1.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
Martha Bulloch Roosevelt
–
Martha Bulloch Mittie Roosevelt was an American socialite. She was also the mother of US President Theodore Roosevelt and the grandmother of Eleanor Roosevelt. She was a great-granddaughter of Archibald Bulloch, grandniece of William Bellinger Bulloch, a true southern belle, she is thought to have been one of the inspirations for Scarlett OHara. Mittie was born in Hartford, Connecticut on July 8,1835 to Major James Stephens Bulloch and she had an elder sister, Anna Louisa Bulloch, and two younger brothers, Charles Irvine Bulloch and Civil War Confederate veteran Irvine Stephens Bulloch. When Mittie was four, Major Bulloch moved the family to Cobb County, Georgia and the new village that would become Roswell, Georgia. It lies just north of the Chattahoochee River and the city of Atlanta, Georgia, and Major Bulloch had gone there to become a partner in a new mill with Roswell King. Bulloch had a built, and soon after it was completed in 1839. As a significant antebellum structure, it has listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Bullochs were a wealthy family, members of the Georgia elite. In 1850, they held thirty-one negro slaves, most of whom worked in their cotton fields, others were assigned to such domestic tasks as cooking, sewing, and related work. Recent research in Bulloch records identified 33 slaves who were owned by the family and they have been commemorated on a plaque on the mansion grounds. Mittie, like all her siblings, was assigned a slave, or a shadow. Mitties companion, Lavinia, for example, went everywhere with her, stopping outside the classroom when Mittie went inside, for the family, the stress was on the pleasure of the companionship rather than on the hostage implications in the arrangement. After Major Bullochs death in 1849, the familys fortunes declined somewhat, later, as was expected of young southern gentlemen, Mitties brothers Irvine and James fought in the Civil War as Confederate officers. They both lived in England after the war and her brother Dan also fought as a Confederate but was killed in action. It is believed by some that the character of Scarlett OHara, in Margaret Mitchells novel, Mittie was a true southern belle, a beautiful and spirited woman at her best, not unlike the fictional Scarlett. Mitchell had, in fact, interviewed Mitties closest childhood friend and bridesmaid, Evelyn King, in that interview, Mitties beauty, charm, and fun-loving nature were described in detail. Before Theodore arrived in Georgia for the ceremony, she taunted him with the fact that she was receiving attention from other men and it was her right, she insisted, even as an engaged woman to dance with whomever she pleased
4.
Theodore Roosevelt
–
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
5.
Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt
–
Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt was an American socialite. He was the father of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and the brother of Theodore Roosevelt. Elliott and Theodore were of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts, Eleanor later married their Hyde Park distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Elliott was the third of the four children of Theodore Roosevelt Sr. and Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch. In addition to elder brother Theodore Jr. he had a sister named Corinne and an elder sister named Anna. Mitties brothers Irvine and James were Civil War Confederate veterans who accompanied Elliott when he left Europe in 1892 to admit himself into an asylum in Virginia, Elliott had a competitive relationship with his older brother. As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, and through his ancestor Cornelius Van Schaack, at a young age, Elliott was academically more successful than Theodore, however, he was eventually surpassed by his older brother. This competition would continue into the generation with their own daughters. Elliott enrolled at St Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire in September 1875 and he performed well academically though had to soon withdraw and return home after unexpectedly falling ill. Elliott maintained a charming and winsome personality all his life, which masked a growing drinking problem that started at a young age, Elliott was Theodores best man on October 27,1880, on Theodores first marriage to Alice Hathaway Lee. In 1883, Elliott married Anna Rebecca Hall, the eldest daughter of Valentine Gill Hall, Jr. and Mary Livingston Ludlow, on December 1,1883, in Calvary Church in Gramercy Park, New York City. Due to his problem, Elliott was exiled to Abingdon, Virginia. Eleanor later recalled that on his horseback riding expeditions with the young children in Virginia. On occasion, he would, to the jubilation of Eleanor, Theodore Roosevelt became the conservator for his spendthrift brother. At the age of 34, Elliott attempted suicide by jumping out a window, he survived the initial fall, at the time of his death, his alcoholism had escalated such that he was consuming numerous bottles of Champagne and brandy each day. Elliott fathered a son with Catherine Katy Mann, a servant girl employed by Anna. His brother sent a detective who specialized in likenesses to look at the child, the sum was placed in a trust, but according to the Manns the child never received a dime, the money having apparently been looted by Katys lawyers. There was some correspondence between Eleanor Roosevelt and her half-brother Elliott Roosevelt Mann
6.
Corinne Roosevelt Robinson
–
Corinne Roosevelt was an American poet, writer, lecturer, and public speaker. She was also the sister of former President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt. Her siblings were Anna, Theodore Jr. and Elliott, as an Oyster Bay Roosevelt Corinne was a descendant of the Schuyler family. She received most of her education from private tutors, Corinne was best friends with Edith Kermit Carow, her brother T. R. s second wife and later the First Lady of the United States. Theodore Sr. was a supporter of the North during the Civil War, mitties home state was Georgia, and she had moved to New York only because of her marriage to Theodore. Mitties brothers were members of the Confederate Navy, Robinson began writing at an early age, through the encouragement of her friends, in particular Edith Wharton who helped critique her poetry. In 1911, Robinson published her first poem, The Call of Brotherhood and her first book of poems of the same title was published in 1912. This volume was followed by One Woman to Another and Other Poems dedicated to her daughter, also named Corinne, commemorating the loss of Robinsons brother Elliott and son. Other volumes of poetry by Robinson include Service and Sacrifice dedicated to her brother Theodore Roosevelt, The Poems of Corinne Roosevelt Robinson and she also wrote the prose memoir My Brother Theodore Roosevelt. Robinson was a member of the committee of the Republican National Committee. After Wood lost the nomination to Harding, Robinson came out strongly for Harding and his vice-presidential candidate, in the 1924 election, she served as a member of Coolidges advisory committee. Also in 1924, she wrote a letter to The New York Times commenting on the loss of her nephew, Theodore Roosevelt. During the 1932 election, she declined the designation of a Republican elector-at-large and she also stated that, You must understand why I cannot comment on the national campaign. My own beloved niece is the wife of the Democratic candidate and she is the daughter of the brother who was nearer to me in age than Theodore. For her I have the deepest affection and respect, so, much as I would like to pay the highest tribute to President Hoover, I cannot do so in this campaign. On April 29,1882, she married Douglas Robinson, Jr. son of Douglas Robinson, Sr. Robinsons maternal grandfather, James Monroe, a member of the House of Representatives, was the nephew of U. S. President James Monroe. Monroe Douglas Robinson Stewart Douglas Robinson, who committed suicide by jumping from his college dormitory window after a party, throughout the 1920s, Robinsons health failed her a number of times and she had a total of sixteen eye surgeries. Robinson died on February 17,1933, age 71, of pneumonia, in New York City, the bulk of her estate was divided among her three surviving children with smaller bequests made to grandchildren, nephews, friends and institutions
7.
Cornelius Roosevelt
–
For the Cornelius Roosevelt born in 1915, see Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt was an American businessman from New York City who was a member of the prominent Roosevelt family, Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt was born on January 30,1794 in New York City, to James Jacobus Roosevelt and Maria Helen Van Schaack. He was the last full-blooded Dutch Roosevelt of his line and his paternal great-grandfather was Johannes Roosevelt, the founder of the Oyster Bay branch of the Roosevelt family. His grandfather, Cornelius Van Schaack Jr. was the brother of Peter van Schaack and their parents, Cornelius Van Schaack, Lydia was a descendant of the Schuyler family through her mother, Maria Schuyler, Cornelius 2x great-grandmother. Corneliuss younger brother, James John Roosevelt, served as a United States Congressman from New York from 1841 until 1843 and he attended Columbia College but academic life did not suit him, and he did not graduate. In 1818, after leaving college, he became his fathers partner in importing hardware, economy is my doctrine at all times, he once said, at all events till I become, if it is to be so, a man of fortune. At his insistence, the focus of the changed from hardware to plate glass. After his fathers death in 1840, he inherited a large fortune and he continued to work in the business until his retirement in 1865. In the Panic of 1837, he bought many lots in Manhattan for building, Roosevelt was among the banks first directors under its new charter along with John D. Wolfe, Isaac Platt and Bradish Johnson, as well as the banks president John Q. Jones. The company sold all remaining inventories from the division as well as real estate holdings by 1851. On October 9,1821, he married Margaret Barnhill, a daughter of Robert Craig Barnhill, Margaret was a descendant of English and Irish Quakers as well as a descendant of Thomas Pott, of Wales. Together, Cornelius and Margaret had six sons, Silas Weir Roosevelt, who married Mary West James Alfred Roosevelt, Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt, Jr. who married Laura H. Porter Robert Barnhill Roosevelt, who married first Elizabeth Ellis and after her death, Marion Theresa OShea. Theodore Thee Roosevelt, Sr. who married Martha Mittie Bulloch William Wallace Roosevelt When each of his sons married, on July 17,1871, Cornelius died at his home in Oyster Bay, New York. The New York Times memorialized him as a merchant of the old school and his estate was valued at between $3 million and $7 million. One of his great-granddaughters was First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, one of his 2x great-grandson was Sir Humphrey Clarke, 5th Baronet. Mornings on Horseback, The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life, almanac of Theodore Roosevelt Family Tree Isa Carrington Cabell
8.
Roosevelt family
–
It has been suggested that Claes van Rosenvelt could have been related to the Van Roosevelts of Oud-Vossemeer, who were amt lords in the Tholen region of the Netherlands. It may simply be a coincidence, or Claes van Rosenvelt may have chosen the name purposely because of its origins or to honor his local amt lord. Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt, the immigrant ancestor of the Roosevelt family, around the year 1652, he bought a farm from Lambert van Valckenburgh comprising 24 morgens in what is now Midtown Manhattan, including the present site of the Empire State Building. His children Johannes and Jacobus were, respectively, the progenitors of the Oyster Bay, by the late 19th century, the Hyde Park Roosevelts were generally associated with the Democratic Party and the Oyster Bay Roosevelts with the Republican Party. President Theodore Roosevelt, an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, was President Franklin Roosevelts fifth cousin, despite political differences that led family members to actively campaign against each other, the two branches generally remained friendly. Franklin Roosevelt married Eleanor Roosevelt, Theodores niece and his own fifth cousin once removed, james Roosevelt met his wife at a Roosevelt family gathering in the home of Theodores mother. In heraldry, canting arms are a visual or pictorial play on a surname and it would be common to find roses, then, in arms of many Roosevelt families, even unrelated ones. Also, grassy mounds or fields of green would be a familiar attribute, a traditional blazon suggested would be, Per fess vert a chevron between three roses argent and Or a lion rampant gules. The Roosevelts -2014 PBS documentary Notes Further reading Cobb, William T, the Strenuous Life, The Oyster Bay Roosevelts in Business and Finance. The Merchants National Bank of the City of New York, the Old Merchants of New York City. Booknotes interview with Peter Collier on The Roosevelts, An American Saga, booknotes interview with Betty Boyd Caroli on The Roosevelt Women, May 9,1999. Booknotes interview with Susan Dunn on The Three Roosevelts, Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America, May 6,2001
9.
Eleanor Roosevelt
–
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an American politician, diplomat, and activist. President Harry S. Truman later called her the First Lady of the World in tribute to her human rights achievements, Roosevelt was a member of the prominent American Roosevelt and Livingston families and a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. She had a childhood, having suffered the deaths of both parents and one of her brothers at a young age. At 15, she attended Allenwood Academy in London and was influenced by its feminist headmistress Marie Souvestre. Returning to the U. S. she married her fifth cousin once removed, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, though widely respected in her later years, Roosevelt was a controversial First Lady at the time for her outspokenness, particularly her stance on racial issues. On a few occasions, she disagreed with her husbands policies. She launched a community at Arthurdale, West Virginia, for the families of unemployed miners. She advocated for expanded roles for women in the workplace, the rights of African Americans and Asian Americans. Following her husbands death in 1945, Roosevelt remained active in politics for the remaining 17 years of her life and she pressed the United States to join and support the United Nations and became its first delegate. She served as the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights, later she chaired the John F. Kennedy administrations Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. By the time of her death, Roosevelt was regarded as one of the most esteemed women in the world, in 1999, she was ranked ninth in the top ten of Gallups List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 at 56 West 37th Street in Manhattan, New York City, to socialites Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt, from an early age, she preferred to be called by her middle name, Eleanor. Through her father, she was a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt, through her mother, she was a niece of tennis champions Valentine Gill Vallie Hall III and Edward Ludlow Hall. Her mother nicknamed her Granny because she acted in such a manner as a child. Her mother was somewhat ashamed of Eleanors plainness. Eleanor had two brothers, Elliott Jr. and Gracie Hall Roosevelt, usually called Hall. She also had a brother, Elliott Roosevelt Mann, through her fathers affair with Katy Mann. Roosevelt was born into a world of wealth and privilege
10.
Children's Aid Society
–
Children’s Aid Society is a private, child welfare nonprofit in New York City, founded in 1853 as the Orphan Train originator, by Yale College graduate, Charles Loring Brace. With an annual budget of over $100 million,45 citywide sites, Brace was appalled by the thousands of abandoned, abused, and orphaned children living in the slums and on the streets of New York at the time. The only options available to children at the time were begging, prostitution, petty thievery, and gang membership, or commitment to jails, almshouses. Brace believed that institutional care stunted and destroyed children and his view was only work, education, and a strong family life could help them develop into self-reliant citizens. Brace knew that American pioneers could use help settling the American West and this became known as the Orphan Train Movement. The children were encouraged to break completely with the past and would arrive in a town where community leaders assembled interested townspeople for inspection and selection, from 1853 to the last train in 1929, more than 200,000 children rode the Orphan Train to new lives. The Orphan Train Heritage Society maintains an archive of riders stories, the National Orphan Train Museum in Concordia, Kansas maintains records and also houses a research facility. In the 1980s CAS created the first family court diversion programs, the Technical Assistance Center has helped visitors from all over the United States and more than 40 foreign countries learn how to apply community school concepts in their schools. In 2009, it was honored with a Village Award from the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation for its Philip Coltoff Center in Greenwich Village, in 2012, The Childrens Aid Society was rated 4/4 stars by charities rating organization Charity Navigator for a record breaking 12th consecutive year. In 1912, Charles Loring Brace Jr. was re-elected board secretary of the society founded by his father, board Chair Emeriti include Edward Lamont, Sr. and Edgar Koerner, with over thirty, notable board members. In 2014, the Childrens Aid Societys board of trustees appointed Phoebe C, boyer as its eleventh President and CEO and first female leader. The Orphan Trains and Newsboys of New York by Renée Wendinger, is an unabridged nonfiction resource book, ISBN 978-0-615-29755-2 The song by Utah Phillips called Orphan Train has been performed by numerous modern bluegrass singers. The book Gratefully Yours describes a nine-year-old girls feelings about her new family who adopt her from the orphan train, there is a ballet entitled Orphan Train presented by Covenant Ballet Theatre of Brooklyn, which tells the story of Brace and shows stories of orphans on the train. It is choreographed by Marla Hirokawa, authors Al and Joanna Lacy have written an Orphan Trains Trilogy, depicting the lives of fictional orphans. The ballad Rider On An Orphan Train, written by David Massengill, the book Train to Somewhere by Eve Bunting describes a fictional account of a girls journey on the Orphan Train. Timeline of childrens rights in the United States Official website The Records of the Childrens Aid Society 1836-2006 at the New York Historical Society
11.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
–
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially the Met, is located in New York City and is the largest art museum in the United States, and is among the most visited art museums in the world. Its permanent collection contains two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, on the edge of Central Park along Manhattans Museum Mile, is by area one of the worlds largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains a collection of art, architecture. On March 18,2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum at Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side, it extends the museums modern, the Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, Indian, and Islamic art. The museum is home to collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, as well as antique weapons. Several notable interiors, ranging from first-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day and it opened on February 20,1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, the museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Mets galleries. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Met organizes and hosts traveling shows throughout the year. The director of the museum is Thomas P. Campbell, a long-time curator and it was announced on February 28th,2017 that Campbell will be stepping down as the Mets director and CEO, effective June. On March 1st,2017 the BBC reported that Daniel Weiss shall be the acting CEO until a replacement is found, Beginning in the late 19th century, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few tablets and seals, the Mets collection of Near Eastern art has grown to more than 7,000 pieces. The highlights of the include a set of monumental stone lamassu, or guardian figures. The Mets Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museums most popular collections. Among the collections 14,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry VIII of England, Henry II of France, Rockefeller donated his more than 3, 000-piece collection to the museum. The Mets Asian department holds a collection of Asian art, of more than 35,000 pieces, the collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum, many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections
12.
American Museum of Natural History
–
The American Museum of Natural History, located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City, is one of the largest museums in the world. The museum has a scientific staff of 225, sponsors over 120 special field expeditions each year. Before construction of the present complex, the museum was housed in the Arsenal building in Central Park. Sherman, A. G. Phelps Dodge, William A. Haines, Charles A. Dana, Joseph H. Choate, Henry G. Stebbins, Henry Parish, the founding of the museum realized the dream of naturalist Dr. Albert S. Bickmore. Bickmore, a student of Harvard zoologist Louis Agassiz, lobbied tirelessly for years for the establishment of a natural history museum in New York. In 1874, the cornerstone was laid for the museums first building, the original Victorian Gothic building, which was opened in 1877, was designed by J. Wrey Mould, both already closely identified with the architecture of Central Park. The original building was eclipsed by the south range of the museum, designed by J. Cleaveland Cady. It extends 700 feet along West 77th Street, with corner towers 150 feet tall and its pink brownstone and granite, similar to that found at Grindstone Island in the St. Lawrence River, came from quarries at Picton Island, New York. The entrance on Central Park West, the New York State Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt and it leads to a vast Roman basilica, where visitors are greeted with a cast of a skeleton of a rearing Barosaurus defending her young from an Allosaurus. The museum is accessible through its 77th street foyer, renamed the Grand Gallery. The hall leads into the oldest extant exhibit in the museum, since 1930, little has been added to the exterior of the original building. The architect Kevin Roche and his firm Roche-Dinkeloo have been responsible for the planning of the museum since the 1990s. Various renovations both interior and exterior have been carried out including improvements to Dinosaur Hall and mural restoration in Roosevelt Memorial Hall, in 1992 the firm designed the new eight story AMNH Library. The museums south façade, spanning 77th Street from Central Park West to Columbus Avenue was cleaned, repaired and re-emerged in 2009, steven Reichl, a spokesman for the museum, said that work would include restoring 650 black-cherry window frames and stone repairs. The museums consultant on the latest renovation is Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. an architectural and engineering firm with headquarters in Northbrook, the museums first two presidents were John David Wolfe and Robert L. Stuart, both among the museums founders. The museum was not put on a sound footing until the appointment of the president, Morris K. Jesup. Jesup was president for over 25 years, overseeing its expansion, the fourth president, Henry Fairfield Osborn, was appointed in 1906 on the death of Jesup. Osborn consolidated the museums expansion, developing it into one of the worlds foremost natural history museums, F. Trubee Davison was president from 1933 to 1951, with A. Perry Osborn as Acting President from 1941 to 1946
13.
James A. Roosevelt
–
For other persons with similar names, see James Roosevelt James Alfred Roosevelt was an American businessman and philanthropist. A member of the Roosevelt family, he was an uncle of President Theodore Roosevelt and he was born on June 13,1825 and became a member of his father Cornelius Roosevelts mercantile firm at the age of twenty, and eventually succeeded him as its head. He was a president of Roosevelt Hospital, founded by his distant cousin James H. Roosevelt and he married Elizabeth Norris Emlen on December 22,1847 and had four children, including William Emlen Roosevelt. He died on July 15,1898 near Mineola, New York while riding a train on his way home to Oyster Bay, one of his granddaughters, the daughter of his son Alfred Roosevelt, Elfrida Roosevelt, married Sir Orme Bigland Clarke, 4th Baronet. The Strenuous Life, The Oyster Bay Roosevelts in Business and Finance
14.
Robert Roosevelt
–
Robert Barnhill Roosevelt, also known as Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, was a sportsman, author, and politician who served as a United States Representative from New York and as Minister to the Hague. Robert Roosevelt was born in New York City to businessman Cornelius Van Schaack C. V. S and he had three elder brothers, Silas, James, and Cornelius Jr. and two younger brothers, Theodore and William. He was an uncle of President Theodore T. R. Roosevelt, Jr. as an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, and through his ancestor Cornelius Van Schaack, Jr. he was a descendant of the Dutch American Schuyler family. After the death of his first wife Elizabeth Ellis, he married his mistress, although his children with Minnie were his biological children, they had been born prior to his wedding to Minnie and were known as his stepchildren. They had been listed as having a father named Robert Francis Fortescue, vance, who was active in New York State Republican politics, was a manufacturer who served as Acting Mayor of New York City for the month of December 1874. He purchased the Meadowcroft property at Sayville, New York in 1873 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. He commenced practice in New York City, during the Civil War he was an active Democrat, and a founder of the Allotment Commission and the Loyal National League. His first experience in politics was in the organization of the Citizens Association at the time of the Tweed Ring administration in New York city. For several years, he edited the organ of the Citizens Association, the New York Citizen, at first with Charles G. Halpine and he was a founder of the Committee of Seventy, and first vice-president of the Reform Club. Roosevelt was elected as a Democrat to the 42nd Congress, Roosevelt served as trustee representing the city of New York for the New York and Brooklyn Bridge from 1879 to 1882. He was instrumental in establishing paid fire and health departments in New York City and he was a member of the Board of Aldermen of New York City. He was appointed by President Grover Cleveland as Minister to The Hague and he was treasurer of the Democratic National Committee in 1892. Roosevelt was an angler and conservationist. He organized several clubs to restrain the indiscriminate slaughter of game and he is credited with influencing his nephew, Theodore Roosevelt, to become a conservationist. He founded the New York State Fishery Commission in 1867, and was appointed one of the three fish commissioners and he served as fish commissioner for 20 years, 1868–1888, without a salary. The reports of the commission were prepared chiefly by him, and he was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. As a member of the U. S. Congress, he originated the bill to create the United States Fish Commission, Roosevelt was a popular author and a friend of writers such as Oscar Wilde. He sometimes wrote under the pseudonym Barnwell or Ira Zell and his books include, Superior Fishing, or The Striped Bass, Trout, Black Bass and Bluefish of the Northern States
15.
Roswell, Georgia
–
Roswell is a city in north Fulton County, Georgia, United States. At the 2010 census it had a population of 88,346, in 1830, while on a trip to northern Georgia, Roswell King passed through the area of what is now Roswell and observed the great potential for building a cotton mill along Vickery Creek. Since the land nearby was also good for plantations, his idea was to put cotton processing near cotton production, toward the middle of the 1830s, King returned to build a mill that would soon become the largest in north Georgia – Roswell Mill. He brought with him 36 African slaves from his own coastal plantation, the slaves built the mills, infrastructure, houses, mill worker apartments, and supporting buildings for the new town. The Africans brought their unique Geechee culture, language, and religious traditions from the coast to north Georgia, King invited investors from the coast to join him at the new location. He was also joined by Barrington King, one of his sons, archibald Smith was one of the planters who migrated there to establish a new plantation, also bringing enslaved African Americans from the coastal areas. Barrington Hall, Smith Plantation and Bulloch Hall have been preserved and restored and they are now open to the public. According to the 1850 Slave Schedules, these three founding families, together with the three largest planters, held 192 slaves, 51% of the total 378 slaves held in Roswell District. Archibald Smith had a 300-acre cotton plantation, according to the 1850 Census, Barrington King held 70 slaves. Half of these slaves were under the age of 10 and these slaves worked in Barringtons household. Barrington King leased or rented some of his male slaves to the Roswell Manufacturing Company. The Roswell area was part of Cobb County when first settled, since Roswell residents desired a local government, they submitted a city charter for incorporation to the Georgia General Assembly. The charter was approved on February 16,1854, by the time of the Civil War, the cotton mills employed more than 400 people, mostly women. Given settlement patterns in the Piedmont region, they were likely of Scots-Irish descent, as the mill increased in production, so did the number of people living in the area. During the Civil War, the city was captured by Union forces under the leadership of General Kenner Garrard, under orders of General Sherman, Garrard shipped the mill workers north to prevent them from returning to work if the mills were rebuilt. This was a tactic of Sherman to economically disrupt the South. The mill was burned, but the houses were left standing, the ruins of the mill and the 30-foot dam that was built for power still remain. Most of the property was confiscated by Union forces
16.
James Stephens Bulloch
–
James Stephens Bulloch was an early Georgia settler and planter. He was a grandson of Georgia governor Archibald Bulloch and a nephew of Senator William Bellinger Bulloch and he was also the grandfather of President Theodore Roosevelt and the great-grandfather of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. James Stephens Bulloch was born in Savannah, Georgia to a planter family and his parents were the former Ann Irvine and her husband Captain James Bulloch II. He had a brother, John Irvine Bulloch, and two younger sisters, Jane and Ann Bulloch. He was educated to become a planter and learned about managing crops, Major Bulloch moved his family from Savannah in 1838 to north Georgia to partner with Roswell King in establishing a cotton mill in the piedmont near the fall line. They used water power for their mills, there in what developed as the town of Roswell, Bulloch built Bulloch Hall in 1839 with the labor of African-American slaves and craftsman. Bulloch also developed a plantation in the uplands, where his workers cultivated and processed short-staple cotton and this cotton had been made profitable by invention of the cotton gin, and was planted throughout the piedmont. The younger James Bulloch first married Hester Amarintha Hettie Elliott, a daughter of Senator John Elliott and Esther Dunwoody, on December 31,1817. Together, they had two sons, John Elliott Bulloch James Dunwoody Bulloch After Hettie died, Major Bulloch married on May 8,1832, Martha Patsy Stewart, James had previously courted Patsy in 1817 and proposed to her. She had declined the proposal and later married Senator Elliott, Patsy was the youngest daughter of General Daniel Stewart and Sarah Susannah Oswald. Charles Irvine Bulloch Irvine Stephens Bulloch James Stephens Bulloch died in 1849, according to the 1850 Slave Schedules, his widow Martha Patsy Stewart Elliott Bulloch still held 31 slaves to work their plantation. Their plantation house of Bulloch Hall has been restored and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
17.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
18.
Confederate States of America
–
The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
19.
Irvine Bulloch
–
Irvine Stephens Bulloch was an officer in the Confederate Navy and the youngest officer on the famed warship CSS Alabama. He fired its last shot before it was sunk off the coast of France at the end of the American Civil War and he was a half-brother of James Dunwoody Bulloch and a full brother of socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch. Mittie was the mother of future U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt, Irvine Stephens Bulloch was born in Roswell, Georgia to Major James Stephens Bulloch and Martha Patsy Stewart. His family had moved to Roswell, Georgia in 1838, and he grew up in the antebellum mansion. Irvine and his elder half-brother James Dunwoody Bulloch served as Confederates in the Civil War, patsys father was General Daniel Stewart. In 1861 Bulloch served as a midshipman aboard the CSS Nashville, the Nashville returned to the Confederate States of America, and the James River Squadron, where she was renamed the Rattlesnake. Midshipman Bulloch was then posted to England for foreign service and he served with distinction aboard the CSS Alabama and his nephew, President Theodore Roosevelt, maintained that Irvine fired the last two shots from that vessel. After the loss of the Alabama, Irvine returned to Liverpool and was sent out on the Laurel in October 1864 to join the Shenandoah as sailing master and it was Irvine who navigated the Shenandoah from just off San Francisco back to Liverpool, arriving on November 6,1865. Denied amnesty, Irvine remained in Liverpool after the war, working as a merchant with his brother as the Bullochs realized that they could not return to the U. S. In 1869, when his sister Mittie and the Roosevelt family toured Europe, although T. R. at first seem to show no interest in his uncles exploits, he was no johnny-come-lately to naval topics and history. In fact, Bullochs nephews childhood had been filled with stories told him by Bullochs sister, Mittie. T. R. would write that his mother used to talk to me as a little shaver about ships, ships, ships and the fighting of ships, until they sank into the depths of my soul. Indeed, right in the middle of classes on mathematics at Harvard, T. R. s mind would wander from his tedious course work to the accomplishments of the infant U. S. Navy, the clash of the fighting tops. When T. R. s father took the family on their tour in 1869, TR spent time with those uncles in Liverpool. When the Southern states left the Union and the Civil War began in 1861, with these developments, the two brothers decided to serve the southern cause. Irvine fought against the U. S. government long after the surrender of General Lee and he fired the last gun on the cruiser CSS Alabama before it went down in the harbor of Cherbourg, France. Irvine Bullochs sword is in the Merseyside Maritime Museums collection in Liverpool and it was seen by his nephew Theodore Roosevelt and wife Edith Carow Roosevelt during their visit to the city. At the same museum, it was of his gallant uncle that President Roosevelt spoke with affection, Irvine lived in Sydenham Avenue, Liverpool, and died at the age of 56 at Selby Tower, Llandrillo-yn-Rhos, Colwyn Bay, Wales
20.
James Dunwoody Bulloch
–
James Dunwoody Bulloch was the Confederacys chief foreign agent in Great Britain during the American Civil War. Based in Liverpool, he operated blockade runners and commerce raiders that provided the Confederacy with its source of hard currency. Bulloch arranged for the purchase of Confederate cotton, and the despatch of armaments. His secret service funds are alleged to have used for the planning of Lincoln’s assassination. Bulloch’s half-sister Martha was the mother of U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt, James D. Bulloch was born in 1823 on his familys plantation near Savannah, Georgia, to Major James Stephens Bulloch and Hester Amarintha Elliot. After Hester died, Major Bulloch enrolled his son in a school in Hartford. The elder Bulloch married Martha Stewart, in May 1832 and she had been the second wife and widow of Senator John Elliott. James S. and Martha Bulloch had four children, Anna Bulloch, Martha Mittie Bulloch, Charles Irvine Bulloch, in 1838, Major Bulloch moved his family to Cobb County, in the Piedmont, to become a partner with Roswell King in a new cotton mill there. In what would become Roswell, Georgia, he had a home built, with the labor of craftsmen. When it was completed in 1839, the moved into Bulloch Hall. James S. Bulloch, who was also a planter, had an amount of land in cotton cultivation. After he died in 1849, Mrs. Bulloch held 31 enslaved African-Americans, James Dunwoody Bulloch married Elizabeth Caskie in 1851. After her early death, he married Mrs. Hariott Cross Foster, Bulloch served in the United States Navy for about 15 years before resigning his commission to join a private shipping company in 1854. When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the Civil War began in 1861, in April 1861 while his ship was in New Orleans, Bulloch offered to assist the Confederate States of America. When he returned to New York, he found a letter from C. S. A, attorney General Judah P. Benjamin accepting his offer and ordering him to Montgomery, Alabama, for his assignment. James D. Bulloch soon became a Confederate secret agent and their most dangerous man in Europe, in less than two months after the attack on Fort Sumter, Bulloch arrived at Liverpool, England, and established a base of operations there. Britain was officially neutral in the conflict between North and South, but private and public sentiment favored the Confederacy, Britain was also willing to buy all the cotton that could be smuggled past the Union blockade, which provided the South with its only real source of revenue. Bulloch arranged for the construction and secret purchase of the commerce raider CSS Alabama and he arranged for cotton to be converted to hard currency, which he in turn used to purchase war materiel - including arms and ammunition, uniforms, and naval supplies
21.
Bulloch Hall
–
Bulloch Hall is a Greek Revival mansion in Roswell, Georgia, built in 1839. It is one of several significant buildings in the city and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This is where Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mother of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th U. S. President and it is also where she married Theodore Roosevelts father, Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. The antebellum mansion was built by Mitties father, Major James Stephens Bulloch and he was a prominent planter from the Georgia coast, who was invited to the new settlement by his friend Roswell King. Major Bulloch selected a ten acre plot of land and engaged a skilled builder, Willis Ball, to design, the Bulloch family lived in an abandoned Cherokee farmhouse while slaves and trained laborers built the house. In 1839, Major Bulloch and his family moved into the completed house, soon Bulloch also owned land for cotton production and held enslaved African-Americans to work his fields. According to the 1850 Slave Schedules, Martha Stewart Elliott Bulloch, by then widowed a second time and they mostly labored on cotton and crop production, but some would have worked in the home, on cooking and domestic tasks to support the family. Some of the slaves who worked in the house were Maum Rose, Maum Charlotte, Maum Grace, Daddy William, Daddy Luke. In 1835 while living in Hartford, Connecticut, James wife gave birth to a daughter and she was known affectionately as Mittie. Mittie was raised at Bulloch Hall, Mittie was 15 at the time. Thee, as he was called, met Mittie again when she went to Philadelphia in January 1853 to stay with her sister Susan and they fell in love and began planning their wedding through letters between Mittie in Roswell and Thee in New York. They were married in the room of Bulloch Hall on December 22,1853. The marriage was an affair with people coming for many miles. Mitties friend and bridesmaid, Mrs. William Baker, left a recollection of the wedding in an interview by Margaret Peggy Mitchell of Gone with the Wind fame, in the Atlanta Journal, after the marriage, the couple moved to New York City. The couple lived with Thees parents while a house, a gift from them, was constructed at 28 E 20th Street. In 1856, Martha, Anna, and Irvine moved to Philadelphia to live with Marthas daughter Susan West, Anna and Martha later moved in with Mittie and Thee in New York. The Roosevelt couple became the parents of Anna, Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, Elliott, later Elliott married Anna Rebecca Hall, and his daughter was First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt, who had begun his presidency on reasonably good terms for a president, had infuriated the South by inviting Booker T. Washington to dine in the White House
22.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
23.
First Lady
–
First Lady is an unofficial title used for the wife or hostess of a non-monarchical head of state or chief executive. The term is used to describe a woman seen to be at the top of her profession or art. Collectively, the President of the United States and his spouse are known as the First Couple and, if they have children, they are usually referred to as the First Family. The term is used, primarily in the U. S. to refer to the spouse of other non-monarchical heads of state. Some other countries have a title, formal or informal, that is or can be translated as first lady, the title is not normally used for the wife of a head of government who is not also head of state. The term in the United States is also used to refer to wives of governors and, less formally, to wives of college and it has even been used in reference to female spouses of men who were chairmen of major corporations. While there has never been a spouse of a U. S. President. First Gentleman is the equivalent of the title in countries where the head of states husband has been a man. The designation First Lady seems to have originated in the United States, in the early days of the United States, there was no generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion. However, the term first lady would not come into use until the late 1800s. Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor President James Buchanan, was the first woman to be called first lady while actually serving in that position. The phrase appeared in Frank Leslies Illustrated Monthly in 1860, when he wrote, The Lady of the White House, and by courtesy, once Harriet Lane was called first lady, the term was applied retrospectively to her predecessors. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when Mary C. Ames wrote an article in the New York City newspaper The Independent describing the inauguration of President Rutherford B and she used the term to describe his wife, Lucy Webb Hayes. The current First Lady of the United States is Melania Trump, the entire family of the head of state may be known familiarly as the First Family. The spouse of the second-in-command may be known as the Second Lady, less frequently, the family would be known as the Second Family. The spouse of the governor of a U. S. state is referred to as the First Lady or First Gentleman of that state
24.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
–
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
25.
Boxing
–
Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
26.
Middle East
–
The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
27.
Union (American Civil War)
–
The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
28.
Union League
–
The Union Leagues were a group of mens clubs established during the American Civil War to promote loyalty to the Union, the Republican Party, and the policies of Abraham Lincoln. They were also known as Loyal Leagues, the clubs supported the Republican Party with funding, organizational support, and activism. The Union League of Philadelphia, established in 1862, was the first to be formed, membership in the league is selective, and is comparable in social status to membership in a country club. Union League buildings often serve as social clubs. During Reconstruction, Union Leagues were formed across the South after 1867 as all-black working auxiliaries of the Republican Party and they were secret organizations that mobilized freedmen to register to vote and to vote Republican. They discussed political issues, promoted civic projects, and mobilized workers opposed to certain employers, most branches were segregated but there were a few that were racially integrated. The leaders of the units were mostly urban blacks from the North. Eric Foner reports, By the end of 1867 it seemed that every black voter in the South had enrolled in the Union League. Meetings were generally held in a church or school. The activities of the Union League in the defeated South during the early Reconstruction years did not meet with much favor among local whites. After the Civil War, members of the Union League Club of New York helped to found the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and to build the Statue of Libertys pedestal and Grants Tomb. The building of the former Union League Club of Brooklyn now serves as a senior citizens home, the Union League Civic and Arts Foundation was established in 1949 as a public, not-for-profit charitable and educational organization. The Foundations mission is one of community enrichment, it is funded largely by contributions from members of the Union League Club of Chicago. Famous historical members of the League include Cyrus McCormick, Robert Todd Lincoln, Daniel Burnham, William D. Boyce, and Charles D. Barney. Union League of Philadelphia Union League Club of Chicago Union League Club of New York Union League Golf and Country Club List of American gentlemens clubs Notes Bibliography Fitzgerald, Michael W. The Union League Movement in the Deep South, Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction Fleming, Walter L. Civil War, lawson, Melinda Patriot Fires, Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North Silvestro, Clement M. Rally Round the Flag, The Union Leagues in the Civil War Tremel, “The Union League, Black Leaders, and the Recruitment of Philadelphia’s African American Civil War Regiments, ” Pennsylvania History,80, pp. 13–36. Primary sources Fleming, Walter L. Documentary History of Reconstruction, Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial vol 2 pp 1–29
29.
Confederate States Army
–
The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
30.
Army of the Potomac
–
The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in April. The Army of the Potomac was created in 1861, but was only the size of a corps. Its nucleus was called the Army of Northeastern Virginia, under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, and it was the army fought the wars first major battle. The arrival in Washington, D. C. of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan dramatically changed the makeup of that army, on July 26,1861, the Department of the Shenandoah, commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. The men under Bankss command became a division in the Army of the Potomac. The army started with four corps, but these were divided during the Peninsula Campaign to produce two more, after the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Army of the Potomac absorbed the units that had served under Maj. Gen. John Pope. It is a popular, but mistaken, belief that John Pope commanded the Army of the Potomac in the summer of 1862 after McClellans unsuccessful Peninsula Campaign, on the contrary, Popes army consisted of different units, and was named the Army of Virginia. The Army of the Potomac underwent many changes during its existence. The army was divided by Ambrose Burnside into three divisions of two corps each with a Reserve composed of two more. Thereafter the individual corps, seven of which remained in Virginia, Hooker also created a Cavalry Corps by combining units that previously had served as smaller formations. In late 1863, two corps were sent West, and—in 1864—the remaining five corps were recombined into three, burnsides IX Corps, which accompanied the army at the start of Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign, rejoined the army later. For more detail, see the section Corps below, the Army of the Potomac fought in most of the Eastern Theater campaigns, primarily in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. After the end of the war, it was disbanded on June 28,1865, the Army of the Potomac was also the name given to General P. G. T. Beauregards Confederate army during the early stages of the war. However, the name was changed to the Army of Northern Virginia. In 1869 the Society of the Army of the Potomac was formed as a veterans association and it had its last reunion in 1929. Because of its proximity to the cities of the North, such as Washington. Philadelphia, and New York City, the Army of the Potomac received more media coverage than the other Union field armies
31.
Rough Riders
–
The Rough Riders was a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish–American War and the only one of the three to see action. The United States Army was small and understaffed in comparison to its status during the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior, as a measure towards rectifying this situation President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers to assist in the war efforts. The regiment was also called Woods Weary Walkers in honor of its first commander and this nickname served to acknowledge that despite being a cavalry unit they ended up fighting on foot as infantry. Woods second in command was former Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, when Colonel Wood became commander of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, the Rough Riders then became Roosevelts Rough Riders. That term was familiar in 1898, from Buffalo Bill who called his famous western show Buffalo Bills Wild West, the Rough Riders were mostly made of college athletes, cowboys, ranchers, miners, and other outdoorsmen. A common trait shared by members of the regiment was a shared origin. With these men being from southwestern ranch country, they were skilled in horsemanship. The volunteers were gathered in four areas, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and they were gathered mainly from the southwest because the hot climate region that the men were used to was similar to that of Cuba where they would be fighting. The difficulty in organizing was not in selecting, but in rejecting men, the allowed limit set for the volunteer cavalry men was promptly met. Among these men were police officers and military veterans who wished to see action again. Men who had served in the army during campaigns against Native Americans or served in the Civil War had been gathered to serve as higher ranking officers in the cavalry. In this regard they possessed the knowledge and experience to lead, as a whole, the unit would not be entirely inexperienced. One particularly famous spot where volunteers were gathered was in San Antonio, Texas, the bar is still open and serves as a tribute to the Rough Riders, containing much of their, and Theodore Roosevelts, uniforms and memorabilia. S. Officers of the regiment each received a new lever-action M1895 Winchester rifle, the Rough Riders also used Bowie Hunter knives. A last-minute gift from a wealthy donor were a pair of modern tripod mounted, gas-operated M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns in 7mm Mauser caliber and they looked exactly as a body of cowboy cavalry should look. This rough and tumble appearance contributed to earning them the title of The Rough Riders, training was very standard, even for a cavalry unit. They worked on basic military drills, protocol, and habits involving conduct, obedience, the men proved eager to learn what was necessary, and the training went smoothly. It was decided that the men would not be trained to use the saber as other cavalries often used, instead, they chose to have the men stick to the use of their carbines and revolvers as primary and secondary weapons
32.
Southern belle
–
The Southern belle is a stock character representing a young woman of the American Deep Souths upper socioeconomic class. The image of the Southern belle developed in the South during the antebellum era. It was based on the young, unmarried woman in the upper class of Southern society. The image of a Southern belle is often characterized by elements such as a hoop skirt, a corset, pantalettes, a wide-brimmed straw hat. As signs of tanning were considered working-class and unfashionable during this era, parasols, Southern belles were expected to marry respectable young men, and become ladies of society dedicated to the family and community. The Southern belle archetype is characterized by Southern hospitality, a cultivation of beauty, for example, Sallie Ward, who was born into the Southern aristocracy of Kentucky in the Antebellum South, was called a Southern belle. The Southern belle archetype has been criticized as part of an overall idealization of the American South in popular culture, slavery figured strongly into the regions economy during the plantation era. In turn, the image of the idyllic Southern plantation is considered by many to be insensitive to the plight of slaves, during the early 20th century, the release of the film Gone with the Wind popularized the image of the Southern belle. Southern belles have also featured in A Streetcar Named Desire, The Glass Menagerie, Jezebel, Fried Green Tomatoes, Wacky Races, Steel Magnolias. Dick Pope, Sr. famed promoter of Florida tourism, played an important role in popularizing the archetypal image, hostesses at his famed Cypress Gardens were portrayed as Southern belles in promotional materials for the theme park
33.
Margaret Mitchell
–
Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell was an American author and journalist. In more recent years, a collection of Mitchells girlhood writings, a collection of articles written by Mitchell for The Atlanta Journal was republished in book form. Margaret Mitchell was a Southerner and a resident and native of Atlanta. She was born in 1900 into a wealthy and politically prominent family and her father, Eugene Muse Mitchell, was an attorney, and her mother, Mary Isabel May Belle Stephens, was a suffragist. She had two brothers, Russell Stephens Mitchell, who died in infancy in 1894, and Alexander Stephens Mitchell and her grandfather, Russell Crawford Mitchell, of Atlanta, enlisted in the Confederate States Army on June 24,1861 and served in Hoods Texas Brigade. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Sharpsburg, demoted for inefficiency, after the Civil War, he made a large fortune supplying lumber for the rapid rebuilding of Atlanta. Russell Mitchell had thirteen children from two wives, the eldest was Eugene, who graduated from the University of Georgia Law School. Mitchells grandparents, married in 1863, were Annie Fitzgerald and John Stephens, John Stephens was a prosperous real estate developer after the Civil War and one of the founders of the Gate City Street Railroad, a mule-drawn Atlanta trolley system. John and Annie Stephens had twelve children together, the child was May Belle Stephens. May Belle Stephens had studied at the Bellevue Convent in Quebec and her family lived near her maternal grandmother, Annie Stephens, in a Victorian house painted bright red with yellow trim. Mrs. Stephens had been a widow for years prior to Margarets birth. After his death, she inherited property on Jackson Street where Margarets family lived, grandmother Annie Stephens was quite a character, both vulgar and a tyrant. After gaining control of her father Philip Fitzgeralds money after he died, she splurged on her daughters, including Margarets mother. There they learned that Irish Americans were not treated as equal to other immigrants, Margarets relationship with her grandmother would become quarrelsome in later years as she entered adulthood. However, for Margaret, her grandmother was a source of eye-witness information about the Civil War. In an accident that was traumatic for her mother although she was unharmed, fearing it would happen again, her mother began dressing her in boys pants, and she was nicknamed Jimmy, the name of a character in the comic strip, Little Jimmy. Her brother insisted she would have to be a boy named Jimmy to play with him, having no sisters to play with, Margaret said she was a boy named Jimmy until she was fourteen. Stephens Mitchell said his sister was a tomboy who would play with dolls occasionally
34.
Scarlett O'Hara
–
Katie Scarlett OHara is a fictional character and the main protagonist in Margaret Mitchells 1936 novel Gone with the Wind and in the later film of the same name. During early drafts of the novel, Mitchell referred to her heroine as Pansy. OHara is the oldest living child of Gerald and Ellen OHara and she was born in 1845 on her familys plantation Tara in Georgia. She was named Katie Scarlett, after her fathers mother, but is always called Scarlett, except by her father and she is from a Catholic family of Irish and French ancestry, and a descendent of an aristocratic Savannah family on her mothers side. OHara has black hair, green eyes, and pale skin and she is famous for her fashionably small waist. Scarlett has two sisters, Susan Elinor OHara and Caroline Irene OHara, and three little brothers who died in infancy. Her baby brothers are buried in the burying ground at Tara. When the novel opens, Scarlett is sixteen and she is vain, self-centered, and very spoiled by her wealthy parents. She can also be insecure, but is intelligent, despite her fashionable Southern-belle pretense at ignorance. She is somewhat unusual among Southern women, whom society preferred to act as dainty creatures who needed protection from their men, Scarlett is aware that she is only acting empty-headed, and resents the fashionable necessity of it, unlike most of her typical party-going Southern belles social set. Outwardly, Scarlett is the picture of southern charm and womanly virtues, the one man she truly wants, however, is her neighbor, Ashley Wilkes – the one man she cant have. The Wilkes family has a tradition of intermarrying with their cousins, Scarletts motivation in the early part of the novel centers on her desire to win Ashleys heart. When he refuses her advances, she takes refuge in childish rage, Rhett Butler, a wealthy older bachelor and a society pariah, overhears Scarlett express her love to Ashley during a barbecue at Twelve Oaks, the Wilkes estate. Rhett admires Scarletts willfulness and her departure from accepted propriety as well as her beauty and he pursues Scarlett, but is aware of her impetuousness, childish spite, and her fixation on Ashley. He assists Scarlett in defiance of proper Victorian mourning customs when her husband, Charles Hamilton, dies in a training camp, Scarlett, privately chafing from the strict rules of polite society, finds friendship with Rhett liberating. The Civil War sweeps away the lifestyle for which Scarlett was raised, Scarlett, left destitute after Shermans army marches through Georgia, becomes the sole source of strength for her family. Her character begins to harden as her relatives, the family servants, Scarlett becomes money-conscious and more materialistic in her motivation to ensure that her family survives and Tara stays in her family, while other Georgia planters are losing their homes. Her conduct results in the death of her second husband, Frank Kennedy
35.
CSS Alabama
–
CSS Alabama was a screw sloop-of-war built in 1862 for the Confederate States Navy at Birkenhead on the River Mersey opposite Liverpool, England by John Laird Sons and Company. Alabama served as a commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her two-year career. She was sunk in June 1864 by USS Kearsarge at the Battle of Cherbourg outside the port of Cherbourg, Alabama was built in secrecy in 1862 by British shipbuilders John Laird Sons and Company, in north west England at their shipyards at Birkenhead, Wirral, opposite Liverpool. The construction was arranged by the Confederate agent Commander James Bulloch, the contract was arranged through the Fraser Trenholm Company, a cotton broker in Liverpool with ties to the Confederacy. Under prevailing British neutrality law, it was possible to build a ship designed as an armed vessel, initially known as hull number 290 to hide her identity, the ship was launched as Enrica on 15 May 1862 and secretly slipped out of Birkenhead on 29 July 1862. Union Captain Tunis A. M. Craven, commander of USS Tuscarora, was in Southampton and was tasked with intercepting the new ship, Agent Bulloch arranged for a civilian crew and captain to sail Enrica to Terceira Island in the Azores. With Bulloch at his side, the new captain, Raphael Semmes. After three days of back-breaking work by the three crews, Enrica was equipped as a naval cruiser, designated a commerce raider. Following her commissioning as CSS Alabama, Bulloch then returned to Liverpool to continue his work for the Confederate Navy. Alabamas British-made ordnance was composed of six muzzle-loading, broadside, 32-pounder naval smoothbores, the pivot cannons were placed fore and aft of the main mast and positioned roughly amidships along the decks center line. From those positions, they could be rotated to fire across the port or starboard sides of the cruiser, the fore pivot cannon was a heavy, long-range 100-pounder, 7-inch bore Blakely rifled muzzle-loader, the aft pivot cannon a large, 8-inch smoothbore. The new Confederate cruiser was powered by sail and by two John Laird Sons and Company 300 horsepower horizontal steam engines, driving a single, Griffiths-type. With the screw retracted using the sterns brass lifting gear mechanism, Alabama could make up to ten knots under sail alone and 13.25 knots when her sail, the ship was purposely commissioned about a mile off Terceira Island in international waters on 24 August 1862. All the men from Agripinna and Bahama had been transferred to the deck of Enrica. Captain Raphael Semmes mounted a gun-carriage and read his commission from President Jefferson Davis, upon completion of the reading, musicians that assembled from among the three ships crews began to play the tune Dixie just as the quartermaster finished hauling down Enricas British colors. A signal cannon boomed and the stops to the halliards at the peaks of the gaff and mainmast were broken. With that the cruiser became Confederate States Steamer Alabama, the ships motto, Aide-toi et Dieu taidera was engraved in the bronze of the great double ships wheel. Captain Semmes then made a speech about the Southern cause to the seamen, asking them to sign on for a voyage of unknown length
36.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
37.
Union Square, Manhattan
–
The park is under the aegis of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Adjacent neighborhoods are the Flatiron District to the north, Chelsea to the west, Greenwich Village to the southwest, East Village to the southeast, many buildings of The New School are near the square, as are several dormitories of New York University. It features a wall sculpture and digital clock expelling bursts of steam. Among the heterogeneous assortment of buildings along the west side is the Decker Building, Union Square is noted for its impressive equestrian statue of U. S. A statue of Mahatma Gandhi in the southwest corner of the park was added in 1986, the 14th Street – Union Square New York City Subway station, served by the 456 <6> L N Q R W trains, is located under Union Square. In 1815, by act of the legislature, this former potters field became a public commons for the city. Ruggles obtained a lease on most of the surrounding lots from 15th to 19th Streets. In 1834 he convinced the Board of Aldermen to enclose and grade the square, then sold most of his leases, a fountain was built in the center of Union Square to receive water from the Croton Aqueduct, completed in 1842. The Everett House on the corner of 17th Street and Fourth Avenue was for one of the citys most fashionable hotels. In the early years of the park a fence surrounded the central oval planted with radiating walks lined with trees. In 1872, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were called in to replant the park, the last of the neighborhoods free-standing private mansions, Peter Goelets at the northeast corner of 19th Street, made way for a commercial building in 1897. The Rialto, New York Citys first commercial district, was located in. It was called the Rialto after the district in Venice. The theater district gradually re-located northward, into less expensive and undeveloped uptown neighborhoods, thus, suppliers of props, costumes, wigs, scenery, and other theatrical necessities grew up around the new theatres. The park has historically been the start or the end point for political demonstrations. In the summer of 1864 the north side of the square was the site of a Sanitary Fair, Union Square has been a frequent gathering point for radicals of all stripes to make speeches or demonstrate. On September 5,1882, in the first Labor Day celebration, on March 28,1908, an anarchist set off a bomb in Union Square which only killed himself and another man. On August 21,1893, Emma Goldman took the stage at Union Square to make her Free Bread speech to a crowd of overworked garment workers
38.
Daniel Willis James
–
James was born in Liverpool, England, the son of American merchant, Daniel James, who was domiciled in England. His mother, Elizabeth Woodbridge, died in 1847 and two years later his father remarried, in that same year James moved to New York to further his education and work in the family business of Phelps, Dodge. The company was run by Anson Greene Phelps and three of his sons-in-law, In New York William Earl Dodge Sr. and James Stokes, the primary trade was importing metals to America and exporting cotton to the UK. They had subsidiary interests in lumber, property, railroad and manufacturing, by the time Phelps died in 1853 James had a 5% share in the business. As the years progressed, this increased until he and his cousin, William E. Dodge, in 1880 the president of the Detroit Copper Mining Company at Morenci, William Church, asked Phelps, Dodge for financial assistance. The partners appointed Dr James Douglas to inspect the mines and give his opinion on the viability and he reported back that Morenci had potential and was even more enthusiastic about the Bisbee area. The partners asked Douglas to work for them and gave him the choice of a fee or a 10% interest in the mining operation. Despite early setbacks the mines eventually became highly productive and highly profitable, transportation to and from the mines was a problem so the partners built their own railroad called the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad. They next purchased the El Paso and Northeastern Railroad to secure delivery from their mines in Dawson. Eventually they had more than 1000 miles of track, by 1906, Phelps, Dodge & Co. had wound up their old mercantile business to concentrate on the production of copper and copper wire. James served on the board of other large U. S. corporations, including the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, the Arizona, El Paso and Southwestern Mining Company, and he also served as vice president and director of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company in Bisbee, Arizona. According to one historian, James was a good man of impeccable character, a secret philanthropist. He donated the Union Square Drinking Fountain in New York, in 1885, his family built a summer home in Madison, New Jersey, and James there built a park and a free library, believing the latter would be a means of public enjoyment and benefit. James married Ellen S. Curtiss, with whom he had a son, James died at the Mount Washington Hotel, Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in September 1907, one of the hundred wealthiest Americans, having left a large fortune estimated at $26 million. Included were bequests to charities and religious institutions of $1,195,000, the library James built in Madison, New Jersey, is the home of the Museum of Early Trades and Crafts. Williston, North Dakota, was named for him by his friend, James Library Building, Museum of Early Trades & Crafts, Madison, New Jersey. Union Square Drinking Fountain, New York City, Daniel Willis James at Find a Grave
39.
John Jacob Astor III
–
John Jacob Astor III was an American financier, philanthropist and a soldier during the American Civil War. He was a prominent member of the Astor family, becoming the wealthiest family member in his generation and his younger brother, businessman William Backhouse Astor, Jr. became the patriarch of the male line of American Astors. John Astor studied at Columbia University and the University of Göttingen and he practiced law for a year, to qualify for assisting in the management of his familys immense estate, one half of which later descended to him. It was based on his paternal grandfathers achieving a monopoly in the fur trade in the early nineteenth century. Astor was elected lieutenant colonel of the 12th Regiment of the New York Militia and he resigned from the office in 1853. During the American Civil War, Astor served as a volunteer aide-de-camp to Major General George B. McClellan from November 30,1861 to July 11,1862. In recognition of his services during the Peninsular Campaign, Astor was brevetted as a general of Volunteers in March 1865. In 1880 he became a companion of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States—a military society of officers who had served in the Union armed forces and he was assigned insignia number 1909. He regarded his Civil War service as the best of his life, in business, Astor dabbled in railroad investment, but was outsmarted by Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt and forced to yield control of the original New York Central Railroad line to him. His principal business interest was the vast Astor Estate real estate holdings in New York City, which he managed profitably and parsimoniously. William was married on December 9,1846 at Trinity Church in New York City to Charlotte Augusta Gibbes of South Carolina, daughter of Thomas Stanyarne Gibbes, Jr. and they had one son, William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor. In 1859 he built a home at 350 Fifth Avenue, today the street address of the Empire State Building. Later, he had a vacation home, Beaulieu, built in Newport, Rhode Island. John Jacob Astor III donated objects and funds to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and he and his brother presented Trinity Church with a memorial to their father, a sculptured reredos and altar costing $80,000. He left a bequest of $450,000 to the Astor Library and he also gave generously to the New York Cancer Hospital, the Womans Hospital, St. Lukes Hospital and the Childrens Aid Society. He took an active interest in the Astor Library beyond funding and he was treasurer of its board of trustees, and in 1879 deeded to it the three lots on which the northern wing of the present building was later constructed by him. He presented it with his collection of books and rare manuscripts. She persuaded her husband to donate the money to erect the New York Cancer Hospitals first wing, for twenty years, she supported a German industrial school
40.
YMCA
–
The Young Mens Christian Association is a worldwide organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 57 million beneficiaries from 125 national associations. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a body, mind. These three angles are reflected by the different sides of the triangle—part of all YMCA logos, from its inception, it grew rapidly and ultimately became a worldwide movement founded on the principles of Muscular Christianity. YMCAs continue to be religious organisations, many national or local organisations de-emphasise this aspect, the different local YMCAs are voluntarily affiliated through their national organisations. The national organisations in turn are part of both an Area Alliance and the World Alliance of YMCAs, the World Alliances main motto is empowering young people. It was associated with industrialisation and the movement of people to cities to work. The YMCA combined preaching in the streets and the distribution of religious tracts with a social ministry, philanthropists saw them as places for wholesome recreation that would preserve youth from the temptations of alcohol, gambling, and prostitution and that would promote good citizenship. The YMCA was founded by George Williams, a London draper and he and his colleagues were concerned about the lack of healthy activities for young men in major cities, the options available were usually taverns and brothels. By 1851, there were YMCAs in the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. In 1855,99 YMCA delegates from Europe and North America met in Paris at the First World Conference of YMCAs and they discussed joining together in a federation to enhance cooperation amongst individual YMCA societies. This marked the beginning of the World Alliance of YMCAs, the conference adopted the Paris Basis, a common mission for all present and future national YMCAs. Its motto was taken from the Bible, That they all may be one, in 1865 The Fourth World Conference of YMCAs, held in Germany, affirmed the importance of developing the whole individual in body, mind, and spirit. The concept of work through sports, a new concept for the time, was also recognised as part of this muscular Christianity. Today the YMCA is more focused on inspiring youths and their families to exercise, in 1878, World Alliance of YMCAs offices were established in Geneva, Switzerland. Later, in 1900, North American YMCAs, in collaboration with the World Alliance, set up centres to work with emigrants in European ports, as millions of people were leaving for the USA. In 1885, Camp Baldhead, the first residential camp in the United States and North America, was established by A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley, both of whom worked for the YMCA. The camp, originally located near Orange Lake in New Jersey, moved to Lake Wawayanda in Sussex County the following year, by 1910, the YMCA was an early influence upon scouting, including the Boy Scouts of America and German Scouting. Edgar M. Robinson, a Chicago-area YMCA administrator, briefly left the YMCA to become the BSAs first director, the Blue Ridge Association for Christian Conferences and Training was formed in 1907, and shortly thereafter built the Blue Ridge Assembly conference centre
41.
Douglas Brinkley
–
Douglas Brinkley is an American author, professor of history at Rice University and a fellow at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Brinkley is the commentator for CNN News and a contributing editor to the magazines Vanity Fair. A public spokesperson on issues, Brinkley serves as an editor at Audubon Magazine. He joined the faculty of Rice University as a professor of history in 2007, Brinkley was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1960, but raised in Perrysburg, Ohio. His parents were school teachers. He has been on the faculty of Hofstra University, the University of New Orleans, Tulane University and he received an honorary doctorate for his contributions to American letters from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1993, he left Hofstra to teach at the University of New Orleans, Ambrose chose Brinkley to become director of the Eisenhower Center, a post he held for five years before moving to Tulane University. Brinkleys first book was Jean Monnet, The Path to European Unity, the publication of Dean Acheson, The Cold War Years brought Brinkley popular acclaim. He then co-edited a monograph series with Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Brinkley also edited a volume on Dean Acheson and the Making of US Foreign Policy with Paul H. Nitze. In 1999, he published The Unfinished Presidency about Jimmy Carters active, Brinkley is the literary executor for his late friend, the journalist and author Hunter S. Thompson. He is also the editor of a collection of Thompsons letters. Brinkley is also the authorized biographer for Beat generation author Jack Kerouac and he has also written profiles of popular writers Kurt Vonnegut, Norman Mailer, and Ken Kesey for Rolling Stone magazine. In 2009, Brinkley interviewed Bob Dylan in Paris and Amsterdam for a Rolling Stone cover story, in 2004, Brinkley released Tour of Duty, John Kerry and the Vietnam War, about U. S. Senator John Kerrys military service and anti-war activism during the Vietnam War, the 2004 documentary movie, Going Upriver, The Long War of John Kerry, is loosely based on Brinkleys book. Brinkley also wrote the Atlantic Monthly cover story of December 2003 on Kerry, Brinkleys book The Great Deluge, Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast is a record of the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the Gulf Coast. The book won the 2007 Robert F. Kennedy Book Award and was a Los Angeles Times book prize finalist and he also served as the primary historian for Spike Lees documentary about Hurricane Katrina, When the Levees Broke, A Requiem in Four Acts. Critic Nancy Franklin in The New Yorker noted that Brinkley made up a part of the films conscience. FX Productions has announced that they will develop The Great Deluge for the season of the network’s award-winning American Crime Story series
Isa Carrington Cabell (1900). "Roosevelt, Nicholas I.". In Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John. Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Isa Carrington Cabell (1900). "