1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
A Perfect Circle
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A Perfect Circle is an American rock supergroup formed in 1999 by guitarist Billy Howerdel and Tool vocalist Maynard James Keenan. The latest lineup features Puscifer bassist Matt McJunkins, former The Smashing Pumpkins guitarist James Iha, despite having a varied cast since inception, the stylistic content of the songs has remained consistent with Howerdel as composer, and Keenan penning the lyrics and melodies. A Perfect Circle has released three albums, their debut Mer de Noms in 2000, a follow up, Thirteenth Step in 2003, in late 2008, Keenan and Howerdel announced the band would reform, though the bands activity would ultimately be sporadic in the coming years. The band toured in 2011 and played live shows in 2013 to promote the release of a live album, A Perfect Circle Live, Featuring Stone and Echo. Work on new material has been alluded to by members since 2008, though progress was due to Keenans other commitments. The only new material released since the bands hiatus was the single By. In 2017, the signed a new record contract to release a fourth studio album through BMG Rights Management. A Perfect Circle was conceived by Billy Howerdel, a guitar technician for Nine Inch Nails, The Smashing Pumpkins, Fishbone. Howerdel met singer Maynard James Keenan in 1992, when Tool was opening for Fishbone, Three years later, Keenan offered Howerdel, who was looking for lodging, a room in his North Hollywood home. This provided Howerdel the opportunity to play demos of his music for Keenan, pleased with what he heard, Keenan remarked, I can hear myself singing. Although he originally desired a female vocalist, Howerdel agreed that Keenan would be a good fit and they were then joined by bassist and violinist Paz Lenchantin, former Failure guitarist Troy Van Leeuwen, and previous Primus drummer Tim Alexander. The band played their first show at LAs Viper Club Reception on August 15,1999, after playing shows in L. A. the band entered the studio to begin work on their first album. Alexander was soon replaced with drummer and member of The Vandals, Josh Freese. Alexanders performance can still be heard on the version of the song The Hollow. The bands debut album, Mer de Noms, was released on May 23,2000. The album is distinctive in that it is the highest ever debut for a band, selling over 188,000 copies in its first week. Howerdel had been working on some of the music, including tracks The Hollow and Breña, the band began touring soon after recording for the album was finished. As Keenan was well known through his band, he would often wear long wigs on his otherwise bald head when performing
3.
North Hollywood, Los Angeles
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North Hollywood is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles. It is home to the NoHo Arts District and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, there is a municipal park and a recreation center. The neighborhood is an important transportation center, and it is also a place where many people have lived or worked. North Hollywood was established by the Lankershim Ranch Land and Water Company in 1887 and it was first named Toluca before being renamed Lankershim in 1896 and finally North Hollywood in 1927. It is not contiguous with Hollywood, being separated by parts of the San Fernando Valley. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 87,241, in 2000 the median age for residents was 30, considered an average age for city and county neighborhoods, the percentage of residents aged 19 to 34 was among the countys highest. The neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, the breakdown was Latinos,57. 7%, whites, 27%, Asians,5. 7%, blacks,5. 6%, and others, 4%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 46. 4% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage for Los Angeles, the percentages of never-married men and never-married women were among the countys highest. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $42,791, considered average for the city. The percentages of households that earned $40,000 or less were high for the county, renters occupied 75. 4% of the housing stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 24. 6%. North Hollywood is bordered on the north by Sun Valley and on the northeast and east by Burbank, Toluca Lake borders North Hollywood on the southeast and south, and Studio City abuts it on the southwest. It is flanked by Valley Village and Valley Glen on the west, North Hollywood was once part of the vast landholdings of the Mission San Fernando Rey de España, which was confiscated by the government during the Mexican period of rule. A group of investors assembled as the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association purchased the half of the Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. The leading investor was Isaac Lankershim, a Northern California stockman and grain farmer, in 1873, Isaac Lankershims son and future son-in-law, James Boon Lankershim and Isaac Newton Van Nuys, moved to the San Ferndando Valley and took over management of the property. Van Nuys thought the property could profitably grow wheat using the dryland farming developed on the Great Plains. In time the Lankershim property, under its name, the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company. Lankershim established a townsite which the residents named Toluca along the old road from Cahuenga Pass to San Fernando, the land boom of the 1880s went bust by the 1890s, but despite another brutal drought cycle in the late 1890s, the fruit and nut farmers remained solvent. The Toluca Fruit Growers Association was formed in 1894, the next year the Southern Pacific opened a branch line slanting northwest across the Valley to Chatsworth
4.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
5.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
6.
Alternative metal
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Alternative metal is a music genre that infuses heavy metal with influences from alternative rock and other genres not normally associated with metal. The term has been in use since the 1980s, although it came into prominence in the 1990s, other genres considered part of the alternative metal movement included rap metal and funk metal, both of which influenced another prominent subgenre, nu metal. Nu metal expands the alternative metal sound, combining its vocal stylings and downtuned riffs with elements of genres, such as hip hop, funk, hardcore. They also remarked that alternative metal was originally a style united by its nonconformist sensibility rather than any immediately classifiable sound, one of the main characteristics of alternative metal and its subgenres are heavily downtuned, mid-paced chug-like guitar riffs. However, funk metal bands use a more conventional riffing style influenced by 1980s thrash metal. Alternative metal features clean and melodic vocals, influenced by those of alternative rock, later bands frequently incorporated vocal styles that alternated between clean singing, growls and screaming. Examples include alternative metal bands associated with the nu metal movement, such as Korn and Deftones, jonathan Gold of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1990 Just as rock has an alternative, wing-bands like the Replacements and Dinosaur Jr. -so does metal. Alternative metal is alternative music that rocks, and alternative metal these days can reach 10 times the audience of other alternative rock. Janes Addiction plays an intense brand of 70s-influenced arty metal, so does Soundgarden, in fact, the arty meanderings of Sab and the Zep themselves would be considered alternative metal. Houston Press has described the genre as being a compromise for people for whom Nirvana was not heavy enough but Metallica was too heavy. The first wave of metal bands emerged from many backgrounds, including hardcore punk, noise rock, Seattles grunge scene, stoner rock, sludge metal. These bands never formed a movement or scene, rather they were bound by their incorporation of traditional metal influences. Fudge Tunnels style of alternative metal included influences from both sludge metal and noise rock, other early bands in the genre also came from hardcore punk backgrounds. During the 1980s, alternative metal appealed mainly to rock fans. Several bands associated with the genre denied their status as metal bands, Helmet drummer John Stanier said We fell into the whole metal thing by accident, we always hated it when people mentioned metal in conjunction with us. Saby Reyes-Kulkarni of Pitchfork Media stated bands like Faith No More, Soundgarden, Primus, Helmet, the Rollins Band, and dozens more were initially marketed as quasi-metal acts. This was only possible in a climate where record labels, journalists, many established 1980s metal bands released albums in the 1990s that were described as alternative metal, including Anthrax, Metallica and Mötley Crüe. It resulted in a standardized sound among alternative metal bands, in contrast to the more eccentric
7.
Art rock
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Art rock is a subgenre of rock music that generally reflects a challenging or avant-garde approach to rock, or which makes use of modernist, experimental, or unconventional elements. Art rock aspires to elevate rock from teen entertainment to an artistic statement, influences may be drawn from genres such as experimental rock, avant-garde music, classical music, and jazz. The genres greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists, art rock is most associated with a certain period of rock music, beginning in 1966–67 and ending with the arrival of punk in the mid 1970s. After, the genre would be infused within later popular music genres of the 1970s–90s, in the rock music of the 1970s, the art descriptor was generally understood to mean aggressively avant-garde or pretentiously progressive. Art rock is used synonymously with progressive rock. Historically, the term has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music, art rock emphasizes Romantic and autonomous traditions, in distinction to the aesthetic of the everyday and the disposable embodied by art pop. Common characteristics include album-oriented music divided into compositions rather than songs, with complicated and long instrumental sections. Its music was used within the context of concept records. Compared to progressive rock, art rock is more challenging, noisy and unconventional and less classically influenced, art rock can also to refer to either classically driven rock, or a progressive rock-folk fusion. S. Eliot than to Carl Perkins or Willie Dixon, the boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred throughout the second half of the 20th century. The first usage of the art rock, according to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, was in 1968. As pop musics dominant format transitioned from singles to albums, many rock bands created works that aspired to make grand artistic statements, as it progressed in the late 1960s – in tandem with the development of progressive rock – art rock acquired notoriety alongside experimental rock. According to biographer Richard Williams, created a new concept, the producer as overall director of the creative process, Spector transformed rock music as a performing art to an art which could only exist in the recording studio, which paved the way for art rock. The Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson is also cited as one of the first examples of the music producer. Like Spector, Wilson was known as an eremitic studio obsessive who laboriously produced fantastical soundscapes through his mastery of recording technology. Biographer Peter Ames Carlin wrote that Wilson was the forerunner of a new kind of art-rock that would combine the transcendent possibilities of art with the accessibility of pop music. According to journalist Richard Goldstein, many musicians from California desired to be acknowledged as artists. They yearned for fame, as only needy people can, but they wanted to make art
8.
Progressive rock
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Progressive rock is a broad subgenre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s. Prog is based on fusions of styles, approaches and genres, Prog saw a high level of popularity in the early-to-mid 1970s, but faded soon after. Conventional wisdom holds that the rise of rock caused this. Music critics, who labelled the concepts as pretentious and the sounds as pompous and overblown. Early groups who exhibited progressive features are described as proto-prog. In 1967, progressive rock constituted a diversity of loosely associated style codes, the Canterbury scene, originating in the late 1960s, denoted a subset of prog bands who emphasised the use of wind instruments, complex chord changes and long improvisations. Rock in Opposition, from the late 1970s, was more avant-garde, in the 1980s, a new subgenre, neo-progressive rock, enjoyed some commercial success, although it was also accused of being derivative and lacking in innovation. Post-progressive draws upon newer developments in music and the avant-garde since the mid 1970s. The term progressive rock is synonymous with art rock, classical rock, historically, art rock has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music. Similarities between the two terms are that they describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility. However, art rock is likely to have experimental or avant-garde influences. Prog was devised in the 1990s as a term, but later became a transferable adjective. Although a unidirectional English progressive style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, critics of the genre often limit its scope to a stereotype of long solos, overlong albums, fantasy lyrics, grandiose stage sets and costumes, and an obsessive dedication to technical skill. Author Kevin Holm-Hudson believes that rock is a style far more diverse than what is heard from its mainstream groups. They each do so largely unconsciously, academic John S. Cotner contests Macans view that progressive rock cannot exist without the continuous and overt assimilation of classical music into rock. Debate about the criteria and scope of the genre continues in the 2010s. In early references to the music, progressive was partly related to progressive politics, Cotner also says that progressive rock incorporates both formal and eclectic elements, It consists of a combination of factors – some of them intramusical, others extramusical or social. One way of conceptualising rock and roll in relation to music is that progressive music pushed the genre into greater complexity while retracing the roots of romantic
9.
Virgin Records
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Virgin Records is a British-founded record label originally founded by English entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman in 1972. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992, today, the operations of Virgin Records America, Inc. are still active and headquartered in Hollywood, California, as it operates exclusively under the Capitol Music Group since 2007. US artists include Knox Hamilton, LTric and Rise Against, in fact the first real store was above a shoe shop at the Tottenham Court Road end of Oxford Street. After making the shop into a success, they turned their business into a fully fledged record label, the name Virgin, according to Branson, arose from Tessa Watts, a colleague of his, when they were brainstorming business ideas. She suggested Virgin – as they were all new to business – like virgins, the original Virgin logo was designed by English artist and illustrator Roger Dean, a young naked woman in mirror image with a large long-tailed serpent and the word Virgin in Deans familiar script. A variation on the logo was used for the spin-off Caroline Records label and this was soon followed by some notable krautrock releases, including electronic breakthrough album Phaedra by Tangerine Dream, and The Faust Tapes and Faust IV by Faust. The Faust Tapes album retailed for 49p and as a result allowed this relatively unknown band to reach number 12 in the album charts, other early albums include Gongs Flying Teapot, which Daevid Allen has been quoted as having never been paid for. Under the guidance of Tessa Watts, Virgins Head of Publicity, shortly afterwards, the Notting Hill record shop was raided by police for having a window display of the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in the window. After modified versions of the label came the red, white and blue design introduced in 1975. The current Virgin logo was created in 1978, commissioned by Simon Draper, brian Cooke of Cooke Key Associates commissioned a graphic designer to produce a stylised signature. In 1983 Virgin purchased Charisma Records, renaming it Charisma/Virgin, then later Virgin/Charisma, before folding the label in 1986, in the process they acquired Genesis and comedy group Monty Python. The Charisma label was reactivated in the US in 1990 and enjoyed success with such as Maxi Priest, Right Said Fred,38 Special. When this Charisma label was retired in 1992, all of its artists were, as before, in 1987, Venture Records was created for new age and modern classical artists including Klaus Schulze, who had been associated with Virgin since the early 1970s. 10 Records Immortal Records Delabel Caroline Records was a label used from 1973 to 1977. The name and logo were used for some American editions of Virgin records in the 1980s and 1990s. Caroline was primarily used for independent distribution until the label was reactivated in 2013, today, Caroline Records acts as an independent label taking the place of EMI Label Services, after Virgins former parent company EMI was purchased by Universal Music Group. Front Line Records was a label for issuing Jamaican and English reggae music from 1978 to approximately 1987, a short-lived associated label, Dindisc, had Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Monochrome Set during its brief existence, after which its recordings became part of Virgins catalogue. Noo Trybe Records was a hip hop label that existed from 1994 to 1999
10.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
11.
Billy Howerdel
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Billy Howerdel is the founding member, guitarist, songwriter, and producer for the bands A Perfect Circle and Ashes Divide. He has recorded three acclaimed albums with the former, and in 2008, Ashes Divide released their debut album. Howerdel was born in New Jersey and he attended high school at West Milford High School in West Milford, New Jersey. He played some sports but took an interest in a production class and was very active in an extracurricular audio program. This program gave Howerdel the foundation for his post-high school audio technician pursuits, stephen Porcello, the high school teacher who was the adviser for this program took Howerdel into New York City and helped him select his first electric guitar. Howerdel cites attending a Pink Floyd concert as a youngster as the catalyst for wanting to be involved in music, Howerdel functioned as a guitar technician for Tool during the tour and recording of Ænima, working with Maynard James Keenan, whom he met in 1992. During this time, Howerdel played Keenan some of his songs, despite originally considering a female singer, Howerdel would eventually accept Keenans offer. In 1999, Howerdel founded A Perfect Circle, and invited Keenan to join, Howerdel is currently actively involved in his new solo project, Ashes Divide. Howerdel handled nearly all the instruments in the studio for the release, the first single, The Stone, gained some radio play, and the band toured for the album throughout 2008. Howerdel has occasionally played live with the band Abandoned Pools, in a 2008 interview Howerdel said he did not take drugs, drank only occasionally, and practiced Transcendental Meditation. Guitars – Gibson Les Pauls, predominantly a 1991 Les Paul Classic given to him by Trent Reznor, plays Ernie Ball strings, with Dunlop 1. 0mm Nylon picks. He is also using Naked amps made by Dave Friedman of Rack Systems, a detailed gear diagram of Howerdels 2004 A Perfect Circle guitar rig is well-documented. COM – Interview with Billy Howerdel billyhowerdel. com – Official website of Billy Howerdel
12.
Maynard James Keenan
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He is originally from Ohio, but spent his high school and college years in Michigan. After serving in the United States Army in the early 1980s, he attended Kendall College of Art and he moved to Los Angeles, California in 1988 to pursue a career in interior design and set construction. Shortly thereafter, he formed the band Tool with Adam Jones, Keenan is also the lead singer of A Perfect Circle. In 2003, he created Puscifer as a project and has subsequently released three studio albums. Since rising to fame, Keenan has been noted as being a recluse, however, in addition to his music career, he has performed improvisational sketch comedy and ventured into acting. He currently owns Merkin Vineyards and the winery, Caduceus Cellars, which are located in Arizona. James Keenan was born into a Southern Baptist family in Ravenna, Ohio, on April 17,1964, the only child of Judith Marie and Michael Loren Keenan. When his parents divorced in 1968, his father, a school wrestling coach, moved to Scottville. His mother remarried, bringing Keenan into an intolerant and unworldly household, a few years later, she persuaded Keenan to live with his father in Michigan. Keenan considers this the best move ever made, Maynard graduated in the class of 1982 at Mason County Central High School in Scottville, where he was a member of the wrestling team. His father was one of the coaches for the team and left coaching at the same time Maynard graduated in 1982, inspired by Bill Murrays performance in the 1981 comedy film Stripes, Keenan joined the United States Army, with the intention of having the G. I. Bill fund his dream of attending art school, by this point, he had lived in Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. He initially served in the Army as an observer before studying at the United States Military Academy Preparatory School from 1983 to 1984. In addition to completing a rigorous math and English curriculum, he wrestled, ran on the country team. It was during his time in the military that he adopted the sobriquet Maynard on a whim, upon completing his term of enlistment, he studied art at Kendall College of Art and Design in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 1988, he relocated to Los Angeles where his love of animals led him to interior design for pet stores, before he was quickly fired. During the 1980s, Keenan played bass guitar for TexA. N. S. and sang for Children of the Anachronistic Dynasty, before Tool, Keenan performed in Children of the Anachronistic Dynasty for a few years, during which he formed the foundation for the song Sober. After moving to Los Angeles, Keenan met Adam Jones who had him singing on a demo in college
13.
Mer de Noms
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Mer de Noms is the debut album by American rock band A Perfect Circle. The album was released under Compact Disc format on May 23,2000 and it was certified platinum by the RIAA on October 31,2000. The album entered the Billboard 200 at No,4, making it the highest ever Billboard 200 debut for a rock bands first album. It sold over 188,000 copies in the first week, the album peaked at No.27 on the Billboard Top Pop Catalog Albums on October 4,2003, three years after the albums release. Mer de Noms has since released on vinyl record format. The New Yorker magazine also noted that the experiments with the seam between heavy metal and alternative rock on the record. Various instruments featured on the album include acoustic guitars, violins, most of the albums lyrics were dedicated to various people that lead singer Maynard James Keenan knew. The track listing consists of names such as Judith, Breña, Rose, Thomas, Magdalena, Orestes. The symbols on the front cover of the album can be translated to La Cascade des Prénoms, NME wrote, In exploring their corrupt visions, A Perfect Circle have created a work of morbid beauty. In terms of darkness, it eclipses nearly everything else, rolling Stones Pat Blashill stated, A Perfect Circle sound like a desperate dream of what rock used to be. In 2005, Mer de Noms was ranked number 443 in Rock Hard magazines book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time, the album was also included as number 15 in Loudwires Best Debut Hard Rock Albums. In 2016, Metal Hammer included it on their 10 essential alt-metal albums list, All tracks written by Billy Howerdel and Maynard James Keenan. Note The vinyl version contains Sleeping Beauty with extended intro and alternate mix of Over
14.
Emotive (album)
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Emotive is the third album by American rock supergroup A Perfect Circle. The album is primarily a collection of cover songs. It was released on November 1,2004 via Virgin Records to coincide with the US presidential election, the album contains ten political cover songs, and two original songs. Of the two songs, one of them is Passive, a version of the song Vacant. The song was created by Keenan, Danny Lohner, Trent Reznor, Tapeworm never released a studio version, but A Perfect Circle has played the song live since 2001. An animated music video for song was seen on the bands website. Frontman Maynard James Keenan stated of the release, Look, clearly Im supporting anyone but Bush in this upcoming election, Im still just trying to encourage people to think for themselves…to stop buying into this absurdity and rampant fear. But even that message has been edited over the last four fucking years. How can simple message of get off your ass and educate yourself be turned into a reason to dismiss our efforts, the band did not tour in support of the album, due to entering a hiatus shortly after its release. Upon its release, Emotive received generally positive reviews music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 62. Nevertheless, Rob Theakston of AllMusic was mixed in his review, stating that Emotive falls flat, Emotive debuted on the Billboard Top 200 Albums chart at number 2 behind the various artists compilation Now 17. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on December 9,2004, album Singles Worldwide chart info for Emotive
15.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
16.
Weak and Powerless
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This song was featured in the movie Underworld. One of the most prominent aspects of Weak and Powerless is its various layers of guitars and vocals. A remix of the song was made, entitled Weak and Powerless and featuring instrumentation by Danny Lohner, Wes Borland and this version is significantly heavier than the album version and was featured in the soundtrack to Underworld. Borland told Cleveland Radio station 100, the commentary by Maynard James Keenan provided for the video stated the models name as Tonya, a woman who had never done this type of work before. There are two versions of the video, edited and unedited, in the unedited version the womans breast and pelvic areas are clearly visible. These areas of the body are darkened and blurred for the television version, various camera and computer effects are used throughout the video. The video saw significant airplay upon release and is included on the aMOTION DVD/CD. The end of the features a barely audible shampoo commercial
17.
The Outsider (song)
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The Outsider is a song from A Perfect Circles second album, Thirteenth Step. It uses a 12/8 time signature, two remixes of The Outsider were made for aMOTION. James Iha made the Frosted Yogurt mix, which uses a much more toned-down, quiet, danny Lohners Apocalypse Mix is a darker, heavier version that starts as an ambient doomscape and ends in a way that resembles a music-playback program crashing. The latter version was included in the soundtrack to the movie Resident Evil, Apocalypse under the title Resident Renholder Mix, the Resident Renholder Mix of the song was featured in the premiere trailer for Resident Evil, Afterlife. It is also featured in the film during the Alice vs. Albert Wesker battle, additionally, the song is in the video game Guitar Hero, Warriors of Rock and the trailer for the movie Safe. The lyrics to The Outsider appear to be a monologue from a witness to a potentially self-destructive or suicidal individual, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Music video
18.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
19.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
20.
RIAA
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
21.
Tool (band)
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Tool is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California. Formed in 1990, the groups line-up includes drummer Danny Carey, guitarist Adam Jones, justin Chancellor has been the bands bassist since 1995, replacing their original bassist Paul DAmour. Tool has won three Grammy Awards, performed worldwide tours, and produced albums topping the charts in several countries. Due to Tools incorporation of visual arts and very long and complex releases, the band is described as a style-transcending act and part of progressive rock, psychedelic rock. The relationship between the band and todays industry is ambivalent, at times marked by censorship. During the 1980s, each of the members of Tool moved to Los Angeles. Both Paul DAmour and Adam Jones wanted to enter the film industry, Danny Carey and Keenan performed for Green Jellÿ, and Carey played with Carole King and Pigmy Love Circus. Keenan and Jones met through a friend in 1989. After Keenan played a recording for Jones of his previous band project. They started jamming together and were on the lookout for a drummer, Carey happened to live above Keenan and was introduced to Jones by Tom Morello, an old high school friend of Jones and former member of Electric Sheep. Carey began playing in their sessions because he felt sorry for them. Tools lineup was completed when a friend of Jones introduced them to bassist DAmour, early on, the band fabricated the story that they formed because of the pseudophilosophy lachrymology. Although lachrymology was also cited as an inspiration for the name, Keenan later explained their intentions differently, Tool is exactly what it sounds like. Your tool, use us as a catalyst in your process of finding out whatever it is you need to find out, or whatever it is youre trying to achieve. After almost two years of practicing and performing locally in the Los Angeles area, the band was approached by record companies, in March 1992, Zoo published the bands first effort, Opiate. Described by the band as slam and bang heavy music and the hardest sounding six songs they had written to that point, the bands first music video, Hush, promoted their dissenting views about the then-prominent Parents Music Resource Center and its advocacy of the censorship of music. The video featured the band members naked with their genitalia covered by parental advisory stickers and their mouths covered by duct tape. The band began touring with Rollins Band, Fishbone, and Rage Against the Machine to positive responses, which Janiss Garza of RIP Magazine summarized in September 1992 as a buzz and a strong start
22.
Josh Freese
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Josh Freese is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, and composer. He is a permanent member of the Vandals and Devo, having played drums for Nine Inch Nails from 2005 until 2008, A Perfect Circle from 1999 to 2012. He has appeared on nearly 400 records and he is currently performing live with Devo, The Vandals, Weezer and Sublime with Rome. Josh Freese was born on December 25,1972, in Orlando and his father, Stan Freese, conducted the Disney World and Disneyland band, and his mother was a classical pianist. Freese began playing the drums when he was 8 years old and he started playing professionally at the age of 12. He played electronic drums in the rock band named Polo. Polo already had a drummer before joining the Magic Kingdom, band founder Jimmy Keegan, other bands on the same stage were limited to performing Top 40 hits, but such constraints did not apply to Polo. The band recorded and released an eponymous EP that received airplay on KROQ. The young Freeses familial connections and corresponding exposure led to an endorsement deal with the Simmons electronic drum company, there is an old Simmons commercial, featuring Freese on the additional content section of the Vandals Live at the House of Blues DVD. At the age of 16, he high school and started touring and making records, first with Dweezil Zappa. He has worked with many respected artists in the last 15 years, as a first call session drummer, in 1998, Freese recorded a number of songs that he wrote and performed himself. The result is the lo-fi, 6-song EP Destroy Earth As Soon As Possible, in 2000, the songs Caffeine and Vaseline and Rock N Roll Chicken were revived for the 12-song album The Notorious One Man Orgy, this time released under Freeses own name by Kung Fu Records. Guest appearances include Stone Gossard, Warren Fitzgerald, Michael Ward, Lyle Workman, Josh released his second solo album, Since 1972, via his website on March 24,2009. Since 1972 was distributed similarly to the value-added packages offered by Nine Inch Nailss recent releases, Freeses album was offered as a $7 digital download, and a $15 CD/DVD on his website. As a marketing stunt, the website offers unique incentive packages at prices up to $75,000, publications covering the offer include SuicideGirls, The UKs The Guardian, NPR, and Boston Herald. Freese started his career in a Top-40 cover band at the Tomorrowland Terrace Stage at Disneyland from 1985 to 1988. In 2004, the Vandals released a live DVD as part of Kung Fu Records The Show Must Go Off, Freese played on the Infectious Grooves album Sarsipius Ark and on the Suicidal Tendencies album The Art of Rebellion in 1992. He played on the Korean group Seo Taiji and Boys 1996 album Seo Taiji and he was a member of Guns N Roses from 1997 to 1999, replacing Matt Sorum and signing a 2-year contract
23.
Lateralus
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Lateralus is the third studio album by American rock band Tool. It was released on May 15,2001 through Volcano Entertainment, the album was recorded at Cello Studios in Hollywood and The Hook, Big Empty Space, and The Lodge, in North Hollywood, between October 2000 and January 2001. David Bottrill, who had produced the two previous releases Ænima and Salival, produced the album along with the band. On August 23,2005, Lateralus was released as a limited edition two-picture-disc vinyl LP in a gatefold package. The album debuted at No.1 on the Billboard 200 chart and it was certified double platinum by the RIAA on August 5,2003. On August 30,2004, the album was certified silver by the BPI and it was also certified platinum in Australia, and double platinum in Canada. The band won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance for the song Schism in 2002, Lateralus was ranked No.123 on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fames Definitive 200 list. Lateralus emerged after a legal dispute with Tools label, Volcano Entertainment. File-sharing networks such as Napster were flooded with bogus files bearing the titles names, at the time, Tool members were outspokenly critical of file-sharing networks in general due to the negative impact on artists that are dependent on success in record sales to continue their career. Keenan had this to say during an interview with NY Rock in 2000, the ones who get hurt by MP3s are not so much companies or the business, but the artists, people who are trying to write songs. A month later, the revealed that the new album was actually titled Lateralus and that the name Systema Encéphale. Rolling Stone wrote in an attempt to summarize the album that Drums, bass and guitars move in jarring cycles of hyperhowl, the prolonged running times of most of Lateralus thirteen tracks are misleading, the entire album rolls and stomps with suitelike purpose. Drummer Danny Carey said, The manufacturer would only guarantee us up to 79 minutes and we thought wed give them two seconds of breathing room. Carey aspired to create longer songs like those by artists he grew up listening to, the band had segues to place between songs, but had to cut out a lot during the mastering phase. The CD itself was mastered using HDCD technology, just as Salival was initially released with several errors on the track listing, early pressings of Lateralus had the ninth track incorrectly spelled as Lateralis. The original title of Reflection was Resolution before being changed three months prior to the albums release, the track listing is altered on the vinyl edition, with Disposition appearing at track 8. Because of the running time, the double vinyl edition could not be released like the disc since the songs would not fit on each disc side in that order. By moving Disposition to a point, the sides were balanced
24.
Troy Van Leeuwen
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Troy Van Leeuwen is an American musician and producer. He is best known as the guitarist for the band, Queens of the Stone Age. Van Leeuwen has a Dutch surname and he became interested in music at an early age and his dad would play early rock and roll records such as Chuck Berry. His first big influence in learning how to play rock came through listening to Led Zeppelin records, playing drums initially, Van Leeuwen sought to imitate Zeppelin drummer, John Bonham, but later switched to guitar and discovered that he had an aptitude for it. He cites Jimmy Page as a big influence, I would have to say that Jimmy Page was the first influence I had as a guitar player, there were so many textures and different sounds that he got. The riffs that he made were undeniably great, even the mistakes he made were great. So to me, that was a great first influence, in the late 1980s, Van Leeuwen played in Jester, a successful southern California band fronted by vocalist Eric Book. Jester released an EP, which is the earliest and most rare recording of a 16-year-old Van Leeuwen and he then played in a small band called Little Boots, with which he recorded a number of demos and played a few shows before the bands breakup. His next band was 60 Cycle, which released their debut Pretender in 1995 and it was during his time in 60 Cycle that Van Leeuwen met Kellii Scott, and the two started working on a project. Van Leeuwen went on to play in Failure, the band released three records and didnt enjoy any commercial success, but was praised by critics as a talented and almost revolutionary group. It was during a tour with Failure when Van Leeuwen met former Kyuss guitarist Josh Homme, after the breakup of Failure, Van Leeuwen became a session musician and recording engineer, working with groups such as Orgy, Crazy Town, Coal Chamber and KoRn. It was during his time as a musician that Van Leeuwen met Tool frontman Maynard James Keenan. Due to the lineup of talented musicians and good chemistry. The band played their first show at LAs Viper Club Reception on August 15,1999, after playing shows in Los Angeles, the band entered the studio to begin work on their debut album. Soon, drummer Tim Alexander was replaced with session drummer Josh Freese, however, after completing the recording of the bands debut album, Mer de Noms, the band began touring, initially as the opening act for Nine Inch Nails in 2000. Later, the band embarked on a number of headlining tours around the world, including the Canadian festival, Mer de Noms was released on May 23,2000, while the band was on tour. The album marks the highest ever debut for a new band, selling over 188,000 copies in its first week. Van Leeuwen recorded guitar parts on three tracks of A Perfect Circles second album, Thirteenth Step, before successfully auditioning for a spot in Josh Hommes Queens of the Stone Age
25.
Queens of the Stone Age
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Queens of the Stone Age is an American rock band from Palm Desert, California, United States, formed in 1996. The bands line-up includes founder Josh Homme, alongside longtime members Troy Van Leeuwen, Michael Shuman, Dean Fertita, formed after the dissolution of Hommes previous band, Kyuss, Queens of the Stone Age developed a style of riff-oriented, heavy rock music. Their sound has evolved to incorporate a variety of different styles and influences, including working with ZZ Top member Billy Gibbons. After the breakup of his previous band, Kyuss, in 1995, Josh Homme briefly joined Screaming Trees as a touring guitarist, before deciding to form a new band, in 1996 they released the eponymous Gamma Ray EP, featuring Born to Hula and If Only Everything. The EP featured Matt Cameron of Soundgarden and Pearl Jam, Van Conner from Screaming Trees, Gamma Ray changed their name in 1997 after the German power metal band Gamma Ray threatened to sue. The name Queens of the Stone Age came from a given to Kyuss by their producer Chris Goss. Homme said of the name, Kings would be too macho, the Kings of the Stone Age wear armor and have axes and wrestle. The Queens of the Stone Age hang out with the Kings of the Stone Ages girlfriends when they wrestle, Rock should be heavy enough for the boys and sweet enough for the girls. That way everyones happy and its more of a party, Kings of the Stone Age is too lopsided. The first release under the Queens of the Stone Age name was the song 18 A. D. released on the compilation album Burn One Up, music for Stoners which featured members of the Dutch stoner rock band Beaver. The bands first live appearance was on November 20,1997, at OK Hotel in Seattle, Washington, with Cameron on drums, Mike Johnson of Dinosaur Jr. on bass and John McBain of Monster Magnet on guitar. Queens of the Stone Age released their debut in 1998 on Stone Gossards and Regan Hagars label Loosegroove Records. Homme played guitar and bass on the album, Alfredo Hernández on the drums, Homme reportedly asked Screaming Trees vocalist Mark Lanegan to appear on the record, but he was unable due to other commitments. Soon after the sessions were finished for the album, former Kyuss bassist Nick Oliveri joined. Guitarist Dave Catching joined shortly after, from this point forward, the bands line-up would change frequently, by the time their second album was being recorded, Hernández was no longer in the band. The success of the record earned the band notable opening slots with The Smashing Pumpkins, Foo Fighters, Hole. It was during this time that Homme stated, Theres a robotic element to our albums and we also wanted to do a record that had a lot of dynamic range. We wanted to set it up in this band so we could play anything and we dont want to get roped in by our own music
26.
Paz Lenchantin
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Paz Lenchantin is an Argentine American musician. She has been the bass guitarist, vocalist and violinist of the rock band Pixies since 2014. She is known for playing bass or strings with various bands, including Entrance, A Perfect Circle, Zwan, Lenchantin, who is of Armenian, French and Argentine ancestry, moved to Los Angeles, California with her family at the age of four. Her father is classical pianist Mario Merdirossian and she speaks fluent Spanish and English. She began playing piano at age five and she then took violin lessons at age eight and taught herself how to play guitar at age twelve. Her sister Ana Lenchantin is a musician and a frequent collaborator and she also frequently collaborated with her brother Luciano Lenchantin before his death in 2003. Lenchantin joined Billy Howerdel, Josh Freese, Troy Van Leeuwen and she contributed to their albums, Mer de Noms and Thirteenth Step. Lenchantin later left the group to join with Billy Corgan, Jimmy Chamberlin, Matt Sweeney, in 2002, Lenchantin, Melissa Auf der Maur, Samantha Maloney, and Radio Sloan created a new band called The Chelsea. The all-female supergroup played only one show before going their separate ways, Lenchantin returned to play strings and piano with A Perfect Circle in recording their cover album eMOTIVe, released November 2,2004 and debuting at #2 on the Billboard 200. She also contributed a cover of the song The Hollow to A Perfect Circles CD/DVD release. Since 2005, Lenchantin has been collaborating with The Entrance Band on their album Prayer of Death, as co- producer as well as contributing bass and she also appeared on the previous Entrance album Wandering Stranger. She is now a permanent member of the Entrance Band. Since 2012 winter, Paz has been touring with Josephine Foster supporting the Blood Rushing album promotion. In December 2013, Lenchantin was announced as the new touring bassist for the Pixies, in replacement of founding band member Kim Deal and touring bassist Kim Shattuck, in July 2016, Lenchantin confirmed that she is now a full-time member of the Pixies. Lenchantin also played strings on a song on the Queens of the Stone Ages album and she has played with David Pajo in Papa M, and contributed fiddle on the Silver Jews record, Tanglewood Numbers. She has toured with RTX/Jennifer Herrema of Royal Trux, in 2002, she performed on Trust Companys album The Lonely Position Of Neutral. In 2005 she played violin on the Kaura track Dividing Lines and she has also contributed to and toured with Jarboe of Swans. In 2000, she appeared in A Perfect Circles Judith music video as bassist, Lenchantin also played bass on Brightblack Morning Lights 2006 self-titled album on Matador Records
27.
Zwan
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Zwan was an American alternative rock band that was formed by members of The Smashing Pumpkins, Slint, Tortoise, Chavez, and A Perfect Circle. Zwan was started in late 2001 by Billy Corgan, lead singer and guitarist of the Smashing Pumpkins, the band released only one album, entitled Mary Star of the Sea, before disbanding acrimoniously after their 2003 world tour. Following the breakup of the Smashing Pumpkins, Corgan and drummer Jimmy Chamberlin joined forces with Matt Sweeney to start Zwan, Corgan had been friends with Sweeney since early in his career and Sweeney was thanked in the liner notes to The Smashing Pumpkins album Siamese Dream. Sweeney recruited David Pajo as a bassist, the band debuted as a four-piece in late 2001. The first, and more common, version, the True Poets of Zwan, zwans only album, Mary Star of the Sea, is attributed to the True Poets of Zwan in the liner notes. Corgan spoke with Rolling Stone about his plans, Were going to do it Let It Be-style, Corgan said, the album would be recorded live, with the cameras rolling. When you get the DVD, you can watch the takes on the album being done and he described the songs hed written for Djali Zwan as more folk-driven, rooted in traditional music. I dont want to compromise veins of material to fit into an electric band, with Djali Zwan, I can write an acoustic song and not worry how its going to stand up against some rock epic. Billy Corgan, Linda Strawberry, and Matt Sweeney came together to create the soundtrack for the movie Spun, directed by Jonas Åkerlund, Billy Corgan announced the band had broken up on Chicagos WGN, on September 15,2003. I really enjoyed my experience with Zwan, but at the end of the day, without that sense of family loyalty, it just becomes like anything else. On April 24,2005 in the Chicago Tribune, Corgan commented briefly on the breakup of the band, The music wasnt the big problem, sex acts between band members in public. Pajo sleeping with the producers girlfriend while we were making the record, in the May 27,2005 edition of Entertainment Weekly, Corgan elaborated on his version of what went wrong, Pajo denied Corgans accusations in the same article. Pretty much everything that he said has been exaggerated and blown out of proportion, I know there was no heroin. Adds Lenchantin, I believe that we were a good team. I am moving on and onward, I hope that our paths will meet again in peace. In the same Entertainment Weekly article, Corgan disclosed that things went wrong at some of the very first recording sessions. it was like, what do you mean I have to be there at 11. What do you mean I cant order $100 of lobster every day, so I did what I always did, try to make the best of a situation and start covering up. And honestly, Im glad the thing didnt sell, because if it had sold well it would have been really tough, I would look like I was going to walk away from something that Id just built
28.
Marilyn Manson
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Brian Hugh Warner, better known by the stage name Marilyn Manson, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, composer, actor, painter, author and former music journalist. His stage name was formed by combining and juxtaposing the names of two American pop cultural icons, actress Marilyn Monroe and cult leader Charles Manson. In the U. S. alone, three of the albums have been awarded platinum and three more went gold, and the band has had eight releases debut in the top ten. Manson has been ranked number 44 in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader, Manson made his film debut in 1997 as an actor in David Lynchs Lost Highway. Since then he has appeared in a variety of minor roles and he was interviewed in Michael Moores political documentary Bowling for Columbine, discussing possible motivations for the 1999 Columbine massacre and allegations that his music was somehow a factor. On September 13–14,2002, his first art show, The Golden Age of Grotesque, was held at the Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions center. Manson revealed a series of 20 paintings in 2010 entitled Genealogies of Pain, an exhibition showcased at Kunsthalle gallery in Vienna, Austria, which the artist collaborated on with David Lynch. Warner and guitarist Scott Daisy Berkowitz Putesky formed Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids following conversations at the Reunion Room in Fort Lauderdale, the name was later shortened to Marilyn Manson. In 1993, the band drew the attention of Trent Reznor, Reznor produced their 1994 debut album, Portrait of an American Family and released it on his Nothing Records label. The band began to develop a following, which grew larger on the Downward Spiral Tour that featured Nine Inch Nails. That EP yielded the bands first big MTV hit with Sweet Dreams, antichrist Superstar was an even greater success. In the U. S. alone, three of the albums have been awarded two platinum and three more went gold, and the band has had seven releases debut in the top ten. Manson first worked as a producer with the band Jack Off Jill and he helped name the band and produced most of the bands early recordings, and also played guitar on the song My Cat and had the band open most of his South Florida shows. Manson later wrote the notes to the bands album Humid Teenage Mediocrity 1992–1996. Manson has appeared as a guest performer on DMXs album Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood, in 2011 it was revealed that Manson was to appear on the singer Skylar Greys album Invinsible on the track entitled Cant Haunt Me. Manson released his studio album, Born Villain, in May 2012. On November 10,2014, Manson posted via his official Facebook page that his studio album, The Pale Emperor. On August 15,2015, Manson had New Orleans brass ensemble the Soul Rebels perform Beautiful People with him live in Japan at the Summer Sonic Music Festival, shooter Jennings album Countach features Manson performing guest vocals on a cover of David Bowies Cat People
29.
Twiggy Ramirez
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Previously, he was the bassist for A Perfect Circle and a touring member of Nine Inch Nails, and is currently the vocalist for Goon Moon. He left Marilyn Manson in 2002, and later rejoined the band in 2008 and he has been a principal songwriter for the band and has also contributed to some of the Desert Sessions recordings. Although born in Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, he moved to Florida during his childhood and he has an older brother, James. He didnt know his father for most of his life but united with him in 2008, influenced by the likes of Mötley Crüe, Van Halen and Iron Maiden, he first picked up a guitar at age thirteen. Early in his career, White was in a metal cover band called The Ethiopians covering songs such as Metallicas Trapped Under Ice. Between 1989 and 1993, White played rhythm guitar and provided backing vocals for Amboog-a-Lard, White met Brian Warner on numerous occasions in the late 1980s. After an unexpected meeting at a used records store in the Coral Springs Mall where White was working, White actively attempted to join Mansons band while playing in another project. He became an honorary spooky kid, and went by the groupie name Gordy White, in March 1993, White took part in Mansons side project Mrs. Scabtree and shared vocal duties with then girlfriend Jessicka. Jeordie did not join Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids until Gidget Gein was ejected from the band by the manager in December 1993. White was given the Manson band member name Twiggy Ramirez, which was derived by taking the first name from English supermodel Twiggy, much of Twiggys early look from the multi colored dreadlocks down to the dress style was taken directly from Jack Off Jill singer Jessicka and Gidget Gein. White never played bass until Manson bought him his first instrument right after he joined Mansons band, in 1998, White made a cameo in Monster Magnets music video for Space Lord. In 2001, White appeared on an MTV Cribs episode, the Ozzfest Edition, in 2007, White claimed that he is proud of the work that he did in the band. White later joined Queens of the Stone Age front man Josh Homme on the ninth and tenth volumes of Hommes music project The Desert Sessions and he contributed to Melissa Auf der Maurs solo debut. He assisted in the production of Nine Inch Nails album, With Teeth, in 2005, White worked with Goon Moon and with them released the EP I Got a Brand New Egg Layin Machine, recorded at Rancho De La Luna, Prescription and Regime Studios. The band released their first full-length album Lickers Last Leg in May 2007, White appeared on the UNKLE album War Stories playing bass and synths on the track Burn My Shadow. On January 9,2008 Marilyn Manson posted a bulletin on MySpace confirming that Tim Skold was leaving Marilyn Manson and he toured with Manson as the bands new guitarist in support of their seventh studio album. However, Twiggy would stay with Goon Moon after the touring of The High End of Low is finished, Twiggy also mentioned in an interview that he would keep working with Manson for their next album, Born Villain, which was released on May 1,2012. He is currently co-producing and writing with the industrial band Black Lodge on their upcoming album, while he didnt participate in the writing or recording of Marilyn Mansons 2015 album, The Pale Emperor, he continues to tour with the band
30.
James Iha
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James Yoshinobu Iha is an American rock musician. He was most recently a member of Tinted Windows, a 1960s/1970s inspired group with members of Cheap Trick, Fountains of Wayne, bands on the Scratchie label include The Sounds, Albert Hammond Jr. and Office. Iha currently lives in Los Angeles, Iha was born in Chicago, Illinois. He attended Elk Grove High School in Elk Grove Village, Illinois and he is a second-generation Japanese-American and is able to speak only a little Japanese. Like his former bandmate Billy Corgan, Iha has a brother with a disability, in 1987 Iha, then playing guitar in the Chicago band Snake Train, met Billy Corgan via a friend. Corgan had already been telling people he was in a band called Smashing Pumpkins, Iha later became romantically involved with the bands bassist Darcy Wretzky, but the couple broke up just prior to the bands performance at the Reading Festival in 1992. After a brief feud between the two, Iha sustained a friendly and close relationship with Wretzky, citing her as a best friend. He co-wrote with Billy Corgan I Am One on Gish, Soma and Mayonaise on Siamese Dream, Plume on Pisces Iscariot and Farewell and Goodnight on Mellon Collie and he also sang the bands covers of The Cures A Night Like This and Syd Barretts Terrapin. During his time with the Pumpkins, James also appeared on recordings with other bands, including Ivy, to which Adam Schlesinger also contributes, and Swedish New Wave band The Sounds. Iha was often considered the one in Smashing Pumpkins, but he was known to engage in ad-libbed jokes. His humor was encapsulated in his use of the catchphrase, Ive seen a million faces, in 1998, Iha released a moderately successful solo album, Let It Come Down. One music video was produced from this album, for the song Be Strong Now, when his former bandmates Billy Corgan and Jimmy Chamberlin revived the Smashing Pumpkins name, James did not participate, and in fact has not spoken to Corgan in years. However, in a 2012 interview about the reformation, Iha stated that he was never even asked back into the band in the first place. Iha also admitted within the interview that he hasnt heard any of the new music since the reformation. He revealed that he and Billy have not spoken in around ten years, on March 26,2016 and March 27,2016, James Iha joined Billy Corgan and Jimmy Chamberlin on stage unannounced at back to back Smashing Pumpkins shows at the Ace Hotel in downtown Los Angeles. Iha played a show with the band in their hometown of Chicago at the Civic Opera house on April 14,2016. After the Pumpkins breakup in 2000 Iha pursued many projects, andy Chase of Ivy, and Adam Schlesinger of both Ivy and Fountains, appeared on most songs James produced or wrote for other artists. Schlesinger first appeared on Ihas song on The Bells by The Smashing Pumpkins, Iha made bigger news when he joined the alternative rock supergroup A Perfect Circle in July 2003 in time for their Thirteenth Step club tour
31.
Hard rock
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Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
32.
Ostinato
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In music, an ostinato is a motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice, usually at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a pattern, part of a tune. Both ostinatos and ostinati are accepted English plural forms, the reflecting the words Italian etymology. If the cadence may be regarded as the cradle of tonality, within the context of film music, Claudia Gorbman defines an obstinate as a repeated melodic or rhythmic figure that propel scenes that lack dynamic visual action. Ostinato plays an important part in improvised music, in which it is referred to as a riff or a vamp. A favorite technique of contemporary writers, ostinati are often used in modal and Latin jazz. Ostinato are used in 20th-century music to stabilize groups of pitches, as in Stravinskys The Rite of Spring Introduction and Augurs of Spring. A famous type of ostinato, called the Rossini crescendo, owes its name to a crescendo that underlies a persistent musical pattern and this style was emulated by other bel canto composers, especially Vincenzo Bellini, and later by Wagner. Applicable in homophonic and contrapuntal textures they are repetitive rhythmic-harmonic schemes, more familiar as accompanimental melodies, the techniques appeal to composers from Debussy to avant-garde composers until at least the 1970s. Lies in part in the need for unity created by the abandonment of functional chord progressions to shape phrases. Relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center and their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though. Ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can lead to monotony. Ground bass or basso ostinato is a type of form in which a bass line. Aaron Copland describes basso ostinato as, the easiest to recognize of the variation forms wherein. A long phrase—either an accompanimental figure or an actual melody—is repeated over and over again in the bass part, however, he cautions, it might more properly be termed a musical device than a musical form. Many instruments south of the Sahara Desert play ostinato melodies and these include lamellophones such as the mbira, as well as xylophones like the balafon, the bikutsi, and the gyil. Ostinato figures are also played on string instruments such as the kora, gankoqui bell ensembles, often, African ostinatos contain offbeats or cross-beats, that contradict the metric structure. Other African ostinatos generate complete cross-rhythms by sounding both the main beats and cross-beats, in the following example, a gyil sounds the three-against-two cross-rhythm
33.
Addiction
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Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences. The two properties that characterize all addictive stimuli are that they are reinforcing and intrinsically rewarding, ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions. Due to the relationship between ΔFosB expression and addictions, it is used preclinically as an addiction biomarker. ΔFosB expression in these neurons directly and positively regulates drug self-administration and reward sensitization through positive reinforcement, classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, and continued use despite consequences. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification, the only behavioral addiction recognized by the DSM-5 is gambling addiction. The term addiction is misused frequently to refer to other behaviors or disorders, particularly dependence. Addiction is the use of a substance or performance of a behavior that is independent of withdrawal. Cognitive control and stimulus control, which is associated with operant and classical conditioning, cognitive control, and particularly inhibitory control over behavior, is impaired in both addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Stimulus-driven behavioral responses that are associated with a rewarding stimulus tend to dominate ones behavior in an addiction. The term behavioral addiction correctly refers to a compulsion to engage in a natural reward – which is a behavior that is inherently rewarding – despite adverse consequences, reviews of preclinical studies indicate that long-term frequent and excessive consumption of high fat or sugar foods can produce an addiction. Gambling is a natural reward which is associated with behavior and for which clinical diagnostic manuals. There is evidence from functional neuroimaging that gambling activates the reward system, similarly, shopping and playing videogames are associated with compulsive behaviors in humans and have also been shown to activate the mesolimbic pathway and other parts of the reward system. Based upon this evidence, gambling addiction, video game addiction, there are a range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction that vary across the population. Roughly half of a risk for developing an addiction is derived from genetics. However, even in individuals with a low genetic loading. In other words, anyone can become an addict under the right circumstances, adolescence represents a period of unique vulnerability for developing addiction. Not only are more likely to initiate and maintain drug use. Statistics have shown that those who start to drink alcohol at a younger age are more likely to become dependent later on, about 33% of the population tasted their first alcohol between the ages of 15 and 17, while 18% experienced it prior to this
34.
Alcoholics Anonymous
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Alcoholics Anonymous is an international mutual aid fellowship founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio. AAs stated primary purpose is to help alcoholics stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety, with other early members, Bill Wilson and Bob Smith developed AAs Twelve Step program of spiritual and character development. AAs initial Twelve Traditions were introduced in 1946 to help the fellowship be stable, the Traditions recommend that members and groups remain anonymous in public media, altruistically help other alcoholics and avoid official affiliations with other organizations. They also advise against dogma and coercive hierarchies, subsequent fellowships such as Narcotics Anonymous have adopted and adapted the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions to their respective primary purposes. According to AAs 2014 membership survey, 27% of members have been less than one year, 24% have 1–5 years sober, 13% have 5–10 years, 14% have 10–20 years. Studies of AAs efficacy have produced inconsistent results, while some studies have suggested an association between AA attendance and increased abstinence or other positive outcomes, other studies have not. The first female member, Florence Rankin, joined AA in March 1937, and the first non-Protestant member, AA membership has since spread across diverse cultures holding different beliefs and values, including geopolitical areas resistant to grassroots movements. Over 2 million people worldwide are members of AA as of 2016, AAs name is derived from its first book, informally called The Big Book, originally titled Alcoholics Anonymous, The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered From Alcoholism. AA sprang from The Oxford Group, a non-denominational movement modeled after first-century Christianity, some members founded the Group to help in maintaining sobriety. Feeling a kinship of common suffering and, though drunk, Wilson attended his first Group gathering, within days, Wilson admitted himself to the Charles B. Towns Hospital after drinking four beers on the way—the last alcohol he ever drank, under the care of Dr. William Duncan Silkworth, Wilsons detox included the deliriant belladonna. At the hospital a despairing Wilson experienced a flash of light. Following his hospital discharge Wilson joined the Oxford Group and recruited other alcoholics to the Group, Wilsons early efforts to help others become sober were ineffective, prompting Dr. Silkworth to suggest that Wilson place less stress on religion and more on the science of treating alcoholism. Wilsons first success came during a trip to Akron, Ohio, where he was introduced to Dr. Robert Smith. After thirty days of working with Wilson, Smith drank his last drink on June 10,1935, by 1937, Wilson separated from the Oxford Group. AA Historian Ernest Kurtz described the split. more and more, Bill discovered that new adherents could get sober by believing in each other and this, then—whatever it was that occurred among them—was what they could accept as a power greater than themselves. They did not need the Oxford Group, in 1955, Wilson acknowledged AAs debt, saying The Oxford Groupers had clearly shown us what to do. And just as importantly, we learned from them not to do
35.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
36.
Amotion
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Amotion is a DVD–CD set released by American rock band A Perfect Circle on November 16,2004, only two weeks after the debut of the bands last album, eMOTIVe. The DVD consists of videos for singles such as Judith,3 Libras and Weak and Powerless as well as previously unreleased videos for singles such as Blue. The CD is composed entirely of remixes of the singles from Mer de Noms, the songs were retooled by Danny Lohner, Joshua Eustis, Massive Attack, and James Iha among others. The video album debuted at four on the SoundScan Top Music Video chart. AMOTION was certified Platinum by the RIAA on 17 December 2004, all lyrics written by A Perfect Circle
37.
Layne Staley
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Alice in Chains rose to international fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s. The band became known for Staleys distinct vocal style, as well as the vocals between him and Cantrell. Staley was also a member of the supergroups Mad Season and Class of 99, by mid-1996, Staley was out of the public spotlight, never to perform live again. Staley struggled for much of his life with depression and a drug addiction. Layne Thomas Staley was born to Phillip Blair Phil Staley and Nancy Elizabeth Staley in Kirkland and he was seven years old when his parents divorced, after which he was raised by his mother and stepfather, Jim Elmer. He took his stepfathers name while enrolled in Meadowdale High School in Lynnwood, in late 2001, shortly before his death, he would describe the experience of witnessing his parents divorce, My world became a nightmare, there were just shadows around me. I got a call saying that my dad had died, since that call I always was wondering, Where is my dad. I felt so sad for him and I missed him and he dropped out of my life for 15 years. Staley approached music through his parents collection, listening to Black Sabbath and he began playing drums at age 12, he played in several glam bands in his early teens, but by this point, Staley had aspirations of becoming a singer. In 1984, Staley joined a group of Shorewood High students in a band called Sleze, in 1986, Sleze morphed into Alice N Chains, a band which Staley said dressed in drag and played speed metal. The new band performed around the Seattle area playing Slayer and Armored Saint covers, Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell while working at Music Bank rehearsal studios, and the two fast friends lived as roommates for over a year in the dilapidated rehearsal space they shared. Alice N Chains soon disbanded and Staley joined a band who at the time also required a guitarist. He asked Cantrell to join as a sideman, Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join Cantrells band, which at the time included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr. Eventually the funk project broke up and in 1987 Staley joined Cantrell on a full-time basis, the band eventually took the name of Alice in Chains. Alice in Chains released their debut album Facelift on August 21,1990, the second single, Man in the Box, with lyrics written by Staley, became a huge hit. Facelift has since been certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of two million copies in the United States. The band toured in support of the album for two years before releasing the acoustic EP Sap in early 1992, in September 1992, Alice in Chains released Dirt. The critically acclaimed album, also the bands most successful, debuted at six on the Billboard 200
38.
Alice in Chains
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Alice in Chains is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1987 by guitarist and songwriter Jerry Cantrell and original lead vocalist Layne Staley. The initial lineup was rounded out by drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr, although widely associated with grunge music, the bands sound incorporates heavy metal elements. Since its formation, Alice in Chains has released five studio albums, the band is known for its distinctive vocal style, which often included the harmonized vocals of Staley and Cantrell. Alice in Chains rose to fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s, along with other Seattle bands such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam. The band was one of the most successful acts of the 1990s, selling over 20 million records worldwide. In 1992 the bands album, Dirt, was released to critical acclaim and was certified quadruple platinum. Their third album, Alice in Chains, was released in 1995 and has been certified double platinum and it achieved No.1 position on the Billboard 200 chart. The band has had 14 top ten songs on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, although never officially disbanding, Alice in Chains was plagued by extended inactivity from 1996 onwards due to Staleys substance abuse, which resulted in his death in 2002. The band reunited in 2005 for a benefit show, performing with a number of guest vocalists. They toured in 2006, with William DuVall taking over as lead vocalist full-time, the new line-up released the bands fourth studio album, Black Gives Way to Blue, in 2009. The album received gold certification by the RIAA, in 2013, the band released The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here, its fifth studio album. The band has toured extensively and released videos in support of these albums. Alice in Chains is currently working on their studio album. Other members of this group at that time were guitarists Johnny Bacolas and Zoli Semanate, drummer James Bergstrom and this was prompted by a conversation that Bacolas had with a singer from another band about backstage passes. Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell while working with Alice N Chains at Music Bank rehearsal studios, the two struggling musicians became roommates, living in a rehearsal space they shared. Alice N Chains soon disbanded, and Staley joined a band that also required a guitarist at the time. Staley asked Cantrell to join as a sideman, Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join Cantrells band, which at the time included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr. Local promoter Randy Hauser became aware of the band at a concert, however, one day before the band was due to record at the Music Bank studio in Washington, police shut down the studio during the biggest cannabis raid in the history of the state
39.
Failure (band)
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Failure is an American alternative rock band from Los Angeles that was active from 1990 to 1997 and from 2014 onwards. In 1992, Failure signed with Slash Records, and went to Minnesota to record their album with notorious producer Steve Albini at Pachyderm Studio that summer. Comfort was released in September 1992, and around this same time, both the band and Albini were unsatisfied with the sound of Comfort, so when the band went back into the studio in 1993, Andrews and Edwards took on the role of producers themselves. Midway through these sessions, Gauss left the band, so Edwards played some drums himself, until a replacement was found in Kellii Scott. Their second album, Magnified, was released in March 1994, a video was made for the single Undone. Critics took note of the sonic and musical advances achieved on Magnified and that year, they again went on tour with Tool, and during Failures set each night, Tool guitarist Adam Jones came onstage to play rhythm guitar on the Comfort track Macaque. As the recordings neared completion, they received word that their labels distribution deal with Warner had expired, meanwhile, the band continued to unofficially shop the record to other labels and industry personnel, while hoping that Warner would step up and release the album. In the spring of 1996, Warner did exactly that, agreeing to keep the Slash imprint one last time for Failure, guitarist Troy Van Leeuwen, a friend and former bandmate of Scotts, joined Failure around the time of the albums release. The albums first single, Stuck on You, became a minor hit and achieved light to medium rotation on MTV. The song peaked at No.31 on the U. S. Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and that summer, Failure also joined the Lollapalooza tour, during what became the last of that tours travelling years. On November 19,1997, Failure officially announced that they had disbanded, Ken Andrews has gone on to become a well-known producer, engineer, and mixer, and has been involved in several different music projects. He released his first solo album, Secrets of the Lost Satellite and he has also started a label, Dinosaur Fight Records, which has released his solo album and Martins, and has announced their intention to release the forthcoming LADNA album, as well. Greg Edwards collaborated with fellow musicians Chris Pitman, Brad Laner, in 2000, Edwards formed the band Autolux in with vocalist/bassist Eugene Goreshter and former Ednaswap drummer Carla Azar. They were hand-picked by Trent Reznor to open for Nine Inch Nails North American arena tour in the autumn of 2005, in 2006, they collaborated on a few tracks with the British musical outfit Unkle, for Unkles 2007 release, War Stories. After various delays, Autolux released their album, Transit Transit. Kellii Scott joined Blinker the Star after Failures breakup, and then joined Campfire Girls for their 2003 album, Tell Them Hi. Scott also played on a track titled Best Friend by Size 14 bassist Robt Ptak on his solo project Artificial Joy, as of 2005, he was playing drums for both Veruca Salt and Enemy. In 2008, his most recent band The Brontosaur released their self-titled album, from 2008-2012 Kellii could be heard playing on all Linda Perrys recording sessions, most notably Christina Aguileras song You Lift Me Up and Courney Loves Letter To God
40.
Fantastic Planet (album)
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Fantastic Planet is the third studio album by the American alternative rock band Failure, released on August 13,1996. It was the last album released on Slash Records as distributed by Warner Bros, the album failed to chart on Billboard s Top 200 albums, but did produce a charting single with Stuck on You, which reached #23 on Billboard s Alternative Songs Chart. Space-rock themes are present in the lyrics, as well as indirect references to drug addiction, drug-related experiences. The artwork is based on the cover of the L. Ron Hubbard novel Return to Tomorrow, seven of the albums songs were also included on Failures Essentials, a best-of collection from 2006. In 2009, JustPressPlay named Fantastic Planet the third-best album of the 1990s and they also ranked the song The Nurse Who Loved Me at #10 in its list of the Top 100 Songs of the 1990s. On March 24th 2015 it was announced the album was to be reissued on 180g clear, mastered by Tom Baker at Future Disc. A music video was produced for the single Stuck on You which closely resembles the opening credits of the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. Other songs, such as Saturday Saviour and Pitiful, were released as radio singles, guitarist Troy Van Leeuwen joined Failure around the time of this albums release. The album art is based on an illustration by Ed Valigursky used for the book jacket of the first edition of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbards 1954 novel To the Stars. Stuck On You had charted on Billboards Alternative Rock and Mainstream Rock charts in early 1997, the single left both charts nine weeks after appearing. The Nurse Who Loved Me was covered by A Perfect Circle on their 2003 album Thirteenth Step, another Space Song was covered by Statistics, the solo project of Denver Dalley of Desaparecidos, and released on Location is Everything Vol.2, a Jade Tree Records sampler disc. Stuck on You was covered by Paramore on their 2006 CD The Summer Tic EP, smoking Umbrellas was covered by Phil Ritchie on Rock Star, Supernova, and was also covered by SouthFM. Sergeant Politeness was played live at concerts between 2004 and 2006 by Melissa Auf der Maur with her band Auf der Maur. A recording of a rendition was released on her Single Taste You, new York alternative rock band Pillowhead is named after the track of the same name. RockNet interview with Kellii Scott about the album
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