1.
Carte de visite
–
The carte de visite, abbreviated CdV, was a type of small photograph which was patented in Paris by photographer André Adolphe Eugène Disdéri in 1854, although first used by Louis Dodero. It was usually made of a print, which was a thin paper photograph mounted on a thicker paper card. The size of a carte de visite is 54.0 mm ×89 mm mounted on a card sized 64 mm ×100 mm, in 1854, Disdéri had also patented a method of taking eight separate negatives on a single plate, which reduced production costs. The Carte de Visite was slow to gain widespread use until 1859 and this made the format an overnight success. The new invention was so popular it was known as cardomania and it spread throughout Europe and then quickly to America, each photograph was the size of a visiting card, and such photograph cards were traded among friends and visitors. Albums for the collection and display of cards became a fixture in Victorian parlors. The immense popularity of these card photographs led to the publication and collection of photographs of prominent persons. By the early 1870s, cartes de visite were supplanted by cabinet cards, which were also usually albumen prints, cabinet cards remained popular into the early 20th century, when Kodak introduced the Brownie camera and home snapshot photography became a mass phenomenon. The carte de visite photograph proved to be a popular item during the American Civil War. Soldiers, friends and family members would have a means of obtaining photographs. Photos of Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and other celebrities of the era became an instant hit in the North, people were not only buying photographs of themselves, but also collecting photographs of celebrities. Cabinet card Postcard Business card Gernsheim, Helmut, dr. Robert Leggat MA M. Ed Ph. D. The history of photograph Silkenat, David, a Typical Negro, Gordon, Peter, Vincent Coyler, and the Story Behind Slaverys Most Famous Photograph. Available on Wisconsin Historical Images, the Wisconsin Historical Societys online image database, also included are 64 photographs attributed to Mathew Brady. Southern Cartes de Visite Collection, A. S, williams III American Collection, Division of Special Collections, University of Alabama Libraries. Over 3300 digitized cartes-de-visite, the majority of them from southern studios, the Carte de Visite file at the New-York Historical Society Cartes de Visite of California photographers at Beinecke Library
2.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
King's College School
–
Kings College School, commonly referred to as KCS, Kings or KCS Wimbledon, is an independent school in Wimbledon, southwest London, England. The school was founded in 1829 as the department of Kings College London and occupied part of its premises in Strand. It is a member of the Eton Group of schools, Kings accepts girls into the sixth form. In the sixth form pupils can choose between The International Baccalaureate and A-Levels, a Royal Charter by King George IV founded the School in 1829 as the junior department of the newly established Kings College, London. The School occupied the basement of the College in The Strand, most of its original eighty-five pupils lived in the City within walking distance of the School. During the early Victorian Period, the School grew in numbers, members of the teaching staff included Gabriele Rossetti, who taught Italian. His son, Dante Gabriel, joined the School in 1837, the best known of the early masters was the water-colourist, John Sell Cotman. Nine of his pupils became practising artists and ten architects, by 1843 there were five hundred pupils and the need for larger premises eventually led to the move to Wimbledon in 1897. The school was progressive in its curriculum in areas and appointed its first Science Master in 1855. The first Head Master, John Major, served the school between 1831–1866, ninety-nine of the schools pupils from this period appear in the Dictionary of National Biography. Until the 1880s, the school flourished, in 1882, only Eton College surpassed the total of thirty Oxford and Cambridge Board examination certificates obtained by pupils at KCS. But the schools teaching facilities were becoming inadequate as many competitor schools moved to new sites with modern facilities. In 1897, falling numbers of pupils prompted the move to the present site in Wimbledon. A separate junior school was opened on the campus in 1912. In World War I, many letters were written to the school, during World War II, the schools Great Hall was damaged by bomb shrapnel, and some of the damage can still be seen on the outside of the hall. The only remaining link between KCS and its parent is that one of the KCS Board of Governors is nominated by Kings College London. In the 2015 edition of Tatler Schools Guide, it was commented on that No wonder Oxbridge loves KCS pupils, on 21 November 2014, Kings won the title of Sunday Times Independent Secondary School of the Year. All sixth-formers at Kings currently study either the IB Diploma or the A-Level course, in 201514 pupils obtained the maximum IB score of 45 points, equivalent to 7 A grades at A-Level
4.
Neurologist
–
Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, which is the study of the nervous system. A neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, or diagnose, neurologists may also be involved in clinical research, clinical trials, and basic or translational research. While neurology is a specialty, its corresponding surgical specialty is neurosurgery. There is significant overlap between the fields of neurology and psychiatry, with the boundary between the two disciplines and the conditions they treat being somewhat nebulous, a large number of neurological disorders have been described as listed. These can affect the nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, the autonomic nervous system. Many neurologists also have additional training or interest in one area of neurology, such as stroke, epilepsy, neuromuscular, sleep medicine, pain management, in the United States and Canada, neurologists are physicians having completed postgraduate training in neurology after graduation from medical school. Neurologists complete, on average, at least 10–13 years of college education, the four-year residency consists of one year of internal medicine internship training followed by three years of training in neurology. Some neurologists receive additional subspecialty training focusing on an area of neurology. These training programs are called fellowships, and are one to two years in duration, in Germany, a compulsory year of psychiatry must be done to complete a residency of neurology. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, neurology is a subspecialty of general medicine, a generation ago, some neurologists would have also spent a couple of years working in psychiatric units and obtain a Diploma in Psychological Medicine. However, this requirement has become uncommon, and, now that a basic psychiatric qualification takes three years to obtain, the requirement is no longer practical. A period of research is essential, and obtaining a higher degree aids career progression, Many found it was eased after an attachment to the Institute of Neurology at Queen Square, London. Some neurologists enter the field of medicine to specialise in neurological rehabilitation. During a neurological examination, the neurologist reviews the patients history with special attention to the current condition. The patient then takes a neurological exam, typically, the exam tests mental status, function of the cranial nerves, strength, coordination, reflexes, and sensation. This information helps the neurologist determine whether the problem exists in the nervous system, localization of the pathology is the key process by which neurologists develop their differential diagnosis. Further tests may be needed to confirm a diagnosis and ultimately guide therapy, neurologists examine patients who are referred to them by other physicians in both the inpatient and outpatient settings
5.
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
–
The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery is a neurological hospital in London, United Kingdom and part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. It was the first hospital to be established in England dedicated exclusively to treating the diseases of the nervous system. It is closely associated with University College London and in partnership with the UCL Institute of Neurology and it supports the Sir William Gowers Epilepsy Assessment Unit at the National Society for Epilepsy Centre at Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire. The NHNN also runs The National Brain Appeal, a charity dedicated to supporting the Hospital for the funding of equipment, buildings, the hospital is located on Queen Square in the Bloomsbury area of Central London. The current name, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, came into use in 1988 and it was merged in 1948 with the Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases, which in turn owed its foundation in 1866 to a German, Julius Althaus. The hospital became part of University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust in 1996, the hospital includes 244 in-patient beds, and has 4 operating theatres. The neurology wards are named John Young and David Ferrier, the wards are named Victor Horsley, Bernard Sunley. Nuffield ward accommodates private medical and surgical inpatients, there are neurological and neurosurgical intensive care units referred to as MITU and SITU respectively. The two inpatient rehabilitation units are the Albany Rehabilitation Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, the main outpatient department is named in memory of Basil Samuels
6.
Crimean War
–
The Crimean War was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, the French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an agreement, Nicholas I of Russia, Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to, when the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853. The war started in the Balkans, when Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities, until then under Ottoman suzerainty and now part of modern Romania, led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the town of Kars in eastern Anatolia led to a siege. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and Britain rushed forces to Gallipoli and they then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a skirmish at Köstence, there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that there they are, the French doing nothing, after extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought their way to a point south of Sevastopol after a series of successful battles. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, a second counterattack, ordered personally by Nicholas, was defeated by Omar Pasha. The front settled into a siege and led to conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic, the Caucasus, Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and neutral countries began to join the Allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued and this was welcomed by France and Britain, as their subjects were beginning to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856, Russia was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent, Christians there were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute. The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways
7.
The Doctor (painting)
–
Sir Samuel Luke Fildes KCVO RA was an English painter and illustrator born in Liverpool and trained at the South Kensington and Royal Academy schools. He was the grandson of the political activist Mary Fildes, at the age of seventeen Fildes became a student at the Warrington School of Art. Fildes moved to the South Kensington Art School where he met Hubert von Herkomer, all three men became influenced by the work of Frederick Walker, the leader of the social realist movement in Britain. Fildes shared his grandmothers concern for the poor and in 1869 joined the staff of The Graphic newspaper, Fildes shared Thomas belief in the power of visual images to change public opinion on subjects such as poverty and injustice. Thomas hoped that the images in The Graphic would result in acts of charity. Fildes illustrations were in the style popular in France and Germany during the era. He worked in a social realist style, compatible with the direction of The Graphic. The picture produced by Fildes showed a line of homeless people applying for tickets to stay overnight in the workhouse, Fildes illustrations also appeared in other mass-circulation periodicals, Sunday Magazine, The Cornhill Magazine, and The Gentlemans Magazine. He also illustrated a number of books in addition to Dickens Edwin Drood, Fildes soon became a popular artist and by 1870 he had given up working for The Graphic and had turned his full attention to oil painting. He took rank among the ablest English painters, with The Casual Ward, The Widower, The Village Wedding, An Al-fresco Toilette, and The Doctor, now in Tate Britain. He also painted a number of pictures of Venetian life and many portraits, among them portraits commemorating the coronation of King Edward VII. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1879, and a Royal Academician in 1887, and was knighted by King Edward VII in 1906. In 1918, he was appointed as Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order by King George V. Fildes produced a number of caricatures for Vanity Fair under the nom de crayon ELF. He and Henry Woods were regarded as leaders of the Neo-Venetian school, in 1874 Luke Fildes married Fanny Woods, who was also an artist and the sister of Henry Woods. Fildes first son, Philip, died of tuberculosis in 1877, the image of the doctor at his sons side during the ordeal left a lasting memory of professional devotion that inspired Fildes 1891 work The Doctor. His later son, Sir Paul Fildes, was an eminent scientist, a blue plaque marks Fildess former house, Woodland House, in Melbury Road, Kensington, next to William Burgess Tower House. His home was owned by film director Michael Winner. He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery, in 1949 Fildes painting The Doctor was used by the American Medical Association in a campaign against a proposal for nationalised medical care put forth by President Harry S. Truman
8.
King's College Hospital
–
The current chief executive is Nick Moberley. Kings was originally opened in 1840 in the disused St Clement Danes workhouse in Portugal Street close to Lincolns Inn Fields and it was used as a training facility where medical students of Kings College London could practice and receive instruction from the colleges own professors. The surrounding area there was composed of overcrowded slums characterised by poverty, within two years of opening, the hospital was treating 1,290 inpatients in 120 beds, with two patients sharing a bed by no means unusual. The main contractor for the new hospital was Lucas Brothers, pioneer of aseptic surgery Joseph Lister performed the first major elective surgery under strict antiseptic conditions in 1877. He helped propel the hospital to have a surgical unit comparable with the best in Europe. Following an Act of Parliament in 1904, a stone was laid for the new hospital, designed by William Pite, in 1909 at its present site at Denmark Hill. The move to Denmark Hill provided the hospital with a greenfield-site nearer to its patients, during the period of World War I, a large proportion of the hospital was used for military purposes. A dental school was established at the site in 1923. During this time most patients were poor and highly vulnerable to contagious diseases such as tuberculosis. In 1937 the private Guthrie wing was established with a donation from the Stock Exchange Dramatic and Operatic Society for wealthier patients to less crowded wards. During the Second World War the hospital was used for treating casualties of air raids, following the creation of the National Health Service in 1948, the hospital was granted Teaching Hospital status. In 1974 the NHS re-organisation saw Kings become the centre for all health services management in its catchment area, the hospitals medical school was reunited with Kings College in 1983 to form Kings College School of Medicine and Dentistry. In 2002 the Golden Jubilee wing was completed, which hosts a number of outpatient clinics as well as suites for speech and language. In 2008 Kings College Hospital was the first UK hospital to appoint a Chief Executive from the sector with the appointment of Tim Smart from BT Global Services UK. The Trust took over the management of Princess Royal University Hospital in October 2013 after the dissolution of the South London Healthcare NHS Trust, over Christmas 20138 patients there waited on trolleys for more than 12 hours for admission, the largest number of trolley waits in England. The trust used its commercial arm, KCH Management, to open a clinic in Abu Dhabi in November 2014 and it is working with investment management company Ashmore Group to set up a hospital in Dubai due to open in 2018. It has an agreement with Indo UK Healthcare Private to create an institute of health in New Chandigarh where a 500-bed hospital, trauma centre and day surgery centre will also be built. The trust will be paid by a fee, profit share arrangements, equity stakes and consultancy work
. PMID 8509771.
