1.
Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
2.
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
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He is the de facto head of government of the Netherlands and coordinates the policy of the government. The current prime minister is Mark Rutte, although he is the most important political figure in the Netherlands, the Prime Minister is not as powerful as his British and German counterparts. This is mainly because, due to the Dutch system of proportional representation, therefore, the government is always a coalition between two or more parties. Because of his powers, the prime minister is described as primus inter pares. As a result of the review of 1983, the position of Prime Minister was inscribed into the Dutch constitution for the first time. According to the constitution, the Government is constituted by the King, the constitution stipulates the Prime Minister chairs the council of ministers and is appointed by royal decree. The royal decree of their own appointment and those of the ministers are to be countersigned by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chairs the meetings of the council of ministers and has the power to set the agenda of these meetings. The prime minister is also Minister of General Affairs, which takes an important role in coordinating policy and is responsible for the Government Information Service, the Prime Minister is also responsible for the royal house and has a weekly meeting with the King on government policy. Informally the Prime Minister functions as the face of the cabinet to the public, after the meetings of the cabinet on Friday, the Prime Minister hosts a press conference on the decisions of the cabinet and current affairs. The Prime Minister also has functions in international affairs, attending the European Council every six months. The Prime Ministers office is a hexagon shaped tower, named The Little Tower Het Torentje on the Binnenhof in The Hague, the official residence is the Catshuis. Conventionally, the party with the largest number of seats in the Second Chamber will initiate coalition talks after elections and these negotiations are concluded by means of a so-called government agreement. He or she usually appoints her/himself Prime Minister, a minister from the smaller coalition party usually becomes Deputy Prime Minister of the cabinet. If there is a party in the coalition, one of its ministers will become the second Deputy Prime Minister. For a list of historic Prime Ministers, see List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands, for a list of Prime Ministers by age, see List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands by age. For a list of Prime Ministers by religious affiliations, see Religious affiliations of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands, gradually the Prime Minister became an official function of government leader, taken by the political leader of the largest party. Since 1848 the role of the first minister has become relevant, until 1901 the position chair of the council of ministers officially rotated between ministers
3.
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
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Wilhelmina was Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. Wilhelmina was the child of King William III and his second wife Emma of Waldeck. She became heir presumptive to the Dutch throne, after her brother and great uncle had died. She became queen when her died, when she was 10 years old. As she was still a minor, her mother served as regent until Wilhelmina became 18 years old, in 1901, she married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin with whom she had a daughter Juliana. She reigned for nearly 58 years, longer any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw World War I and World War II, the crisis of 1933. Outside the Netherlands she is remembered for her role in World War II. Princess Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, was born on 31 August 1880 in The Hague and she was the only child of King William III and his second wife, Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Her childhood was characterised by a relationship with her parents, especially with her father. King William III had three sons with his first wife, Sophie of Württemberg, when Prince Frederick died a year later in 1881, she became second in line. When Wilhelmina was four, Alexander died and the girl became heir presumptive. King William III died on 23 November 1890, although 10-year-old Wilhelmina became queen of the Netherlands instantly, her mother, Emma, was named regent. In 1895, Queen Wilhelmina visited Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, still has her hair hanging loose. She is slender and graceful, and makes an impression as a very intelligent and she speaks good English and knows how to behave with charming manners. Wilhelmina was enthroned on 6 September 1898, on 7 February 1901 in The Hague, she married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Nine months later, on 9 November, Wilhelmina suffered a miscarriage and her next pregnancy ended in another miscarriage on 23 July 1906. The birth of Juliana, on 30 April 1909, was met with great relief after eight years of childless marriage, Wilhelmina suffered two further miscarriages on 23 January and 20 October 1912
4.
Abraham Kuyper
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Abraham Kuijper, generally known as Abraham Kuyper, was a Dutch journalist, statesman and neo-Calvinist theologian. He founded the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, a newspaper, the Free University of Amsterdam, and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 1901 and 1905. He vigorously denounced modernism in theology as a fad that would pass away, in politics, he dominated the Anti-Revolutionary Party from its founding in 1879 to his death in 1920. Abraham Kuijper was born on 29 October 1837 in Maassluis in the Netherlands and his father Jan Frederik Kuyper served as a minister for the Dutch Reformed Church in Hoogmade, Maassluis, Middelburg and Leiden. Kuijper was home-schooled by his father, the boy received no formal primary education, but received secondary education at the Gymnasium of Leiden. In 1855, he graduated from the Gymnasium and began to study literature, philosophy and he received his propaedeuse in literature in 1857, summa cum laude, and in philosophy in 1858, also summa cum laude. He also took classes in Arabic, Armenian and physics, in comparing the views of John Calvin and Jan Łaski, Kuyper showed a clear sympathy for the more liberal Łaski. During his studies Kuyper was a member of the tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. In May 1862, he was declared eligible for the ministry and 1863 he accepted a call to minister for the Dutch Reformed Church for the town of Beesd. In the same year he married Johanna Hendrika Schaay and they would have five sons and three daughters. In 1864 he began corresponding with the anti-revolutionary MP Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, around 1866, he began to sympathise with the orthodox tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. He was inspired by the robust reformed faith of Pietje Balthus, a woman in her early 30s. He began to oppose the centralization in the church, the role of the King and began to plead for the separation of church, in 1867, Kuyper was asked to become minister for the parish in Utrecht and he left Beesd. In 1870 he was asked to come to Amsterdam, in 1871 he began to write for the De Heraut. In 1872, he founded his own paper, De Standaard and this paper would lay the foundation for the network of Reformed organisation, which Kuyper would found. In 1886, Kuyper led an exodus from the Dutch Reformed Church and he grieved the loss of Reformed distinctives within this State Church, which no longer required office bearers to agree to the Reformed standards which had once been foundational. Kuyper and the consistory of Amsterdam insisted that both ministers and church members subscribe to the Reformed confessions and this was appealed to Classis, and Kuyper, along with about 80 members of the Amsterdam consistory, were suspended in Dec.1885. This was appealed to the synod, which upheld the ruling in a 1 July 1886 ruling
5.
Harderwijk
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Harderwijk is a municipality and a city almost at the exact geographical center of the Netherlands. Harderwijk Hierden Harderwijk received city rights from Count Otto II of Guelders in 1231, a defensive wall surrounding the city was completed by the end of that century. The oldest part of the city is near where the streets Hoogstraat, around 1315 the city was expanded southwards, which included the construction of what is now called the Grote Kerk. A second, northward expansion took place around 1425, particularly along the west side of town much of the wall still exists, although often not in entirely original form. This also goes for the remaining city gate, the Vischpoort. Between 1648 and 1811 the University of Harderwijk operated in the city, the Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist, Carl Linnaeus graduated at this university. The university, together with the universities of Zutphen and Franeker, was abolished by Napoleon, Harderwijk was a member of the Hanseatic League. It lies on what used to be the Zuiderzee shore and consequently its economy was based on fishing and seafaring in general. This dramatically changed after 1932, when the Zuiderzee was cut off from the North Sea for safety reasons, because of this, few fishing boats remain in the harbour these days, which is now mainly home to yachts. An annual event illustrating the former importantance of the industry to Harderwijk is Aaltjesdag. Fish can still be bought at stands and restaurants on the boulevard throughout the year except for the winter months, tourists are common customers, while local people no longer make their living from the fisheries. Today, Harderwijk is probably known best for the Dolfinarium Harderwijk, Harderwijk is on the western boundary of the Veluwe region and the southeastern half of the municipality consists largely of forests. Media related to Harderwijk at Wikimedia Commons Official website
6.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
7.
The Hague
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The Hague is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland. With a population of 520,704 inhabitants and more than one million including the suburbs, it is the third-largest city of the Netherlands. The Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 12th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government, parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands, which constitutionally is Amsterdam. King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands plans to live at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, the Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and numerous other major Dutch companies. The Hague originated around 1230, when Count Floris IV of Holland purchased land alongside a pond, in 1248, his son and successor William II, King of the Romans, decided to extend the residence to a palace, which would later be called the Binnenhof. He died in 1256 before this palace was completed but parts of it were finished by his son Floris V, of which the Ridderzaal and it is still used for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the Dutch monarch. From the 13th century onwards, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre, the village that originated around the Binnenhof was first mentioned as Haga in a charter dating from 1242. In the 15th century, the smarter des Graven hage came into use, literally The Counts Wood, with connotations like The Counts Hedge, s-Gravenhage was officially used for the city from the 17th century onwards. Today, this name is used in some official documents like birth. The city itself uses Den Haag in all its communication and their seat was located in The Hague. At the beginning of the Eighty Years War, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, in 1575, the States of Holland even considered demolishing the city but this proposal was abandoned, after mediation by William of Orange. From 1588, The Hague also became the seat of the government of the Dutch Republic, in order for the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status, although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities. In modern administrative law, city rights have no place anymore, only in 1806, when the Kingdom of Holland was a puppet state of the First French Empire, was the settlement granted city rights by Louis Bonaparte. After the Napoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France, as a compromise, Brussels and Amsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, when the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903, the city sustained heavy damage during World War II
8.
Liberal Union (Netherlands)
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The Liberal Union was a conservative liberal political party in the Netherlands. A major party in its time, the Liberals were one of the predecessors of the Liberal State Party. Liberals had been an important political force in the Netherlands, since 1848 they were the dominant political force. They were organized in loose political clubs and caucuses, Liberals were divided between progressive, centrist and conservative liberals, but because of the lack of organized political parties, these divisions were not very strong. In 1879 the division became explicit when a separate parliamentary party was formed by supporters of Kappeyne van de Copello, with the rise of both catholic and protestant parties, the liberals were forced to organize themselves better. In 1885 all the political clubs and caucuses were united in the Liberal Union. The Union was factionalized, it had a progressive, a conservative, in 1888 the liberals were forced into opposition by a majority of the confessional political parties. In 1891 the confessional parties lost their majority and a cabinet led by Van Tienhoven is formed. The cabinets most important proposal is the relaxation of the census, proposed by minister of home affairs Tak, all political parties were divided on the subject and with a very narrow majority the proposal was rejected. In reaction to this the cabinet resigns and new elections are held, in these elections the division between pro-suffrage Takkians and anti-suffrage anti-Takkians grows. The Liberal Union is also split on the subject, a group of conservative liberals leaves the party. They remained a political club until 1906, when they founded the League of Free Liberals. The 1894 elections are won by anti-Takkians and the Liberal Union is confined to opposition, in 1901 the progressive liberals in the party founded the Free-thinking Liberal League together with the Radicale Bond. This causes the liberals to lose their majority in the subsequent elections, in 1905 however a cabinet was formed by the two liberal parties, led by De Meester. In 1909 they lost their majority to the parties again. The 1913 election resulted in no majority, the Social Democratic Workers Party were asked to join the liberals in a coalition. An extra-parliamentary cabinet was formed by Cort van der Linden, formed by liberals from all three liberal parties and this cabinet enacts universal suffrage and ends the Schoolstrijd. After the disastrous 1918 elections, in which the liberals lose half of their seats, the Union started out as a moderately progressive liberal party, committed to the freedom of the individual
9.
Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)
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The Ministry of Finance is the Dutch Ministry responsible for Finance, Taxation, Financial economic policy and supervision of the Financial markets. The Ministry was created in 1798 as the Department of Finance, the Ministry is headed by the Minister of Finance, currently Jeroen Dijsselbloem. The ministry was founded in 1798, in the early history of the ministry, the Prime Minister often served as Minister of Finance. Pieter Philip van Bosse served as Minister of Finance five times, since 1965 a State Secretary has been appointed each formation with responsibility for taxation. The most recent Prime Minister to serve as his own Minister of Finance was Jelle Zijlstra, the ministry has the duty to guard the treasury and aim for a financially sound and prosperous state of the Netherlands. It is responsible for the income and expenditure of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and it collects the taxes and develops fiscal legislation. It seeks to expend the budget of the government responsibly, efficiently and effectively and it is also responsible for financial-economic policy. It supervises the financial markets, banks and financial transfers, the ministry is currently headed by one minister and one State Secretary. The ministrys main office is located in the centre of The Hague at the Korte Voorhout and it employs almost 1,500 civil servants
10.
Zwolle
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Zwolle is the capital city and municipality of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands. It has a population around 125,000, archaeological findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A woodhenge that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the Bronze Age period, during the Roman era, the area was inhabited by Salian Franks. The modern city was founded around 800 CE by Frisian merchants, the name Zwolle is derived from the word Suolle, which means hill. This refers to an incline in the landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, IJssel, Vecht, Aa and Zwarte Water, the hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during the frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline, a document mentions the existence of a parish church dedicated to St Michael. That church, the Grote or Sint Michaëlskerk, was renovated in the first half of the 15th century, the church contains a richly carved pulpit, the work of Adam Straes van Weilborch, some good carving and an exquisite organ. On August 31,1230, the bishop of Utrecht granted Zwolle city rights, Zwolle became a member of the Hanseatic league in 1294, and in 1361 joined the war between the Hanseatic League and Valdemar IV of Denmark. In the 1370 Treaty of Stralsund that ended the war, Zwolle was awarded a vitte, zwolles golden age came in the 15th century. Between 1402 and 1450, the citys Gross Regional Product multiplied by about six, in July 1324 and October 1361, regional noblemen set fire to Zwolle. In the 1324 fire, only nine buildings escaped the flames, Zwolle was also, with Deventer, one of the centers of the Brethren of the Common Life, a monastic movement. 5 km from Zwolle, on an eminence called the Agnietenberg, once stood the Augustinian convent in which Thomas à Kempis spent the greatest part of his life. At least as early as 1911, Zwolle had a trade by river, a large fish market. The more important industries comprised cotton manufactures, iron works, boat-building, dyeing and bleaching, tanning, rope-making, in World War II, Zwolle was single-handedly liberated from the Germans by Canadian soldier Léo Major. He was made a citizen of Zwolle in 2005 and a street is named for him. Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as Blauwvingers and this dates back to 1682, when the St Michaels church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to sell the church bells to neighbouring city Kampen, to make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, in revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four duiten
11.
Dutch East Indies
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The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony. It was formed from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded and this colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empires rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from. The term Indonesia came into use for the location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, Japans World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution, the word Indies comes from Latin, Indus. The original name Dutch Indies was translated by the English as the Dutch East Indies, the name Dutch Indies is recorded in the Dutch East India Companys documents of the early 1620s. Scholars writing in English use the terms Indië, Indies, the Dutch East Indies, the Netherlands Indies, centuries before Europeans arrived, the Indonesian archipelago supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states. The first Europeans to arrive were the Portuguese in the late 15th century, following disruption of Dutch access to spices in Europe, the first Dutch expedition set sail for the East Indies in 1595 to access spices directly from Asia. When it made a 400% profit on its return, other Dutch expeditions soon followed, recognising the potential of the East Indies trade, the Dutch government amalgamated the competing companies into the United East India Company. The VOC was granted a charter to wage war, build fortresses, a capital was established in Batavia, which became the centre of the VOCs Asian trading network. Smuggling, the expense of war, corruption, and mismanagement led to bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was dissolved in 1800 and its colonial possessions in the Indonesian archipelago were nationalised under the Dutch Republic as the Dutch East Indies. From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late 16th century, to the declaration of independence in 1945, although Java was dominated by the Dutch, many areas remained independent throughout much of this time, including Aceh, Bali, Lombok and Borneo. Piracy remained a problem until the mid-19th century, finally in the early 20th century, imperial dominance was extended across what was to become the territory of modern-day Indonesia. In 1811, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including Java, Dutch control was restored in 1816. Under the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the Dutch secured British settlements such as Bengkulu in Sumatra, in exchange for ceding control of their possessions in the Malay Peninsula, the resulting borders between British and Dutch possessions remain between Malaysia and Indonesia
12.
Free-minded Democratic League
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The Free-thinking Democratic League was a progressive liberal political party in the Netherlands. The VDB played a large role in Dutch politics, supplying one Prime Minister. The League is a predecessor of two of the major Dutch political parties, the conservative-liberal Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy, the social-liberal Democrats 66 also claims that it and the VDB are ideologically connected. The VDB is a merger of two groups, one, the Radical League, was founded in 1892 as an Amsterdam secession of the Liberal Union, the second group was the Free-thinking Democratic political club. This was a club of Liberal Union MPs, the second group left the Union over the same matter. In 1901 the board of the Liberal Union, supported by the VD-kamerclub, the party congress rejected this proposal. In reaction to this the board, some of the members of the VD-kamerclub. The two groups, the Radical League and the VD-kamerclub, merged in 1901 to form the Free-minded Democratic League, in the 1901 elections they won nine seats. The party always remained small, but because of their strategic position. In many districts there was only one liberal candidate supported by all three liberal parties, in 1905 the VDB won two seats. From 1905 to 1908 the Liberal Union and the VDB formed a minority cabinet led by De Meester. The cabinet was supported by socialist Social Democratic Workers Party, in the 1909 elections the Christian-democratic coalitie regained its majority. The VDB lost two seats, making its total nine, in the elections of 1913 the Christian democrats lost their majority. The VDB lost four seats, because it was not the liberal party in favour of universal suffrage, the Liberal Union. Furthermore, the socialist SDAP performed exceptionally well in these elections, the leader of the VDB, dr Dirk Bos, tried to form a cabinet with the liberals, free liberals, socialists and free-thinking democrats. The socialists refused to cooperate, because one of their major issues could not be realised, a liberal extra-parliamentary cabinet was formed, led by Pieter Cort van der Linden. It implemented universal suffrage and proportional representation, during this cabinet a conflict between the VDB parliamentary party and minister Treub led to his resignation. Treub left the party and founded the Economic League, which would merge with the Liberal Union to form the Liberal State Party, in the 1918 elections, with universal suffrage and proportional representation in place, the liberal alliance lost nearly half its seats
13.
Senate (Netherlands)
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The Senate is the upper house of the States General, the legislature of the Netherlands. Its 75 members are elected by the members of the twelve States-Provincial every four years, members of the Senate are part-timers who often hold other positions as well. They receive an allowance which is about a quarter of the salary of the members of the House of Representatives, unlike the politically more significant House of Representatives, it meets only once a week. Its members tend to be veteran politicians or part-time politicians at the national level and it has the right to accept or reject legislative proposals but not to amend them or to initiate legislation. Directly after a bill has passed by the House of Representatives. The committee decides whether the bill can be put on the agenda of the full chamber or there should first be preparatory study of the bill. If a bill is immediately put on the agenda of the full chamber, the Senate was instituted by King William I in 1815. When the Netherlands and Belgium were united in 1815, the Belgians in particular pressed for the introduction of a bicameral system, in its early years, the Senate served as a bulwark of the Crown since it was still able to block bills that displeased the king. Such bills were usually private members bills from the House of Representatives, at that time, the members of the House of Representatives too were elected indirectly. The members of the Senate were not elected, but were confidants of the king and were appointed for life, the Senate remained in existence after the separation from Belgium in 1830. Much changed in the sphere as a result of the introduction of a new constitution in 1848. The position of the Senate and the criteria governing eligibility to stand for election were among the changes, monitoring the quality of legislation gradually came to be the main function of the Senate after 1848. * Reformatory Political Federation and Reformed Political League Historic composition of the Senate of the Netherlands List of Presidents of the Senate Official website Official website
14.
Jan Harte van Tecklenburg
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Jan Harte van Tecklenburg or Joannes Josephus Ignatius Harte was a Dutch politician. Van Tecklenburg was born in Utrecht and he was a staunch Roman Catholic and was initially a member of the conservative wing of the Catholic party. He acquired wealth by marrying the daughter of a wealthy margarine manufacturer, with that help he was elected to the Dutch House of Representatives from the Grave Constituency. In parliament he became a follower of Herman Schaepman who was concerned with reforms particularly in the area of social services and he served as his partys treasurer, and in 1901 he became the Minister of Finance in the ARPs Kuyper cabinet. However the only significant legislation that he proposed was a protectionist Tariff Act, and that came so late in his tenure, list of Dutch politicians Beekelaar, G. A. M. Harte, Joannes Josephus Ignatius
15.
House of Representatives (Netherlands)
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The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of the Netherlands, the States General, the other one being the Senate. It has 150 seats which are filled through elections using a party-list proportional representation and it sits in the Binnenhof in The Hague. Although this body is called the House of Representatives in English, this is not a translation of its Dutch name. Rather than representatives, members of the House are referred to as Tweede Kamerlid, the House of Representatives is the main chamber of parliament, where discussion of proposed legislation and review of the actions of the cabinet takes place. Both the Cabinet and the House of Representatives itself have the right to propose legislation, review of the actions of the cabinet takes the form of formal interrogations, which may result in motions urging the cabinet to take, or refrain from, certain actions. No individual may be a member of parliament and cabinet, except in a caretaker cabinet that has not yet been succeeded when a new House is sworn in. The House of Representatives is also responsible for the first round of selection for judges to the Supreme Court of the Netherlands and it submits a list of three names for every vacant position to the Government. Furthermore, it elects the Dutch Ombudsman and his subsidiaries, the normal term of the House of Representatives is four years. Anybody eligible to vote in the Netherlands also has the right to establish a political party, parties wanting to take part must register 43 days before the elections, supplying a nationwide list of at most 50 candidates. The candidate lists are placed in the hands of the voters at least 14 days before the election, each candidate list is numbered, with the person in the first position known as the lijsttrekker. The lijsttrekker is usually appointed by the party to lead its election campaign, two or more parties can agree to combine their separate lists, which increases the chance of winning a remainder seat. Only large parties usually have some regional candidates at the bottom of their lists, a single vote can be placed on any one candidate. Many voters select one of the lijsttrekkers, but alternatively a preference vote may be made for a lower down the list. Once the election results are known, the seats are allocated to the parties, the number of valid national votes cast is divided by 150, the number of seats available, to give a threshold for each seat, 1/150th is approximately 0. 67% of the valid votes. Each partys number of votes is divided by this threshold to give a number of seats. Any party that received fewer votes than the threshold fails to gain representation in the House of Representatives, the threshold is one of the lowest for national parliaments in the world, and there are usually multiple parties winning seats with 2% or less of the vote. Any party that received more than 75% of the threshold will have its deposit refunded, after the initial seats are allocated, the remainder seats are allocated using the DHondt method of largest averages. This system slightly favours the larger parties, list combinations compete for the remainder seats as one list of the combined size of all parties in the combination, thus having more chance to gain remainder seats
16.
Den Helder
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Den Helder is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Den Helder occupies the northernmost point of the North Holland peninsula and it is home to the countrys main naval base. From here the Royal TESO ferryboat service operates the transportation link between Den Helder and the nearby Dutch Wadden island of Texel to the north. The municipality of Den Helder consists of the cities, towns, villages and/or districts, Den Helder, Huisduinen, Julianadorp. The major areas of Den Helder are Old Den Helder, Nieuw-Den Helder, Nieuw-Den Helder was built in the 1950s, following World War II, when there was a great need for additional housing. De Schooten was constructed in the 1960s, Dutch Topographic map of Den Helder, March 2014. Huisduinen was the older part of the city, whereas Helder itself was a nearby smaller hamlet. Due to its location at the tip of the North Holland peninsula. The area likely began being called Helledore because of the water between now Den Helder and Texel called Marsdiep, the current of the water was so strong many ships were lost. The name Helder may also have come from Helle/Helde, which means hill or hilly grounds, or from Helre, Den Helder has played an important part in Dutch shipping. During the Dutch Golden Age, ships would be assembled near Den Helder, on 23 January 1795, the French captured 14 Dutch ships and 850 guns in the deepfrozen towns harbour. In 1799 the city was the target of the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, during the 1820s, the North Holland Canal was dug from Amsterdam to Den Helder. The lighthouse Lange Jaap was built in 1877 and is the tallest cast-iron lighthouse in Europe, Den Helder was the site of a naval base as early as the 18th century. An Anglo-Russian invasion force landed at Den Helder in August 1799, French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, visiting Den Helder in 1811, was impressed with the towns strategic location and ordered the construction of a fort and naval dockyards. The docks were built during the years 1813-1827, in 1947, it officially became the Royal Netherlands Navys main centre of operations. Den Helder continues to be the main base today. The Royal Netherlands Naval College is also located in the city, the old naval dockyards of Willemsoord, located in the north of the city, now house restaurants, a cinema, and other recreational facilities. The naval docks and administration have moved to a new location further east
17.
Pieter Oud
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Pieter Jacobus Oud was a prominent liberal Dutch politician who served held numerous political offices, including member of the House of Representatives, Minister of Finance and Mayor of Rotterdam. He was a member of the Dutch Labour Party and the Peoples Party for Freedom. Before the war he was member of the left-liberal Freethinking Democratic League, Oud came from a middle-class family, his father traded in tobacco, wine and, later, stocks and served as alderman in Purmerend. Oud attended HBS in Amsterdam graduating in 1904 and he continued to study to become notary between 1904 and 1907. During this time he had become member of the board of the League of Freethinking Propaganda Associations and he took a private courses in registration in Gorinchem between 1907 and 1909. Between 1909 and 1911 he was civil servant within the ministry of Finance responsible for registration, in 1911 he became a tax collector on Texel. In 1912 he took his matriculation in order to study law at the University of Amsterdam and he combined his work as tax collector with his study of law. In the same year he married Johanna Cornelia Fischer, from this marriage they got one son, in 1914 he became tax collector in Ommen. Meanwhile, he was mobilized as Sergeant of the seventh regiment infantry, between 1915 and 1919 he was member of the national board of the VDB. He graduated in 1917 on basis of a disputation and he retained his legal position as tax collector, but was given a leave for undetermined time. He was even promoted to inspector of finances in 1921, while on leave, in 1918 Oud stood for elections again and was elected with 5,000 preference votes, mainly from the district of Den Helder. While MP, Oud also served as secretary of the VDB national board and editor of the De Vrijzinnige Democraat, in parliament Oud took a particular interest in military matters and education, and served as the partys finance spokesperson. As MP he served as member of the Committee on the Navy between 1923 and 1933 and the Committee on the Army since 1925 and he was chairman of the Association for the promotion of Public Education Peoples Education for many years. In 1933 Oud became Minister of Finance in the cabinet led by Colijn. As minister he was responsible for a large operation of budget cuts. Although his proposals lead to a crisis, they were nonetheless carried by parliament. In the same year, after Marchant left the VDB after a scandal, Oud led the VDB in the 1937 elections and returned to the House of Representatives as chair of the parliamentary party. He also served as chair for the Committee on government expenditure and he left the House of Representatives in 1938 to become mayor of Rotterdam
18.
Hendrik Goeman Borgesius
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Hendrik Goeman Borgesius was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands from 1877 until 1917, representing respectively Winschoten, Veendam, Zutphen, Enkhuizen, Rotterdam, in 1885 he became leader of the Liberal Union. After being a minister he became a member of the Council of State of the Netherlands, the University of Groningen gave him an honorary doctorate in medicine for his work concerning public health. H. Goeman Borgesius at Parlement & Politiek Biography in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland
19.
Gerrit Schimmelpenninck
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Gerrit, Count Schimmelpenninck was a Dutch businessman and statesman, whose views ranged from liberal to conservative. He was the son of Grand Pensionary Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck and a member of the Dutch Reformed Church, after other functions, among which chief of the Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij, he became head of secretary in Saint-Petersburg and later in London. The primary reason of William II to get him to the Netherlands and have him be appointed as Prime Minister of the Netherlands was to keep Thorbecke out of the Council of Ministers. In March 1848 he became Chairman of the Council of Ministers, holding the offices of Minister of Foreign Affairs. His proposal to design a Constitution following British model, which would imply that the Senate could not be dissolved by the King, was rejected by the other ministers and he tendered his resignation on 14 May 1848
20.
Jacob de Kempenaer
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Jacobus Mattheüs de Kempenaer was a Dutch politician, lawyer, and second Prime Minister of the Netherlands from November 1848 to November 1849. He served as a member of the House of Representatives, chairman of the board of Commerce for Arnhem, a member of the city board, initially in the House of Representatives, de Kempenaer was considered a liberal. In 1844, he was among nine men to propose amending the Constitution of the Netherlands, de Kempenaer was appointed to the Constitution Commission headed by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke in 1848, and as Minister of the Interior. He soon became de facto Prime Minister, playing an important role in the revision of the national Constitution and he resigned his offices in 1849 and subsequently became a conservative, opposing Thorbecke. De Kempenaer was married in Haarlem on 19 August 1818 to Arnoldina Jacoba Gerlings and they had three sons and three daughters. NP Official Parliamentary Biography, parliament. com, accessed 16 June 2015
21.
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
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Johan Rudolph Thorbecke was a Dutch politician and statesman of liberal signature, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. In 1848 he virtually single-handedly drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands, giving power to the king. His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, johan Rudolph proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing intelligence and curiosity. Because of the sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle financial problems. He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in Amsterdam, where he lived until 1806, Thorbecke began studying classical literature and philosophy in Amsterdam, studies he finished in Leiden defending a thesis on Asinius Pollio in 1820. Shortly after his promotion, Thorbecke was granted a scholarship for a journey through Germany. At Giessen he lectured as a professor, and at Göttingen, in 1824, published his treatise. He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism, upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in Amsterdam, where he wrote his first political work of significance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat. The climax of series was Over het hedendaags burgerschap, literally On contemporary citizenship, published in 1844. On 21 May 1844, Thorbecke was elected into the House of Representatives for South Holland, four years later, with much of Europe convulsed by the Revolutions of 1848, William II agreed upon the formation of a committee for revision of the constitution. Thorbecke was appointed as head of committee on 17 March. The changes were all created by Thorbecke, as the other members of the committee did little. The drafted constitution was reluctantly approved by the States General. Despite initial reluctance, William II appointed Thorbecke as formateur in late October 1849, in this cabinet, Thorbecke served as minister of the Interior and chaired the Council of Ministers, thus becoming de facto Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Thorbeckes first cabinet passed several acts of importance, including the Electoral Act and the Province Act in 1850. Despite these successes, Thorbeckes reforms were increasingly subjected to resistance, in 1853, the Catholic Church sought to restore the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands. Common people, pastors and conservative notables showed resistance to this in a movement known as the Aprilbeweging. Thorbecke, who remained passive in the issue in defence of the separation of church and state, was accused of catholic sympathies, Thorbecke spent nine years as leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives
22.
Floris Adriaan van Hall
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Floris Adriaan van Hall, Baron of Hall was a prominent Dutch nobleman and statesman in the 19th century. He played an important role as representative of the Amsterdam trade and banking sector and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1853 to 1856, and again from 1860 to 1861. Van Hall was born in Amsterdam, on 15 May 1791 and his father was Maurits Cornelis van Hall, who seated in the First Chamber of the States General, and his wife Elisabeth Christina. Van Hall received primary education from a Walloon preacher in Voorburg, from 1808 to 1811, Van Hall attended the Athenaeum Illustre, and, like his father, studied Roman and Contemporary Law at the Leiden University from 7 November 1811 to 22 January 1812. After he had graduated, he became a lawyer in his fathers firm in Amsterdam, on 3 July 1832, he succeeded his father in the States of Holland for Meerkerk. After the provinces split in 1840, he seated the States of North Holland for Amsterdam, on 1 April 1842, King William II appointed him as the successor to Cornelis Felix van Maanen as Minister of Justice, and on 7 March 1877 as Minister of Finance. From 13 February 1849, he seated in the Second Chamber of the States General for the district of Amsterdam, in 1860 he became chairman of the Council of Ministers once again. He rejected an offer for the appointment to Governor-General of the Dutch East-Indies and he died in The Hague, on 29 March 1866. His mother was Elisabeth Christina Klinkhamer, Van Hall was the oldest of six children. After the death of his mother, his father had ten children with her niece Christina Maria. Van Hall married Alida Paulina Bondt in Amsterdam on 7 July 1815, on 30 July 1853, at the age of 62, Van Hall entered a second marriage with Henriëtte Marie Jeanne, Baroness Schimmelpenninck van der Oye. Gleichman, Mr. F. A. van Hall als minister,1904, jurriaanse, De Nederlandse ministers van Buitenlandse Zaken 1813-1900
23.
Jan Jacob Rochussen
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Jan Jacob Rochussen was a Dutch politician. He served as Finance Minister from 1840 to 1843 and Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1845 to 1851 and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 18 March 1858 to 23 February 1860. Rochussen was born in the town of Etten, North Brabant, on 23 October 1797 to Jan Rochussen, a member of the provincial government, in 1815 Rochussen served in a volunteer corps against Napoleons armies. Rochussen found employment as a tax collector in Schiedam, South Holland beginning in 1814, over the next twelve years he served as tax collector in s-Hertogenbosch, Rotterdam, and later Amsterdam. He was then selected as secretary at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, leaving the chamber, he worked at an entrepôt – a trading post for the import and export of goods without paying duties – and eventually managed it from 18 July 1828 until 31 July 1840. It was during his time at the entrepôt that Rochussen found the favour of King William I, Rochussen later served as the kings adviser and became close to him. Rochussen was selected to become Minister of Finance by William I in the kings last year of his reign, Rochussen worked to straighten the countrys public finances, which were incredibly disordered. However, after a proposal to convert the nations debt failed 30 to 24 in the Second Chamber, Rochussen was forced to resign. He was later selected as an envoy to Brussels, a post which he held for nearly two years and which resulted in him settling inheritance and property issues to the satisfaction of both sides. In February 1845, Rochussen was reassigned as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies with Royal Decree of 5 February 1845 and he arrived in the colonial capital of Batavia on 30 September of that year. Before his departure, former governor general Jean Chrétien Baud recommended that Rochussen take an interest in the Javanese people, although Rochussen initially intended to build greater infrastructure in the Indies, he later felt that a full autocracy was necessary and as such instituted severe limitations to press freedom. He also instituted reforms in the monetary system. On 12 May 1851 Rochussen was re-deployed to the Netherlands, on 20 September, he began a term as a member of the House of Representatives representing Alkmaar. He served in capacity until 28 January 1857. A year later, he became the minister after fifteen days forming the cabinet in collaboration with Jan Karel van Goltstein. He served from 18 March 1858 until 1 January 1861, on which date he resigned due to his proposed budget being failed at the meeting on 14 December 1860. He then helped Schelto van Heemstra form the new cabinet, after his term as prime minister, Rochussen returned to the House as a representative of Amsterdam, serving three consecutive terms from 14 November 1864 until 20 September 1869. Rochussen died in The Hague on 21 January 1871, Rochussen was brought into the Order of the Dutch Lion as a Knight on 4 July 1829
24.
Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt
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Julius Philip Jacob Adriaan, count van Zuylen van Nijevelt was a conservative Dutch politician. From 1855 till 1860 he served as Minister Resident in Istanbul, van Zuylen van Nijevelt served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1866 to 1868. He also served as minister of Foreign Affairs from 1860 to 1861 and he married in Scotland and had three sons and two daughters. 1849, Officer in the Order of Leopold, list of Dutch politicians Mr. J. Ph. J. A
25.
Pieter Philip van Bosse
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Mr. Pieter Philip van Bosse was a Dutch liberal politician. Serving as minister of Finance in six cabinets throughout the middle of the 19th century and he led a cabinet himself as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 June 1868 to 4 January 1871. Pieter Philip van Bosse was born in Amsterdam, to an insurance broker, three of his siblings died at a young age, and his father died when he was eleven years old, after which his mother successfully took over the brokerage firm. He attended the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam, and studied Roman, after his graduation, Van Bosse settled in Weesp as a manufacturer before returning to Amsterdam to work as a lawyer. In 1845, he was appointed referendary of the import and export rights department of the Ministry of Finance, on 3 June 1848, Van Bosse was appointed Minister of Finance. At the time, most of the revenue came from excises, and Van Bosses attempts to introduce a limited income tax. Under the premiership of Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Van Bosse introduced reforms that liberalised the economy, a strong supporter of free trade, he procured the right of transit and discontinued levy on shipping rights on the Rhine and the IJssel. He reformed the coinage by introducing the standard and a simpler system of nickels, dimes, quarters. Moreover, he reformed the system, establishing a government monopoly of postal service. Van Bosses first ministership came to an end in 1853 with the fall of Thorbeckes cabinet, Van Bosse was elected to the House of Representatives for the constituency of Rotterdam on 14 June 1853, and was re-elected in 1856. In his five years in opposition, he insisted on tax reform. Moreover, Van Bosse won a seat in the council of The Hague in 1857. He served another term as minister of Finance from 12 March 1858 to 22 February 1860 and this term was marked by the introduction of inheritance tax. In 1860, Van Bosse returned to the House of Representatives for Zutphen, on 3 June 1868, Van Bosse started another term as minister of Finance in a cabinet formed by Thorbecke as formateur. However, Thorbecke did not proceed to lead the cabinet, and Van Bosse himself headed the cabinet as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, as Prime Minister, Van Bosse executed a policy based on financial solidity. The cabinet was responsible for the abolition of the death penalty, when several ministers in the cabinet resigned for different reasons in late 1870, Van Bosse was forced to resign as Prime Minister. On 4 January 1871, he was succeeded by Thorbecke, Van Bosse was given the honorary title of Minister of State in 1872. However, to his surprise, Van Bosse was appointed Minister of Colonial Affairs at the age of 68 and he ceased to be minister in 1872, but served another term as minister of Colonial Affairs from 1877
26.
Jan Heemskerk
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Jan Heemskerk Abrahamszoon was a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1874 to 1877, and again from 1883 to 1888. His son, Theo Heemskerk also served as Prime Minister, Jan Heemskerk Abrahamszoon was born on 30 July 1818 in Amsterdam. He was the son of Abraham Heemskerk and Joanna Jacoba Stuart and he studied law and became a lawyer, then a member of the House of Representatives. Originally a liberal politician, he became a conservative in 1866 and he was three times Ministers of the Interior and three times temporary chairman of the Council of Ministers, similar to the present-day Prime Minister. He was Minister of State from 1885 to his death, Heemskerk died on 9 October 1897, at the age of 79, in The Hague. Heemskerk married his first cousin Anna Maria Heemskerk on 1 October 1846 in Utrecht and they had 5 sons, one of whom died in infancy, and 3 daughters. His son Theo Heemskerk was Prime Minister from 1908 to 1913 and his son Jan Frederik Heemskerk was a member of the House of Representatives. Heemskerks published works include De praktijk onzer grondwet, speciminis inauguralis de Montesquivio pars prior. Media related to Jan Heemskerk at Wikimedia Commons
27.
Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello
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Joannes Kappeyne van de Coppello was a Dutch liberal politician. He was prime minister of the Netherlands between 1877 and 1879, after attending the public primary school Outercourt in the Hague, Kappeyne was home schooled by his father, who was rector of the gymnasium of the Hague and taught Greek, as secondary education. Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, a prominent Protestant-Christian politician, became his guardian after the death of his father in 1840, in that year he began to study Roman and contemporary law at the University of Leiden. In 1845 he became lawyer in the Hague, in 1860 Kappeyne was elected into the city council of the Hague, as a liberal. In 1862 Kappeyne was elected into the Dutch House of Representatives as a liberal for the Hague and he was elected on a Puttian ticket. Fransen van de Putte, who was a minister at the time, in the 1866 elections he was defeated by the conservative F. de Casembroot. In 1871 he was elected into the House of Representatives as a liberal for Haarlem, in the 1875 elections he defeat the conservative M. J. van Lennep. He was political leader of the liberals between 1876 and 1877, in parliament he was known for his comical amendments. In 1877 Kappeneye was formateur of a liberal cabinet, Kappeyne became minister of Home Affairs, and he gave up his seat in parliament. He was appointed chairperson of the council of ministers, formally temporarily, as minister he enacted important laws, such as a new law on primary education. This law put higher demands on the quality of school buildings and this raised the financial burdens of primary schools, only public schools received state subsidies however. Religious schools, which were not able to sustain the financial burdens, were in effect forbidden and this led to staunch opposition as part of the School struggle of anti-revolutionary and catholic members of parliament, and a citizens petition. Kappeyene however did not change his mind, on 10 June 1879 the law on the channels which he proposed was rejected by parliament. Kappeyne asked the King to dismiss him, on 2 July, he asked the King to allow a constitutional revision, William III refused, and Kappeyne asked the King to dismiss him again, and William III finally dismissed Kappeyne. Behind the fall of the Kappeyne cabinet lay a conflict between the factions of the liberals and the more moderate liberals. In 1879 he returned to his lawyers office in the Hague, but Kappeyne attempted to gain a seat in parliament in the 1880,1883 and 1884 elections, he was however defeated every time. In 1880 he was defeated over the district of Amsterdam by the liberal J. G, gleichman, in 1883 in Amsterdam by the liberal-conservative A. Gildemeester, and in 1884 by the liberal J. Duijvis. He remained lawyer until his death in 1895, in this period he refused a request by the University of Leiden to become honorary professor of law
28.
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg
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Constantijn Theodoor Tellen van Lynden van Sandenburg, was a Dutch politician. Lynden van Sandenburg served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 1879 and 1883, Lynden van Sandenburg was born in Utrecht in 1826. He trained as a lawyer before entering politics, an orthodox conservative Protestant, Lynden van Sandenburg sided with the anti-revolutionaries. In 1866 he served in the Dutch House of Representatives, later, he went on to take the position of Minister of Justice between 1874 and 1877 in the Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg cabinet. Lynden van Sandenburg took office as leading minister on 20 August 1879 with his own cabinet and this cabinet was known for its liberal conservatism. Member of an ancient Dutch noble family, Lynden van Sandenburg was a baron throughout his life and he died in Langbroek in 1885. Van Lynden, Nederlands Adelsboek 87, 547-649, there 567, parlement & Politiek, entry Mr. C. Th. graaf van Lynden van Sandenburg, retrieved 2008-08-14
29.
Gijsbert van Tienhoven
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Gijsbert van Tienhoven was a liberal Dutch politician. He started his career in the municipal council and executive of Amsterdam. He spent one year in the House of Representatives and eleven years in the Senate before being appointed formateur after the 1891 general election, for three years, he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of Foreign Affairs before his cabinet fell in 1894. He also served as Queens Commissioner of North Holland for fourteen years, Gijsbert van Tienhoven was born in De Werken in North Brabant, on 12 February 1841. He was the child in a family of twelve. His father, Gijsbert van Tienhoven, was a contractor of public works and his mother was Klazina Christina van den Bogaard. He enjoyed private education, and attended a latin school in Gorinchem. In 1860, Van Tienhoven started studying theology at the University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, instead, he studied Roman and contemporary law, graduating on 13 June 1866. After his graduation, Van Tienhoven briefly worked as a lawyer in The Hague, in 1867, he became an official at the Ministry of Justice. Starting as deputy clerk of the department of preparation of legislation. On 27 January 1869, however, he left the Ministry to become professor of Roman and contemporary law at the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam and he was also school inspector in the third school district of Amsterdam from 1 September 1873 to 1 February 1877. Van Tienhoven was elected into the council of Amsterdam on 4 February 1874. As Aldermen, he introduced an ordinance on local income tax and he also strongly supported municipal construction of residences for labourers, a proposal which passed through the municipal council by 16 to 14 votes. At the same time, the population of the city necessitated initial measures in the field of social housing. On 11 December 1879, Van Tienhoven was appointed, by Royal Decree, as Mayor of Amsterdam and his eleven years in office coincided with the economic and social modernisation of the city. Van Tienhoven left office on 21 August 1891, and gave up on his seat in the council some two weeks later, on 3 September. On 15 December, Van Tienhoven was elected into the States of North Holland for the constituency of Amsterdam. He did not retain his seat for long, however, as he was elected into the House of Representatives of the Netherlands for the constituency of Amsterdam in a by-election in 1878
30.
Nicolaas Pierson
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Nicolaas Gerard Pierson was a Dutch economist and Liberal statesman who served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands from 1897 until 1901. Pierson was an economics and statistics at the University of Amsterdam and director and presiding director of the De Nederlandsche Bank. He was minister of Finance in the Cabinet Van Tienhoven, during his term of office he introduced an important tax revision. After serving as chairman of the Council of Ministers for four years he took a seat in the House of Representatives for the constituency of Gorinchem from 1905 to 1909, Pierson received an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambridge. Nicolaas Gerard Pierson was born in Amsterdam on 7 February 1839, to Jan Lodewijk Gregory Pierson, the youngest of six children, Pierson had two brothers and three sisters. Two of his brothers, Allard and Hendrik Pierson, would become famous pastors and his father was a merchant, while his mother was a Réveil writer. Pierson attended a French school in Amsterdam from 1845 to 1853 and he went to an English school in Brussels in 1853, but switched to a trade school in Amsterdam a year later. On 2 June 1864, Pierson graduated as a teacher in political economy, Pierson started his career as a merchant. He worked in his fathers glass shop from 1860 to 1861, shortly before his graduation, on 1 April 1864, he became chief executive of De Surinaamsche Bank, and director of De Nederlandsche Bank on 1 June 1868. On 15 January 1885, he was appointed as President of De Nederlandsche Bank by Royal Decree and he took office 1 February the same year, and kept his position until 21 Augustus 1891. Piersons main two economist texts were Grondbeginselen der Staathuiskunde and Leerboek der Staathuiskunde, the latter being translated into English, in 1883 Pierson became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Pierson served as minister of Finance from 21 August 1891 to 9 May 1894, during his second his second term as minister, he was also the chairman of the Council of Ministers, a positional that would later be dubbed Prime Minister of the Netherlands. During his time as minister, he reformed the corporate and capital tax systems, and was instrumental in the establishment of Statistics Netherlands, on 26 July 1905, Pierson was elected into the House of Representatives for the constituency of Gorinchem. He did not seek election in 1909, giving up his seat on 1 August, Pierson is credited with an important role in the Socialist Calculation Debate, when he criticised Karl Kautsky, who had delivered a speech in Delft in 1902. On 30 October 1862, Pierson married Catharina Rutgera Waller in Amsterdam and she died shortly after their marriage, and the couple remained childless. Pierson died on 24 December 1909, in Heemstede, media related to Nicolaas Pierson at Wikimedia Commons
31.
Pieter Cort van der Linden
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Pieter Wilhelm Adrianus Cort van der Linden was a Dutch politician. He served as minister of the Netherlands between 1913 and 1918. He was the last prime minister to lead a pure liberal cabinet, however, the cabinet held only a minority in parliament and depended on the support of the social democrats. One of his achievements was maintaining Dutch neutrality during the First World War. He also introduced universal suffrage in the Netherlands, because of this, the Social Democratic Workers Party and the Algemeene Bond van RK-kiesverenigingen, a Catholic party, won the 1918 elections. The Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck took Cort van der Lindens place as Prime minister, minderaa, J. T. Linden, Pieter Wilhelm Adrianus Cort van der, Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland,1, retrieved 2008-03-13
32.
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck
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Charles Joseph Maria Ruijs de Beerenbrouck was a Dutch nobleman and Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1918 to 1925 and again from 1929 to 1933. He was a member of the Roman Catholic RKSP, charles Joseph Maria Ruijs de Beerenbrouck was born on 1 December 1873 in Roermond, a town with a Bishops see in the province of Limburg, in the very south of the Netherlands. Born into a family, he grew up in a predominantly Roman Catholic community and went to school in Maastricht. He attended the Utrecht University and in 1895 Ruijs de Beerenbrouck obtained his masters degree in law at the Leiden University and he was the son of Gustave Louis Marie Hubert Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Minister of Justice in the government-Mackay and later governor of Limburg. He started his career in 1896 as a lawyer in Maastricht, in 1899 Ruijs de Beerenbrouck became a member of the Maastricht City council and in 1905 he was elected to the House of Representatives. Ruijs de Beerenbrouck remained a city councillor and a member of parliament until 16 May 1918, Ruijs de Beerenbrouck did not stay in office as Queens Commissioner for long, as on 9 September 1918 he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Netherlands. As Prime Minister he had to deal with the aftermath of World War I, fortunately for Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, the revolution attempt of Troelstra met with little enthusiasm. However, in order to satisfy the working class, he enacted several social reforms, from 1925 to 1929 Ruijs de Beerenbrouck was President of the House of Representatives. The depression lead to unemployment and poverty, as well as increasing social unrest. Ruijs de Beerenbrouck was forced to cut government expenses and to devaluate the national currency, the Guilder. Twenty three mutineers were killed, resulting in a controversy and recriminations. In 1933 Ruijs de Beerenbrouck again became President of the House of Representatives and he remained in office until his death. Ruijs de Beerenbrouck died on 17 April 1936 in Utrecht, parlement en Politiek parlement. com biography Ruijs de Beerenbrouck
33.
Hendrikus Colijn
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Hendrikus Hendrik Colijn was a Dutch soldier, businessman and politician who was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1925 to 1926 and again from 1933 to 1939. He was the first of six children, all born in Haarlemmermeer, Colijn grew up in the Land of Altena. At the age of 16, he went to an academy in Kampen for officer training. In 1893, he married Helena Groenenberg and was sent to the Dutch East Indies, one of our bullets killed the mother as well as the child. From now on we couldnt give any mercy, it was over, I did give orders to gather a group of 9 women and 3 children who asked for mercy and they were shot all together. It was not a pleasant job, but something else was impossible and our soldiers tacked them with pleasure with their bayonets. After his return to the Netherlands in 1909, he was elected as an Anti Revolutionary Party Member of Parliament for the district Sneek, in 1911, he was appointed Minister of War and revised the Dutch Selective Service System. In May 1918 he acted as an intermediary between the British and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany to arrange an armistice, resulting in the Kaiser getting refuge in The Netherlands. In 1910 the Holland Dakota Landbouw Compagnie is established with Hendrikus Colijn and his brother nl, from 1914 to 1922 he served as CEO for the Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij. In 1925, he also became CEO of Royal Dutch Shell, in 1922 he accepted the political leadership of the Anti Revolutionary Party from Dr. Abraham Kuyper. Between 1925-1926 and 1933-1939 he served five times as Prime Minister, during the 1930s his government faced the effects of the Great Depression, which took a heavy toll on the Netherlands. Colijns government responded to the crisis with a very strict fiscal policy. Colijns decision to adhere to the Gold Standard until 1937, long after most of the partners of the Netherlands had dropped it. In 1939, his latest cabinet, with Protestant and liberal ministers but without Catholic ministers, from 1927-1929, he also was head of the Dutch delegation to the League of Nations in Geneva. His view was influenced by the show of force the German blitzkrieg had shown. Soon thereafter, he tried to organize resistance but was arrested in June 1941. The Germans tried to have him confess that he had conspired with the British to invade the Netherlands to serve as an excuse for the German invasion, the very fact that the Gestapo allowed the visit suggests that Himmler was already making contingency plans in case of a German loss. In March 1943 Colijn was put under house arrest in a mountain hotel in Ilmenau
34.
Dirk Jan de Geer
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Jonkheer Dirk Jan de Geer was a Dutch nobleman, lawyer, conservative statesman and prime minister of the Netherlands. He was disgraced for advocating a settlement between the Kingdom and Nazi Germany in 1940. Born in Groningen, he was a descendant of the De Geer family painted by Rembrandt, after receiving his doctorate in law in 1895, De Geer worked as a journalist and acted as town councillor of Rotterdam. He served from 1907 as a Christian Historical) member of Parliament, De Geer was a stable and respected politician before the war. From 1920 to 1921 de Geer served as mayor of Arnhem, between 1921 and 1923 de Geer served as Minister of Finance. He resigned in 1923 because of his disagreement with the Naval Law of 1924, from 1925-1926 he served as minister of the interior and minister of agriculture. He was Prime Minister from 8 March 1926 to 10 August 1929 and he also served as Minister of Finances from 1926 to 1933. After the end of the cabinet of Colijn he was again asked to form a government in August 1939, concurrently holding the office of Minister of Finance. However, he was not suited for the role of minister of a nation at war as he knew himself. When the Germans attacked the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, the situation became very serious. Because of this the government decided to flee to London, when in London, De Geer advocated negotiating a separate peace between the Netherlands and the Third Reich. He damaged the Dutch government and the Dutch morale by openly stating that the war could never be won and he was finally removed from office on the instigation of the iron-willed Queen Wilhelmina, and replaced by Gerbrandy. Later on, he was sent with a package to the Dutch East Indies. He never arrived there, on a stop-over in Portugal he left and this greatly angered Queen Wilhelmina, who called him a traitor and deserter to the Dutch cause. He later wrote a controversial leaflet with instructions for the people on how to cooperate with the Germans, Wilhelmina warned him that if he went on to publish this, he would be put on trial after the liberation. Nonetheless, he went through with the publication, after the war he was duly accused and he was found guilty and stripped of all of his honorary titles. ”He died some 15 years later in Soest, embittered and still believing in his innocence. His grandson is ex-footballer Boudewijn de Geer, and his great-grandson is current footballer Mike de Geer
35.
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
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Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was a Dutch politician of the Anti-Revolutionary Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 3 September 1940 until 25 June 1945. On 5 April 1955, pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was born on 13 April 1885 in the village of Goënga near Sneek, in the province of Friesland, in the Netherlands. He was an ethnic Frisian, and his name is styled in the traditional Frisian way, first name, patronymic, incidentally, the name Gerbrandy is also a patronymic, his great-great-grandfather Jouke Gerbrens took Gerbrandy as a family name on 30 December 1811. From 1920 to 1930, he was a member of the States of Friesland for the Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, against his partys advice he was Minister of Justice. The royal family and many leading politicians had fled to London in 1940, there, they formed a government in exile. On his initiative, the Dutch government started to broadcast from Radio Oranje and this station supplied the Dutch population with information from the free world whilst under the occupation of Nazi Germany. Gerbrandy became a figure to Dutch citizens during the wartime period, as such he was awarded a medal of valour in 1950. In 1945, after the liberation of the south, he formed a new cabinet without socialists and he resigned after the total liberation. In 1950 his book, Indonesia, was published and this book explains most everything that happened from the 1600s to 1948, it includes The Indies under Netherlands Rule, The Rule of Law, The Japanese Occupation, and Chaos. Each section includes detailed observations that he has made, in 1948, he returned in the Dutch Parliament. However, because of his hot temper, he alienated himself from his party members, in 1956, he was member of a commission, which investigated the affair around Greet Hofmans. In 1959, he resigned as a member of Parliament, pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy died on 7 September 1961 in The Hague at the age of 76
36.
Willem Schermerhorn
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Willem Wim Schermerhorn was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1945 until 1946 and he was the first Prime Minister after World War II. According to Harry W. Laidler, the government under Schermerhorns premiership achieved important results in the fields of labor, finance, housing, old age pensions, willem Schermerhorn was born on 17 December 1894 in Akersloot in the Dutch Province of North Holland. He grew up in a Protestant family of farmers and he became professor at the Delft University of Technology on 7 September 1926. Schermerhorn remained professor until 1944, when he was removed by the German occupational forces because of his activities in the Dutch resistance and he was interned by the German occupational forces as a hostage in Sint-Michielsgestel from May 1942 until December 1943. After he was removed as professor in 1944 Schermerhorn went into hiding to avoid being taken prisoner by the German occupational forces, on 24 June 1945 he became Prime Minister of the cabinet Schermerhorn/Drees, the first cabinet after World War II. Schermerhorn was the first Dutch Prime Minister who appointed civil servants with a background, people like Koos Vorrink. After the elections of 1946 he became a member of parliament and he remained a member of parliament until 1951. After his parliamentarian career ended he became director of the International Training Center for Aerial Survey in 1951, in 1956 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Wim Schermerhorn died on 10 March 1977 in Haarlem he was 82 and his wife Barbara died in 1986. His brother, Dirk Schermerhorn, was an engineer in the Soviet Union and he was killed during the Stalinist purges in 1937. His sister, Neeltje, was married to theologian Johannes Marie de Jonge, knight – Order of the Netherlands Lion Grand Officer – Order of Orange-Nassau Official Parliamentary Biography Biography on the Ministry of General Affairs
37.
Louis Beel
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Louis Joseph Maria Beel was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic Peoples Party now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 3 July 1946 until 7 August 1948, because of his long service record he was considered by some as having the status of a statesman. On 22 November 1956, he was granted the title of Minister of State. Louis Joseph Maria Beel was born on 12 April 1902 in Roermond and he grew up in a predominantly Roman Catholic community and went to school at the famous Bisschoppelijk College of Roermond. He graduated in 1920 and found work as clerk-volunteer at the municipality of Roermond, two years later he became secretary to the Educational Religious Inspector of the Roermond diocese, Monsignor Petrus van Gils. When in 1923 the Roman Catholic University was founded in Nijmegen, in 1924 Beel began commuting between Roermond and Nijmegen. After obtaining his bachelors degree in 1925 he found a new job as an assistant in the government of the eastern province of Overijssel. He moved to its capital, the town of Zwolle, during the time he lived in Zwolle Beel got married and his first child, a son, was born. In 1928 Beel obtained his masters degree in law at Radboud University Nijmegen, with his wife, his son and his mother-in-law he moved to Eindhoven in 1929 and lived there for more than fifteen years. Beels professional career progressed rapidly and in less one year he became a principal clerk. As he had in Zwolle, Beel proved to be an industrious man and he continued his part-time lecturing at the Katholieke Leergangen, he published regularly in the legal press and in 1935 he obtained his doctorate in law at the Radboud University Nijmegen. At the time of his resignation as a municipal Civil servant in 1942, Beel was Director of Social Affairs, Beel resigned because he opposed the German Occupation of The Netherlands. To avoid being taken prisoner by the German occupational forces he frequently had to go in hiding, Eindhoven was liberated on 18 September 1944 at the time of the World War II military offensive known as Operation Market Garden. Dutch resistance fighters, massively manifesting themselves immediately after the Germans had gone and he became the spokesman of a group of prominent citizens in Eindhoven, who had resisted the Germans during the war. The group was not in favour of a continuation of the pre-war political party-lines, in this vein they sent an Address, drafted by Beel, to Queen Wilhelmina, who still resided in London. In this capacity Beel was invited by the Dutch government in exile to travel to London and he arrived in London on 1 January 1945. On 10 January he visited at her request Queen Wilhelmina in her English mansion Mortimer and this visit gave a decisive turn to Beels life. Beel was promptly appointed Minister of the Interior in the Cabinet Gerbrandy III
38.
Willem Drees
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Willem Drees, Sr. was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 7 August 1948 until 22 December 1958 and he served as Member of the House of Representatives from May 9,1933 until June 24,1945. He served again a short periode as a Member of the House of Representatives, after the Dutch general election of 1948, Drees became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinets Drees-Van Schaik, Drees I, Drees II and Drees III. After his premiership, Drees retired from active politics and he was already seventy-two and second oldest person who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands after Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, who died in office at the age of seventy-four. On December 22,1958 he was granted the title of Minister of State. He remained an active observer of Dutch politics, publishing a substantial number of books. Willem Drees died on May 14,1988 at the age of 101 years,314 days and he is praised by many as the most important Dutch politician after World War II for his important contributions and social reforms laws. Drees was chosen as the best Prime Minister of the Netherlands after World War II after an opinion polling conducted by the VPRO in 2006, Willem Drees was born in Amsterdam on July 5,1886. After completing his education in 1903 he worked until 1906 for the Twentsche Bank in Amsterdam. This was followed by a period as a stenographer with the Municipal Council of Amsterdam, in 1904 he joined the Social Democratic Workers Party, which later was absorbed into the Labour Party in 1946. From 1910 to 1931 he was chairman of The Hague branch of the Social Democratic Workers Party, during that period he was alderman for social affairs from 1919 to 1931 and for finance and public works through to 1933. For 22 years between 1919 and 1941 Drees also held a seat on the Provincial Council of South Holland and for 19 years between 1927 and 1946 one on the Social Democratic Workers Party executive. From August 7,1948 to December 22,1958 he was Prime Minister of the Netherlands in four successive cabinets Drees I, Drees II, Drees III and Drees IV. When his Cabinet broke up in December 1958, he was appointed to the position of Minister of State. Due to impaired hearing he stopped attending its meetings in 1966 and he strongly disagreed with New Left tendencies in the membership and strategies of the Dutch Labour Party. He eventually gave up membership of a party he had served for close to 67 years, a wide range of social reforms were carried out durings Drees tenure as prime minister. A law of August 1950 established equal rights for illegitimate children, in 1950, works councils were established, and in 1957 the dismissal of female civil servants upon marriage was abolished. In the field of housing, the Implementation for Rent Act fixed rents and rent increases, while the Regional, in addition, the Reconstruction Act of 1950 established housebuilding programmes, and legislation was passed on house building standards, the uniformity of buildings, and uniform building standards
