1.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
2.
Patrick Tambay
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Patrick Daniel Tambay is a French former racing driver. He competed in 123 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, winning twice, securing 5 pole positions, in 2006, he raced in the inaugural season of the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired Formula One drivers, and continued in the series in 2007. The team, in collaboration with Ensign, was running their N177 chassis, the showings proved fruitful as he moved to McLaren to race Formula One full-time for the 1978 and 1979 seasons. In 1980, he returned to Can Am with the Lola team run by Carl Haas, immediately winning early in the season, in 1981 he returned to F1, first driving for the Theodore team then finishing the season with Ligier. In 1982, he was offered a place with the Scuderia Ferrari after the death of his close friend Gilles Villeneuve and he won his first Grand Prix at the German Grand Prix that year after Didier Pironi was injured in practice. The German GP was just his fourth race for the Maranello based team and he was dropped by the team in 1984 in favor of Italian Michele Alboreto. Tambay moved to Renault, and then spent a year reunited with his old boss Carl Haas racing in the Haas Lola F1 team, in 1987, Tambay formed his own sports promotion company in Switzerland, but gave this up in 1989 to return to racing. In 1989, he drove a Jaguar in the World Sportscar Championship and he then took up desert raid racing, finishing twice in the top three on the Paris-Dakar. Additionally, he has noted as involved in ice races. Tambay was briefly involved actively with the Larrousse team, beginning in 1994 as a partnership with friend, at the end of the 1994 season, however, the Fast Group SA company owned by Tambay and Golay ended its involvement with the team. Since retiring from racing, Tambay has worked as a commentator for French television. He also serves as the deputy mayor of Le Cannet, a suburb of Cannes and he is godfather to 1997 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve. His son Adrien is currently racing in the DTM championship, patrick Tambay - The Ferrari Years
3.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
4.
Keke Rosberg
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Keijo Erik Rosberg, known as Keke, is a Finnish former racing driver and winner of the 1982 Formula One World Championship. He was the first Finnish driver to compete regularly in the series, Rosberg grew up in Oulu and Iisalmi, Finland. He is the father of retired Formula One driver and 2016 Formula One world champion Nico Rosberg and his first Formula One drive was with the Theodore team during the 1978 season. Rosberg was not able to qualify for a race afterwards, and was signed by another team, ATS. He returned to Theodore after they acquired chassis from the Wolf Formula One team and he next emerged with the Wolf team, midway through the 1979 season. However, the team was having difficulty staying solvent, and Rosberg had problems in finishing races, Rosberg soon had to change teams again when Wolf left Formula One, and signed with Fittipaldi Automotive which had bought the remains of Walter Wolfs squad. 1981 was worse as he failed to score at all, despite this, Williams was interested in Rosberg, with the retirement of 1980 World Champion Alan Jones leaving a seat open for the 1982 season. Given a competitive car, Rosberg had a successful year. He consistently scored points and earned his first victory in the Swiss Grand Prix at Dijon-Prenois late that year, Rosbergs first memorable season came in a year where no driver won more than two races. Rosberg won the championship with a five point gap to Didier Pironi, Rosbergs 1982 Championship proved to be the last World Championship win for the old Cosworth DFV engine which had been introduced to F1 by Lotus in 1967. Rosbergs post-championship years would be hamstrung by both uncompetitive chassis from Williams, and the powerful but unreliable Honda turbo engine, for his title defense in 1983, Rosberg was again using the reliable Ford DFY V8. However, by time, Ferrari, Renault and BMW had got their act together. To that end, Frank Williams concluded a deal to run the Honda V6 turbo engine in his cars, Rosberg and team mate Jacques Laffite first got their Honda turbos in the season ending South African Grand Prix at Kyalami and immediately the new Williams FW09 was on the pace. Rosberg finished in 5th place to give him 5th place in the championship, during the year, Rosberg earned the title King of the atmospherics. Despite good power from the Honda engines, Williams and Rosberg struggled in 1984 mostly due to the FW09B chassis not being enough to handle the power delivery of the 850 bhp V6. The Finn managed to both the car and engine long enough to win the Dallas Grand Prix, but his only other podium for the year was a second at the season opener in Brazil. After a frustrating year he finished the championship in eighth place with 20.5 points, Rosberg managed to qualify 4th in his Ralt RT4 Ford despite spending most of the day with fellow aviation enthusiast Lauda attending an air show at the nearby Essendon Airport. 1985 would prove better for both Rosberg and Williams, the Finn had a new team mate in Nigel Mansell and the all carbon fibre Williams FW10 chassis was a big improvement over the FW09B
5.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
6.
1976 United States Grand Prix West
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The 1976 United States Grand Prix West was a Formula One motor race held on March 28,1976, in Long Beach, California. The race was the round of the 1976 Formula One season. It was the second Formula One race held in California, the first being the 1960 United States Grand Prix at Riverside, the race was held over 80 laps of the 3. 251-kilometre street circuit for a total race distance of 260 kilometres. The race was won by Swiss driver Clay Regazzoni in a Ferrari 312T by 42 seconds over team mate and championship points leader, french driver Patrick Depailler finished third driving a Tyrrell 007. Italy was the first country to host two Championship Formula One races in the year in 1957. The United States would become the second as the first USGP West at Long Beach, California, appeared on the 1976 F1 calendar, along with the autumn race at Watkins Glen. The new races organizers, headed by British businessman and Long Beach resident Chris Pook, an unending list of former Champions was present for the weekends vintage race, including Denny Hulme, Jack Brabham, and Juan Manuel Fangio himself. Dan Gurney and American Champion Phil Hill were also in attendance after helping to conceive, when the cars took to the track, the drivers differed in their opinions of the concrete-lined street circuit which featured two hairpins and a long, curving waterfront straight. Ferraris reigning World Champion Niki Lauda said the course was much bumpier than Monaco and harder on the car, emerson Fittipaldi said he liked it very much, but Frenchmen Jacques Laffite and Patrick Depailler would not agree. In qualifying, Lauda led first, then James Hunts McLaren, after spending much of the session with ignition trouble, Depailler made a last-minute bid and slotted his Tyrrell onto the front row in second, less than two-tenths off the Ferraris pace. At the start, Regazzoni rocketed away and settled into the lead, ahead of Hunt, Depailler, exiting the first turn, Vittorio Brambilla squeezed Carlos Reutemann into the wall, putting both cars out. Then, on the back straight by the harbor, Gunnar Nilssons Lotus broke its rear suspension. He emerged with only a stiff neck, on lap four, Hunt was bearing down on Depailler for second place. He tried to slip inside the Tyrrell entering the right-hand hairpin just before the back straight, as they exited the corner side-by-side, Depailler moved across and pushed the McLaren into the barrier. Hunt yanked himself from his car, certain that it was undrivable, after the race, the McLaren mechanics came to retrieve the car and were able to drive it back to the pits. On the same lap, John Watson bumped Laffites Ligier from behind, Laffite was spun around by the contact and dropped from eighth to fourteenth place. Meanwhile, Lauda made his way by Depailler on lap five and took place, seven seconds behind Regazzoni. Mario Andretti had moved from fifteenth on the grid to ninth in the Parnelli VPJ 4B-Ford, including the fastest lap to that point and this would be the last race for the American Vels-Parnelli car
7.
Ford
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
8.
List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
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The Drivers Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953, the current Drivers Champion is Nico Rosberg, who won his one and only World Championship in 2016. A driver becomes the World Champion each season as soon as it is no longer possible for another to beat him whatever the outcome of the remaining races. The Drivers Championship has been won in the race of the season 29 times in the 67 seasons it has been awarded. The earliest in a season that the Drivers Championship has been clinched was in 2002, overall, thirty-three different drivers have won the Championship, with German Michael Schumacher holding the record for most titles, at seven. Schumacher also holds the record for most consecutive Drivers Championships, winning five from 2000 to 2004, the United Kingdom has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with ten, Brazil, Germany and Finland are next with three each. Of the 33 drivers to win the World Championship,20 are still alive, the most recently deceased is John Surtees. Among teams, Scuderia Ferrari has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with 15, bold indicates the team also won the Constructors Championship. ^ The 1952 and 1953 championships were run to Formula Two regulations, ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes. ^ Rindts championship was confirmed two rounds after he had killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points, Drivers in bold will compete in the 2017 World Championship. Drivers in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship, Constructors in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship. ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati and this shared championship is counted for each of these constructors. Numbers in parentheses indicate championships won as the tyre supplier. Of those, Michael Schumacher is the driver to have won two sets of consecutive Formula One Drivers Championships
9.
Pole position
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The game was designed by Tōru Iwatani, who had also designed the Gee Bee games and Pac-Man. It was the most popular arcade game of 1983. Pole Position was released in two configurations, an upright cabinet, and an environmental/cockpit cabinet. By 1983, it had become the highest-grossing arcade game that year in North America and it was the most successful racing game of the classic era, spawning ports, sequels, and a Saturday morning cartoon, although the cartoon had nothing in common with the game. The game established the conventions of the game genre and its success inspired numerous imitators. Pole Position is regarded as one of the most influential games of all time. In this game, the controls a Formula One race car. After qualifying, the player races against seven other CPU-controlled cars in a championship race, the player must also avoid going off the road so that he or she will not crash into the billboards. Pole Position was the first racing game to feature a track based on a real racing circuit. It was also the first game to feature a qualifying lap, once the player has qualified, they must complete the race in the time allowed, avoiding collisions with CPU-controlled opponents and billboards along the sides of the track. The games publisher Atari publicized the game for its unbelievable driving realism in providing a Formula 1 experience behind a racing wheel, for manufacture and distribution in the United States, Namco approached Bally Midway with a choice of two games in 1982. Bally Midway chose Mappy while Atari was left to publish Pole Position, the game ran on the Namco Pole Position hardware, which was the first to use 16-bit microprocessors, with two Zilog Z8002 processors. It was also capable of displaying up to 3840 colors, the game was an early example of product placement within a video game, with billboards around the track advertising actual companies. Other billboards appeared in both versions, the game was also featured in a TV commercial shown only on MTV. It was part of a series of TV spots that Atari created in the 1980s exclusively for MTV and they also praised the sound effects and solid, realistic graphics, stating it has very rich color images and dimensional depth to the graphics. They also praised the graphics and breathtaking scenery as well as the two-heat format for the race itself. Computer and Video Games also reviewed the version in 1983. They compared it favorably with Turbo, stating that, while Turbo featured better landscapes, it cant match the speed, thrills and skill behind this new race game
10.
1983 European Grand Prix
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The 1983 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Brands Hatch on September 25,1983. This race saw Bruno Giacomelli score his final point, and was the first race for qualified doctor. It also took place exactly 22 years before the inaugural A1 Grand Prix event at Brands Hatch and it was the only race in F1 history that both Toleman cars finished in the points. Palmer debuted in a car for Williams as a one-off appearance. He was Williams test driver and a works Honda driver that year and it also was the last appearance of the Theodore Racing team, which left F1 before the next race in South Africa. Elio de Angelis qualified on pole with a time that was 2.8 seconds slower than the time for the 1982 British Grand Prix at Brands set by Keke Rosberg in the Ground effect Williams FW08. De Angelis time was also 3.6 seconds faster than Rosbergs pole time for the non-championship Race of Champions held at the earlier in the year. Lotus and Brabham dominated qualifying, with de Angelis team mate Nigel Mansell qualifying 3rd, Lotus and Brabham were the only teams to get their cars under 1,13.0 during qualifying. Keke Rosberg, the fastest of the non-turbos in his Ford powered Williams, was back in 16th place on the grid almost 3 seconds slower than the Renault turbo powered Lotus of de Angelis. Rosbergs time was 0.8 seconds faster than his Race of Champions pole time set almost 5 months earlier, kenny Acheson, Corrado Fabi and Jacques Laffite all failed to qualify while the Theodore-Ford of Johnny Cecotto was withdrawn before the start of the weekend. It was Laffites second non-qualification in a row after having failed to qualify at the race in Italy. His previous failure to qualify having been in 1975 when he failed to qualify for the Monaco Grand Prix, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
11.
Vern Schuppan
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Vernon Vern Schuppan is a retired Australian motor racing driver. Schuppan drove in various categories, participating in Formula One, the Indianapolis 500, after a successful karting career in which he won numerous Australian state and national titles, Schuppan made the decision to pursue a career in motor racing. He and his wife Jennifer ventured to Great Britain to allow him to participate in the British Formula Atlantic Championship, in 1974 Schuppan went to Team Ensign, débuting again in the Belgian Grand Prix where he finished in 15th position. In Monaco he retired on lap four because of an accident, Schuppan failed to qualify in France or Britain. He retired in Germany on lap four because of gearbox problems, in 1975 he raced in one race in Sweden for Embassy Racing With Graham Hill team, retiring from the race with transmission problems. In 1977 Schuppan raced for Surtees, finishing 12th in Britain and he finished 16th in Austria, but failed to qualify for his final Formula One race in the Netherlands. Schuppan has had a successful sports car career, winning the 198324 Hours of Le Mans for Porsches official factory team with Al Holbert. Holbert drove the final lap of the race with an engine caused by an airflow blockage to the radiator that cooled the heads. The second placed car, the #1 Rothmans Porsche of defending winners Jacky Ickx, by winning Le Mans in 1983, Schuppan became only the second Australian to win the French classic, following in the footsteps of 1928 winner Bernard Rubin. Although Rubin was born in Australia, Schuppan is often mistaken for being the first Aussie winner. Vern Schuppan also finished second at Le Mans in 1977 driving a Mirage GR8-Renault turbo with French F1 driver Jean-Pierre Jarier and he also finished third in 1975 with Jean-Pierre Jaussaud in a Mirage GR8-Ford Cosworth DFV. After winning at Le Mans, Schuppan went on to win the 1983 Japanese Sports-Prototype Championship and he then pitted for Schuppan to run the car to the flag. Schuppan got in one and a half laps before the car broke a conrod with just 90 minutes left to run. Schuppan also placed third in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship in 1984,1985 and 1986, Schuppan competed in three Indianapolis 500 races. These were 1976,1979 and 1981, with a best result of third in 1981 driving a McLaren-Ford, in all, he started 32 CART and USAC Championship races. He won the 1974 and 1976 Macau Grand Prix races, dominating the 1974 race and he also won the 1971 British Formula Atlantic Championship and the Singapore Grand Prix in 1973. He was second in 1972 and also second in the Malaysian Grand Prix in 1972 and he raced Formula 5000 in Europe between 1974-1975 and in North America 1974-1976 with some success. In his home country Australia, Schuppan won the 1976 Rothmans International Series run for Formula 5000 cars, driving a Lola T332-Chevrolet
12.
Alex Lynn
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Alexander George Lynn is a British DS Virgin Racing reserve driver currently racing for G-Drive Racing in the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship. He lives in Great Dunmow, Essex and is a pupil of Saint Nicholas School, Old Harlow. Lynn began his career in karting at the age of eleven with Andy Cox Racing. In 2009 Lynn made his début in single-seaters taking part in the Formula Renault UK Winter Cup for Fortec Motorsport, finishing tenth in the standings. He finished the main Formula Renault UK Series in the same position, Lynn continued his collaboration with Fortec for 2010 Formula Renault UK Winter Cup and the 2011 main series, becoming champion in both series, with three and twelve wins respectively. He also appeared in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 at Hungaroring and his best result was second place from pole at Silverstone. Lynn returned to New Zealand in January 2013 to contest the series again,4 pole positions,3 race wins,9 podiums and 3 fastest laps gave him 2nd place overall and the highest placed international driver. On 20 October 2011 it was announced that Lynn would represent Fortec Motorsports in 2012 for the fourth year in British Formula 3 Championship. In addition he participated in selected Formula 3 Euro Series rounds, Lynn finished the 2012 British Formula 3 season in 4th place, with a race win at Silverstone and 5 podium places as well as 2 podiums in the Formula 3 Euro Series. In November 2012 Lynn travelled to Macau to compete in the prestigious 59th SJM Macau Grand Prix, Lynn earned pole position for the qualification race, the first rookie to do so since 2006. In the race itself Lynn finished on the podium in third position, on 15 November 2012 it was announced that Lynn would be moving to Prema Powerteam and racing in the FIA European F3 Championship for the 2013 season. Lynn achieved 3rd overall in the championship and highest placed driver, with 3 race wins,14 podiums and 5 pole positions. Theodore Racing had last appeared at the Grand Prix in 1992 and was celebrating 30 years since they had won the event with Ayrton Senna at the wheel. Lynn won the race to give him pole position for the main race and went on to dominate the main race from start to finish. Lynn competed in the GP3 Series in 2014 for Carlin Motorsport as a member of the Red Bull Junior Team programme. He won on his debut at the Circuit de Catalunya supporting the 2014 Spanish Grand Prix, starting from pole, in the sprint race he finished 18th, but still led the championship after its first round. Lynn won again at the Red Bull Ring in Austria, setting pole position before securing a win over his team-mate. But again he was out of luck in the reverse grid race two, finishing 20th after picking up a lap-one puncture, in round four at Hockenheim in Germany, Lynn consolidated that lead by finishing second and third in the two races
13.
Felix Rosenqvist
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Felix Rosenqvist is a Swedish racing driver currently racing in Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters for Mercedes-Benz, and in Formula E for Mahindra Racing. He holds the record of being the only one winning the Macau Grand Prix, Masters of Formula 3, Grand Prix de Pau. Rosenqvist started his single seater career in Asia, he won the 2008 Formula Renault 2.0 Asia and 2009 Formula Renault 2.0 Sweden/NEZ titles, in 2010 he was fifth in the German Formula Three Championship with 2 victories,8 podiums and 1 pole position. He also attended the 2010 Macau Grand Prix Formula Three where he finished on ninth after having qualified seventh in his debut with the same Swedish/British racing team Performance Racing, in 2012 he finished third in the 2012 European Formula 3 Championship and finished second in Macau Grand Prix. The year after he missed out on the 2013 European Formula 3 Championship title to Raffaele Marciello. In Macau Grand Prix he started the race from the front row but collided with Raffaele Marciello, in his fourth year with Mücke Motorsport, the Swede finished eighth in the 2014 European Formula 3 Championship in a disappointing campaign. He would also take his second victory in the 2015 Macau Grand Prix. His extended Formula 3 career meant that he would become the most successful Formula 3 racer of all time. In February 2016 he announced that he would compete in the 2016 Indy Lights series for Belardi Auto Racing as he failed to bring budget for a programme in GP2 Series with Prema Powerteam. He scored 3 wins in his campaign and he had a successful test in IndyCar with Chip Ganassi Racing at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, saying he would be happy to return to the American racing scene later in his career. The same duo together with Renger van der Zande lined up for the classic 201624 Hours of Spa where they reached 2nd place after all Mercedes-Benz cars have been given a 5-minute stop and go penalty. He made a debut in Moscow where he finished 10th. On 22 August 2016, it was announced that Rosenqvist would partner ex F1 driver Nick Heidfeld at the Mahindra Formula E team for the 2016–17 Formula E season, official website Felix Rosenqvist career summary at DriverDB. com
14.
Formula 5000
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Formula 5000 was an open wheel, single seater auto-racing formula that ran in different series in various regions around the world from 1968 to 1982. It was originally intended as a low-cost series aimed at open-wheel racing cars that no longer fit into any particular formula, the 5000 denomination comes from the maximum 5.0 litre engine capacity allowed in the cars, although many cars ran with smaller engines. Manufacturers included McLaren, Eagle, March, Lola, Lotus, Elfin, Matich, in its declining years in North America Formula 5000 was modified into a closed wheel, but still single-seat sports car racing category. The engines used were generally 5 litre, fuel injected Chevrolet engines with about 500 horsepower at 8000 rpm, increasing costs and Lola domination meant the formula quickly lost its appeal after 1975. Older cars continued to be used in the SCCA national races, unfortunately, smaller privateer teams and drivers that entered Britains non-championship F1 events were left behind, and the RAC quickly adopted the American F5000 regulations. A European championship was first run in 1969 as the Guards Formula 5000 Championship and this was renamed to Guards European Formula 5000 Championship in 1970, to Rothmans European Formula 5000 Championship in 1971 and then to ShellSport European Formula 5000 Championship in 1975. Peter Gethin managed to launch his F1 career thanks to his F5000 championship titles, March 75A and Chevron B30 cars were successful with the V6, the March in particular being little more than a 751 Formula One car with minor modifications for the new engine. However, the problem that befell US F5000 happened in Europe. This was a British-based series for Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 5000 and Formula Atlantic cars, the F1 Championship was open to Formula 1 and Formula 2 cars only, with Formula 5000 cars no longer eligible. Older F5000 cars continued to be used in the British Sprint Championship and were common in Formula Libre races well into the 1980s. In Australia and New Zealand, the Tasman Formula, defining cars eligible for the annual Tasman Series, was extended in 1970 to include Formula 5000 cars as well as the existing 2.5 litre cars. However, by the 1970s Formula One had become more commercial, the four Australian Formula 5000 Tasman races continued as the Rothmans International Series from 1976 until 1979. Although still called Australian Formula 1 until 1983, F5000 was replaced by Formula Pacific, while European cars such as the various Lolas, McLarens and Chevrons were popular, locally made cars from Matich, Elfin and McRae were also successful. The most popular engine used was the 5.0 L Chevrolet V8, with the Australian made Repco Holden, based on the 5.0 L Holden V8 engine, also popular and successful. Formula 5000 remains a popular category in Australia and New Zealand with the Tasman Revival Series running races in both countries. There is a proposal to re-launch the Tasman Series in December 2016 with a version of the formula. In South Africa, F5000 first ran concurrently with used F1 cars, the category was revived in the late 2000s in New Zealand as an amateur historic racing category. In 2009/2010, a five race series was held, the final round as a support race for the 2010 Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne
15.
Ensign (racing team)
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Ensign was a Formula One constructor from Britain. They participated in 133 grands prix, entering a total of 155 cars, Ensign scored 19 championship points and no podium finishes. The best result was a 4th place at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix by Marc Surer, Ensign was founded by Morris Nunn who also carried out design duties during the first two seasons of the teams existence. Nunn would later go on to be a prominent chief engineer in the American-based Champ Car series, winning championships with drivers Alex Zanardi, Ensign entered Formula One in 1973, with backing from pay driver, Rikky von Opel. Von Opel had driven for the team in Formula Three in 1972 and won the Lombard North Central, based upon that success, von Opel commissioned a Formula One chassis. Their first season was not successful, von Opel only finished two races and the teams best result that season was 13th at the 1973 British Grand Prix. However, the partnership continued into 1974, but von Opel left after the first race of the season and he was replaced at Ensign by Vern Schuppan whose only finish was 15th at the Belgian Grand Prix and was later himself replaced by Mike Wilds. Wilds only qualified in America, he finished the race after a pit stop for fuel but was not classified, for 1975 Ensign was sponsored by HB Bewaking leading them to sign Dutch drivers. Roelof Wunderink and Gijs van Lennep, Wunderink did not have much success qualifying for three races and finishing one. Gijs van Lennep qualified for all his races and took place in Germany. Chris Amon also raced for the team in Austria and Italy finishing 12th both times, in 1976 Amon stayed with Ensign having great qualifying results. He qualified third in Sweden and sixth in Britain but only points in Spain where he finished in fifth place. Patrick Nève replaced Amon in France and Hans Binder replaced Amon in Austria, jacky Ickx would race the rest of the season for Ensign. In 1977 Clay Regazzoni raced for Ensign, scoring five points with best finishes of fifth in Italy, in 1978 the team entered cars for Danny Ongais and Lamberto Leoni, but Ongais left after two races and Leoni after four races. Jacky Ickx contested the four races and Derek Daly raced the rest of the season scoring a point in Canada. Also in 1978 Nelson Piquet made his debut in Formula 1 at the German Grand Prix at the Hockenheimring driving an Ensign, in 1979 Daly stayed with Ensign but he left after the Monaco Grand Prix and was replaced by Patrick Gaillard. Gaillard only qualified at two out of five races and was replaced by Marc Surer for the three races of the season. Tiff Needell raced in Belgium, but failed to qualify for the Monaco Grand Prix, jan Lammers raced the rest of the season
16.
Alan Jones (Formula 1)
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Alan Stanley Jones MBE is an Australian former Formula One driver. He competed in a total of 117 Grands Prix, winning 12, in 1978 Jones won the Can-Am championship driving a Lola. Jones attended Xavier College and is the son of Stan Jones, an Australian racing driver and winner of the 1959 Australian Grand Prix, Jones initially worked in his fathers Holden dealership while racing a Mini and a Cooper. The younger Jones left for Europe in 1967 to make a name for himself and he therefore returned home but was back in 1970 and set about building his career in company with compatriot Brian McGuire. However the machine was written off in an accident at Brands Hatch in which Jones suffered a broken leg. In late 1970, Jones signed with a firm for whom McGuire was working, however, in his first two races the engine failed and in the third the gearbox broke, which meant the opportunity ended. For 1971, Jones campaigned a Brabham BT28 converted to BT35 specification, however, despite the success of the test, Jones was not offered a drive by March and for 1972, drove a GRD in Formula Three. Jones did enough that season to be kept on by GRD for the year with a new sponsor. After four races in Formula One the team ceased racing after Stiller moved abroad, however, Jones was named as a replacement for the injured Stommelen in Graham Hills team. His best finish with Hill, in four races for the team, was fifth at the Nürburgring and he earned his first full-time Formula One drive in 1976, in John Surtees team. Jones car was known for its infamous Durex sponsorship, but he managed several finishes in it. Surtees dropped him after that year as he did not get well with the Australian. Jones was racing in America when he was signed by the Shadow team as a replacement for Tom Pryce and he made the most of the opportunity and won at the Österreichring for his maiden victory, finishing seventh in the championship, with 22 points. By late 1977, he had caught the attention of Frank Williams, Williams Grand Prix had struggled for success in its first years and Jones was entrusted to give them their first taste of it. As well as Williams, he signed with Haas-Hall for 1978. Jones took nine poles in ten races but missed the Laguna Seca race due to a Formula One scheduling conflict, stand-in Brian Redman finished twelfth in that race after the kill wire was crimped under a valve cover, resulting in intermittent ignition. He finished third at Trois-Rivières after losing a shift fork and being stuck with only second, at that race, water-injected brakes were first used in Can-Am, developed by the Haas team and copied with varying degrees of success by others. Jones ran one Can-Am race in 1979, where he and Keke Rosberg finished 1–2, for Williams, his best result that season was a second-place finish at Watkins Glen
17.
Lola T332
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The Lola T332 was a race car designed and built by Lola Cars for use in Formula 5000 racing and made its racing debut in 1973. The T332 was successful around the globe with race victories in places such as Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and the United States. The Lola commonly used the 5.0 L Chevrolet V8 engine, though some competitors in Australia and New Zealand used the slightly cheaper, the alloy/steel tub of the T332 followed standard Lola design practice with twin bulkheads and utilised a semi-stressed engine and transmission. Twin side radiators were mounted in front of the wheels which were located by upper and lower links. Driven through a Hewland DG300 five-speed transmission, a Chevrolet powered T332 was once timed at 305 km/h at the now closed Ontario Motor Speedway in Ontario, Australian driver Warwick Brown used a T332 to win the 1975 Tasman Series as well as the 1975 New Zealand Grand Prix. In doing so he became the only Australian driver to win the Tasman Series. New Zealand driver Ken Smith also used a Lola T332 to win the 1976 New Zealand Grand Prix, as a side note, both the 1975 and 1976 New Zealand Grand Prixs were held at Pukekohe Park Raceway. Walker also used a T332 to finish second in the 1975 Australian Drivers Championship, the Official 50 Race History of the Australian Grand Prix. Lola T332 at OldRacingCars. com Lola Group
18.
Chevrolet
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Chevrolet, colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company, is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors. Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3,1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company. Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2,1918. Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide, with the exception of Oceania. However, GM reversed this move in late 2013, announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe, with the exception of the Camaro, Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states, including Russia. After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea, in North America, Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles, from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks. Durant was cast out from the management of General Motors in 1910 for five years and he took over the Flint Wagon Works, incorporating the Mason and Little companies. As head of Buick Motor Company prior to founding GM, Durant had hired Louis Chevrolet to drive Buicks in promotional races, Durant planned to use Chevrolets reputation as a racer as the foundation for his new automobile company. Actual design work for the first Chevy, the costly Series C Classic Six, was drawn up by Etienne Planche, the first C prototype was ready months before Chevrolet was actually incorporated. However the first actual production wasnt until the 1913 model, so in essence there were no 1911 or 1912 production models, only the 1 pre-production model was made and fine tuned throughout the early part of 1912. Then in the fall of that year the new 1913 model was introduced at the New York auto show, Chevrolet first used the bowtie emblem logo in 1914 on the H series models and The L Series Model. It may have been designed from wallpaper Durant once saw in a French hotel room, more recent research by historian Ken Kaufmann presents a case that the logo is based on a logo of the Coalettes coal company. An example of this logo as it appeared in an advertisement for Coalettes appeared in the Atlanta Constitution on November 12,1911, others claim that the design was a stylized Swiss cross, in tribute to the homeland of Chevrolets parents. Chevrolet eventually unified all vehicle models with the gold bowtie in 2004, Louis Chevrolet had differences with Durant over design and in 1914 sold Durant his share in the company. By 1916, Chevrolet was profitable enough with successful sales of the cheaper Series 490 to allow Durant to repurchase a controlling interest in General Motors. After the deal was completed in 1917, Durant became president of General Motors, in 1919, Chevrolets factories were located at Flint, Michigan, branch assembly locations were located in Tarrytown, N. Y. Norwood, Ohio, St. Louis, Missouri, Oakland, California, Ft. Worth, Texas, mcLaughlins were given GM Corporation stock for the proprietorship of their Company article Sept.23,1933 Financial Post page 9. In the 1918 model year, Chevrolet introduced the Series D, Sales were poor and it was dropped in 1919
19.
Ron Tauranac
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Ronald Sidney Ron Tauranac AO is a retired Australian engineer and racing car designer, who with Formula One driver Jack Brabham founded the Brabham constructor and racing team in 1962. Following Brabhams retirement as a driver at the end of the 1970 season, Tauranac owned and managed the Brabham team until 1972, when he sold it to Bernie Ecclestone. He remained in England to assist with a redesign of a Politoys Formula One chassis for Frank Williams in 1973, after a brief retirement in Australia, Tauranac returned to England to establish the Ralt marque. The first modern Ralt was the Ralt RT1 chassis, to be raced in Formula Three, Formula Two, the chassis proved successful, winning the European Formula Three championship in 1975 in the hands of Australian driver Larry Perkins. The 1978 season also proved successful for the RT1 chassis, winning the European F3 championship for Jan Lammers, Tauranac designed the Theodore Racing F1 car for the 1978 season. Two new designs were created for the 1979 season, the RT2 for Formula Two, the RT3 chassis won the 1983 European F3 championship for Pierluigi Martini and five consecutive British F3 titles. A joint venture with Honda resulted in the RH6 chassis, which won the 1981,1984 and 1985 titles, in October 1988, Tauranac sold the Ralt business to March Engineering for £1.25 million. He has moved back to Australia but retains an interest in the sport, Tauranac can be seen each year as a design judge at the Formula SAE Australasia competition in Melbourne, Australia
20.
Eddie Cheever
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Edward McKay Eddie Cheever Jr. is an American former racing driver who raced for almost 30 years in Formula One, sports cars, CART, and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 Formula One World Championship races and started 132, more than any other American, in 1997, he formed his own IRL team and won the 1998 Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver. The team now competes in sports cars, Cheever lived in Rome, Italy as a child and was introduced to motorsports at age eight when his father took him to a sports car race in Monza, Italy. He soon began racing go karts and won both Italian and European Karting championships at age 15 and he worked his way up through the levels of European Formula racing, teaming with American Danny Sullivan in Formula Three and driving for Ron Dennis in Formula Two. He made his Formula One debut at age 20 in 1978, after failing to qualify in Argentina, he made the grid at Kyalami for the South African Grand Prix in a Hesketh-Ford. An engine problem forced him to retire after just eight laps, Two seasons later, he became a regular driver for the Osella team, but finished only once in ten races. The 1983 season proved to be Cheevers high point in Formula One and he signed with the factory Equipe Renault team alongside Frenchman Alain Prost, both of whom were among the years Championship favorites. Cheever earned four podiums and 22 Championship points driving the Renault RE30C for the first two races before driving its much better replacement, the RE40, for the remainder of the season. But the teams disappointment after losing both the Drivers and Constructors titles late in the season brought about the replacement of both Cheever and Prost, in six more seasons, he never drove another truly competitive F1 car. After leaving Renault, Cheever had two seasons with Alfa Romeo as team mate to Italian Riccardo Patrese. Patrese though scored the only finish for the team in those two years when he finished third in the 1984 Italian Grand Prix. Cheever had been 3rd with 6 laps remaining but his Alfa ran out of fuel, while racing in the World Sportscar Championship for Tom Walkinshaw Racings Jaguar team, Cheever raced in only one F1 Grand Prix in 1986. This was for the American owned and sponsored Haas Lola team at Detroit, Cheever actually qualified the unfamiliar Lola THL2 with its turbocharged Ford V6 engine in 10th position. Regular team driver,1980 World Champion Alan Jones, could only qualify his car 21st, both Lolas retired with steering damage in the race, Jones on lap 33, Cheever 4 laps later. Ironically, Cheever was only the choice to replace Tambay for the race. Team owner Carl Haas had originally asked the driver in his CART team,1978 World Champion Mario Andretti to drive. Mario declined however, but recommended his son Michael as a replacement, however, when Michael was unable to obtain a FIA Superlicence for the race, Haas turned to the experienced Cheever, who quickly agreed to an F1 comeback. For 1987, he was signed by Arrows team boss Jackie Oliver to partner British driver Derek Warwick, Cheever and Warwick were evenly matched and would have many on-track battles throughout 1987 and 1988
21.
1978 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 1978 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 29 January 1978 at Jacarepagua. The race was won by Argentine driver Carlos Reutemann driving a Ferrari 312T2 in a flag-to-flag performance, the win also represented the first win for tyre manufacturer Michelin. Local driver Emerson Fittipaldi was second, scoring the first podium finish for the Fittipaldi Automotive with Austrian Brabham driver Niki Lauda finishing third, french driver Didier Pironi took his first points in Formula One, finishing sixth. Lap Leaders, Carlos Reutemann 63 laps, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
22.
1978 Argentine Grand Prix
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The 1978 Argentine Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 15 January 1978 at Buenos Aires. Mario Andretti took pole in his Lotus, with Carlos Reutemanns Ferrari joining him on the front row, the start was uneventful, with Andretti and Reutemann easily keeping first and second, with John Watson in the Brabham taking third from Peterson. Watson took second from Reutemann on the lap, but Andretti was uncatchable. Andretti motored on to a victory, with Lauda second. Lap Leaders, Mario Andretti 52 laps, first Race, Williams and Lamberto Leoni. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
23.
International Trophy
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The International Trophy is a prize awarded annually by the British Racing Drivers Club to the winner of a motor race held at the Silverstone Circuit, England. For many years it formed the premier non-championship Formula One event in Britain, the event was instituted by the British Racing Drivers Club in August 1949, sponsored by the Daily Express newspaper, for cars meeting contemporary Grand Prix motor racing regulations. The BRDC drew the name from that of an extinct event formerly held at the Brooklands circuit in the early 1930s. The first Silverstone event was noteworthy as it was the first to use the airfields perimeter roadways rather than the main runways. With the introduction of the new World Championship, in 1950 the International Trophy became a race held to Formula One rules. The 1950 event was held in August, but from 1951 onwards - apart from 1957 - the International Trophy was contested in April or May. The timing of the event often attracted top teams and drivers. From 1952 the trophy was also opened to drivers in the Formula 2 category. From 1979, the trophy continued as a Formula 2-only event, when F2 was replaced at the end of 1984, the trophy switched to the new Formula 3000 rules from 1985. In turn, it was replacement of F3000 by GP2 in 2005 that ended the International Trophy as an event for racing cars. Since 2005 the trophy has been awarded to the winner of a race for historic F1 cars at the annual Silverstone Classic race meeting,2008, FIA Historic F1 2006–2007,2012, Masters Series 2005, Thoroughbred Grand Prix Facts and Figures From the World of Formula 3000. Archived from the original on 2006-07-01, le Mans, F2, Voiturettes, FJ and F3 Results. Le Mans & Formula 2 Register, archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007
24.
Silverstone Circuit
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Silverstone Circuit is a motor racing circuit in England next to the Northamptonshire villages of Silverstone and Whittlebury. The circuit straddles the Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire border, with the current main circuit entry on the Buckinghamshire side, the Northamptonshire towns of Towcester and Brackley and Buckinghamshire town of Buckingham are close by, and the nearest large towns are Northampton and Milton Keynes. Silverstone is the current home of the British Grand Prix, which it first hosted in 1948, the 1950 British Grand Prix at Silverstone was the first race in the newly created World Championship of Drivers. The race rotated between Silverstone, Aintree and Brands Hatch from 1955 to 1986, but relocated permanently to Silverstone in 1987, the circuit also hosts the British round of the MotoGP series. However, the Donington Park leaseholders suffered economic problems resulting in the BRDC signing a 17-year deal with Ecclestone to hold the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. Silverstone is built on the site of a World War II Royal Air Force bomber station, RAF Silverstone, the airfields three runways, in classic WWII triangle format, lie within the outline of the present track. Silverstone was first used for motorsport by an ad hoc group of friends who set up a race in September 1947. One of their members, Maurice Geoghegan, lived in nearby Silverstone village and was aware that the airfield was deserted and he and eleven other drivers raced over a two-mile circuit, during the course of which Geoghegan himself ran over a sheep that had wandered onto the airfield. The sheep was killed and the car written off, and in the aftermath of this event the race became known as the Mutton Grand Prix. The next year the Royal Automobile Club took a lease on the airfield and their first two races were held on the runways themselves, with long straights separated by tight hairpin corners, the track demarcated by hay bales. However, for the 1949 International Trophy meeting, it was decided to switch to the perimeter track and this arrangement was used for the 1950 and 1951 Grands Prix. In 1952 the start line was moved from the Farm Straight to the straight linking Woodcote and Copse corners, for the 1975 meeting a chicane was introduced to try to tame speeds through the mighty Woodcote Corner, and Bridge Corner was subtly rerouted in 1987. The track underwent a major redesign between the 1990 and 1991 races, transforming the ultra-fast track into a technical track. The reshaped tracks first F1 race was perhaps the most memorable of recent years, following the deaths of Senna and fellow Grand Prix driver Roland Ratzenberger at Imola in 1994, many Grand Prix circuits were modified in order to reduce speed and increase driver safety. As a consequence of this the entry from Hangar Straight into Stowe Corner was modified in 1995 so as to make its entry less dangerous, in addition, the flat-out Abbey kink was modified to a chicane in just 19 days before the 1994 GP. Parts of the circuit, such as the grid, are 17 metres wide. After a new pit building, the Silverstone Wing, was completed in time for the 2011 race, almost flat out, the right-hander of Abbey leads immediately into the left-hander of Farm before cars brake heavily into the second gear, right-handed turn three, Village Corner. Turn 6, the left hander of Brooklands, is taken by drivers in second gear and leads immediately into Luffield, another second gear curve, a right-hand hairpin
25.
1978 South African Grand Prix
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The 1978 South African Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 4 March 1978 at Kyalami. It was the round of the 1978 Formula One season. This was the race of the future world champion Keke Rosberg. Both the Ferrari and Brabham teams had new cars in Kyalami for the race, the event also saw the return of Renault with their unique turbocharged car. Ronnie Peterson, in the Lotus 78 with its Colin Chapman-inspired ground effect aerodynamics, john Watson finished third for Brabham. Young Italian, Riccardo Patrese got his Arrows into the lead before retiring with a blown engine, Pole sitter and reigning world champion Niki Lauda, in his first season with Brabham, retired with engine failure and the Ferraris of Carlos Reutemann and Gilles Villeneuve exited on lap 55. James Hunt, who had qualified third on the grid in his McLaren M26, only lasted five laps whilst his new team mate Patrick Tambay, who qualified fourth, crashed out mid race. Lap Leaders, Mario Andretti 20 laps, Jody Scheckter 6 laps, Riccardo Patrese 37 laps, Patrick Depailler 14 laps, last Pole, Niki Lauda Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
26.
Dan Gurney
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Daniel Sexton Gurney is a retired American racing driver, race car constructor, and team owner who reached racings highest levels starting in 1958. The son of a Metropolitan Opera star, he was born in Port Jefferson, New York, Gurney won races in the Formula One, Indy Car, NASCAR, Can-Am, and Trans-Am Series. Gurney is the first of three drivers to have won races in Sports Cars, Formula One, NASCAR, and Indy Car, in 1967, after winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans together with A. J. Foyt, he spontaneously sprayed champagne while celebrating on the podium, apart from starting this tradition, he also was the first to put a simple right-angle extension on the upper trailing edge of the rear wing. This device, called a Gurney flap, increases downforce and, if well designed, at the 1968 German Grand Prix he became the first driver ever to use a full face helmet in Grand Prix racing. Dan Gurneys father, Jack Gurney, was a graduate of Harvard Business school with a masters degree, dans three uncles were each MIT engineers. His grandfather was F. W. Gurney who was responsible for the invention of the Gurney Ball Bearing, after moving to California, young Dan quickly became caught up in the California hot rod culture. At age 19, he built and raced a car that went 138 miles per hour at the Bonneville Salt Flats and he then became an amateur drag racer and sports car racer. He served in the United States Army as a mechanic during the Korean War. Gurneys first major break occurred in the fall of 1957, when he was invited to test Frank Arcieros Arciero Special and it was powered by a 4. 2-litre reworked Maserati engine with Ferrari running gear, and a Sports Car Engineering Mistral body. This ill-handling brute of a car was very fast, but even top drivers like Carroll Shelby and he finished second in the inaugural Riverside Grand Prix, beating established stars like Masten Gregory, Walt Hansgen and Phil Hill. This attracted the attention of famed Ferrari North American importer Luigi Chinetti, Gurney, teamed with fellow Californian Bruce Kessler, had worked the car up to fifth overall and handed over to Kessler, who was then caught up in an accident. This performance, and others, earned him a test run in a works Ferrari, in just four races that first year, he earned two podium finishes, but the teams strict management style did not suit him. In 1960 he had six non-finishes in seven races behind the wheel of a factory-prepared BRM, Gurney was known to give the brake pedal a reassuring tap just before hard application — a habit Gurney himself jokingly referred to as the chicken-shit school of braking. Gurney was particularly noted for an exceptionally fluid driving style, on rare occasions, as when his car fell behind with minor mechanical troubles and he felt he had nothing to lose, he would abandon his classic technique and adopt a more aggressive style. He produced an effort, made up the deficit and won the race with a dramatic last-lap pass of runner-up Bobby Unser. After rules changes came in effect in 1961, he teamed with Jo Bonnier for the first full season of the factory Porsche team, scoring three second places. He came very close to scoring a victory at Reims, France in 1961
27.
Anglo American Racers
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All American Racers is an American auto racing team and constructor based in Santa Ana, California. The Formula One team, based in the United Kingdom and using British-built Weslake engines was named Anglo American Racers, under team manager Bill Dunne they set up shop in Rye, East Sussex. The team were adjacent to Harry Weslakes engine development plant and half a mile from Elva cars and they participated in 25 Grands Prix, entering a total of 34 cars. The first Eagles were created after AAR entered a Goodyear-backed Lotus 38 in the 1965 Indianapolis 500, the resulting Ford-powered Eagle T2G was codeveloped with the Eagle T1G for Formula 1. The company built the Ben Bowlby-designed DeltaWing that was run by Highcroft Racing at the 201224 Hours of Le Mans, in order to run the Formula 1 operations, Gurney established Anglo American Racers. The Eagle T1G, powered by an obsolete Coventry Climax engine, debuted at the 1966 Belgian Grand Prix, in 1967 Richie Ginther was signed as a second driver. The Climax engine was replaced by a new 3-liter Weslake V12 designed by Aubrey Woods, at Spa-Francorchamps in June of that same year Gurney got a victory, the first all-American victory in a Grand Prix since Jimmy Murphy in 1921. Excluding the Indianapolis 500, this is the win for a USA-built car in Formula One. The Eagle-Weslake was a beautiful and efficient car, one example of which was constructed in titanium, more than this, the Eagle was designed to make the tall Gurney fit comfortably at the wheel. Their efforts produced a V12 that was smooth and powerful, at Monza, an insight into the future of engine design was seen for the first time. The engine had four valves per cylinder at a narrow included angle that allowed a cover to enclose both the close-spaced camshafts on each bank. Had a larger bore than stroke, during the USAC years, the Eagle chassis was very successful in the late 1960s and 1970s, especially with driver Bobby Unser. Eagles won 51 Champ Car races, including the 1968 and 1975 Indy 500s won by Unser, the All American Racers team was inactive in single seaters from 1987 to 1995 and returned in 1996 again building their own chassis and using new Toyota engines. However, this new effort, a combination of new and untested equipment, did not prove to be successful, never winning a race, the team ceased active racing after the 1999 CART season. Alex Barron Raul Boesel Geoff Brabham Mike Chandler Kevin Cogan Juan Manuel Fangio II Pete Halsmer P. J, in 1988, the team moved up to the GTP category with two chassis - a modified Toyota 88C Group C car and a team-designed Eagle HF89 purpose-built for IMSA competition. AAR experienced its greatest success in GTP competition with the Eagle MkIII, AAR created a special Trans-Am Series version of the Plymouth Barracuda, running in the 1970 season with drivers Dan Gurney and Swede Savage. A homologation special production edition was offered in 1970, * 4th place in the 1968 United States Grand Prix was scored in a McLaren-Ford, therefore the points did not count towards Eagle-Weslakes points total
28.
Derek Daly
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Derek Daly is a former racing driver from Ireland. He won the 1977 British Formula 3 Championship, and competed as a racing driver for 17 years participating in 64 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix. He scored a total of 15 championship points and he also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races. Daly later became a US citizen and now resides in Noblesville, Indiana with his wife, Rhonda. After honing his skills in the Irish Formula Ford Championship, Daly had his first drive in the European Formula Two Championship in 1977, in 1978 and 1979, he competed in both Formula Two and Formula One, finishing third in the Formula Two championship in both seasons. From 1980 to 1982, he focussed on Formula One, his best year being 1980, in 1982, Daly began driving in the CART series and continued through 1989. He started 66 CART races, including each Indianapolis 500 from 1983–1989 and he finished in the top ten a total of 21 times, including one podium finish, 3rd position, at Milwaukee in 1987. In September 1984 he was killed in a horrible crash in the CART PPG Detroit News Grand Prix 200 at Michigan International Speedway. In 1990, Daly had the result of finish both first and second at the 12 Hours of Sebring, driving for Nissan. Daly is known in sports circles around the world as a driver, writer, broadcaster, racing advisor. He runs a professional services company called MotorVation, and had been a commentator for American broadcasts of the Champ Car series, One of the agencies that represents him is the National Speakers Bureau. He was also part of the ESPN Speedworld Coverage of the Grand Prix of San Marino in 1994, official site Derek Daly Designs Profile at grandprix. com
29.
Marc Surer
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Marc Surer is a former racing driver from Switzerland currently working as TV commentator and racing school instructor. He participated in 88 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 9 September 1979 and he scored a total of 17 championship points. Surer started his career in karting in 1972, due to the racing ban established in Switzerland after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, he moved to Germany in 1974 where he finished second in the local Formula Vee Championship. In 1976 he switched to European Formula 3, where he was noticed by Jochen Neerpasch who hired him as a member of the BMW Junior Team alongside Eddie Cheever and Manfred Winkelhock. In 1978 he finished second in the Formula 2 Championship, eventually winning the series the year in a works March-BMW. Surers debut in Formula 1 took place at the end of 1979 and was somewhat troubled and he broke his legs in qualifying at the South African Grand Prix in an ATS at Kyalami in 1980, and again racing there in 1981 for Ensign. He recovered to give Ensign their best result with a 4th place at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix and he later drove for Theodore before establish himself at Arrows for a couple of seasons, until BMWs support earned him a seat at Brabham for 1985. Surer returned to Arrows in 1986 but eventually retired from Formula One halfway through the season, Surer moved on to rallying, but a serious accident at the 1986 ADAC Hessen-Rallye in his Ford RS200 severely injured him and killed his co-driver and friend Michel Wyder. BMW retained him as a driver, coach and later director of motorsport activities, in 1994 and 1995 Surer, alongside Johnny Cecotto and Jo Winkelhock won the German Super Touring Car Championship. In 1996 he began working as a commentator at all Formula 1 events for Sky Sport next to the lead commentator. Surer has been married twice to former Playboy models, first to Playmate Jolanda Egger, on 3 December 2011 he married his longtime partner Silvia Renée Arias Profile at www. grandprix. com
30.
Shadow Racing Cars
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Shadow Racing Cars was a Formula One and sports car racing team, founded and initially based in the United States although later Formula One operations were run from Britain. The team held an American licence from 1973 to 1975 and a British licence from 1976 to 1980 and their only F1 victory was achieved as a British team. The company was founded by Don Nichols in 1968 as Advanced Vehicle Systems, the first Shadow, the Mk. I, was entered in the CanAm series with George Follmer and Vic Elford driving them. The team also found financial backing in Universal Oil Products. Shadow came to dominate the shortened 1974 series, although by this point they were competing largely against privateers, the team debuted in Formula One at the 1973 South African Grand Prix with the Shadow DN1 chassis. Two cars were available for drivers Jackie Oliver and George Follmer, for 1974, the team hired two of the most promising drivers of the time, American Peter Revson and Frenchman Jean-Pierre Jarier. During a practice run for the South African Grand Prix, Revson was killed by a failure on his DN3. He was replaced by Tom Pryce, the new DN5 driven by Jean-Pierre Jarier gained pole position in the two first Grands Prix of the 1975 season but suffered mechanical failure in both races. The DN5 and most other Shadow Formula One cars used Ford Cosworth DFV engines, however, later in 1975 another car was driven by Jarier, the DN7, and was fitted with a Matra V12 engine producing around 550 bhp. The wheelbase was lengthened to accommodate the much larger and more expensive French powerplant, although due to budgetary issues. Jariers new teammate, Tom Pryce, showed his talent by winning the non-championship Race of Champions that same year, Pryce died in an accident involving a marshal at the 1977 South African Grand Prix. The team replaced Pryce with Alan Jones, who won the teams only Grand Prix at the Austrian Grand Prix the same year, after the 1977 season Shadow entered into a sharp decline. Alan Jones left to join Williams for 1978, in the same period a majority of their staff and their sponsor Franco Ambrosio left to form their own team, Arrows, taking the talented young Riccardo Patrese. Despite sponsorship from Villiger tobacco and the signing of experienced drivers Clay Regazzoni and Hans Stuck for the 1978 season, in 1980 they were absorbed into Theodore Racing, but Shadows first ground effect chassis was desperately uncompetitive, only once qualifying a car in seven races. Sponsorship dried up and after the seventh of the years 14 races Teddy Yip wound up the Shadow team
31.
Equipe Ligier
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Equipe Ligier is a motorsport team, best known for its Formula One team that operated from 1976 to 1996. The team was founded in 1968 by former French rugby union player Guy Ligier as a car manufacturer. After retiring from racing following the death of his friend Jo Schlesser, the Cosworth-powered JS1 took wins at Albi and Monthlery in 1970, but retired at Le Mans and from the Tour Automobile de France. For 1971, Ligier had the JS1 developed into the JS2, the JS2 was homologated for road use and used a Maserati V6 engine, while the JS3 was an open-top sports-prototype powered by a Cosworth DFV V8 engine. The JS3 won at Monthlery in 1971 but failed to finish the distance in Le Mans. Therefore, it was retired, and Ligier installed the Cosworth DFV in the JS2 road car, Guy Ligier then switched his efforts into Formula One. Following the acquisition of the Matra F1 teams assets, Ligier entered Formula One in 1976 with a Matra V12-powered car and this is generally considered to have been the first all-French victory in the Formula One World Championship. The deal with Matra ceased in 1979 and Ligier built a Cosworth-powered wing-car, the JS11 began the season winning the first two races in the hands of Laffite. However, the JS11 faced serious competition when Williams and Ferrari introduced aerodynamically modified cars, the rest of the season was less successful for the French marque. The JS11 and its successors made Ligier one of the top teams through the early 1980s, despite substantial sponsorship from Talbot and public French companies - mainly SEITA, Gitanes and Française des Jeux) - the competitiveness of the team began to decline around 1982. Around this time, they were testing a Matra V6 turbocharged engine, thanks to the political support of Ligier long-time friend François Mitterrand, in the mid-1980s, the team benefitted from a free Renault turbo engine deal. This, along with sponsorship from companies such as Loto and Elf Aquitaine, made the more competitive. When Renault left the sport in 1986, Ligier was left without a bona fide engine supplier, an abortive collaboration with Alfa Romeo was followed by customer engine deals with Megatron, Judd and Cosworth and then works contracts with Lamborghini, Renault and Mugen-Honda. Surprisingly, the team was more competitive during this period, in part due to the talents of aerodynamicist Frank Dernie. They scored eight podium finishes over the four years, contrasting sharply with their failure to secure a single top three position between 1987 and 1992. In the last years Ligier had little support and lacked funds. In 1995, de Rouvre sold the team to Flavio Briatore, the Mugen Honda-powered JS43 turned out to be a well balanced car, if not on par with the Williams entries. It became a winner as well, with the team taking the chequered flag with Olivier Panis at the Monaco Grand Prix, albeit in a race of heavy attrition
32.
Johnny Cecotto
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Alberto Johnny Cecotto is a Venezuelan former Grand Prix motorcycle World Champion and Formula One driver. The son of Italian immigrants, he is one of the few people to have competed in motorcycle and Formula One Grands Prix. His son Johnny Cecotto Jr. is also a racing driver. Cecotto showed impressive riding ability by passing almost the entire field while working his way up to place by the end of the race. He went on to become the youngest World Champion ever at nineteen years of age when he defeated the champion, Giacomo Agostini. In 1976, Cecotto returned to Daytona, now full support from the Yamaha factory racing team. This time, he was victorious, coming out on top after a battle with American Champion Kenny Roberts. In the 1976 Grand Prix season, he lost his 350cc crown in a battle with Harley-Davidson mounted Walter Villa. At the beginning of the 1977 season, he was injured in a deadly four rider accident at the Austrian Grand Prix that claimed the life of Swiss rider Hans Stadelmann. Cecotto never seemed to come to grips with the 500cc Yamaha, Cecotto finished third in the 1978 500cc title chase and added the Formula 750 World Championship to his titles. He suffered a broken kneecap at the 1979 Austrian Grand Prix at the Salzburgring. Cecotto soldiered on through the 1980 Grand Prix season but his numerous injuries curtailed his racing career. After the 1980 season, he decided to quit motorcycling to pursue a racing career. He retired with twelve 500cc pole positions in 27 starts, giving him one of the highest pole position per start ratios in motorcycle Grand Prix history, Cecotto made his four-wheeled debut with Minardi in the 1980 Formula Two Championship. Nevertheless, his performance garnered enough attention that he was offered a seat in Formula One, in Formula One, Cecotto participated in 23 races, debuting on March 13,1983 for the Theodore Racing team. He had a start as he scored a sixth place in only his second race, however. For the 1984 season, he joined the Toleman racing team with Ayrton Senna as his team mate, while qualifying for the British Grand Prix, he crashed heavily, breaking both of his legs which effectively ended his Formula One career. His sixth place at Long Beach stood as the best result for a Venezuelan driver until Pastor Maldonados victory in the Spanish Grand Prix 29 years later
33.
Roberto Guerrero
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Roberto José Guerrero Isaza is a former racing driver from Colombia. He participated in 29 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 23 January 1982, with no championship points in Formula One and no prospects to drive for a competitive team, Guerrero left at the end of the 1983 season to race in the United States. He had a beginning to his Indycar racing career, winning both CART and Indianapolis 500 rookie of the year honors in 1984. His initial promise was never fulfilled, winning only two CART races, both in 1987. Later the same year he had an accident which left him in a coma for 17 days. Of special note were Guerreros participations in the Indianapolis 500 and he came very close to winning outright on two occasions, but bad luck always kept the victory out of his grasp. In 1992 he spun off on the lap after having qualified on the pole position. Guerrero finished runner up twice, in the five times. Guerrero was also selected to participate in the 1988 International Race of Champions, Guerrero became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1989. He and his wife have three children and reside in San Juan Capistrano in Orange County, California, in recent years Guerrero has returned to racing, but of a different venue. He began off-road racing at the legendary Baja 2000 and he has since continued to race in Baja 1000 events and guide tours of the Baja Peninsula with Wide Open Baja. Guerrero began his career in 1972 by competing in kart racing. From 1972 to 1977 he won two championships in his native Colombia. He also finished third in the 1975 Pan American Karting Championship, Guerrero then joined the Jim Russell Racing School in 1977. In the schools six events Guerrero managed to win 5 of the races, Guerrero began competing in British Formula Ford 1600 in 1978. He took eight wins during the season, Guerrero competed in Vandervell British Formula 3 for Angila Cars in an Argo JM3-Toyota. He finished 9th in points with 15 points, Guerrero returned to the series in 1980 with Argo Racing Cars in an Argo JM6-Toyota. During the season he scored five victories at Thruxton Circuit, Cadwell Park, Brands Hatch and he tied for second in points with Kenneth Acheson, each with 95 points
34.
Champ Car
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Such racing had been sanctioned by the AAA, USAC, SCCA, the CRL, CART, and IndyCar. In its most popular and recent contemporary usage, Champ Car was the given to a governing body formerly known as Championship Auto Racing Teams. The CART series was founded in 1979 by team owners who disagreed with the direction, at the height of the popularity of the series in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was known as the CART/PPG Indy Car World Series. The term Champ Car temporarily disappeared from use, with the more marketable term Indy Car being utilized, in 1996, the open wheel split saw the CART series take a different direction from the newly created Indy Racing League IRL and the Indy 500. Thereafter, it re-branded itself as CART again, and re-booted the term Champ Car as the moniker for the machines used, the series was advertised as CART FedEx Championship Series from 1997 to 2002. CART went bankrupt at the end of the 2003 season, a trio of CART team owners acquired the assets of the sanctioning body and renamed it as the Champ Car World Series, again highlighting the historic Champ Car term. In 1905 the AAA established the national driving championship and became the first sanctioning body for auto racing in the United States, the AAA ceased sanctioning auto racing in the general outrage over motor racing safety that followed the 1955 Le Mans disaster. In response, Indianapolis Motor Speedway president Tony Hulman formed USAC to take over the sanctioning of what was called championship auto racing, USAC sanctioned the championship exclusively until 1978, when a split between USAC and some of the car owners prompted the formation of the rival CART series. The split from USAC was spurred by a group of activist car owners who had grown disenchanted with what they saw as a sanctioning body. Gurney took his inspiration from the improvements Bernie Ecclestone had forced on Formula One with his creation of the Formula One Constructors Association. The White Paper called for the owners to form CART as a group to promote USACs national championship. The group would work to negotiate television rights and race purses. USACs rejection of the led the owners to form a new series in late 1978 under the principles laid out in the Gurney White Paper. The first race was held in March 1979, the newness of the organization, however, prevented it from being recognized by ACCUS, the United States representative to the FIA. An arrangement was reached such that the SCCA would act as the body for the new series. This would allow the events to be listed on the International Motorsports Calendar, the new series quickly gained the support of the majority of team and track owners, with the only notable holdout being A. J. Foyt. This meant that the front and mid-pack teams would be racing in the new CART series, of the 20 races held in 1979,13 were part of the 1979 CART Championship. Of the 10 tracks to host races, five would host CART events exclusively and one, Ontario, by 1982, the CART series was almost universally recognized as the American national championship
35.
1983 Race of Champions
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The 1983 Race of Champions was a non-championship Formula One race held at Brands Hatch on 10 April 1983. Contested over 40 laps, it was the final non-championship F1 race to be held in the sports history, reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg won in a Williams-Ford, narrowly beating the Tyrrell-Ford of F1 rookie Danny Sullivan, while 1980 World Champion Alan Jones was third in an Arrows-Ford. Only thirteen cars were entered for the event, compared with the grid of 26 starters which took part in the World Championship Grands Prix of 1983. There were two drivers present who did not take part in that championship, Brian Henton, who drove a Theodore, and Héctor Rebaque. Tyrrell fronted with one driver. Michele Alboreto was scheduled to race, but it clashed with his drive for Lancia in the round of the World Endurance Championship at Monza. McLaren fronted with a car for John Watson, fresh from his victory in Long Beach just two weeks earlier. Arrows fronted with two cars, one for 1980 World Champion Alan Jones in his drive for the team after making a comeback to F1 at Long Beach. Eleven teams took part, but only Arrows and Theodore entered more than one car, Brabham elected not to use either of its regular drivers Nelson Piquet or Riccardo Patrese, hence Rebaques presence. Like Alboreto, Patrese was driving for Lancia at Monza, while Piquet was advertised to be driving but was actually at the scheduled tyre test at Paul Ricard, Williams fronted with one car for the reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg. René Arnoux was less than one tenth of a second behind in his Ferrari turbo, the two Theodore drivers proved evenly matched in sixth and seventh, with Henton outpacing regular driver Roberto Guerrero. Mansell qualified eighth with his first taste of an engine in competitive conditions, he was followed by Raul Boesel in the Ligier, Rebaques Brabham. The Spirit Honda again proved its speed in the race morning warm-up where Johansson reportedly was among the quickest on the circuit with times within one second of Arnouxs turbocharged Ferrari. Arnoux used the estimated 650 bhp available from his Ferrari 126C2B to blast past Rosberg on the straight at Pilgrims Drop on the first lap, Johansson was the first retirement after four laps, the new Honda engine failing on its F1 début. Johansson had made a start and had passed four cars before the Honda engine started to smoke going into Dingle Dell on lap 4 while chasing Rebaque. After a quiet first start with power, Nigel Mansell ended his race with handling difficulties two laps later. Watson retired with a bad driveline vibration, while Rebaque retired with tyre, serras car broke its gear linkage also retired from the race. At around half-distance of the race, Rosberg also began to suffer from tyre wear
36.
Macau Grand Prix
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The Macau Grand Prix is a motor-racing event held annually in Macau, one of Chinas Special Administrative Regions. It is known for being the street circuit racing event in which both car and motorcycle races are held. The first Macau Grand Prix event was held in 1954, as a car event. In 1961, the race became an open-wheel Formula Libre event. The event has also had a variety of races in its duration. Production cars joined the event in 1957, which were superseded by touring cars in 1972, the event received world championship status from 2005 to 2014 as the final round of the World Touring Car Championship. In 1976, the Macau Motorcycle Grand Prix was introduced, in 2008, a GT3 race was added to the event, which became known as the FIA GT World Cup. Many current or former Formula One drivers have participated in the event early in their careers, the race continued as an amateur race until 1966, when Belgian driver Mauro Bianchi entered the race in an Alpine A220. Alpine Renault had also sent engineer Jean-Paul Castilleux to assist Bianchi with technical aspects of the car, bianchis victory and exposure led to more professional racing teams entering the Grand Prix in the following years. The motorcycle race was introduced in 1967, and in year the first fatal tragedy struck the race, double champion Dodjie Laurel was killed when he lost control of his car. This raised the alarm for more safety improvements for the race, teddy Yip was one of the main forces behind the Macau Grand Prix back in the 1970s and 1980s, leading this Grand Prix to be one of the worlds most famous motor racing events. The Macau Grand Prix parties he hosted for years at his home also became a central part of the social aspect of the Grand Prix. In 1983, it was decided by the organisers that since Formula Pacific was becoming obsolete, at the same time, Yokohama Tire was officially designated as the sole supplier of control tires for the competitors. This decision has seen the reputation of the event in the world increase rapidly, with the event attracting the best young drivers from Europe. The first F3 race was won by a young Ayrton Senna, the race in 1990 was a memorable one, as Michael Schumacher and Mika Häkkinen were involved in an incident when they were in positions 1 and 2 going into the final lap. At the main straight just after the Mandarin Oriental Bend, Häkkinen hit the back of Schumachers car, Schumachers car was able to continue with its rear wing damaged and eventually won the race with the best aggregate time. Other notable winners include Formula One drivers David Coulthard, Ralf Schumacher, since the introduction of F3 races, the Macau GP has gradually become a stepping stone for many F3 drivers to higher class motor-racing competitions such as the GP2 Series and Formula One. Along with the New Zealand Grand Prix, the race is one of only two non-Formula One events to receive the Grand Prix title, the Macau Grand Prix race weekend normally starts on the Thursday and ends on the Sunday on the second or third week of November
37.
Formula Atlantic
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Formula Atlantic is a specification of open wheel racing car developed in the 1970s. It was used in racing through the IMSA Atlantic Championship until 2009 and is currently primarily used in amateur racing through Sports Car Club of America Formula Atlantic. The history of Formula Atlantic begins with the SCCA Formula B class, Formula Atlantic as a class evolved in the United Kingdom in 1971 from the US Formula B rules, with 1600cc production-based twin-cam engines. Conceived by John Webb of Brands Hatch as a category for national competitors with the performance near a Formula Two car, a single Yellow Pages championship ran in 1971-2, with a rival BP backed series appearing in 1973. Only one series ran in 1975-6, in the year taking the title Indylantic. But the formula was under threat from Formula 3 and no series ran in 1977-78, a BRSCC-organized club racing series returned in 1979 with initial backing from Hitachi and continued to 1983, with diminishing grids and few new cars appearing. US manufacturer Swift came to displace the British imports and dominate in North America, IMSA in the United States took advantage of the large number of teams and organized their own series in 1976. During these years, the series attracted guest drivers from Europe, including Formula One, particularly at the Trois-Rivières street race in Quebec, guest drivers included James Hunt, Jean-Pierre Jarier, Riccardo Patrese, Patrick Depailler, Jacques Laffite, Didier Pironi and Vittorio Brambilla. The series could not sustain the success of earlier seasons and was cancelled for 1984, SCCA Formula Atlantic cars are allowed wings and ground effects. They use either the Toyota 4AGE engine or the Cosworth BDD, cars meeting Super Vee specifications were also allowed but are now rarely seen. Prior to 2006 these rules were largely used in the professional series except that all cars had to run a Fuel Injected 4AGE. This meant that competitive amateur teams could also participate in professional races, however, in 2006 the pro series introduced a spec chassis, the Swift Engineering 016. a and a new spec engine, the Mazda-Cosworth MZR. The result was that the used in the pro series were drastically different than the amateur cars. In 2009, to shore up small race fields, the pro series introduced a C2 class for amateur level cars, primarily the Swift 014. a, however the C2 class saw few entries and was abandoned in the middle of the season. The minimum weight of a Toyota or BDD powered Atlantic car is 1230 lbs. with driver, the SCCA considers it its fastest club racing class. Prior to gaining its own class, the Formula SCCA car raced in Formula Atlantic, as of 2011, the Swift 016. a with Mazda power has been accepted into SCCA Formula Atlantic, albeit with an intake restriction limiting engine power. The series saw few entrants and folded after one season, however, due to increasing interest at the amateur level, on October 1,2013, it was announced that the series would return in 2014 with a twelve race, six weekend race calendar. Sanctioning will transition to the United States Auto Club in 2017, Formula Pacific Formula Mondial SCCA Club Racing - Formula Classes rule book
Patrick Tambay
Keke Rosberg
Ronnie Peterson
Hans-Joachim Stuck
Eddie Cheever
Marc Surer
Derek Daly
Jan Lammers
Geoff Lees
Johnny Cecotto
Roberto Guerrero
