1.
Paravur Kayal
–
Paravur Kayal is a lake in Paravur, Kerala, India. Although it is small, with an area of only 6.62 km², it is the end point of the Ithikkara River and part of the system of lakes and canals that make up the Kerala Backwaters. It has been connected to Edava and Ashtamudi Kayal as part of the Trivandrum - Shoranur canal system since the late 19th century, the lake meets the sea and in between a small stretch of road which divides them can be viewed on way. Paravur Lake is one of the emerging tourist destinations in the district which attracts a number of tourists. The panoramic views are breath taking if you opt for a birds eye view, not from the sky but from the terraces situated north. Famous Lakesagar Xaviers resort is situated at the banks of Paravur lake, priyadarshini boat club is another major attraction in the vicinity of Paravur lake. The mangroves along both sides of Paravur lake is very famous Paravur lake is about 4 kilometres away from Paravur town. Paravur-Edava-Varkala road passes through the banks of Paravur lake, the nearest important railway station to Paravur lake is Paravur railway station. Fourteen pairs of trains stop at Paravur railway station every day, the nearest major rail head is Kollam Junction railway station, which is about 26 kilometres away from the lake. The nearest KSRTC bus station is Chathannoor bus station, which is 12 km away, Paravur Municipal Bus Stand and railway station are 4 kilometres away from the lake. Paravur Paravur Thekkumbhagam Paravur railway station Pozhikara Nedungolam
Paravur Kayal
–
An evening view of Paravur Lake
Paravur Kayal
–
Paravur Lake near
Thekkumbhagam estuary
Paravur Kayal
–
A photo of sunset taken from
Paravur Thekkumbhagam beach
2.
Estuaries of Paravur
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The Paravur Estuaries are a group of estuaries in Paravur, India, near the South-Western coast of Kollam district, Kerala. Paravur is one among the 4 municipal towns in Kollam district, the place is known for its natural beauties, backwater locations, white-sand beaches and concentration of temples. Paravur is a land of beaches, backwaters & estuaries, the Paravur landmasss three sides are surrounded by water bodies - Paravur Lake, Nadayara Lake and the Arabian Sea. Paravur Lake is the body of water in the town area. The peninsula of Paravur is one of the most visited areas in Kollam district, both north and south tips of Paravur town have peninsulas and estuaries. Pozhikara is to the north and Thekkumbhagam is to the south of Paravur, one more estuary mouth is in Pozhikara, which is very close to Pozhikara Devi Temple, which has breached in 2014 under the supervision of Water Resources Department, after a long gap of 14 years. The estuaries can be reached by travelling through Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road, the 600 hectare Polachira Wetland is also close to Paravur. Paravur backwaters on both the north and south ends have Pozhi, both meet the Arabian Sea in the districts beach faces. There is an artificial tidal-regulator in the bridge at Pozhikara estuarine area. Paravur Lake is a lake in Paravur, Kerala, India, although it is small, with an area of only 6.62 km², it is the end point of the Ithikkara River and part of the system of lakes and canals that make up the Kerala Backwaters. It has been connected to Edava and Ashtamudi Kayal as part of the Trivandrum - Shoranur canal system since the late 19th century
Estuaries of Paravur
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Boating at
Paravur Lake
Estuaries of Paravur
–
Thekkumbhagam -
Kappil bridge as seen from Paravur Estuary. This bridge is the official border of
Paravur town towards south
Estuaries of Paravur
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Pozhikkara peninsula in the north of
Paravur town
Estuaries of Paravur
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Paravur Estuary mouth at
Thekkumbhagam
3.
Paravur Lake
–
Paravur Kayal is a lake in Paravur, Kerala, India. Although it is small, with an area of only 6.62 km², it is the end point of the Ithikkara River and part of the system of lakes and canals that make up the Kerala Backwaters. It has been connected to Edava and Ashtamudi Kayal as part of the Trivandrum - Shoranur canal system since the late 19th century, the lake meets the sea and in between a small stretch of road which divides them can be viewed on way. Paravur Lake is one of the emerging tourist destinations in the district which attracts a number of tourists. The panoramic views are breath taking if you opt for a birds eye view, not from the sky but from the terraces situated north. Famous Lakesagar Xaviers resort is situated at the banks of Paravur lake, priyadarshini boat club is another major attraction in the vicinity of Paravur lake. The mangroves along both sides of Paravur lake is very famous Paravur lake is about 4 kilometres away from Paravur town. Paravur-Edava-Varkala road passes through the banks of Paravur lake, the nearest important railway station to Paravur lake is Paravur railway station. Fourteen pairs of trains stop at Paravur railway station every day, the nearest major rail head is Kollam Junction railway station, which is about 26 kilometres away from the lake. The nearest KSRTC bus station is Chathannoor bus station, which is 12 km away, Paravur Municipal Bus Stand and railway station are 4 kilometres away from the lake. Paravur Paravur Thekkumbhagam Paravur railway station Pozhikara Nedungolam
Paravur Lake
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An evening view of Paravur Lake
Paravur Lake
–
Paravur Lake near
Thekkumbhagam estuary
Paravur Lake
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A photo of sunset taken from
Paravur Thekkumbhagam beach
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
India
–
Flag
India
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The granite
tower of
Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by
Raja Raja Chola I.
India
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Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
6.
States and territories of India
–
India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
States and territories of India
–
Hyderabad state in 1909
7.
Kerala
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Kerala historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar Coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions, spread over 38,863 km2, it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The region has been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE, the Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks by the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, after independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore-Cochin was given the status of a state in 1949. In 1956, Kerala state was formed by merging Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin, Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India, the production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, the states coastline extends for 595 kilometres, and around 1.1 million people in the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% to the states income. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English, Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology, One popular theory derives Kerala from Kera and alam is land, thus land of coconuts, this also happens to be a nickname for the state due to abundance of coconut trees and its use by the locals. The word Kerala is first recorded in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka, the inscription refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra, or son of Chera. This contradicts the theory that Kera is from coconut tree, at that time, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil, Chera and Kera are variants of the same word. The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for lake, the earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two Hindu epics, the Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam or chera alam, the Greco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Keralaputra as Celobotra. According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the warrior sage Parasurama. Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached, according to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation, so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land
Kerala
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A houseboat near
Alappuzha, Kerala
Kerala
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Parasurama, surrounded by settlers, commanding
Varuna (the
Hindu God of water) to part the seas and reveal Kerala.
Kerala
–
A
dolmen erected by Neolithic people in
Marayur
Kerala
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Silk Road map. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).
8.
List of districts of India
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A district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. In some cases districts are subdivided into sub-divisions, and in others directly into tehsils or talukas. As of 2016 there are a total of 707 districts, up from the 640 in the 2011 Census of India, mahe of Puducherry is the smallest district of India by area while Kutch of Gujarat is the largest district of India by area. The majority of districts are named after their administrative centre, some are referred to by two names, a traditional one and one that uses the name of the town that is the headquarters. Since most of the districts are named after a town, the district is appended to distinguish between the town and the district. Official websites very often use District with a capital D in this context, the names of the 687 districts are mostly unique. The following tables list the details of various states
List of districts of India
–
Districts of India
9.
Kollam district
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Kollam district is one of 14 districts of the state of Kerala, India. The district has a cross-section of Keralas natural attributes, it is endowed with a coastline, a major Arabian Sea seaport. The district has many source of waterbodies, Kallada river is one among it and the east side land of river is EastKallada and the west side land is WestKallada. Kallada Boat race is one among the festival events of district. Even though it is a competition between two sides of river many boat clubs from various places even beyond the district use to participate in the event. Kollam is the capital of Keralas cashew industry, plains, mountains, lakes, lagoons and backwaters, forests, farmland and rivers make up the topography of the district. The area had trading relationships with Phoenicia and Ancient Rome and it covers 2,492 square kilometres, is the seventh-largest district in Kerala and is densely populated. It has the shortest coastal line among districts in Kerala, five major urban centres are, Kollam, Paravur, Punalur, Karunagapally, and Kottarakara. Sasthamkotta Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Kerala, is located in Kollam, two major rivers drain the district. Ashtamudi Lake and Paravur Lake are two important lakes in the district, Ashtamudi Lake covers 30 percent of total area of the district. Kollam is located on Ashtamudi Lake, Neendakara, a major fishing port in southern Kerala, is also located on this scenic lake. Edava and Nadayara Lakes are also located in Kollam district. The place is popular as Thangasseri. The lighthouse built at Quilon by the British in the year 1902 is visible as far as 13 miles in the sea, the lighthouse stands to an amazing height of 144 feet. The picturesque view of the sea from the place where the stands is breathtaking. In the vicinity lies the Portuguese Fort, the fort was built in the year 1517 and at present only a wall of the fort has escaped the assaults made by Time. Kollams temperature is almost steady throughout the year, the average temperature ranges from 25 to 32 degrees Celsius. Summer usually runs from March until May, the monsoon begins by June, Kollam receives an annual average rainfall of around 2,700 millimetres
Kollam district
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From top:
Paravur estuary, Light house and clock tower in
Kollam city, 13 Ring bridge of
Thenmala, Check dam across Kallada river
Kollam district
–
Kollam District കൊല്ലം ജില്ല Quilon District
Kollam district
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Lighthouse, Thangasseri, Kollam
Kollam district
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Paravur estuary: Scenic beauty of backwaters and beaches
10.
Municipal council
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A municipal council is the local government of a municipality. Specifically the term may refer to the institutions of various countries that may be translated by this term, in English, it may refer to what are also called city councils and town councils. The one exception is the city of Paris, where the city police is in the hands of the central state, not in the hands of the mayor of Paris. This uniformity of status is a legacy of the French Revolution. Lists of communes of France Commune List of fifteen largest French metropolitan areas by population See Nagar Palika for municipalities of India, the Municipal Council in Moldova is the governing body in five municipalities, Chişinău, Bălţi, Tiraspol and Bendery. The Municipal Council serves as a body with some powers of general policy determination. It is composed of a determined number of counsellors elected every four years, representing political parties. Once elected, counsellors may form fractions inside of the Municipal Council, there are two fractions in the Municipal Council, PCRM fraction and Meleag fraction. The Mayor of the municipality is elected for four years, in Bălţi, Vasile Panciuc is the incumbent from 2001 and was re-elected twice, in 2003 during the anticipated elections, and in 2007. In Chişinău, the last mayor elections had to be repeated three times, because of the low rate of participation, as a result, Dorin Chirtoacă, won the last mayor elections in Chişinău. The municipal council is the highest governing body of the municipality in Norway, the municipal council sets the scope of municipal activity, takes major decisions, and delegates responsibility. The council is led by a mayor and is divided into an executive board and it is not uncommon for some members of the council to sit in the county councils too, but very rare that they also hold legislative or Government office, without leave of absence. The municipal council dates back to 1837 with the creation of the Formannskabsdistrikt, in cities the council is often called a city council. In the Republic of China, a municipal council represents a special municipality, members of the councils are elected through municipal elections held every 4-5 years. Councils for the municipalities in Taiwan are Taipei City Council, New Taipei City Council, Taichung City Council, Tainan City Council, Kaohsiung City Council
Municipal council
–
Taipei City Council
11.
Paravur, Kollam
–
Paravur, or South Paravoor, is a town and a municipality in the Kollam district of the Indian state of Kerala. The lakes and sea coast of Paravur attract visitors and foreigners with the attraction the interconnection of Paravur Kayal. Paravur lies 21 kilometres from Kollam by road and can be reached within 15 minutes by train from Kollam Junction, Paravur Municipality consists of Kottapuram, Koonayil, Thekkumbhagam, Chillakkal, Perumpuzha, Nedungolam, Pozhikara, Maniyamkulam, Kurumandal, Kottamoola, Attinpuram & Kochalummoodu. Paravur Municipality is a Grade-II Municipality of Kerala, Paravur is located at 8.78 N76 E. It has an elevation of 10 metres. Paravur,21 kilometers from the Kollam, is a skirt of land stretching in between the backwaters and the sea. The famous Varkala beach is a mere 12 kilometres drive from here, there is an elevation of 6 metres above sea level, extending to 16 metres on the inland. As of 2011 India census, Paravur has a population of 43,739, males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Paravur has an literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 81%. In Paravur, 10% of the population are under 6 years of age, total number of households are 9,155. Pozhikara was the headquarters of Paravur. Remnants of the old fort, Thaana and Anchalappees still remain, a mint of the erstwhile Travancore Kingdom for printing and punching their currencies was once situated at Paravur. Paravur panchayat was formed in 1936 as one of the four panchayats sanctioned by Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer, the others were Boothapandi, Nedumangadu, and Perumbavoor. The so formed Paravur panchayat included nine territories-Thekkumbhagam, Kottappuram, Kongal, Pozhikara, Kurumandal, Koonayil, Kalakkode, Bhoothakkulam, sree Ramavarma koyi thampuram from Kilimanoor Palace was the first executive officer of the panchayat. The first election for Paravur panchayat was held in 1942 and Sri Achuthan Pillai became the first elected panchayat president, later Paravur became a Municipality on May 1,1988. For the first seven years it was ruled by special officers, in 1995 after the first Municipal election, Smt. Bhanumati became the first Municipal Chairperson, in April 2016, over 100 people were killed in a fireworks explosion at a local temple in the town. There are so many important roads in Paravur, connecting Kollam city and neighbouring towns like Varkala, Chathannoor, Parippally, Poothakkulam
Paravur, Kollam
–
From top:
Paravur railway station,
Paravur Lake(Kaayal), Aayiravilli Temple Festival, Pulimuttu in
Paravur Pozhikara
Paravur, Kollam
–
Entrance of
Paravur railway station
Paravur, Kollam
–
Paravur Lake – An evening scene from
Paravur Thekkumbhagam
12.
Malayalam language
–
Malayalam /mʌləˈjɑːləm/ is a language spoken in India, predominantly in the state of Kerala. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was designated as a Classical Language in India in 2013 and it was developed to the current form mainly by the influence of the poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan in the 16th century. Malayalam has official status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep. It belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is spoken by some 38 million people, according to one theory, Malayalam originated from Middle Tamil in the 7th century. However, the current understanding proposes the separation of Malayalam from Proto-Dravidian in the pre-historic era, Malayalam incorporated many elements from Sanskrit through the ages. Before Malayalam came into being, Old Tamil was used in literature and courts of a region called Tamilakam, including present day Kerala state, silappatikaramit was written by Chera prince Ilango Adigal from Chunkaparra, and is considered a classic in Sangam literature. Modern Malayalam still preserves many words from the ancient Tamil vocabulary of Sangam literature, the earliest script used to write Malayalam was the Vatteluttu alphabet, and later the Kolezhuttu, which derived from it. As Malayalam began to borrow words as well as the rules of grammar from Sanskrit. This developed into the modern Malayalam script, many medieval liturgical texts were written in an admixture of Sanskrit and early Malayalam, called Manipravalam. The oldest literary work in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition, is dated from between the 9th and 11th centuries, the first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam Varthamanappusthakam, written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar in 1785. Due to its lineage deriving from both Tamil and Sanskrit, the Malayalam script has the largest number of letters among the Indian language orthographies, the Malayalam script includes letters capable of representing almost all the sounds of all Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages. Malayalam serves as a language on the islands including the Mahl-dominated Minicoy Island. The word Malayalam originated from the Sanskrit resp, Malayalam words malai or mala, meaning hill, and elam, meaning region. Malayalam thus translates as hill region and used to refer to the land of the Chera dynasty, the language Malayalam is alternatively called Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malean, Maliyad, and Mallealle. The word Malayalam originally meant only for the name of the region, Malayanma or Malayayma represented the language. With the emergence of modern Malayalam language, the name of the language started to be known by the name of the region, hence now, the word Malayanma is considered by some to represent the olden Malayalam language. The language got the name Malayalam during the mid 19th century, the origin of Malayalam, an independent offshoot of the proto-Dravidian language, has been and continues to be an engaging pursuit among comparative historical linguists. Together with Tamil, Toda, Kannada and Tulu, Malayalam belongs to the group of Dravidian languages
Malayalam language
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Cover page of Nasranikal okkekkum ariyendunna samkshepavedartham which is the first book to be printed in Malayalam in 1772.
Malayalam language
–
Malayalam in Malayalam script
Malayalam language
–
Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan
Malayalam language
–
Shakuntala writes to Dushyanta. Painting by
Raja Ravi Varma. The poetry was translated by
Kerala Varma as
Abhijnanasakuntalam
13.
English language
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
English language
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The opening to the Old English epic poem
Beowulf,
handwritten in
half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language
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Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language
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Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales c.1400
14.
Indian Standard Time
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Indian Standard Time is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a time offset of UTC+05,30. India does not observe daylight saving time or other seasonal adjustments, in military and aviation time IST is designated E*. Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.30 E longitude, in Shankargarh Fort, in the tz database, it is represented by Asia/Kolkata. The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location at Shankargarh Fort Allahabad district, daylight Saving Time was used briefly during the China–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971. Inhabitants of the states have to advance their clocks with the early sunrise. In the late 1980s, a team of researchers proposed separating the country two or three time zones to conserve energy. The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British–era time zones, in 2001, the government established a four–member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving. In Assam, tea gardens follow a separate time zone, known as the Chaibagaan or Bagan time, still Indian Standard Time remains the only officially used time. The filmmaker Jahnu Barua has been campaigning for a time zone for the past 25 years. In 2010, he suggested creating a time zone for the Development of Northeastern Region. In 2014, Chief Minister of Assam Tarun Gogoi started campaigning for another time zone for Assam, however, the proposal would need to be cleared by the Central Government of India. Official time signals are generated by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi, the signals are based on atomic clocks and are synchronised with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time. IST is taken as the time as it passes through almost the centre of India. To communicate the exact time to the people, the time is broadcast over the state-owned All India Radio. Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time, another increasingly popular means of obtaining the time is through Global Positioning System receivers
Indian Standard Time
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IST in relation with the bordering nations
15.
Postal Index Number
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A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long, the PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names, there are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone. The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region, the second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices, a state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled. The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district and this is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district. The last two represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO. The numbering of the office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices. If the volume of mails handled at an office is too large, a new delivery office is created. Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other only have the first four digits in common. Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction, all of which share the same code. The delivery office can either be a General Post Office, a Head Office or Sub Office which are located in urban areas. The post from the office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices are located in areas and have limited postal services
Postal Index Number
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A post box with PIN (571120) marked on it
Postal Index Number
–
2-digit postcode areas in India(defined through the first two postcode digits)
16.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
Vehicle registration plate
–
Some
jurisdictions license non-traditional vehicles, such as
golf carts, particularly on on-road vehicles, such as this one in
Put-in-Bay, Ohio.
Vehicle registration plate
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Burkina passenger plate
Vehicle registration plate
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Burkina Faso Gendarmerie plate
Vehicle registration plate
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Botswana plate
17.
Kollam
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Kollam or Quilon, formerly Desinganadu, is an old seaport and city on the Laccadive Sea coast of Kerala, India. The city is on the banks Ashtamudi Lake, Kollam has had a strong commercial reputation since the days of the Phoenicians and Romans. Fed by the Chinese trade, it was mentioned by Ibn Battuta in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen during the course of his twenty-four year travels, desinganadus rajas exchanged embassies with Chinese rulers while there was a flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam. In the 9th Century, on his way to Canton, China, Marco Polo, the great Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under Kublai Khan in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin. V. Nagam Aiya in his Travancore State Manual records that in 822 AD two East Syrian bishops Mar Sabor and Mar Proth, settled in Quilon with their followers. Two years later the Malabar Era began and Quilon became the city of the Malabar region ahead of Travancore. Kollam is a city on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake that took the title Gods Own Country without much demur. The braids of Ashtamudi Lake lie about 71 kilometres north of the state capital, the city hosts the administrative offices of Kollam district and is a prominent trading city for the state. The proportion of females to males in Kollam city is second highest among the 500 most populous cities in India, Kollam is the least polluted city in India. Four major trading centers/towns around Kollam are Kottarakara, Punalur, Paravur, There was also internal trade through the Punalur Pass connecting the ancient town to Tamil Nadu. The rail links later established to Tamil Nadu supported still stronger trade links, the factories processing marine exports and the processing and packaging of cashewnuts extended its trade across the globe. Kollam is the fourth most populous city in Kerala and the fifth largest in incorporated area and it is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. Ashtamudi Lake is considered the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination at Kollam. The Kollam urban area includes towns such as Paravur in the south, Kundara in the east. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Eravipuram, Kottiyam, Kannanallur, Kollam appeared as Palombe in Mandevilles Travels, where he claimed it contained a Fountain of Youth. During the later stages of the rule of the Chera monarchy in Kerala, Kollam emerged as the point of trade. Kollam continues to be a business and commercial centre in the Southern Kerala. In 825 CE, the Malayalam calendar, or Kollavarsham, was created in Kollam at meetings held in the city, the present Malayalam calendar is said to have begun with the re-founding of the town, which was rebuilt after its destruction by a fire
Kollam
–
From top clockwise:
RP Mall in
Downtown Kollam,
Lighthouse in
Tangasseri,
British Residency in
Asramam,
Kollam Junction railway station and
Kollam MEMU Shed, Aerial view of
Ashtamudi Lake,
Kollam Port,
Asramam Adventure Park, Jalakeli Kendram near
Kollam Beach
Kollam
–
Kollam in the 1500s
Kollam
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Kollam in the 1700s
18.
Arabian Sea
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The Arabian Sea is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by northeastern Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula, and on the east by India. Historically the sea has been known by names including the Erythraean Sea. Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 and its depth is 4,652 metres. The Gulf of Aden is in the southwest, connecting the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, the Arabian Sea has been crossed by important marine trade routes since the third or second millennium BCE. Major seaports include Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai, the Port of Karachi and the Gwadar Port in Pakistan, other important ports include in India, Kandla Port, and Mormugao in Goa. The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include Socotra, Masirah Island, Astola Island, the Arabian Seas surface area is about 3,862,000 km2. The maximum width of the Sea is approximately 2,400 km, the biggest river flowing into the Sea is the Indus River. There are also the gulfs of Khambhat and Kutch on the Indian coast, the countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Pakistan, India and the Maldives. There are several cities on the seas coast including Mumbai, Surat, Karachi, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Aden, Muscat, Keti Bandar, Salalah, Duqm. International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows, the Eastern limit of the Gulf of Aden. A line joining Ràs al Hadd, East point of Arabia, a line running from the South extremity of Addu Atoll, to the Eastern extreme of Ràs Hafun. The Western limit of the Laccadive Sea, by the time of Julius Caesar, several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon water transport through the Sea around the rough inland terrain features to its north. Each major route involved transhipping to pack animal caravan, travel through country and risk of bandits. Later the kingdom of Axum arose in Ethiopia to rule a mercantile empire rooted in the trade with Europe via Alexandria, Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai is the largest port in the Arabian Sea, and the largest container port in India. The Port of Karachi is Pakistans largest and busiest seaport, handling about 60% of the nations cargo and it is located between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar, close to the main business district and several industrial areas. The geographic position of the places it in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. The history of the port is intertwined with that of the city of Karachi, several ancient ports have been attributed in the area including Krokola, Morontobara, Barbarikon (the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, and Debal. It warns sailors about whirlpools and advises them to safety in Kaurashi harbour if they found themselves drifting dangerously
Arabian Sea
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Arabian Sea from space
Arabian Sea
–
Arabian Sea
Arabian Sea
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17th century map depicting the locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
Arabian Sea
–
The
Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai, India is the largest port of India and one of the busiest in the Arabian Sea
19.
Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram
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Kappil is a tourist place near paravur, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala state, India. It is located in Edava Panchayat at the cost of Arabian Sea, currently kappil is under Attingal Constituency. Scenic backwaters, beach and facilities for watersport are available, nellatil, Edava, Paravur, Nadayara, Varkala etc. are locations in the vicinity which are worth visiting. Kappil is also famous for Kappil Bhagavathy Temple and a tourist spot during the festival season, though connected by rail, only shuttle trains stop at Kappil. It lies on the Thiruvananthapuram-Kollam railway route, nearest main Railway Station is Paravur at 4.5 km away. Paravur Railway Station is an Adersh Railway Station and a total of 14 pairs of trains have stops here, bus service is available to Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Paravur and Varkala. Nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, Varkala papanasham, Little Flower School, Salmiya Nursery, Jawahar balabhavan, New Vadakkey Veedu, K P Sirang, Kappil Devi Temple, Media related to Kappil at Wikimedia Commons
Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram
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Kappil boatclub
Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram
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The lonely beach
Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram
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A beautiful evening view from Paravur-Kappil bridge
20.
Thiruvananthapuram
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Thiruvananthapuram, formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located on the west coast of India near the south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the Evergreen city of India, Thiruvananthapuram was a trading post for spices, sandalwood and ivory. The city was ruled by the Ays and was captured by the rulers of Venad in tenth century A. D, in 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and made Thiruvananthapuram the capital in 1745. It remained as a state ruled by Travancore under the loose governance of the British before joining the Indian Union in 1948. With nearly 80% of the software exports, Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub with the Technopark. Indias first and only magic academy, Magic Academy Research Centre run by Merlin award-winning magician Gopinath Muthukad is situated in Thiruvananthapuram, the city is home to animation companies like Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd. The Kinfra Film and Video Park is one of the most advanced film and it is consistently ranked among the best cities to live in Kerala as well as India. The city was referred to as Trivandrum until 1991, when the government decided to reinstate the citys original name Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE, the city was a trading post for spices, sandalwood and ivory. The early rulers of the city were the Ays and after their fall in the 10th century, in 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1745 after shifting the capital from Padmanabhapuram in Tamil Nadu. In the mid-19th century, the city was under the reign of Swathi Thirunal, an observatory was established in 1837 with the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library and the University College established in 1873. Several colleges were established by Moolam Thirunal, sree Moolam Assembly, established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state. After Indian Independence in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union, in 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore-Cochin, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with the Kingdom of Cochin. The king of Travancore, Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, became the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956, when the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital. The city has a population of 752,490 according to the 2011 census, the sex ratio is 1,032 females for every 1,000 males. In October 2010, the number of wards was increased from 86 to 100 post expansion of city limits by adding Sreekaryam, Vattiyoorkavu, Kudappanakunnu, hindus comprise 68. 5% of the population, Christians about 16. 7% and Muslims form 13. 7%. The major languages spoken are Malayalam and English, in Palayam in the city centre, there is a mosque, a temple and a Christian church next to each other as neighbours, establishing the communal harmony of Keralites
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Clockwise from top right:
Kovalam Beach,
Napier Museum,
Trivandrum Central,
Kowdiar Palace,
Niyamasabha Mandiram,
Infosys Building,
The Sculpture of Jalakanyaka Mermaid
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Seal
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Painting by
Raja Ravi Varma depicting
Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos being greeted by
Visakham Thirunal, with
Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram,
Travancore in early 1880.
Thiruvananthapuram
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Kowdiar Palace built in 1915 was the official residence of the
Travancore Royal Family.
21.
Pozhikara
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Pozhikara or Pozhikkara is the Western border town of famous Paravur municipality in the Kollam district of Kerala state in India. It is located at the South-Western tip of Kollams coastal area and it is in the Arabian Sea coast. Pozhikara is considered as one of the sites in Kerala. The place is famous for its natural beauty. Paravur was a trade hub for the foreign countries. An important ancient document revealing the importance of Paravur and Pozhikara is Pozhikara sasanam built in 12 th century at Pozhikara sivakshetram and it was encrypted on a sila phalakam in vattazhuthu. Another mentioning of Paravur is in Unnineeli sandesam which was written more than 600 years. Pozhikara was the headquarters of Paravur before the independence of India. Remnants of old fort, Thaana and Anchalappees are still remaining there, Pozhikara is well connected with almost all the major towns. It is about 14 km from Kollam City through Kollam-Paravur coastal road, Pozhikara is just 2 km away from Paravur town. KSRTC is running daily Fast Passenger bus services in Pozhikara-Ernakulam and Pozhikara-Poovar route, Paravur Municipal bus stand is about 4 km away from Meenad. The nearest important railway station is Paravur Railway Station, which is 2.5 km away from Pozhikara, nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport Paravur Paravur Railway Station Nedungolam Thekkumbhagam Kollam Paravur Kayal Kollam District
Pozhikara
–
Pozhikara
Pozhikara
–
City Corporations
22.
Thiruvananthapuram district
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Thiruvananthapuram District is the southernmost district of the coastal state of Kerala. It is the largest city in Kerala and it came into existence in the year 1957. The headquarters is the city of Thiruvananthapuram which is also the city of Kerala. The district has an area of 2,192 square kilometres and a population of 3,307,284 and it is the densest district in Kerala with 1,509 inhabitants per square kilometre. It is divided into six taluks, Thiruvananthapuram, Chirayinkeezhu, Neyyattinkara, Nedumangadu, Varkala, the urban bodies in the district are the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, Varkala, Neyyattinkara, Attingal and Nedumangad municipalities. Thiruvananthapuram district is situated between north latitudes 8°17 and 8°54 and east longitudes 76°41 and 77°17, the southern-most extremity, Kaliyikkavila, is 56 kilometres away from Kanyakumari, the Lands End of mainland India. The district has three rivers, several freshwater lakes and more than 300 ponds. The eastern region is forested, northern regions are mostly under rubber cultivation, built up areas and rice fields complete the land use. The district has the name as its headquarters city, Thiruvananthapuram. The city gets its name from the word Thiru-anantha-puram, meaning the Abode of Lord Anantha, the name derives from the deity of the Hindu temple at the center of the Thiruvananthapuram city. Anantha is the serpent Shesha on whom Padmanabhan or Vishnu reclines, the district was officially referred to as Trivandrum in English until 1991, when the government decided to reinstate the citys original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages. Thiruvananthapuram city and several places in the district loom large in ancient tradition. The place had earlier been frequented by the Portuguese and later by the Dutch and it was from here that the English gradually extended their domain to other parts of Travancore. Modern history begins with Marthanda Varma,1729 CE–1758 CE, who is regarded as the Father of modern Travancore. Thiruvananthapuram was known as a center of intellectual and artistic activities in those days. The temple of Vishnu reclining on Anantha, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple, along with the presiding deity of Padmanabha, this temple has temples inside it, dedicated to Lord Krishna, Lord Narasimha, Lord Ganesha, and Lord Ayyappa. The temple was built by King Marthanda Varma of the Travancore royal family when, in 1745, he shifted the Travancore capital from Padmanabhapuram, King Marthanda Varma started reigning as Sree Padmanabhadasa, the Slave of Sree Padmanabha. The vast temple complex, with its tall Gopuram decorated with detailed carvings reflected in the temple tank, is today a center of attraction for the pious, the tourist
Thiruvananthapuram district
–
Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram district
–
Location of Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala
Thiruvananthapuram district
–
Cliffs at
Varkala, Thiruvanatnthapuram district. It is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the
Arabian Sea
Thiruvananthapuram district
–
A view from
Ponmudi Hills
23.
Varkala
–
Varkala is a coastal town and municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the town of Thiruvananthapuram. It is located 50 kilometres north-west of Thiruvananthapuram and 37 km south-west of Kollam, Varkala is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea. There are numerous water spouts and spas on the sides of these cliffs, in 2015, Ministry of Mines, Government of India and Geological Survey of India have declared Varkala Cliff as a geo-heritage site. Varkala is also famous for the 2, 000-year-old Janardana Swami Temple which is an important Vaishnavaite shrine in India and is referred to as Dakshin Kashi. The temple is located close to the Papanasam beach, which is considered to have holy waters which wash away sins, the temple has an ancient bell removed from a shipwreck, donated by the captain of the Dutch vessel which sank near Varkala without causing any casualties. Another major landmark in Varkala is the Sivagiri Mutt, established by the social reformer Sree Narayana Guru, the hill-top mausoleum of Sree Narayana Guru is one of the most famous monuments in Kerala. It is believed that a Pandyan King was instructed by Lord Brahma to build a temple at this place to redeem him of his sins. But several other myths abound on the birth of Varkala, narada told the pilgrims to pray for their redemption at Papanasam, which literally means redemption from sins. Varkala is located at 8. 73°N76. 71°E /8.73,76.71, Warkalli formation along with Quilon formation represents sediments laid down in the Kerala basin that existed during the Mio-pliocene times. Thin seams of lignite in the shales of the Warkalli formation suggests good vegetation at the time of deposition of the clayey sediments, Varkala assembly constituency is part of Attingal, and current MP is Mr. Sampath. Current MLA of Varkala Municipality is Mr. Joy V. Varkala is a well-known tourist destination, the town has an average-rated water supply system, fire station, several post offices and a police station. The town has government-run medical facilities in addition to over 10 private hospitals, a government-run nature cure hospital is also near the Papanasam cliff. The District Ayurvedic Hospital is located in Varkala, Varkala is an important hub for neighbouring places Attingal, Kadakkavur, Chirayinkeezhu, Kallambalam, Paravur and Kilimanoor. In 2001, Varkala had a population of 42,273, males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Varkala has an literacy rate of 88%, with 92% of males. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age, according to the 2011 Census of India, The Varkala Municipality has population of 40,048 of which 18,312 are males while 21,736 are females. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 4479 which is 11. 18% of total population of Varkala, in Varkala Municipality, Female Sex Ratio is of 1187 against state average of 1084
Varkala
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Traffic circle in Varkala
Varkala
Varkala
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Trains in
Varkala Sivagiri Railway station
Varkala
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Paragliding at
Varkala Beach
24.
Polachira
–
Polachira is a wetland spread over 600 hectares located near Paravur Municipality in Kollam District of Kerala, India. Formerly part of the Chathannoor Grama Panchayath, it is now located in the Chirakkara Grama Panchayath, Polachira is about 5 km south of Chathannoor town and 6 km north east of Paravur town. Chathannoor-Polachira-Ozhukupara Bund Across Road is the access to Polchira. As a result of the biodiversity and abundance of fish and mussels, a 2003 census conducted at Polachira recorded over 26000 birds belonging to 37 species. The famous Anathavalam, where one can watch or even travel on domestic elephants, is located near Polachira, Polachira consists entirely of paddy fields where farmers can cultivate paddy three times a year. As the soil has high fertility value there is no need of fertilizer to cultivate paddy which will give high yields to the farmers, however, the main problem faced by farmers is that the fields are covered with water for the whole year. If needed, farmers association takes initiatives to dry the fields by using water pumps, if the fields in Polachira get dry and are suitable for paddy cultivation during May, November, January. Unscientific construction of bund affeted three times paddy cultivations. There is a scope to develop Polachira as a tourist spot. But the relevant authorities not yet took action for it, presence of migratory birds, cool wind, eye catching sceneries, etc. will attract all. An organization formed in the name of Ithikkara-Polachira Tourism Development Agency with an aim to explore Polachiras tourism possibilities, sivaraja Pillai Memorial ITC, Paravur 4. Ozhukupara Govt W L P School Paravur Paravur Railway Station Kollam Kollam district Kollam Junction railway station Pozhikkara Paravur Municipality Website Chirakkara Grama Panchayat Website
Polachira
–
Migratory birds at Polachira
Polachira
Polachira
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Elephant near Polachira Bund Acros Road
25.
Pozhikkara
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Pozhikara or Pozhikkara is the Western border town of famous Paravur municipality in the Kollam district of Kerala state in India. It is located at the South-Western tip of Kollams coastal area and it is in the Arabian Sea coast. Pozhikara is considered as one of the sites in Kerala. The place is famous for its natural beauty. Paravur was a trade hub for the foreign countries. An important ancient document revealing the importance of Paravur and Pozhikara is Pozhikara sasanam built in 12 th century at Pozhikara sivakshetram and it was encrypted on a sila phalakam in vattazhuthu. Another mentioning of Paravur is in Unnineeli sandesam which was written more than 600 years. Pozhikara was the headquarters of Paravur before the independence of India. Remnants of old fort, Thaana and Anchalappees are still remaining there, Pozhikara is well connected with almost all the major towns. It is about 14 km from Kollam City through Kollam-Paravur coastal road, Pozhikara is just 2 km away from Paravur town. KSRTC is running daily Fast Passenger bus services in Pozhikara-Ernakulam and Pozhikara-Poovar route, Paravur Municipal bus stand is about 4 km away from Meenad. The nearest important railway station is Paravur Railway Station, which is 2.5 km away from Pozhikara, nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport Paravur Paravur Railway Station Nedungolam Thekkumbhagam Kollam Paravur Kayal Kollam District
Pozhikkara
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Pozhikara
Pozhikkara
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City Corporations
26.
Nedungolam
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Nedungolam or Nedumgolam is the Northern border town of Paravur municipality in the Kollam district of Kerala state, India. Nedungolam is very near to the world famous-wetland in Kollam district, Polachira, a census conducted on 2003 reveals that over 26,000 birds belonging to 37 species are visiting or living in the Polachira wetlands. Nedungolam is a town with two major junctions - Hospital Junction and Post Office Junction and it is one of the important attractions of blessed estuary land, Paravur. Most of the resorts in Paravur are very near to Nedungolam, beautiful beaches of Paravur are just 5 km away from Nedungolam. Proximity to the world-famous Kerala wetland, Polachira is another blessing of Nedungolam, in addition to that, one of the heritage sites of Kerala, Pozhikkara is just 5 km from Nedungolam. Taluk Hospital, Paravur - The one and only Taluk Hospital in Chathannoor constituency is in Nedungolam, Paravur Sub-Registrar Office, Padmanabha Rao public library, B. R Hospital - another famous hospital in Paravur etc. - are the other important institutions in Nedungolam. Many Hindu temples, Nedungolam Service Co-operative Bank, Nedungolam Post-office, higher Secondary School are also situated in the locality of Nedungolam. Resorts in Nedungolam area include, Aquasserenne Resort, Paravur Fragrant Nature Hotels & Resorts Pvt Ltd, Paravur The Tranquil Palms Resort, Paravur Nedungolam is located at the borders of Paravur Municipality and is in Paravur-Chathannoor road. Nedungolam is well connected with almost all the major towns and it is about 18 km from Kollam City and 3 km from Paravur town. Private and KSRTC bus services connect Nedungolam with various towns in Kerala, Paravur Municipal Bus Stand is 4 km away from Nedungolam. Paravur Railway Station is the nearest important railway station to Nedungolam, there are no airports in Kollam district. The nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport, about 57 kilometres away, daily domestic flight services are available to major cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore and Kochi. International flight services connecting to Sharjah, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Kuwait, Muscat, Male, Doha, Singapore, Paravur Paravur Railway Station Pozhikkara Thekkumbhagam Kollam Paravur Kayal Kollam District
Nedungolam
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Entrance of Taluk Hospital,
Paravur, Kollam
Nedungolam
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City Corporations
27.
Paravur railway station
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Paravur railway station is a railway station in the Indian municipal town of Paravur in Kollam district, Kerala. Paravur Railway Station falls under the Thiruvananthapuram railway division of the Southern Railway Zone of Indian Railways and it is a D-Class railway station coming under the Southern Railway Zone. Proximity of Paravur railway station to the core Paravur town and Paravur Municipal Bus Stand is making it as one of the important public transport hubs in the district, the Madras-Quilon line was extended to the capital of the Princely State of Travancore. Paravur Railway Station was opened on 4 January 1918 along with the inauguration of Quilon - Trivandrum Central Metre Gauge Line, during that time, Paravur was the most important railway station between Kollam and Trivandrum with maximum number of halts of trains. Important trains like Chennai Mail had halt at Paravur then, Paravur is a blessed land of estuary, backwaters and beaches. It is an tourism spot of Kerala. Estuaries in Paravur attracts a number of people. It is the railway station in the Chathannoor Constituency of Kollam District. Paravur railway station is declared as the station of ESIC Medical College. During 2012-2013, Southern Railway has given halt for 3 pairs of trains at Paravur railway station and that helped to give a 40% increase in revenue of the station. Express Trains Some of the trains having halt at the station. Passenger Trains Paravur Railway Station is an Adarsh Railway Station, however, stoppage of Ernad Express, Netravati Express, Amritha Express trains have been a long-standing demand of Paravur people. Two more Kollam-Kanyakumari MEMU services and a Punalur-Kanyakumari Passenger are expected to service soon with halts at Paravur. Paravur Kollam Junction Thiruvananthapuram railway division Karunagappalli railway station Annual passenger earnings details of stations in Kerala
Paravur railway station
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Entrance of the station
Paravur railway station
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Kollam -
Kanyakumari MEMU is arriving at
Paravur railway station
Paravur railway station
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Railway station building,
Paravur
Paravur railway station
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A view of Paravur railway station from the north side
28.
Paravur Thekkumbhagam
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Thekkumbhagam or Thekkumbhagom is the southern border town of Paravur municipality in the Kollam district of Kerala, India. It is located at the Southern tip of Kollams coastal area and it is in the Arabian Sea coast. Thekkumbhagam-Kappil estuary point in the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram coastal border is one of the emerging tourism spots in the state, on 1936, during formation, Thekkumbhagam was one of the 9 territories of Paravur Panchayath. The place is famous for its natural beauty. Thekkumbhagam estuary is one among the twin estuary points in Paravur, the other one is Pozhikara estuary. Paravur landmass 3 sides are surrounded by water bodies - Paravur Lake, Nadayara Lake, both north and south tips of Paravur town is having peninsula and estuary. Thekkumbhagam is at south of Paravur, Thekkumbhagam estuary is the most crowd-pulling estuary in the state. It is located at the borders of Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram districts, a stunning beach in this location attracts a huge crowd every day. Beauty of this estuary can be enjoyed by travelling through Paravur-Kappil-Varkala road, pro-Vice Chancellor of Annamalai University Dr. A Hisham, Internationally known Phyto Scientist Paravur Pozhikkara Nedungolam Paravur Kayal Paravur railway station
Paravur Thekkumbhagam
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From Top:Boating at
Paravur Lake, Sunset at Thekkumbhagam beach,
Thekkumbhagam Estuary,
Paravur Lake at Thekkumbhagam, Lakesagar Xavier's resort in Thekkumbhagam
Paravur Thekkumbhagam
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Thekkumbhagam Coast in Paravur
Paravur Thekkumbhagam
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Sunset at Paravur Thekkumbhagam beach
Paravur Thekkumbhagam
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Paravur Lake,
Kollam - An evening scene from
Paravur Thekkumbhagam
29.
Travancore
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The Kingdom of Travancore (/ˈtrævəŋkɔər/, Malayalam, തിരുവിതാംകൂർ Thiruvithamkoor, was an Indian kingdom from 1729 until 1949. It was ruled by the Travancore Royal Family from Padmanabhapuram, the official flag of the state was red with a dextrally-coiled silver conch shell at its center. In the early 19th century, the became a princely state of the British Empire. When the region was part of the Chera empire, it was known as Thiruvazhumkode. It was contracted to Thiruvankode, and anglicised by the English to Travancore. In course of time, the Ay kingdom, part of the Chera empire, which ruled the Thiruvazhumkode area, became independent, the Aayis controlled the land from present day Kollam district in the north, through Thiruvananthapuram district, all in Kerala, to the Kanyakumari district. There were two capitals, the one at Kollam and a subsidiary one at Thrippapur. The kingdom was also called Venad. Kings of Venad had, at times, travelled from Kollam and built residential palaces in Thiruvithamcode. By the time of King Marthanda Varma, the half of the kingdom had become dominant. During his reign, it absorbed the north and Thiruvithamcode or Travancore became the official name, Travancore was located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent. Geographically, Travancore was divided into three distinct regions, the eastern highlands, the central midlands, and the western lowlands. Venad was a state at the tip of the Indian Subcontinent. Till the end of the 11th century AD, it was a principality in the Ay Kingdom. The Ays were the earliest ruling dynasty in southern Kerala, who, at their zenith and their capital during the first Sangam age was in Aykudi and later, towards the end of the 8th century AD, was at Quilon. Though a series of attacks by the resurgent Pandyas between the 7th and 8th centuries caused the decline of the Ays, the dynasty was powerful till the beginning of the 10th century, when the Ay power diminished, Venad became the southernmost principality of the Second Chera Kingdom. An invasion of the Cholas into Venad caused the destruction of Kollam in 1096, however, the Chera capital, Mahodayapuram, also fell in the subsequent Chola attack, which compelled the Chera king, Rama varma Kulasekara, to shift his capital to Kollam. Thus the end of the Second Chera dynasty in the 12th century marks the independence of Venad, the history of Travancore began with Marthanda Varma, who inherited the kingdom of Venad, and expanded it into Travancore during his reign
Travancore
Travancore
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Flag
Travancore
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Map of Travancore in 1871
Travancore
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Canal scene, Travancore
30.
C.P. Ramaswami Iyer
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He practised as a lawyer in Madras and succeeded S. Srinivasa Iyengar as the Advocate-General of the Madras Presidency. He subsequently served as the Law member of the Governor of Madras, Ramaswami Iyer served as Diwan from 1936 to 1947, during his tenure, many social and administrative reforms were made. However, at the time, he is also remembered for the ruthless suppression of the communist-organised Punnapra-Vayalar revolt. He resigned in 1947 following an assassination attempt. He served as a leader of the Indian National Congress in his early days and he was made a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in 1926 and a Knight Commander of the Star of India in 1941. He returned these titles when India attained independence in 1947 and he was also a member of the 1926 and 1927 delegations to the League of Nations. In his later life he served in international organisations and on the board of several Indian universities. Ramaswami Iyer died in 1966 at the age of 86 while on a visit to the United Kingdom, the ancestors of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer were Vadadesa Vadama Brahmins whose seat was the town of Chetpet in the North Arcot of Tamil Nadu. As a reward for their piety and scholarship, the migrants were granted the villages of Chetpet, Adayapalayam, Ramaswami Iyers family originated from the group which inherited the village of Chetpet. C. P. was also related to Achan Dikshitar, brother of the famous Advaitist savant Appayya Dikshitar, P. s grandfather, Chetpat Ramaswami Iyer served the British East India Company as Tehsildar of Kumbakonam. C. P. had his schooling at the Wesley College High School in Madras and he had an extremely strict upbringing as a result of a prediction that the child would not pass a single exam in his life. On completion of his schooling, C. P. enrolled at the Presidency College, in college, C. P. won prizes in English, Sanskrit and Mathematics and the Elphinstone Prize for his paper on the Nebular theory. C. P. passed his degree with a gold medal, C. P. had always desired to become an English professor. However, his father, Pattabhirama Iyer wished that his son become a lawyer and accordingly, C. P. spent his college vacations in the Mysore kingdom with the Diwan, Sir K. Seshadri Iyer whom he always claimed as his inspiration. In 1903, C. P. joined V. Krishnaswamy Iyer as an apprentice, just before the death of Pattabhirama Iyer the same year, he arranged for C. P. s admission as a junior to Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar, as a result, C. P. practised on his own and made a reputation as a lawyer. He fought and won over 300 cases and was offered a judgeship of the Madras High Court which he, however, in 1920, he was appointed Advocate-General of Madras by the then Governor, Lord Willingdon. During his tenure as a lawyer, C. P. handled a number of prominent cases as the Ashe murder trial, in his early days, C. P. was an admirer of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and desired to join the Servants of India society in Poona
C.P. Ramaswami Iyer
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Portrait of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, 1940
C.P. Ramaswami Iyer
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Signature
C.P. Ramaswami Iyer
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A sketch of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer in a London newspaper during the Third Round Table Conference
C.P. Ramaswami Iyer
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Bhaktivilas, the residence of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer while serving as the Diwan of Travancore
31.
Kottappuram, Paravur
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Kottappuram or Kottapuram is an urban village, situated at Paravur municipality in Kollam district, Kerala. It is one among the two villages in Paravur municipality and one among the 30 villages coming under Kollam Taluk, Kottapuram is situated in between Paravur town and Paravur Thekkumbhagam. It is on the way towards Varkala, Paravur railway station -400 mtr Paravur Thekkumbhagam -1 km Pozhikara -2.5 km Nedungolam -3.5 km Kollam -22.6 km
Kottappuram, Paravur
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City Corporations
32.
Paravur Municipal Bus Stand
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Paravur Municipal Bus Stand or Paravur Private Bus Stand is the one and only bus stand in Paravur municipal town of Kollam district, Kerala. The bus stand construction project was implemented by the Municipal council of Paravur before some years, apart from that, this is the nearest bus station of Employees State Insurance Hospital & Medical College in Parippally, which is 9.6 km away. Paravur railway station, one among the busiest and top revenue generating stations in Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram stretch is situated so close to bus stand. People going to Kollam LPG filling station, world-famous Polachira wetland visitors etc are depending on this bus stand, Paravur Puttingal Temple, famous for its annual fireworks competition as part of the temple festival, is also close to this bus stand. Considering the importance of bus stand as a significant transport hub in Kerala. Moreover, Paravur is one of the most scenic coastal-backwater stretches in Kerala state, scenic Estuaries in Paravur are attracting hundreds of foreigners and other visitors everyday
Paravur Municipal Bus Stand
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Paravur Municipal Bus Stand
33.
Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
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The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation is the state-run bus company in Kerala, India. It is one of the oldest state run bus transport services in India and is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram. Salter, Assistant Operating Superintendent of London Passenger Transport Board, was appointed as Superintendent of the Transport Department on 20 September 1937, the Transport Department grew with nationalisation of key interstate routes such as Thiruvananthapuram–Kanyakumari route and the Palakkad–Coimbatore route. The first fleet consisted of 60 Comet chassis fitted with Perkins diesel engines, the bodies of the buses were built by the staff of the Travancore State Transport Department under the supervision of the Superintendent. The model for the selection of operating staff continues to be followed by the current operating staff, thus the Transport Department began with a staff of about a hundred graduates appointed as Inspectors and Conductors. The State Motor Service was inaugurated by The King Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma on 20 February 1938 and he and his kin were the first passengers of the system on the inaugural trip, Superintendent Salter was the driver of the bus. This bus, along with the other buses brought on road driving through the Kowdiar Square was an attraction at that time. Following the enactment of the Road Transport Corporation Act in 1950, KSRTC buses are the registered under a dedicated RTO at Thiruvananthapuram with the registration series KL-15. The corporation has a fleet of 6148 buses and 5598 schedules consisting Volvo buses, Scania buses, Ashok Leyland, Tata Motors, Eicher Motors, the 314 low-floor buses already procured are to be brought under this newly formed subsidiary. With 400 low-floor buses to be procured for extending services to 12 more districts in the State under JNNURM scheme 2013-14, Kerala State Road Transport Corporation have a total of 5 zones in the state, each zone is managed by a zonal officer. KSRTC has 28 depots,45 sub depots,19 operating centres,28 station master offices,5 workshops and 3 staff training colleges throughout the Kerala. Half a Chakram was the fare in 1938. The first class tickets had cost 50% more than the coordinating rate, during that period free travel was allowed for children up to 3 years and only half the fare was charged for children until age 14. There were no tickets, but when the luggage weighed more than 28 pounds up to 56 pounds. Passengers with luggage that weighed more than 56 pounds were assessed a fee of 6 chakras up to 112 pounds, as the Chakram had triple the value of a 100 rupee currency note today, the cost of travelling was comparatively higher during those days. The fares were last revised on 11 November 2012. Note, w. e. f 1 March 2016, the charge for Ordinary bus has been bought down to 6.00 INR, in order to benefit the common man. Ordinary bus charges for all fare stages has been bought down by 1.00 INR
Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
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KSRTC "Super Fast" bus service
Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
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Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
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A KSRTC
Ashok Leyland Titan double decker city Bus
Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
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KSRTC "Rajadhani" ring road bus service in
Thiruvananthapuram city
34.
Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road
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Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road is one of the important city roads currently under construction in Kollam city in Kerala, India. The 14.1 km long road starts at Chinnakada in the north and ends at Paravur town in the south, via Kollam Beach, Paapanasam Beach, Kakkathoppu, Mukkom, Thanni and Pozhikara. Coastal road is considered as one of the important roads in Kollam city as it is passing through the suburbs like Kochupilamoodu, Mundakkal, Valathungal and it is also known as Eravipuram-Paravur Coastal road. Kollam-Paravur Coastal road is the most scenic road in the state, 90% of this road is passing through the beautiful coastal areas of Kollam. In addition to that, the Harbour Engineering Department of Kerala is planning to make New port road towards Kollam Port as part of coastal road. So after completion, the road will serve as a bypass for Kollam city. The Harbour Engineering Department had completed the works in Pozhikara-Thanni stretch of coastal road. Bus services through coastal road, connecting Paravur with Kollam, has resumed on 8 July 2016. Roads in Kerala Kollam Kollam District Paravur
Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road
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Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road
35.
Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram trunk line
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Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line is a busy railway corridor in Southern Railway zone between the cities of Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram in the state of Kerala, India. The line was opened on 4 January 1918 as the extension of Madras–Quilon line during metre gauge era and this double line is fully electrified and holds 60 pairs of services. All trains operating from/to Thiruvananthapuram run along this route, making it the second busiest railway corridor in Kerala after the Shoranur–Ernakulam line, the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram connects with Thiruvananthapuram–Kanyakumari line in South, Kollam–Kayamkulam line in North and Kollam–Punalur–Sengottai line in the East. The line is under the control of Thiruvananthapuram railway division of the Southern Railway zone, South Indian Railway Company has opened the Quilon–Sengottai railway line in 1902 with an intention to connect Quilon, the commercial capital of Travancore with Madras. Later on 4 January 1918, Thiruvananthapuram South Indian Railway Company has opened the Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram extension up to Chala, the terminus was shifted to Trivandrum Central and was inaugurated in 1931. Stations in between Kollam & Thiruvananthapuram with more than 1 crore of annual passenger ticket revenue
Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram trunk line
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An evening view of
Kollam Junction railway station and
Kollam MEMU Shed from the foot-over bridge
36.
Nehru Park, Paravur
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Nehru Park or Childrens Park, Paravur is a public park situated at Paravur in Kollam Metropolitan Area, India. It is situated close to Paravur railway station. Nehru Park is one of the centres of recreational activities in Paravur town. Devarajan Master, most popular musician of Malayalam film industry, was cremated at this park, a bronze statue of Devarajan Master sculpted by Kanayi Kunhiraman is there in the park. The compositions of Devarajan Master will be played in the park on every evenings, Paravur Paravur railway station Paravur Thekkumbhagam Pozhikara Estuaries of Paravur Paravur Puttingal Temple Nedungolam
Nehru Park, Paravur
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Entrance of Nehru Park,
Paravur
37.
Puttingal Temple
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Puttingal Temple was a Hindu temple in the coastal town of Paravur, India. The temple was founded after the presence of the goddess was experienced on an ant hill with Puttu being the Malayalam word for ant Hill, the main festival is celebrated on the day of Bharani star in Meenam. Fireworks and other associated with the festival take place along with other cultural events with various poojas performed. On 10 April,2016,114 people were killed due to a mishap at this temple, while over 350 other people were injured. A cracker fell on a shed where the fireworks were stored, permission was not given to the temple by the authorities for the fireworks display and a case was registered. List of Hindu temples in Kerala Official Website
Puttingal Temple
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Puttingal temple festival
Puttingal Temple
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Puttingal Devi Temple, Paravur
Puttingal Temple
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A scene from Puttingal Meenabharani Fest
Puttingal Temple
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A scene of fireworks competition - Paravur Puttingal Meenabharani.jpg
38.
Meenad
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Meenad is a village in Kollam district in the state of Kerala, India. It is just 6 km away from Paravur Town, as of 2001 India census, Meenad had a population of 29497 with 14087 males and 15410 females. Meenad is well connected with Paravur Town and Chathannoor, the well furnished Paravur-Chathannoor road is passing through Meenad. The proximity of this place to Paravur Railway Station and National Highway-47 makes Meenad a major area in the district. Paravur Railway Station is an Adersh Railway Station, so a number of important daily trains have halts here
Meenad
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Paravur -
Chathannoor road at Meenad
Meenad
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City Corporations
39.
Chathannoor
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Chathannoor is a town in Kerala situated at the Kollam District on the banks of Ithikkara River. It is about 16 KM from Kollam City, nearest Airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport. It is around 50 km north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram on the National Highway 66. We can easily access Paravoor, and Varkala towns from here. NH66 is passing through the center of the Chathannoor town and it is one of the fastest developing towns in Kerala. It is a Special Grade Panchayath in Kollam District, Chathannoor is located at 8°51′24″N 76°43′5″E. Chathannoor is well connected to parts of Kerala by road. National Highway, which connects Panavel and Kanyakumari, passes through Chathannoor, NH66 is passing through the centre of the town. Nearest Railway Station is Paravur, about 8 km, Kollam Railway station is 16 km from the town and is well connected by buses. The nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, buses plying between Kottarakara and Chathannoor are aplenty. The proximity to Paravur town and railway station is increasing Chathannoors demand as a major area in the district. Chathanoor assembly constituency is part of Kollam and it Include 6 Panchayath and One Municipality such as Adichanalloor, Chathannoor, Kalluvathukkal, Chirakkara, Poothakkulam, Pooyappally and Paravoor Municipality G. S Jayalal is the present M. L. A. Representing Chathannoor in Kerala Legislature Assembly Chathannoor has produced three ministers of Kerala State Cabinet, Sri. P. Ravindran, Sri. J. Chitharanjan and Sri. C. V. Padmarajan Holycross Hospital, Kottiyam Sivapriya Ayurvedic Hospital, Karamkode KIMS Hospital, Kottiyam JSM Maternity hospital, ESIC Medical College, Parippally Chathannoor Government Hospital
Chathannoor
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Chenamathu Shiva Temple
40.
Parippally
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Parippally is a village town in Kollam district, Kerala, India. Paripally town is 26 km away from Kollam city centre along the NH66 and it is just 2 km away from the border of Kollam district on the way to Trivandrum District. Parippally is also near to Varkala beach and Varkala Temple, nearest Airport is Trivandrum International Airport. Kollam Helipad is about 23 km away from Parippally and Varkala Helipad is about 13 km away, Paravur Railway Station is the nearest railway station to Parippally. Paravur is well connected to Bengaluru, Chennai, Mumbai, Salem, Madurai, Kanyakumari, Mangalore, Coimbatore, Pune, Tirunelveli, Trichy and it is the nearest railway station to the newly inaugurated ESIC Medical College, Parippally. There are 4 major roads which connects Madathara, Paravur, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram and it is only 13 kilometers away from the famous Varkala Sivagiri, Varkala Beach and Varkala Temple. Parippally is the part of Kalluvathukkal Panchayath, famous schools are KPHS Kalluvathukkal, ASHSS Parippally. UKF Engineering College is in Paripally, there are more than 7 temples in this village. Kodimoottil Sri Bhadrakaali Temple is one among the most famous temples in kerala, Gajamela and Ponkala which are associated with the temple festival are very famous. Thousands of devotees come to watch the Gajamela, ] - the one and only medical college in Kerala run by ESI Corporation is situated at Parippally. Kerala Atlas Manorama year book,2006 Parippally Gajamela http, //www. census2011. co. in/data/village/628437-parippally-kerala. html
Parippally
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Vayalil Thrikkovil Temple
Parippally
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Entrance of
Employee's State Insurance Corporation Medical College Hospital in Parippally
41.
Chirakkara
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Chirakkara is a village in Kollam district in the state of Kerala, India. Chirakkara is 16 km away from the City of Kollam and 8 km away from Paravur Town, as of 2001 India census, Chirakkara had a population of 17184 with 8124 males and 9060 females. Chirakkara is a formed by dividing Meenad Village of Kollam Taluk of Kollam District. Likewise Chirakkara is a Grama Panchayath formed by dividing Chathannoor Grama Panchayath, the developing tourist spot Polachira is at Chirakkara Grama Panchayath. The place named Chirakkara is here where famous Devi Temple situates, Chirakkara is just 2 km from Paravur-Chathannoor road. The nearest railway station is Paravur Railway Station, which is 8 km from Chirakkara. N, nedumgolam 5) Anandavilasam Library, Vilappuram Anathavalam, The famous Anathavalam is just in its border. Polachira, The best sight seeing place and foreign bird sanctuary, Plan Documents of Ithikkara Block Panchayath Plan Documents of Chirakkara Grama Panchayath Samagra Vikasana Rekha of Chathannoor Grama Panchayath
Chirakkara
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City Corporations
42.
Mayyanad
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Mayyanad is a village in Kollam district in the state of Kerala, India. Mayyanad is located in the western suburbs of Kollam district. Mayyanad can be reached by frequent buses from Kollam city and Kottiyam town, the bridge connecting Mayyand and Paravur was completed in 2012, making travel to Kollam city easier. Mayyanad is situated on the banks of the Paravur Lake and has an Arabian Sea coastline noted for its fishing, Mayyanad railway station is one among the major railway stations in Kollam district. Several temples, churches and mosques are situated in Mayyanad including the Umayanalloor Sri Balasubramanya Swami Temple, tourists are attracted to the location by the meeting of a lagoon with the sea while the long sandy scenic beaches are ideal for swimming. It is the birthplace of prominent social reformers, such as C. This land also set stage for the childhood and later times of Raman Rajan, the first Panchayat President was Prof. K. Ravindran who went on to become the founder principal of Mahatma Gandhi Government Arts College in Mahe and Tagore Arts College in Pondicherry. The Malayalam daily newspaper Kerala Kaumudi was founded in Mayyanad in 1911
Mayyanad
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Mayyanad
Mayyanad
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City Corporations
43.
K. C. Kesava Pillai
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Kesava Pillai was a composer of Carnatic music, Poet Laureate of Travancore and made contributions to Malayalam literature K. C. Kesava Pillai was born in Paravur in Kollam District of Kerala in India in 1868 and he had a school education up to the 5th grade and gained a proficiency in music. He watched Kathakali learnt the basics of Kathakali literature, costumes, Kesava Pillai died in 1914, aged 46 years. On account of his musical and poetical achievements, he was awarded the title of Sarasa Gayaka Kavimani by Sangeethasahityakovda Kerala Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran. It has a connection with C. S. Subramanian Pottis Oruvilapam, V. C. Balakrishna Panikkars Oruvilapam. ‘Adimalarina’, A ragamalika in four languages, Malayalam, Tamil, English, aasannamaranachintasatakam, a work consisting of 104 slokas in Saardoolavikriditham. Kerala Bhashaa Narayaneeyam, a translation of Narayaneeyam in Malayalam, subhashitha Ratnakaram Abhinayamalika Kesaviyam, A mahakavya modeled on the Sanskrit pattern, adhering to the rules of structure and style of the classical rhetorician, Dandi. Lekshmi Kalyanam Raghava Madhavam Vikramorvaseeyam Sadaarama Pillai composed over 100 keerthanas, K. C. Kesava Pillai was a composer of songs, whose standard is comparable to that of Swati Tirunal and Irayimman Thampi, both Kerala musicians. 1. http, //www. kerala. gov. in/music/music7. pdf Kerala Government website 2. K. C. Kritikal, Department of Cultural Publications, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
K. C. Kesava Pillai
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K. C. Kesava Pillai
44.
G. Devarajan
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Paravoor Govindan Devarajan, popularly known as G. Devarajan or Devarajan master, was a Malayalam music composer. He is considered one of the greatest music directors in Indian film music arena and he has scored music for more than three hundred Malayalam films, many dramas, and twenty Tamil and four Kannada movies. Many of his compositions remain ever green classics in Malayalam and his music in the Tamil film Annai Velankanni has received many accolades. Devarajan received Kerala Governments Best Music Director award five times, among other honours, born at Paravur, Kollam district in Kerala, Devarajan performed his first classical concert at the age of 18. He was soon attracted to the Communist movement and decided to dedicate his creative energy to popular music and he joined the once famous drama troupe of Kerala, the Kerala Peoples Arts Club. The work that brought him to the limelight was the song titled Ponnarivaal ambiliyil kanneriyunnoole, written by his friend O. N. V. Kurup and composed. KPAC and its members had a leaning towards the communist ideology. Through his compositions, Devarajan would cast an indelible imprint in the Malayali theatre arena, especially after the famous KPAC drama Ningalenne Communistaakki, the first movie for which he composed music was Kaalam Maarunnu. He teamed up with poet-lyricist Vayalar Ramavarma in Chathurangam in 1959 and his third movie – and the second with Vayalar – Bharya became a huge hit and made them a popular combination. His music earned him pride of place among those who had strived to earn a dignified status for film songs and his collaborations with Vayalar produced the golden era of Malayalam film music. Devarajan is remembered by prominent singers in Malayalam like K. J. Yesudas, in fact, it was the compositions by him that brought laurels to the main singers of that age. In 1973, he composed the hit song Malayala Baashathan in Prethangalude Thaazhvazha, Devarajan was at one point regarded as the doyen of film music in South India. He was much respected by all musicians and singers of that period and it might be due to this dominance he had over others that he was widely known as arrogant. But he enjoyed a royal status till his death among the music circles, Devarajan was the one who used the most number of raagas in Malayalam film music. His music embraced different styles with the Carnatic and Hindustani melody lines meeting folk idioms, also, he is particularly noted for his remarkable ability to blend the words of the lyrics with the mood of the situation in his film song compositions. Most of his hit songs were written by Vayalar Ramavarma and the combination of Vayalar-Devarajan-P Susheela-Yesudas was synonymous with beautiful songs, the Vayalar-Devarajan combine proved the most successful team till the death of Vayalar in the mid 1970s. Hundreds of songs contributed by the team are part of Malayalis nostalgia. Apart from Vayalar, he has also given tunes to lyrics by other eminent poets and songwriters like O. N. V. Kurup, P. Bhaskaran, and Sreekumaran Thampi
G. Devarajan
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G. Devarajan
45.
Paravoor Ramachandran
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Paravoor Ramachandran was a Malayalam film actor. Paravoor Ramachandran started his career as a theatre actor through Perumbavoor Nataka Sala at the age of 17. Later, he was an member of the Kalidasa Kalakendram during 1973-75. His theatre career spanning around 25 years won him public acclaim and his first film was Rajasenans Sathya Bhamakkoru Pranaya lekhanam. Later, he became active in cinema and played important roles in films like Dillivala Rajakumaran, Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum, Kathanayakan and he had acted in around 30 films. Yakshiyum Njanum was his last film and he had also played major roles in several teleserials. Paravoor Ramachandran is survived by his wife Sathi and two children, chandramangalathu Ramavarma Dilliwala Rajakumaran Swapna Lokathe Balabhaskaran. Ramabhadran Harbour. Chambakkara Paili Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam Superman Kadha Nayakan Kilukil Pamparam F. I. R, pranayaksharangal Kanal Kireedam Shivam The King Maker Leader Achante Kochumolkku Pathaaka. Vasudeva Gounder Paravoor Ramachandran at the Internet Movie Database Paravoor Ramachandran at MSI Keral. com article Mathrubhumi article Janayugam article Asianet article OneIndia article
Paravoor Ramachandran
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Paravoor Ramachandran
46.
P. K. Gurudasan
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P. K. Gurudasan is an Indian politician, trade unionist, and a member of Communist Party of India. He was the Minister for Labour and Employment in the Government of Kerala headed by VS Achuthananthan between 2006 and 2011 and he represents the Kollam Assembly constituency in the Kerala Legislative Assembly. He is also the State President of Centre of Indian Trade Unions, Gurudasan earlier served as the General Secretary of Kerala State unit of CITU. Gurudasn was born to Krishnan and Yesodha on 10 July 1935 at Paravur in Kollam district, after completing his school and college education Gurudasan joined in the communist party at a young age. He was jailed during the Emergency period for 19 months in Poojappura Central Prison
P. K. Gurudasan
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P. K. Gurudasan
47.
Kollam Metropolitan Area
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Kollam Metropolitan Area or Kollam Urban Agglomeration is the 14th largest Urban Agglomeration in South India and 7th largest in Kerala. The metropolitan area, constituted on the basis of 2011 census data, consists of Kollam Municipal Corporation,2 municipalities,22 Panchayaths, the two municipalities are Paravur and Karunagappalli. Outgrowth of Neendakara, Eravipuram and Thrikkadavoor panchayaths are also included in the Kollam Metropolitan Area, List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India List of most populous urban agglomerations in Kerala
Kollam Metropolitan Area
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Aerial view of
Kollam city from
Chinnakada
48.
Hydrography
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The origins of hydrography lay in the making of charts to aid navigation, by individual mariners as they navigated into new waters. These were usually the property, even closely held secrets. National organizations, particularly navies, realized that the collection, systematization and distribution of this gave it great organizational. Thus were born dedicated national hydrographic organizations for the collection, organization, publication and distribution of hydrography incorporated into charts, prior to the establishment of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Royal Navy captains were responsible for the provision of their own charts. In practice this meant that ships often sailed with inadequate information for safe navigation, and that when new areas were surveyed, the Admiralty appointed Alexander Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1795, with a remit to gather and distribute charts to HM Ships. Within a year existing charts from the two centuries had been collated, and the first catalogue published. The first chart produced under the direction of the Admiralty, was a chart of Quiberon Bay in Brittany, under Captain Thomas Hurd the department received its first professional guidelines and the first catalogues were published and made available to the public and to other nations as well. In 1829, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, as Hydrographer, developed the eponymous Scale, and introduced the first official tide tables in 1833, the word hydrography comes from the Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water and γράφω, to write. The science of oceanography is, in part, an outgrowth of classical hydrography, in many respects the data are interchangeable, but marine hydrographic data will be particularly directed toward marine navigation and safety of that navigation. Marine resource exploration and exploitation is a significant application of hydrography, hydrographical measurements include the tidal, current and wave information of physical oceanography. Bottom measurements also include collection of the nature of the bottom as it pertains to effective anchoring, unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural and manmade, that aid in navigation. Hydrography, mostly for reasons of safety, adopted a number of conventions that have affected its portrayal of the data on nautical charts, the former are the mariners tools to avoid accident. The latter are best representations of the seabed, as in a topographic map, for scientific. Trends in hydrographic practice since c, 2003–2005 have led to a narrowing of this difference, with many more hydrographic offices maintaining best observed databases, and then making navigationally safe products as required. This has been coupled with a preference for multi-use surveys, so that the data collected for nautical charting purposes can also be used for bathymetric portrayal. For instance, if there is an area that can not be reached because it is surrounded by shallow water. The color filled areas that show different ranges of water are not the equivalent of contours on a topographic map since they are often drawn seaward of the actual shallowest depth portrayed. A bathymetric chart does show marine topology accurately, details covering the above limitations can be found in Part 1 of Bowditchs American Practical Navigator
Hydrography
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HMS Waterwitch, a hydrographic survey vessel
Hydrography
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Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728
Cyclopaedia.
Hydrography
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Alexander Dalrymple, the first
Hydrographer of the Navy in the
United Kingdom, appointed in 1795.
Hydrography
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Biogeography
49.
Achankovil
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Achankovil is a river in Kerala, India, created towards the southern tip of the peninsula by the confluence of the Rishimala, Pasukidamettu, and Ramakkalteri Rivers. The Anchankovil enriches the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala state and it joins with the Pamba River at Veeyapuram, in the Alappuzha district of Kerala. Achankovil is also the name of the forest area, which is the catchment area for this river, the Achankovil village is not easily accessible, however, it can be reached through forest routes. The river also passes through the village Vazhuvadi. The River Achankovil nurtures numerous townships on its fertile banks, among them is Pathanamthitta Town, which is the capital of the Pathanamthitta district. It derives its name from its association with the river, Pathanamthitta, from the Malayalam words Pathanam and thitta, Lord Ayyappa leads the Grihastha Ashrama life here – he is depicted as a family man or leads married life here. He is depicted along with his two wives – Purna and Pushkala and it is believed that the idol here was installed by Parashurama. The Achankovil Sastha Temple is famous for curing poisonous snake bites, the left hand of the idol of Ayyappa at Achankovil Shastha Temple always holds ‘Chandan’ and Thirtha. The Chandan and Thirtha are considered to have medicinal properties to cure snake bites, the temple complex also contains other deities associated with the Ayyappa legend. The festivals and rituals held here have strong Tamil roots, during the Sabarimala pilgrimage, devotees also visit this temple to offer their prayers. It is believed that the idol of this temple was consecrated by Sage Parasurama, on both sides of the idol, Poorna and Pushkala, the consorts of Lord Sastha are also installed. Edappon, a famous for its flora and fauna, near Pandalam is on the banks of the Achankovil river. The very old Shiva temple - Kandiyoor Mahadeva temple at Mavelikkara is situated on the banks of the river, the 2200-year-old temple is fully built by blackrocks. The world-famous Chettikulangara temple is near to this temple and it is also popular as a natural picnic spot among the locals. The forest route to the town lot of biodiversity including wild animals and birds such as elephants, forest fowls, boars, deer. The annual chariot festival and other traditions correspond to the old Buddhist practices of kettu kazhcha, which was assimilated into Hinduism in Kerala
Achankovil
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Achankovil
Achankovil
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Thazhoor Bhagavathy Kshetram Temple on the banks of River Achankovil - View from Thazhoor bridge
Achankovil
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Entrance to Thrippara Shiva Kshetram on the banks of River Achankovil
50.
Bharathappuzha
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Bharathappuzha, also known as the River Nila, is a river in India in the state of Kerala. With a length of 209 km, it was the second-longest river in Kerala, the word Nila indicates the culture more than just a river. Nila has groomed the culture and life of south Malabar part of Kerala and we see the name Peraar indicating the same river in ancient scripts and documents. For the first 40 km or so, the Bharathappuzha follows an almost northerly course till Pollachi near Coimbatore, at Parli, the Kannadipuzha and Kalpathippuza merge and flow as Bharathappuzha, following a westerly course until it empties into the Lakshadweep Sea at Ponnani. At Mayannur, Gayathripuzha merges with the river, the Thootha River merges with the Nila at Pallippuram. As the Thootha River is rich in water, after its merger, the river is not navigable along most of its course except the small stretch where it joins the sea. With a watershed of 6,186 km², the Bharathapuzha basin is the largest among all the river basins in Kerala, a little more than two-thirds of this area is within Kerala and the remaining area is in Tamil Nadu. Though Bharathapuzha has a basin, the water flow is relatively less compared to other long rivers in Kerala because a large portion of the basin is located in the comparatively drier regions. The construction of a number of dams after independence has also reduced the river flow, in fact in the summer months, there is almost no flow in most parts of the river. The river is the Nile of Kerala and has the name Nila also, the village of Parudur, including the town of Pallipuram, stand near the confluence of this river and the River Thootha or, simply, Thuthapuzha. There are 11 reservoirs along the course of the river, malampuzha dam is the largest among the reservoirs built across Bharathapuzha and its tributaries. Other dams in the Bharathapuzha basin are Walayar Dam, Mangalam Dam, Pothundi Dam, Meenkara Dam, Chulliyar Dam, Thirumoorthy, Aliyar, Upper Aliyar, Chitturpuzha regulator, most of these reservoirs serve the purpose of irrigation only. A total area of 773 km² is irrigated by these irrigation projects, one irrigation dam at Chittur in Attappadi Hills is under construction. The construction of two dams will increase the area irrigated by another 542 km². Another major project is the Regulator cum bridge at Thrithala built on the Velliyankallu bridge, the bridge connects the two villages Pallippuram and Thrithala. The main objective of the regulator is drinking water supply, the water supply projects towards Thrissur district has already started. The shutter height of the regulator is 5 meters, and it can contain a quantity of water. Also the new bridge reduces the distance from Thrissur to Kozhikode by 11 km and this project is the largest in Bharathappuzha in last many decades
Bharathappuzha
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Local fishermen in Bharathapuhza
Bharathappuzha
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Labelled map of Bharathappuzha
Bharathappuzha
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View of the river
Bharathappuzha
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Tirur River joins Bharathapuzha in Ponnani
India
