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Jet streams (shown in pink) are well-known examples of thermal wind. They arise from the horizontal temperature gradients between the warm tropics and
Jet streams (shown in pink) are well-known examples of thermal wind. They arise from the horizontal temperature gradients between the warm tropics and the colder polar regions.
The geostrophic wind on different isobaric levels in a barotropic atmosphere (a) and in a baroclinic atmosphere (b). The blue portion of the surface d
The geostrophic wind on different isobaric levels in a barotropic atmosphere (a) and in a baroclinic atmosphere (b). The blue portion of the surface denotes a cold region while the orange portion denotes a warm region. This temperature structure is restricted to the surface in (a) but extends through the depth of the fluid in (b). The dotted lines enclose isobaric surfaces which remain at constant slope with increasing height in (a) and increase in slope with height in (b). Pink arrows illustrate the direction and amplitude of the horizontal wind. Only in the baroclinic atmosphere (b) do these vary with height. Such variation illustrates the thermal wind.
In (a), cold advection is occurring, so the thermal wind causes the geostrophic wind to rotate counterclockwise (for the northern hemisphere) with hei
In (a), cold advection is occurring, so the thermal wind causes the geostrophic wind to rotate counterclockwise (for the northern hemisphere) with height. In (b), warm advection is occurring, so the geostrophic wind rotates clockwise with height.
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Cirrus uncinus ice crystal plumes showing high-level wind shear, with changes in wind speed and direction
Cirrus uncinus ice crystal plumes showing high-level wind shear, with changes in wind speed and direction
Down draft winds with associated virga allow these clouds in the eastern sky at civil twilight to mimic aurora borealis in the Mojave desert.
Down draft winds with associated virga allow these clouds in the eastern sky at civil twilight to mimic aurora borealis in the Mojave desert.
Microburst schematic from NASA. The direction of travel is downward until the air current hits ground level, at which point it spreads outward in all
Microburst schematic from NASA. The direction of travel is downward until the air current hits ground level, at which point it spreads outward in all directions. The wind regime in a microburst is completely opposite to a tornado.[citation needed]
Strong wind shear in the high troposphere forms the anvil-shaped top of this mature cumulonimbus cloud, or thunderstorm.
Strong wind shear in the high troposphere forms the anvil-shaped top of this mature cumulonimbus cloud, or thunderstorm.