain Jo Buttons - He owns an orchard where his trees grow buttons, Private Jo Files - He owns an orchard where his trees grow steel files and also has trees that grow storybooks. Jo Files is both intelligent and ambitious, after Private Files resigns, Tik-Tok is made a private in the army
35.
Wicked Witch of the West
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The Wicked Witch of the West is a fictional character and the most significant antagonist in L. Frank Baums childrens book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In Baums subsequent Oz books, it is the Nome King who is the principal villain, the witchs most popular depiction was in the classic 1939 film based on Baums book, where she was portrayed by Margaret Hamilton. The Wicked Witch of the West is the malevolent ruler of the Winkie Country and her castle is described as beautiful instead of being the sinister fortress shown in the movie. In all versions, she is seriously aquaphobic, Frank Baums Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. She shows no interest in the death of the Eastern Witch, W. W. Denslows illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz depict her as a paunched old hag with three pigtails and an eye-patch. L. Frank Baum himself specified that she only had one eye, other illustrators, such as Paul Granger, placed her eye in the center of her forehead, as a cyclops. Usually, she is wearing an eye patch, however some illustrations show her with two eyes. Possibly to suggest that the witch actually has two eyes, but has no vision in one of them, most of her power resides in the creatures she controls. She has a pack of wolves, a swarm of bees, a flock of crows and she possesses the enchanted Golden Cap, which compels the winged monkeys to obey her on three occasions. First, the witch commanded the creatures to help her enslave the Winkies, second, she made the winged monkeys drive Oz out of the Winkie Country, when he attempted to overthrow her. Each of these attempts were thwarted, but the protagonists are eventually subdued by the Witchs third, nevertheless, the old witch cannot kill Dorothy because the girl is protected by the Good Witch of the Norths kiss. She therefore settles for enslaving Dorothy, and tries to force the Cowardly Lion into submission by starving him, upon seeing the Silver Shoes on the girls feet, the Wicked Witch decides to steal them, and thereby acquire even more power. When she succeeds in acquiring one silver shoe by making Dorothy trip over an invisible bar and this causes the old witch to melt away. The Wicked Witchs dryness was enumerated in some clues before this, furthermore, when Toto had bitten her, she had not bled, her wickedness had dried her up long ago. Unfortunately, L. Frank Baum did not explain precisely why water had this effect on her, nor did he ever imply that all evil witches could be likewise destroyed. However, the wicked witch Mombi is similarly disposed of in The Lost King of Oz, the most likely explanation of Baum making water the Achilles heel of these witches is the long held belief amongst major religions that water is effective for purifying the soul and combating evil. The Witch did not carry a broom in the novel, but rather an umbrella and her nature is a volatile and yet somewhat cowardly one. Despite her immense power, she avoids face-to-face contact with her enemies and she is also afraid of the dark in Baums original story for reasons never revealed
36.
Winkie Country
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The Winkie Country is the Western region of the fictional Land of Oz in L. Frank Baums classic series of Oz books, first introduced in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Winkie Country is in the West, noted by later being ruled by the Wicked Witch of the West and this quadrant is strictly distinguished by the color yellow. This color is worn by most of the inhabitants called the Winkies and predominates in the local surroundings. The Winkies are relatively normal in appearance with the exception of their yellow-tinted skin, Tin abounds there and it is said that the Winkies are some of the most skillful tinsmiths in the world. This was the country ruled by the malevolent Wicked Witch of the West before Dorothy Gale melted her with a bucket of water. After that, the Winkies asked the Tin Woodman to be their new monarch ruler which he gladly accepted and he now lives in a vast palace made of tin that his loyal subjects built in his honor as a present for their new tin King. The publishing company Reilly & Britton published, in the form of end-papers to the first edition of Tik-Tok of Oz, for some undiscovered reason this map flip-flops the directions of east and west. The West and East subsection of the Wikipedia article on the Land of Oz discusses this error, the revised version of the map published by the International Wizard of Oz Club corrects the directions and reverses the map. The map represents the area between the Winkie Country and the southern border of Oz as belonging to Quadling Country. The west country of Oz is bordered at the northeast by the Gillikin Country, to the East lies the Emerald City and to the far east as well as to the west, north and south of Winkie Country lies the Deadly Desert. The Winkie Country is separated by the Deadly Desert from the underground Dominions of the Nome King, the Kingdom of Oogaboo, where items of value grow on trees, is separated from the Winkie Country by a mountain range. The Black Forest is in the part of the Winkie Country. Gloma, the witch, rules there. In some of the Oz books by Ruth Plumly Thompson, the geography is inverted, with the Winkie Country in the Eastern part of Oz and the Munchkin Country in the West. The Winkie Countrys many cities and kingdoms each have their own ruler, who in turn are subjects of the Tin Woodman, Nick Chopper, like all the countries of Oz, the Winkie Country contains various unusual sights, creatures, and places. Among them are, Wicked Witch of the Wests Castle - This was where the Wicked Witch of the West ruled over the Winkies until she was melted by Dorothy, Tin Palace - A palace that is made out of tin. The Tin Woodman moved from the Wicked Witch of the Wests castle because it was too damp, Jack Pumpkinheads House - Jack Pumpkinhead lives in a giant hollowed-out pumpkin near the Tin Woodmans palace in Winkie Country. Scarecrows Mansion - Jack designed a five story, jewel-encrusted mansion for the Scarecrow, truth Pond - A pond that is located near the Deadly Desert
37.
Winged monkeys
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Winged monkeys are fictional characters created by American author L. Frank Baum in his classic childrens novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The winged monkeys are exactly what the name implies, jungle monkeys with powerful bird-like feathered wings attached to their shoulders which allow them to fly and they are most notable from the famous 1939 musical movie by MGM. Ever since, they have taken their own place in popular culture, the winged monkeys started out as free creatures living in the jungles within the Land of Oz. They were a rather carefree bunch, and also very mischievous by nature, one day the King of the winged monkeys, as a prank, tossed a richly dressed man into a deep river, ruining his handsome costume of velvet. The man, whose name was Quelala, was good natured enough, but his fiancée Princess Gayelette, was ever so furious because the day the winged monkeys played the prank, was the same day of Quelala and Gayelettes royal wedding. She had ruled Ozs northern quadrant, called the Gillikin Country, Princess Gayelette had also practiced real magic and was a sorceress in her own right. As punishment for the winged monkeys prank, she cursed them by making all the eternal slaves to the Golden Cap she had originally prepared as a wedding present for her beloved betrothed. The cap itself was a nice one indeed, studded with real sparkling diamonds. The curse of the cap allows its possessor to command the winged monkeys exactly three times whenever they speak the magic incantation aloud. Whenever the words were spoken, the monkeys had to immediately stop whatever they were doing at that time. The curse of the cap is also rumored to have cost Gayelette half her powers to construct, Quelala used the Golden Cap only once, commanding the winged monkeys to stay away from Gayelette and her kingdom. The winged monkeys did as told and disappeared for a very long time. Next the Wicked Witch used the cap to drive the Wizard of Oz out of her territory when he attempted to overthrow her. Finally, she uses the cap to capture Dorothy Gale and the Cowardly Lion, after the Wicked Witch was melted and killed with a bucket of water by Dorothy, she took the Golden Cap to wear, yet was unaware of its purpose. When she eventually learns about the charm, she commanded the winged monkeys to carry her and her companions to the imperial capital. Dorothy ends up handing the Golden Cap over to Glinda, the beautiful Good Witch of the South who rules Ozs southern quadrant and she then gladly gave the winged monkeys the cap as their own, which finally broke the curse and set them free. In the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the monkeys are apparently intelligent enough to obey commands, but do not speak, though they do in the book. They abduct Dorothy and dismantle the Scarecrow, but do nothing to the Tin Man or the Cowardly Lion, leaving them free to put the Scarecrow back together, there is no mention of any three wishes in the film, suggesting that the monkeys serve the witch unconditionally
38.
Omaha, Nebraska
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Omaha is the largest city in the state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County. Omaha is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha. According to the 2010 census, Omahas population was 408,958, according to the 2014 Population Estimates, Omahas population was 446,599. Including its suburbs, Omaha formed the 60th-largest metropolitan area in the United States in 2013, the Omaha-Council Bluffs-Fremont, Nebraska-IA Combined Statistical Area is 931,667, according to the U. S. Census Bureaus 2013 estimate. There are nearly 1.3 million residents within the Greater Omaha area, comprising a 50-mile radius of Downtown Omaha, Omahas pioneer period began in 1854, when the city was founded by speculators from neighboring Council Bluffs, Iowa. The city was founded along the Missouri River, and a crossing called Lone Tree Ferry earned the city its nickname, Omaha introduced this new West to the world in 1898, when it played host to the Worlds Fair, dubbed the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. During the 19th century, Omahas central location in the United States spurred the city to become an important national transportation hub, throughout the rest of the 19th century, the transportation and jobbing sectors were important in the city, along with its railroads and breweries. In the 20th century, the Omaha Stockyards, once the worlds largest, Omaha is also the home to five Fortune 1000 headquarters, Green Plains Renewable Energy, TD Ameritrade, Valmont Industries, Werner Enterprises, and West Corporation. And Leo A Daly, the Gallup Organization, of Gallup Poll fame, Enron began in Omaha as Northern Natural Gas in 1930, before taking over a smaller Houston company in 1985 to form InterNorth, which Kenneth Lay moved permanently to Houston, in 1987. The modern economy of Omaha is diverse and built on skilled knowledge jobs, in 2009, Forbes identified Omaha as the nations number one Best Bang-For-The Buck City and ranked it number one on Americas Fastest-Recovering Cities list. Also, Omaha hosted the U. S. Olympic swim trials in 2008,2012 and 2016, the word Omaha means Dwellers on the bluff. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the riverbanks where the city of Omaha would be built, there was fierce competition among fur traders until John Jacob Astor created the monopoly of the American Fur Company. The Mormons built a town called Cutlers Park in the area in 1846, while it was temporary, the settlement provided the basis for further development in the future. Through 26 separate treaties with the United States federal government, Native American tribes in Nebraska gradually ceded the lands comprising the state. The treaty and cession involving the Omaha area occurred in 1854 when the Omaha Tribe ceded most of east-central Nebraska, Logan Fontenelle, an interpreter for the Omaha and signatory to the 1854 treaty, played an essential role in those proceedings. Before it was legal to claim land in Indian Country, William D. Brown was operating the Lone Tree Ferry to bring settlers from Council Bluffs, Brown is generally credited as having the first vision for a city where Omaha now sits. The passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 was presaged by the out of claims around the area to become Omaha by residents from neighboring Council Bluffs. On July 4,1854, the city was established at a picnic on Capital Hill
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Soldier with the Green Whiskers
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The Soldier with the Green Whiskers is a character from the fictional Land of Oz who appears in the classic childrens series of Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum and his successors. He is first introduced in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and his name is Omby Amby, but this was so obliquely stated that he also became known briefly as Wantowin Battles. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Soldier with the Green Whiskers is the guard of the Royal Army of Oz. His job is to protect the Emerald City and its residents and he gladly escorts the four main protagonists Dorothy, the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman and Cowardly Lion through the streets of the Emerald City upon their first visit. He leads them all to the palace of the Wizard of Oz. When he blows upon his green whistle, a pretty maid dressed in green silk named Jellia Jamb appears to show the four guests to their rooms while staying in Ozs palace. The Soldier with the Green Whiskers appears to be the tallest citizen in the city, after the Wizards departure from Oz, he leaves the Scarecrow to rule the city in his stead. The Soldier with the Green Whiskers is the one who tells the King Scarecrow that Glinda the Good Witch might know of a way for Dorothy to get back to her homeland in Kansas. The four protagonists take his advice and travel to the land of the southern Quadlings to seek its ruler, in the second Oz book The Marvelous Land of Oz, it is revealed his appearance is largely for show. When attacked by General Jinjurs all female Army of Revolt, he admits that his gun and he tells her to wait right here while he looks for the powder and shot that he has misplaced. After his ineffectual attempts to save the Emerald City from invasion, however, he lets it grow back once Princess Ozma has been established on the throne as Ozs true ruler. In Ozma of Oz, we are introduced to the Royal Army of Oz, consisting of twenty-six officers and this private, Omby Amby, proves to be the only brave soldier in the Army, so Princess Ozma promotes him to Captain-General and makes him her personal Body Guard. He has a moustache, but is capable if gentle-natured, unlike the pompous officers. Omby Amby gets inadvertently flung onto the arm of the Giant and must jump down onto the body of the Scarecrow. An officer mentions that they have a few other privates, and he is cleaning the barracks when Ozma calls him into the banquet for his promotion. When the Wizard returns, he recognizes Omby Amby, who greets him accompanied by Jellia Jamb, Omby Amby admits to have shaven them off. As Omby Amby, he appears briefly in The Road to Oz and is tour guide to Aunt Em and Uncle Henry in The Emerald City of Oz. It is he who informs them of the Defensive Settlements of Oz such as Rigmarole Town and Flutterbudget Center and he is also referred to as the Emerald City Police Force
40.
Glinda the Good Witch
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Glinda, also known as the Good Witch of the South, is a fictional character in the Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. She is the most powerful sorceress of Oz, ruler of the Quadling Country south of the Emerald City, and protector of Princess Ozma. Baums 1900 childrens novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz refers to Glinda as the Good Witch of the South, she does not appear in the novel until late in its development. After the Wizard flies away in his balloon, the Cowardly Lion, Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Dorothy, in the well-known 1939 film version, Glinda is a composite character with the Witch of the North. Later books call her a Sorceress rather than a witch, though Baums writings make clear that he did not view witches as inherently wicked or in league with the devil. In the books, Glinda is depicted as a young woman with long, rich red hair and blue eyes. She has ruled the Quadling Country ever since she overthrew the Wicked Witch of the South during the period when Ozmas grandfather was king of Oz, in addition to her vast knowledge of magic, Glinda employs various tools, charms, and instruments in her workshop. The Emerald City of Oz reveals that she owns a Great Book of Records that allows her to everything that goes on in the world from the instant it happens. Starting with The Road to Oz she trains the formerly humbug Wizard in magic, he becomes a formidable practitioner, Glinda lives in a palace near the southern border of the Quadling Country, attended by fifty beautiful maidens from each country of Oz. She also employs a large army of soldiers, with which she takes on General Jinjurs Army of Revolt. Men are not prominent in Glindas court, Glinda is strongly protective of her subjects in the South. General Guph also tells the Nome King that Glinda commands the spirits of the air, of all the characters in L. Frank Baums Oz, Glinda is the most enigmatic. Despite being titled Glinda the Good, she is not a one-dimensional caricature whose sole purpose is to embody and generate all that is considered good. They all fall short of Glindas wisdom and resoluteness, in Baums final book, Glinda of Oz, we learn that Glinda resides in a castle with one hundred of the most beautiful women in Oz at her beck and call. In Alexandr Volkovs Magic Land series, the witch is called Stella, However, she is often referred to by the author and the characters and always offers people help or refuge during hard times. She is described as an eternally young beauty in a pink dress. She rules the Pink Country which is inhabited by the tribe of Chatterboxes and she seems to be a good friend of the Winged Monkeys ever since releasing them. In Philip Jose Farmers novel A Barnstormer in Oz, Glinda is portrayed as young, but the interest is not mutual
41.
Quadling Country
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The Quadling Country is the Southern division of L. Frank Baums fictional Land of Oz, first introduced in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It is distinguished by the red, worn by most of the local inhabitants called the Quadlings as well as the color of their surroundings. Like all the countries of Oz, the Quadling Country contains various unusual sights, creatures, among them are, The Palace of Glinda the Good Witch - A palace that is home to Glinda. The Forest of the Fighting Trees - A forest whose northern row of sentient trees have the power to use their branches to fling away anyone who attempts to enter the forest, the Dainty China Country - An area where all of its people and buildings are made of china. Miss Cuttenclip - A little girl who cuts paper dolls from live paper called Cuttenclips, fuddlecumjig - A village that is home to the Fuddles. Utensia - A kingdom inhabited by animated utensils, Bunbury - A land where all the inhabitants are animated baked goods. It is hidden in the same forest where Bunnybury is located, the trees in Bunbury are doughleanders and doughderas which produce a good crop of dough-nuts in season. Bunnybury - A land where intelligent and civilized rabbits walk on their hind legs and it is hidden in the same forest where Bunbury is located. Glinda created Bunnybury because she was fond of rabbits, rigmarole Town - It is one of the Defensive Settlements of Oz. The Rigmaroles live here so they dont have to torture innocent people, flutterbudget Center - It is one of the Defensive Settlements of Oz and located near the Winkie Country border in Quadling Country. All the Flutterbudgets of the Land of Oz are gathered here to protect citizens from their constant unfounded worrying. Mister Yoop - A captive untamed giant, the Hoppers - A race of one-legged cave dwellers who travel by hopping. The Horners - A race of creatures with a single horn on their head. Trick River - A river that flows through Quadling Country and it flows between Winkie Country and the mountain where the Hoppers and the Horners live. The Trick River has a tendency to change its flowing directions, jinxland - A monarchy separated from the rest of the Quadling Country by a gorge. Great Waterfall - A waterfall that is the highest in the land, morrow - It is the home of King Pastorias hunting lodge. Baron Lands - A section of rolling valleys and hills in Quadling Country that are ruled over by the Barons who are independent from Glinda, scare City - A walled city in the northern part of Quadling Country. It is inhabited by the Scares, a race of grotesque beings, ragbad - Home of Prince Tatters
42.
Bookman (typeface)
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Bookman or Bookman Old Style is a serif typeface. It evolved from derivatives of the Old Style design created by Alexander Phemister around the 1850s for the Miller & Richard foundry and it is particularly associated with the graphic design of the 1960s and 1970s, when revivals of it were very popular. It maintains its legibility at small sizes, and has used extensively for headlines. The ancestor of Bookman Old Style is Miller & Richards Old Style cut by Alexander Phemister, sometimes called a modernised old style, it is a redesign of true old-style serif faces from the eighteenth century such as Caslon with a quite wide design and larger lower-case letters. The direct ancestor of Bookmans were several fonts from around 1869 named Old Style Antique somewhat bolder than Miller & Richards first old-styles, however, the oldstyle antique designs then became used for body text. Although old-style antiques were bolder than the original face, the difference was not great enough that they could not be used for body text. G. Willem Ovink, a historian of type, writes in his history of the style in 1971 that and this was indeed produced, almost simultaneously in Philadelphia and in Edinburgh in two distinct designs, both under the name of Old Style Antique. The course of development is difficult to trace and these designs were then copied and bought up by a series of American type foundries, according to Ovink in a mixture of sizes based on the Philadelphia and Edinburgh designs. Ovink describes the Philadelphia Oldstyle Antique as being different for being slightly less bold and having an a with a rounded top, theodore De Vinne wrote of the style in 1902 that it was in marked favour as a text letter for books intended to have more of legibility. It was also used to emulate the style of the custom Golden Type used by William Morris at his Kelmscott Press. At least one printer of the noted the confusion of the apparently tautologous name. By 1903 it was sold by American Type Founders under the name of Bookman Old Style, ATF did not offer a normal italic, instead featuring an oblique, or sloped roman, in which the letters are simply slanted. Serif typefaces which use an oblique are now rare but the style was relatively common in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Bookman was popular in twentieth-century American printing for its colour, wide characters and legibility. Philip Larkin described the use of Old Style Antique in 1960 for John Betjemans autobiography Summoned By Bells in terms suggesting that he found its use archaic and somewhat ridiculous. Chauncey H. Griffith of the American Linotype foundry developed a revival for Linotypes hot metal typesetting system, other Old Style Antique releases were common in American printing during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Letraset created one revival during this period, the best theory I have is that it was a custom font created for an ad campaign in the mid-sixties. Someone who had access to it made copies, and before long, every typesetting shop had it
43.
Brothers Grimm
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Their first collection of folk tales, Childrens and Household Tales, was published in 1812. The brothers spent their formative years in the German town of Hanau and their fathers death in 1796 caused great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years after. They both attended the University of Marburg where they developed a curiosity about German folklore, which grew into a dedication to collecting German folk tales. The rise of romanticism during the 19th century revived interest in folk stories. With the goal of researching a scholarly treatise on folk tales, between 1812 and 1857, their first collection was revised and republished many times, growing from 86 stories to more than 200. The popularity of the Grimms best folk tales has endured well, Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm was born on 4 January 1785 and his brother Wilhelm Carl Grimm on 24 February 1786. They were the second- and third-eldest surviving siblings in a family of nine children, in 1791, the family moved to the countryside town of Steinau, when Philipp was employed there as district magistrate. The family became prominent members of the community, residing in a home surrounded by fields. Biographer Jack Zipes writes that the brothers were happy in Steinau, the children were educated at home by private tutors, receiving strict instruction as Lutherans that instilled in both a lifelong religious faith. In 1796, Philipp Grimm died of pneumonia, plunging his family into poverty, Dorothea depended on financial support from her father and sister, first lady-in-waiting at the court of William I, Elector of Hesse. Jacob was the eldest living son, and he was forced at age 11 to assume adult responsibilities for the two years. The two boys adhered to the advice of their grandfather, who continually exhorted them to be industrious, the brothers left Steinau and their family in 1798 to attend the Friedrichsgymnasium in Kassel, which had been arranged and paid for by their aunt. By then, they were without a provider, forcing them to rely entirely on each other. The two brothers differed in temperament, Jacob was introspective and Wilhelm was outgoing, sharing a strong work ethic, they excelled in their studies. In Kassel, they became aware of their inferior social status relative to high-born students who received more attention. Still, each brother graduated at the head of his class, Jacob in 1803, after graduation from the Friedrichsgymnasium, the brothers attended the University of Marburg. The university was small with about 200 students and there they became aware that students of lower social status were not treated equally. They were disqualified from admission because of their standing and had to request dispensation to study law
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Hans Christian Andersen
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Hans Christian Andersen (/ˈhɑːnz ˈkrɪstʃən ˈændərsən/, Danish, often referred to in Scandinavia as H. C. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersens popularity is not limited to children, his stories, called eventyr in Danish, express themes that transcend age and nationality. Some of his most famous fairy tales include The Emperors New Clothes, The Little Mermaid, The Nightingale, The Snow Queen, The Ugly Duckling, Thumbelina and his stories have inspired ballets, animated and live-action films and plays. Hans Christian Andersen was born in the town of Odense, Denmark, Andersens father, also Hans, considered himself related to nobility. His paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had in the past belonged to a social class. A persistent theory suggests that Andersen was a son of King Christian VIII. Andersens father, who had received an education, introduced Andersen to literature. Andersens mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter, was uneducated and worked as a washerwoman following his fathers death in 1816, she remarried in 1818. Andersen was sent to a school for poor children where he received a basic education and was forced to support himself, working as an apprentice for a weaver and, later. At 14, he moved to Copenhagen to seek employment as an actor, having an excellent soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Danish Theatre, but his voice soon changed. A colleague at the theatre told him that he considered Andersen a poet, taking the suggestion seriously, Andersen began to focus on writing. Jonas Collin, director of the Royal Danish Theatre, felt a great affection for Andersen and sent him to a school in Slagelse. Andersen had already published his first story, The Ghost at Palnatokes Grave, though not a keen pupil, he also attended school at Elsinore until 1827. He later said his years in school were the darkest and most bitter of his life, at one school, he lived at his schoolmasters home. There he was abused and was told that it was to improve his character and he later said the faculty had discouraged him from writing in general, causing him to enter a state of depression. A very early fairy tale by Andersen, called The Tallow Candle, was discovered in a Danish archive in October 2012, the story, written in the 1820s, was about a candle who did not feel appreciated. It was written while Andersen was still in school and dedicated to a benefactor, in 1829, Andersen enjoyed considerable success with the short story A Journey on Foot from Holmens Canal to the East Point of Amager. Its protagonist meets characters ranging from Saint Peter to a talking cat, Andersen followed this success with a theatrical piece, Love on St. Nicholas Church Tower, and a short volume of poems
45.
Holland, Michigan
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Holland is a city in the western region of the Lower Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. It is situated near the shore of Lake Michigan on Lake Macatawa. The city spans the Ottawa/Allegan county line, with 9.08 square miles in Ottawa, as of the 2010 census, the population was 33,051, with an Urbanized Area population of 95,394. Holland is the largest city in Ottawa County, and as of 2013 part of the Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Muskegon Metropolitan Statistical Area, Holland was founded by Dutch Americans, and is in an area that has a large percentage of citizens of Dutch American heritage. It is home to Hope College and Western Theological Seminary, institutions of the Reformed Church in America, Ottawa County was originally populated by Ottawa Indians. In 1846, Reverend Alex Tomasik established the Old Wing Mission as an outreach to the native population, Holland was settled in 1847 by Dutch Calvinist separatists, under the leadership of Dr. Albertus van Raalte. Dire economic conditions in the Netherlands compelled them to emigrate, while their desire for freedom led them to unite. Van Raalte and his colony settled on land in the midst of the Ottawa peoples Old Wing Mission Colony near the Black River where it streamed to Black Lake which, in turn, joint occupation by the two communities was not a marriage made in heaven. Eventually, the Dutch settlers purchased the land from the natives, in 1848, Michigan suffered from a smallpox epidemic. In Hollands early history, Van Raalte was a spiritual leader, in 1847 Van Raalte established a congregation of the Reformed Church in America, which would later be called the First Reformed Church of Holland. On March 25,1867, Holland was incorporated as a city with Isaac Cappon being the citys first mayor, the city suffered a major fire on October 8–9,1871, the same time as the Great Chicago Fire in Illinois and the very deadly Peshtigo Fire in Wisconsin. Because of the Great Michigan Fire, Manistee and Port Huron, Holland was known as the City of Churches. There are 170 churches in the greater Holland area, many of which are with the Reformed Church in America, the city is the home to the church that started the trend of the What Would Jesus Do. bracelets in 1989. In 1987, a 23-year-old City Council member Phil Tanis was elected mayor of Holland, the Holland Museum contains exhibits about the citys history. Another, the Cappon House Museum, was built in 1874 and is a museum that once housed the first mayor of Holland. The Settlers House Museum, a building that survived the fire, contains furnishings. Hollands downtown is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, nearby Holland State Park is a Michigan State Park. Across the channel from the State Park is the Holland Harbor Light, De Zwaan, an original 250-year-old Dutch windmill, is situated on Windmill Island, a municipal park
46.
World's Columbian Exposition
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The Worlds Columbian Exposition was a worlds fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbuss arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, the water pool, represented the long voyage Columbus took to the New World. Chicago bested New York City, Washington, D. C. the Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicagos self-image, and American industrial optimism. The layout of the Chicago Columbian Exposition was, in part, designed by John Wellborn Root, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted. It was the prototype of what Burnham and his colleagues thought a city should be and it was designed to follow Beaux Arts principles of design, namely French neoclassical architecture principles based on symmetry, balance, and splendor. The color of the generally used to cover the buildings facades gave the fairgrounds its nickname. Many prominent architects designed its 14 great buildings, artists and musicians were featured in exhibits and many also made depictions and works of art inspired by the exposition. The exposition covered more than 600 acres, featuring nearly 200 new buildings of predominantly neoclassical architecture, canals and lagoons, more than 27 million people attended the exposition during its six-month run. Dedication ceremonies for the fair were held on October 21,1892, the fair continued until October 30,1893. On October 9,1893, the day designated as Chicago Day, the debt for the fair was soon paid off with a check for $1.5 million. Chicago has commemorated the fair one of the stars on its municipal flag. Schwab, Chicago railroad and manufacturing magnate John Whitfield Bunn, and Connecticut banking, insurance, the fair was planned in the early 1890s during the Gilded Age of rapid industrial growth, immigration, and class tension. Worlds fairs, such as Londons 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition, had been successful in Europe as a way to bring together societies fragmented along class lines, the first American attempt at a worlds fair in Philadelphia in 1876, drew crowds but was a financial failure. Nonetheless, ideas about distinguishing the 400th anniversary of Columbus landing started in the late 1880s. Civic leaders in St. Louis, New York City, Washington DC and Chicago expressed an interest in hosting a fair to generate profits, boost real estate values, Congress was called on to decide the location. What finally persuaded Congress was Chicago banker Lyman Gage, who raised several million dollars in a 24-hour period, over. The exposition corporation and national exposition commission settled on Jackson Park, Daniel H. Burnham was selected as director of works, and George R. Davis as director-general. Burnham emphasized architecture and sculpture as central to the fair and assembled the periods top talent to design the buildings, the temporary buildings were designed in an ornate Neoclassical style and painted white, resulting in the fair site being referred to as the “White City”
47.
Hotel del Coronado
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Hotel del Coronado is a historic beachfront hotel in the city of Coronado, just across the San Diego Bay from San Diego, California. It is one of the few surviving examples of an American architectural genre and it is the second largest wooden structure in the United States and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977 and a California Historical Landmark in 1970. When it opened in 1888, it was the largest resort hotel in the world and it has hosted presidents, royalty, and celebrities through the years. The hotel has featured in numerous movies and books. In the mid-1880s, the San Diego region was in the midst of one of its first real estate booms, at that time, it was common for a developer to build a grand hotel as a draw for what would otherwise be a barren landscape. In November 1885, five investors went together to buy all of Coronado and North Island, approximately 4,000 acres, in April 1886, Babcock and Story created the Coronado Beach Company, after which they established a number of additional enterprises to support the development of Coronado. Hotel del Coronado also boasted one of the largest electrical power plants in the state, the men hired architect James W. Reid, a native of New Brunswick, Canada, who first practiced in Evansville and Terre Haute. His younger brother Merritt Reid, a partner in Reid Brothers, the Evansville firm, stayed in Indiana, babcocks visions for the hotel were grand, It would be built around a court. a garden of tropical trees, shrubs and flowers. From the south end, the foyer should open to Glorietta Bay with verandas for rest, on the ocean corner, there should be a pavilion tower, and northward along the ocean, a colonnade, terraced in grass to the beach. The dining wing should project at an angle from the southeast corner of the court and be almost detached, to full value to the view of the ocean, bay. Construction of the began in March 1887, on a sandspit populated by jack rabbits. If the hotel were ever to be built, one of problems to overcome was the absence of lumber. The lumber problem was solved with contracts for exclusive rights to all raw lumber production of the Dolbeer & Carson Lumber Company of Eureka, California, which was one of the Wests largest. Planing mills were built on site to finish raw lumber shipped directly from the Dolbeer & Carson lumber yards, to obtain brick and concrete, Reid built his own kilns. He also constructed a metal shop and iron works, labor was provided largely by Chinese immigrants from San Francisco and Oakland. The Crown Room was Reids masterpiece and its wooden ceiling was installed with pegs and glue. Not a single nail was used, landscaping for the hotel was completed by Kate Sessions. Reids plans were being revised and added to constantly, to deal with fire hazards, a freshwater pipeline was run under San Diego Bay
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The Wonderful Wizard of Oz public domain audiobook at LibriVox
