1.
Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
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The Under Secretary for Political Affairs is the fourth ranking position in the United States Department of State, after the Secretary and the two Deputy Secretaries. The current Under Secretary is Thomas A. Shannon, Jr. who assumed office on February 12,2016, the Under Secretary is advised by Assistant Secretaries of the geographic bureaus, who guide U. S. diplomatic missions within their regional jurisdiction. The political bureaus were first overseen in 1949 by a Deputy Under Secretary for Political Affairs. S, after August 1959, the Deputy Under Secretary for Political Affairs served as a focal point for interdepartmental relations, especially those dealing with politico-military issues
2.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
3.
Peter Tarnoff
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Peter Tarnoff served as the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs during the first Clinton term, from 1993 to 1997. Tarnoff was President of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1986 to 1993, before taking up that position, he served as Executive Director of the World Affairs Council of Northern California and President of the International Advisory Corporation. While on sabbatical from the Department of State in 1982-1983, Tarnoff was a lecturer at Stanford University, and Nigerian Analyst in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research. S. Tarnoff received a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy from Colgate University in 1958 and pursued studies at the University of Chicago. He lives in San Francisco, California with his wife, Mathea Falco, and has two sons, Alexander and Benjamin
4.
Marc Grossman
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Marc Isaiah Grossman is an American former diplomat and government official. He served as United States Ambassador to Turkey, Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs, Grossman was born in Los Angeles, California on September 23,1951. He attended the University of California, Santa Barbara and graduated in 1973 with a B. A. in political science and he later received an M. Sc. in international relations from the London School of Economics. Grossman served at the United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan and he served as the Deputy Director of the Private Law Office of Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, Secretary General of NATO, from 1983 to 1986. Grossman served as Deputy Chief of Mission at the United States Embassy in Ankara, from 1993 to 1994, Grossman managed operations for senior State Department leadership as Executive Secretary of the State Department and Special Assistant to the Secretary of State. Grossman returned to Turkey after being appointed United States Ambassador to Turkey on September 29,1994. He began his role on January 3,1995 and left the post on June 1,1997 - short of tour during the “Susurluk scandal” after the Susurluk car crash on 3 November 1996. It involved a number of criminals as well as senior army. He played a role in orchestrating NATOs 1999 Washington summit, marking the groups 50th anniversary. From 2000 to 2001, Grossman served as the Director General of the United States Foreign Service, Grossman was appointed Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, the Departments third-ranking official, in March 2001. In 2004, Grossman attained the Foreign Services highest rank when the President appointed him to the rank of Career Ambassador and he received the Secretary of States Secretarys Distinguished Service Award the following year. Grossman served as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs until his retirement in 2005. He began his role on February 22,2011 and concluded his tenure on December 14,2012, Grossman serves as Vice Chairman of The Cohen Group. He is a member of the board for DC based non-profit America Abroad Media. Grossman married Mildred Anne Patterson in May 1982, the couple had their first date on November 3,1979, one day prior to the Iran hostage crisis. They have a daughter, Anne, who was born in Giresun. Grossman speaks French and Turkish in addition to English, the Cohen Group profile Grossmans statement on NATO & Kosovo, Grossmans Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee, October 28,1999 U. S. Interests and Turkey, A briefing by Marc Grossman, March 13,2000, address to the Middle East Forum Photos of Marc Grossmans visit to NATO, op-ed, A Middle East Final Act
5.
United States Ambassador to Russia
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The Ambassador of the United States of America to the Russian Federation is the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary from the United States of America to the Russian Federation. The position is held by John F. Tefft, a career U. S. Foreign Service Officer who was recalled from retirement to serve his fourth ambassadorship, the United States first established diplomatic relations with the Russian Empire in 1780. Diplomatic relations were broken off in 1917 when the Bolsheviks seized power, from 1933 to 1991, the United States recognized the Soviet Union. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Ambassadors title was changed to Ambassador to Russia. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index. htm, United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for Russia United States Department of State, Russia United States Embassy in Moscow
6.
Robert S. Strauss
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Robert Schwarz Strauss was a figure in American politics and diplomacy whose service dates back to future president Lyndon Johnson’s first congressional campaign in 1937. By the 1950s, he was associated in Texas politics with the faction of the Democratic Party led by Johnson. He served as the Chairman of the Democratic National Committee between 1972 and 1977 and served under President Jimmy Carter as the U. S. Trade Representative and special envoy to the Middle East. Strauss was selected by President George H. W. Bush to be the U. S. ambassador to the Soviet Union in 1991 and after the USSRs collapse, he served as the U. S. ambassador to Russia from 1991 until 1992. Strauss had advised and represented U. S. presidents over three administrations and for both major U. S. political parties and his business activities included serving on the Texas Banking Commission and as Chairman of the U. S. -Russia Business Council. Strauss was inducted into the Academy of Achievement in 2003 and was recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America’s highest civilian award, on January 16,1981. He was a trustee of the Center for Strategic and International Studies and The Forum for International Policy, and was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission. Strauss had occupied academic chairs and lecture positions, including one as the Lloyd Bentsen Chair at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at The University of Texas. He was also the namesake of The Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security, Strauss was born in Lockhart, Texas, south of Austin. He was the son of Edith Violet and Charles H. Strauss and his parents were Jewish immigrants from Germany. When he was one old, his family moved to the small town of Hamlin, north of Abilene. Strausss father opened a general store in Stamford. In his sophomore year at the University of Texas at Austin, in 1937, while still an undergraduate, he volunteered for Johnsons first congressional campaign. Strauss was also a member of the Texas Cowboys, a service organization at the University of Texas. At the University of Texas Law School, he met another student who would have a impact on his career. After completing his law degree, Strauss was hired as an agent by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. After the war, he settled in Dallas, where he and this firm, originally known as Gump and Strauss, would eventually grow into the international law firm Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld. The many partners over the years included a defense attorney
7.
James Franklin Collins
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James Franklin Collins is a former United States Ambassador to Russia. A career Foreign Service Officer in the State Department, he is a Russian specialist, Collins graduated from Harvard University cum laude in 1961 and earned a masters degree in history and Certificate from the Russian and East European Institute from Indiana University in 1964. He became a professor at the United States Naval Academy in 1967 where he taught Russian and European history, American government, after joining the Foreign Service in 1969, he served at the Consulate General in Izmir, Turkey 1969 to 1971. He was appointed as Second Secretary at the American Embassy Moscow 1973-75, in the years 1987 to 1988, he served as a staff member of the National Security Council as Director for Intelligence Policy. He was assigned to Moscow as Deputy Chief of Mission in 1990, when Matlock retired in the summer of 1991, Collins became Chargé daffaires and was acting Ambassador during the 1991 Soviet coup détat attempt that led to the breakup of the Soviet Union. He similarly was Chargé daffaires when President Gorbachev signed the decree formally ending the existence of the USSR, as Ambassador from 1997 to 2001, Collinss tenure played a role in critical moments in the development of Russian relations with the United States. In addition to several summits between President Clinton and President Boris Yeltsin, and the transition of power from President Yeltsin to Vladimir Putin on New Years Day 2000. His tenure as Ambassador was marked by the collapse following Russias default in 1998. After a career in the Foreign Service, he has active in the non-profit world and has served as a Senior Advisor at the law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld. In January 2007 he was appointed the Director of the Russian and Eurasian Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
8.
United States Ambassador to India
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The United States Ambassador to India is the chief diplomatic representative of United States in India. Ambassadors office is situated at the U. S. Embassy in New Delhi, president George Washington, on November 19,1792, nominated Benjamin Joy of Newbury Port as the first American Consul to Kolkata and later commissioned Joy to that office on November 21,1792. Inside the Cold War, Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire 1918-1961 pp 196–230, Loy Henderson was US Ambassador, 1948–51 Bowles, a View from New Delhi, Selected Speeches and Writings, 1963-1969. US ambassador 1951-53 and 1963–69 Galbraith, John K. Ambassadors journal, Foreign Relations of the United States, many volumes of primary sources, the complete texts of these large books are all online. For example, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, included are the most important cables sent by the ambassador to Washington. United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for India United States Department of State, India United States Embassy in New Delhi U. S. Embassy India on Twitter
9.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
10.
Frank G. Wisner
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Frank George Wisner II is an American businessman and former diplomat. He is the son of CIA official Frank Wisner, on January 31,2011, he was sent to Egypt by President Barack Obama to negotiate a resolution to the popular protests against the regime that have swept the country. A White House spokesman said that Wisner had vast experience in the region as well as close relationships with many Egyptians in, the New York Times reports that he is a personal friend of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. He works as an advisor at the firm of Squire Patton Boggs in Washington. Wisner was born in New York on July 2,1938 and he joined the State Department as a Foreign Service Officer in December 1961. In 1976, at the beginning of the Carter administration, he served under Cyrus Vance as Deputy Executive Secretary of the Department of State, among his overseas assignments, Wisner served as the United States Ambassador to Zambia, Egypt, the Philippines, and India, 1994–97. During his tenure in Lusaka he played the role of point man for the Constructive Engagement policy of assistant secretary of state for African affairs Chester Crocker. Wisner worked well with Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda and helped to rebuild relations between Zambia and the USA after a 1980 spy scandal at the U. S. embassy in Lusaka. Crockers efforts contributed to the organization and successful discussions at the February 1984 Lusaka Conference regarding conflicts in Angola, after retiring from government service in 1997, Wisner joined the board at a subsidiary of Enron, the former energy company and served on the board of American International Group. In late 2002, Wisner co-chaired an independent working group developed a model for the USs post-conflict role in Iraq. In 2012 he succeeded Paul A. Volcker as chairman of the board of trustees of International House and he also serves on the advisory board of the National Security Network, and on the board of Refugees International. He went on to become a member of the board for EOG Resources, in June 2013, Wisner joined the advisory board of Ergo, a global intelligence and advisory firm. Weisner is Chair of the Board of the The Arab Gulf States Institute, in early 2011, the Obama administration asked Wisner to carry views to Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak, including advice that Mubarak should resign to defuse the crisis. Wisner was unsuccessful in convincing Mubarak to do so, the State Department immediately disavowed his comments and said Wisner had not been serving as an envoy but as a conduit for certain administration views. Appearances on C-SPAN Obama Egypt Envoy Frank Wisner Says Mubarak Should Stay – video report by Democracy Now
11.
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
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The United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U. S. delegation, the U. S. Permanent Representative, or Perm Rep, to the United Nations, like all United States ambassadors, he or she must be nominated by the U. S. President and confirmed by the Senate. Many prominent U. S. politicians and diplomats have held the post, including Adlai Stevenson II, George H. W. Bush, Jeane Kirkpatrick, nikki Haley was nominated for this position by President Donald Trump and has been confirmed by the Senate. She assumed office upon presenting her credentials to the UN Secretary-General on January 27,2017 and it was restored under the Clinton administration. It was not a position under the George W. Bush administration, but was once again elevated under the Obama administration. The following is a chronological list of those who have held the office, Diplomatic Security Service Residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Official website
12.
Vernon A. Walters
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Vernon A. Walters was a United States Army officer and a diplomat. Walters rose to the rank of lieutenant general in the U. S. Army and is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame, Walters was born in New York City. His father was a British immigrant and insurance salesman, from age 6, Walters lived in Britain and France with his family. At 16, he returned to the United States and worked for his father as a claims adjuster. His formal education beyond elementary school consisted entirely of boarding school instruction at Stonyhurst College and he did not attend a university. In later years, he seemed to enjoy reflecting on the fact that he had fairly high. He was fluent in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese as well as his native English and he also spoke German fluently but, as he joked, inaccurately, and knew the basics of several others. Walters joined the Army in 1941 and was soon commissioned and he served in Africa and Italy during World War II. He served as a link between the commands of Brazilian Expeditionary Force and U. S, fifth Army, earning medals for distinguished military and intelligence achievements. His served as an aide and interpreter for several Presidents and he was at President Harry S. Trumans side as an interpreter in key meetings with Americas Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking Latin American allies. In Europe in the 1950s, Walters served President Dwight Eisenhower and other top US officials as a translator, during this period he participated in the famous visit of Eisenhower to General Franco. He also worked in Paris at Marshall Plan headquarters and helped set up the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe and he was with then-Vice President Richard Nixon in 1958 when an anti-American crowd stoned their car in Caracas, Venezuela. Walters suffered facial cuts from flying glass, in the 1960s, Walters served as a U. S. military attaché in France, Italy, and Brazil. In 1961, he proposed an American military intervention in Italy if the Socialist Party had participated in the Government, two decades later he was a high-profile U. S. Ambassador to the U. N. From April 1989 until August 1991, during German Reunification, he was Ambassador to West Germany and he also served as a roving ambassador, performing sensitive diplomatic missions that included talks in Cuba, Syria, and elsewhere. He was sent to Morocco to meet discreetly with PLO officials, while serving as a military attaché in Paris from 1967 to 1972, Walters played a role in secret peace talks with North Vietnam. He arranged to smuggle National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger into France for secret meetings with a senior North Vietnamese official and he accomplished this by borrowing a private airplane from an old friend, French President Georges Pompidou. President Richard Nixon appointed Walters as Deputy Director for Central Intelligence in 1972, refused to involve the Agency, and bluntly informed the highest levels of the executive that further insistence from that quarter would result in his immediate resignation
13.
Edward J. Perkins
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Edward Joseph Perkins is a former American diplomat who served as U. S. Ambassador to Liberia, South Africa, and the United Nations. He was later the director of the United States State Departments Diplomatic Corps, Perkins was born in Sterlington in Ouachita Parish in north Louisiana, the son of Edward Joseph Perkins, Sr. and Tiny Estella Noble Holmes. He grew up in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and graduated in 1947 from Jefferson High School in Portland, Oregon. He earned his B. A. from the University of Maryland University College in 1967 and he is an active member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity and holds the highest honor the fraternity bestows on its members, the Laurel Wreath award. After serving in the U. S. Army and Marine Corps, including stints in Tokyo and South Korea, he held positions in the Department of State. He was appointed ambassador to Liberia in 1985, and in 1986 was appointed ambassador to South Africa and he returned home to serve in the State Department until 1992, when he was appointed ambassador to the United Nations and U. S. Representative to the U. N. Security Council, in 1993, he was appointed representative to the Commonwealth of Australia, where he served until 1996 before retiring at the rank of Career Minister in the United States Foreign Service. He is a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy, mr. Ambassador, Warrior for Peace published by The University of Oklahoma Press in 2006. The Palestinian Refugees, Old Problems - New Solutions - co-editor with Joseph Ginat, the Middle East Peace Process, Vision Versus Reality - co-editor with Joseph Ginat, Sussex Academic Press,2002. Palestinian Refugees, Traditional Positions and New Solutions = co-editor with Joseph Ginat, the seedlings of hope, U. S. policy in Africa, U. S. Department of State,1989
14.
United States Ambassador to Israel
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The United States Ambassador to Israel is the official representative of the President of the United States to the head of state of Israel. Until 1948 the area that is now the state of Israel had been under British administration as part of the League of Nations/United Nations British Mandate for Palestine, on May 14,1948, the British government unilaterally terminated the mandate. On the same day, the Jewish Agency, under future Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, declared independence, the United States immediately recognized the nation and moved to establish diplomatic relations. The first U. S. ambassador commissioned to Israel was James Grover McDonald, the embassy of the United States in Israel is located on HaYarkon Street in Tel Aviv. United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for Israel United States Department of State, Israel United States Embassy in Tel Aviv
15.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
16.
United States Ambassador to El Salvador
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The following is a list of United States Ambassadors, or other Chiefs of Mission, to El Salvador. The title given by the United States State Department to this position is currently Ambassador Extraordinary, El Salvador – United States relations Foreign relations of El Salvador Ambassadors of the United States U. S. Diplomatic chiefs of mission to El Salvador, United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for El Salvador United States Department of State, El Salvador United States Embassy in San Salvador
17.
Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland
18.
Patsy Mink
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Patsy Matsu Takemoto Mink was an American politician from the U. S. state of Hawaii. Mink was a third generation Japanese American and member of the Democratic Party and she also was the Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Mink served in the U. S. House of Representatives for a total of 12 terms, representing Hawaiis first, while in Congress she was noted for co-authoring the Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Act. Mink was the first non-white woman and the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, from 1978 to 1981 Mink served as the president of Americans for Democratic Action. On August 30,2002, Mink was hospitalized in Honolulus Straub Clinic and her condition steadily worsened, and on September 28,2002, Mink died in Honolulu of viral pneumonia, at age 74. Minks parents were second-generation Japanese Americans or Nisei and she was a Sansei, or third-generation descendant of Japanese emigrants. Her father, Suematsu Takemoto, was a civil engineer and her mother, Mitama Tateyama, was a homemaker. Takemoto graduated from the University of Hawaii in 1922, Takemoto was the first Japanese American to graduate from the University of Hawaii. For several years, Minks father Takemoto was the only Japanese American civil engineer working in Maui and he was passed over and not promoted several times during his career and instead, the positions were offered to white Americans. He resigned his position in 1945 in the aftermath of World War II. Takemoto established his own surveying company in Honolulu. Minks maternal grandparents were Gojiro Tateyama and his wife Tsuru, Gojiro was born in the Empire of Japan during the 19th century. He arrived in the Territory of Hawaii late in the century and he later moved to Maui, and was initially employed as a worker for the East Maui Irrigation Company. Subsequently, Gojiro was employed as a manager and filling station employee. He also delivered mail throughout the backcountry of Maui, the Tateyamas lived in a shack by Waikamoi Stream. Mink was born in Hāmākua Poko on the island of Maui and she attended Maui High School and in her junior year won her first election to become student body president. The month before her election, Honolulu was attacked by Japan, as a consequence, most of the student body was uncomfortable with anything that was Japanese-oriented. In order to get elected, Mink had to overcome these hard feelings, Mink was the only female who had ever showed ambition for student office in the schools history, something that was unheard of at the time
19.
United States Ambassador to Jordan
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The following is a list of chiefs of mission from the United States to Jordan. The first chief of mission, Gerald A, drew held the title of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. The second chief of mission, Joseph C, green, was appointed as an envoy but promoted to as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, as the Legation Amman was raised to embassy status on August 27,1952. Every chief of mission since has held the title of United States Ambassador, Jordan – United States relations Foreign relations of Jordan Ambassadors of the United States Embassy of Jordan, Washington, D. C. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index. htm. United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for Jordan United States Department of State, Jordan United States Embassy in Amman
20.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
21.
Gerald Ford
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Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon. Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States, before his appointment to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as U. S. Representative from Michigans 5th congressional district, the nine of them as the House Minority Leader. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War, with the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U. S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation, one of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Fords presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, in the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. Arthur not to be elected in his own right, following his years as President, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, he died at home on December 26,2006, Ford lived longer than any other U. S. president –93 years and 165 days – while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14,1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. a wool trader, Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her sons birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, from there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913, she gained custody of her son. Fords paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930, Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. James M. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man. After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1,1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford and they then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never adopted, and did not legally change his name until December 3,1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mothers marriage, Thomas Gardner Tom Ford, Richard Addison Dick Ford. Ford also had three half-siblings from the marriage of Leslie King, Sr. his biological father, Marjorie King, Leslie Henry King
22.
Nicholas A. Veliotes
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Nicholas Alexander Veliotes is a former United States Foreign Service Officer and diplomat. He served as United States Ambassador to Jordan and Egypt and he is a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy and Council on Foreign Relations. He had a sister, Dorothy, and a brother the Rock. He served in the U. S. Army from 1946 to 1948 and then went on to graduate from the University of California, Berkeley where he played football and he later married Patricia Nolan and they had two children together, Michael and Christopher. He then served as political officer New Delhi and Vientiane before being selected as a Woodrow Wilson Fellow at Princeton University in 1969 and he was Ambassador to Jordan and Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs. He then served as Ambassador to Egypt until his retirement from the Foreign Service in April,1986, in May,1986, Veliotes became President of the Association of American Publishers and retired as President Emeritus in June,1997. He is also a member of the Middle East Institute, Foundation for Middle East Peace, Veliotes has received the Glen T. He currently serves on the boards of Amideast and the American Academy of Diplomacy, as well as Chairman for the Hollings Center for International Dialogue
23.
Orange, New Jersey
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The City of Orange is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. Orange was originally incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 27,1806, portions of the township were taken on April 14,1834, to form the now-defunct Clinton Township. On January 31,1860, Orange was reincorporated as a town, portions of the town were taken to form South Orange Township, Fairmount, East Orange Township and West Orange Township. On April 3,1872, Orange was reincorporated as a city, the city derives its name from William III of England or William IV, Prince of Orange. Orange is often joined with neighboring East Orange, South Orange and West Orange, Orange had its origins in Connecticuts New Haven Colony. In 1666, a group of 30 of New Havens families traveled by water to found a town on the Passayak River and they arrived on territory now encompassing Newark, the Oranges, and several other municipalities. The area was situated in the northeast portion of a land grant conveyed by King Charles II of England to his brother James, in 1664, James conveyed the land to two proprietors, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Since Carteret had been Royal Governor of the Isle of Jersey, Orange was initially a part of the city of Newark, but it was originally known as Newark Mountains. On June 7,1780, the townspeople of Newark Mountains officially voted to adopt the name Orange, at the time, there was a significant number of people in favor of secession from Newark. However, this would not occur until November 27,1806, on April 13,1807, the first government was elected, but not until March 13,1860 was Orange officially incorporated as a city. Immediately, the new city began fragmenting into smaller communities, primarily because of disputes about the costs of establishing paid police, fire. South Orange was organized on January 26,1861, Fairmount on March 11,1862, East Orange on March 4,1863, Orange is located on the Newark and Mount-Pleasant Turnpike, the main road from Newark to Morristown, and ultimately to Easton, Pennsylvania. The town became a thoroughfare for travelers, and hotels abounded. Initially, the stagecoach was the method of transportation. Omnibuses of the Eclipse and the Morris & Newark Lines serviced Orange, the Morris and Essex Railroad arrived in Orange in November 1836, its first cars drawn by horses. On October 2,1837, the first steam locomotive appeared, the M&E later became a part of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, which exists today as NJ Transits Morristown Line. Trolley cars appeared much later, with the Orange and Newark Horse Car Railroad Company running its first car up Main Street in May 1862, the Orange Crosstown Line, eventually extending from Morris Street, Orange, to Bloomfield, was started in June 1888. Eventually, all of the trolleys, and the buses that replaced them, Orange was an industrial city from the outset
24.
Bowdoin College
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Bowdoin College is a private liberal arts college located in Brunswick, Maine. At the time Bowdoin was chartered in 1794, Maine was still a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the college currently enrolls 1,839 students, and has a student–faculty ratio of 9,1. Bowdoin offers 33 majors and four additional minors, and offers joint engineering programs with Columbia University, Dartmouth College, the college was a Founding Member of its athletic conference, the New England Small College Athletic Conference and the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium. Bowdoin has over 30 varsity teams and the mascot was selected as a Polar Bear in 1913 to honor a Bowdoin alumnus who led the first successful expedition to the north pole. For 2017 the college has been ranked as sixth-best liberal arts college in the U. S. by U. S. News & World Report, Bowdoin College was chartered in 1794 by the Massachusetts State Legislature and was later redirected under the jurisdiction of the Maine Legislature. It was named for former Massachusetts governor James Bowdoin, whose son James Bowdoin III was an early benefactor, at the time of its founding, it was the easternmost college in the United States, as it was located in Maine. The college also graduated two literary philosophers, the writers Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, both of whom graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1825, franklin and Hawthorne began an official militia company called the Bowdoin Cadets. From its founding, Bowdoin was known to educate the sons of the politically elite, fessenden and Hugh McCulloch both served as Secretary of the Treasury during the Lincoln Administration. However, the involvement in the Civil War was mixed as Bowdoin had many ties to slave labor. The Jefferson Davis Award was given to a student who excelled in legal studies after a donation was given to the college by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, President Ulysses S. Grant, too, was given an honorary degree from the college in 1865. Another alumnus in the sciences is the controversial entomologist-turned-sexologist Alfred Kinsey, the college went on to educate and eventually graduate Arctic explorers Robert E. Peary, class of 1877, and Donald B. Bowdoin began competing in the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium, with Bates and Colby in 1970, the consortium became an athletic rivalry, and academic exchange program. The three schools produce numerous contentions in athletics, most notably a football game and the Chase Regatta. In 2001, Barry Mills, class of 1972, was appointed as the fifth president of the college. President Mills stated, Some see a calling in such vital, as an institution devoted to the common good, Bowdoin must consider the fairness of such a result. In February 2009, following a $10 million donation by Subway Sandwiches co-founder and alumnus Peter Buck, class of 1952, the college completed a $250-million capital campaign. Additionally, the college has recently completed major construction projects on the campus, including a renovation of the colleges art museum. She insisted that distribution requirements would ensure students a more well-rounded education in a diversity of fields, current requirements require one course each in, Natural Sciences, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual and Performing Arts, International Perspectives and Exploring Social Differences
25.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
26.
Tufts University
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Tufts University is a private research university incorporated in the municipality of Medford, Massachusetts, United States. Tufts College was founded in 1852 by Christian Universalists who worked for years to open a nonsectarian institution of higher learning, Charles Tufts donated the land for the campus on Walnut Hill, the highest point in Medford, saying that he wanted to set a light on the hill. The name was changed to Tufts University in 1954, although the name remains the Trustees of Tufts College. For more than a century, Tufts was a small New England liberal arts college, the university is organized into ten schools, including two undergraduate degree programs and eight graduate divisions, on four campuses in the Boston metropolitan area and the French Alps. The university emphasizes active citizenship and public service in all of its disciplines and is known for its internationalism, among its schools is the United States oldest graduate school of international relations, the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. The School of the Museum of Fine Arts offers art programs affiliated with a major museum, the university maintains a campus in Downtown Boston which houses the medical, dental, and nutrition schools, affiliated with several medical centers in the area. Some of its programs have affiliations with the institutions of Harvard University. Tufts is a member of and athletically competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference. Tufts accepted 14% of undergraduate applicants to the Class of 2020 from a pool of 20,223 and it is consistently ranked by U. S. News & World Report and Forbes as one of the top schools in the United States. In the 1840s, the Universalist Church wanted to open a college in New England and his 20-acre donation is still at the heart of Tufts now 150 acre campus, straddling Somerville and Medford. During his tenure, Ballou spent a year travelling and studying in the United Kingdom, the methods of instruction which he initiated were based on the tutorials that were conducted in the University of Oxford and the University of Edinburgh. Now more than 160 years old, Tufts is the third oldest college in the Boston area and that building now bears Ballous name. The campus opened in August 1854, President Ballou died in 1861 and was succeeded by Alonzo Ames Miner. Though not a graduate, his presidency was marked by several advances. These include the establishment of schools for Tufts which include Goddard Seminary, Westbrook Seminary. During the Civil War the college supported the Union cause. The mansion of Major George L. Stearns which stood on part of the campus was a station on the Underground Railroad, in addition to having the largest classes spring up,63 graduates served in the Union army. The first course of a program leading to a degree in civil engineering was established in 1865
27.
University of Melbourne
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The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australias second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria, Times Higher Education ranks Melbourne as 33rd in the world, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 40th in the world. Melbournes main campus is located in Parkville, a suburb north of the Melbourne central business district. Melbourne is a university and a member of the Group of Eight, Universitas 21. Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university, there are 12 colleges located on the main campus and in nearby suburbs offering academic, sporting and cultural programs alongside accommodation for Melbourne students and faculty. Amongst Melbournes 15 graduate schools the Melbourne Business School, the Melbourne Law School, four Australian prime ministers and five governors-general have graduated from Melbourne. Nine Nobel laureates have been students or faculty, the most of any Australian university, the university was established by Act of Incorporation on 22 January 1853, with power to confer degrees in arts, medicine, laws and music. The act provided for an endowment of £9,000. The original buildings were opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham. The first chancellor, Redmond Barry, held the position until his death in 1880, the inauguration of the university was made possible by the wealth resulting from Victorias gold rush. The institution was designed to be an influence at a time of rapid settlement. In 1881, the admission of women was a seen as victory over the conservative ruling council. The universitys 150th anniversary was celebrated in 2003, as of May 2009 the university suspended the Bachelor of Music Theatre and Puppetry courses at the college and there were fears they may not return under the new curriculum. New dean Sharman Pretty outlined drastic changes under the plan for the college in early April 2009. As a result, it is now being called into question whether the university have upheld that agreement, staff at the college responded to the changes, claiming the university did not value vocational arts training, and voicing fears over the future of quality training at the VCA. Melbourne University has 12 residential colleges in total, seven of which are located in an arc around the oval at the northern edge of the campus. The other five are located outside of university grounds, the residential colleges aim to provide accommodation and holistic education experience to university students. Several of the earliest campus buildings, such as the Old Quadrangle and Baldwin Spencer buildings, the new Wilson Hall replaced the original building which was destroyed by fire
28.
Ambassadors of the United States
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This is a list of ambassadors of the United States to individual nations of the world, to international organizations, and to past nations, as well as ambassadors-at-large. Ambassadors are nominated by the President and confirmed by the U. S. Senate, an ambassador can be appointed during a recess, but he or she can only serve as ambassador until the end of the next session of Congress unless subsequently confirmed. Ambassadors serve at the pleasure of the President, meaning they can be dismissed at any time, an ambassador may be a career Foreign Service Officer or a political appointee. As embassies fall under the State Departments jurisdiction, ambassadors answer directly to the Secretary of State, unlike other consulates, these persons report directly to the Secretary of State. These diplomatic officials report directly to the Secretary of State, many oversee a portfolio not restricted to one nation, often an overall goal, and are not usually subject to Senate confirmation. Informal contact with the nation of Bhutan is maintained through the U. S. Embassy in New Delhi, Iran, On April 7,1980, the United States broke diplomatic relations with Iran after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. On April 24,1981, the Swiss government assumed representation of U. S. interests in Tehran, currently, Iranian interests in the United States are represented by the government of Pakistan. The U. S. Department of State named Iran a State Sponsor of Terrorism on January 19,1984. North Korea, The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea is not on terms with the United States. Sweden functions as Protective Power for the United States in Pyongyang, Taiwan, With the normalization of relations with the Peoples Republic of China in 1979, the United States has not maintained official diplomatic relations with Taiwan. C. and twelve other U. S. cities. Well-known past ambassadors from the United States, Eight United States Ambassadors have been killed in office – six of them by armed attack, embassies and Consulates Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission United States Mission to the United Nations US ambassadors killed in the line of duty
29.
Rutherford High School (New Jersey)
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Rutherford High School is a comprehensive four-year public high school located in Rutherford, New Jersey, United States, operating as part of the Rutherford School District. The original structure was built in 1922 and expanded in 1938,1957 and 2005, as of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 748 students and 67.1 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 11.2,1. There were 19 students eligible for free lunch and 7 eligible for reduced-cost lunch, the school had been ranked 71st in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 73rd in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 72nd in 2008 out of 316 schools, the school was ranked 88th in the magazines September 2006 issue, which included 316 schools across the state. Rutherford High offers courses ranging from Honors classes to Advanced Placement classes for college credit, the elective classes are also offered, ranging from classes of technology, to those that are career-related as well. The school contains a studio that is used for morning announcements in homeroom. There is an expanded library with 23 computers and over 20,000 books. Two gyms house athletic programs and physical education classes, located on the East Wing of the school features a half-size Olympic-style swimming pool currently leased by the YMCA of the Meadowlands. It is also used by the Rutherford Bulldogs Swim Team, a typical day at Rutherford High starts at 7,55 AM when homeroom starts. School is in five days a week. There are nine periods, consisting of classes and one lunch period. Extra-curricular activities include an abundance of clubs, academic groups, Rutherford High School has a host of academic teams and non-athletic extracurricular activities. The theater arts program puts out two performances each year, a play in November, and a musical in March. Prior to realignment that took effect in the fall of 2010, the boys basketball team won the Group III state champiosnhip in 1940 and 1942, and won the Group II title in 1985. The boys track won the Group I and II state indoor relay championship in 1969. The baseball team won the Group II state title in 1992 vs. Kingsway Regional High School, sterling High School and in 2005 vs. Seneca High School. Core members of the administration are, Frank Morano, Principal Billy Cunningham, Vice Principal Notable alumni of Rutherford High Schools include, Charles Evered, playwright. Louis Frey Jr. Republican former member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida, bill Hands, former Major League Baseball pitcher
30.
Rutherford, New Jersey
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Rutherford is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Rutherford was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on September 21,1881, from portions of Union Township, the borough was named for John Rutherfurd, a U. S. Senator who owned land in the area, Rutherford has been called the Borough of Trees and The First Borough of Bergen County. The ridge above the New Jersey Meadowlands upon which Rutherford sits was settled by Lenape Native Americans long before the arrival of Walling Van Winkle in 1687, New Barbadoes was part of Essex County from 1693 to 1710, when Bergen County was formed. In 1826, the became part of Lodi Township. When Hudson County was formed in 1840, the area that is today North Arlington, Lyndhurst, Rutherford, however, the area reverted to Bergen County in 1852 and became known as Union Township. Part of the region was known as Boiling Springs for a powerful, despite its name, the spring actually consisted of cold groundwater seeps rather than hot springs. The Erie Railroad built its Main Line from Jersey City across the Meadowlands in the 1840s, daniel Van Winkle, a descendant of Walling, donated land in 1866 for a train station at Boiling Springs. Several resorts were built along the Passaic, with guests disembarking at Boiling Springs station, later, the railroad opened a station closer to the river, at Carlton Hill. Van Winkle opened a real estate office at Depot Square to sell the land of the Rutherfurd Park Association, in the 1870s, the area began to be called Rutherford. Hayes, who was elected President in 1876, or could have been because of a clerical error done by the United States Postal Service, the Post Office opened a facility called Rutherford in 1876. On September 21,1881, the Borough of Rutherford was formed by vote of secession from Union Township. By then, the community had about 1,000 residents, Rutherford is home to the following locations on the National Register of Historic Places, Iviswold –223 Montross Avenue. Located on the campus of Felician College, a $9 million renovation project of the Iviswold castle that took 14 years was completed in 2013, originally constructed by Floyd W. Miller. Kip Homestead –12 Meadow Road, New Jersey Transit initiated a $1 million project in 2009 to renovate the station, which had been constructed in 1898, to restore the interior of the structure. William Carlos Williams House –9 Ridge Road, yereance-Berry House –91 Crane Avenue. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 2.942 square miles. Rutherford is an suburb of New York City, located 8 miles west of Midtown Manhattan
31.
Brunswick, Maine
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Brunswick is a town in Cumberland County in southeastern Maine, United States. The population was 20,278 at the 2010 United States Census and it is also home to Mid Coast Hospital, one of Maines newest full-service hospitals, and Parkview Adventist Medical Center that closed in 2015 after filing for bankruptcy. It was home to Naval Air Station Brunswick which was closed on May 31,2011. Settled in 1628 by Thomas Purchase and other fishermen, the area was called by its Indian name, Pejepscot, meaning the long, in 1639, Purchase placed his settlement under protection of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. During King Philips War in 1676, Pejepscot was burned and abandoned, during the war, in Major Benjamin Churchs second expedition a year later, he arrived on 11 September 1690 with 300 men at Casco Bay. He went up the Androscoggin River to the English Fort Pejepscot, from there he went 40 miles up-river and attacked a native village. Three or four men were shot in retreat, when Church discovered 5 English captives in the wigwams, six or seven prisoners were butchered as an example. A few days later, in retaliation, the natives attacked Church at Cape Elizabeth on Purpooduc Point, killing 7 of his men, on September 26, Church returned to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth brought peace to the region between the Abenaki Indians and the English colonists, in 1714, a consortium from Boston and Portsmouth bought the land, thereafter called the Pejepscot Purchase. The Massachusetts General Court constituted the township in 1717, naming it Brunswick in honor of the House of Brunswick and its scion, a stone fort called Fort George was built in 1715 near the falls. But during Dummers War on July 13,1722, Abenaki warriors from Norridgewock burned the village, consequently, Governor Samuel Shute declared war on the Abenakis. In 1724,208 English troops left Fort Richmond and sacked Norridgewock during Dummers War, Brunswick was rebuilt again in 1727, and in 1739 incorporated as a town. It became a seaport, where Bowdoin College was chartered in 1794. The Androscoggin River falls in three stages for a total vertical drop of 41 feet, providing water power for industry. Brunswick became a producer of lumber, with as many as 25 sawmills. Some of the lumber went into shipbuilding, other firms produced paper, soap, flour, marble and granite work, carriages and harness, plows, furniture, shoes and confections. The town was site of the first cotton mill in Maine, purchased in 1812, the mill was enlarged by the Maine Cotton & Woolen Factory Company. In 1857, the Cabot Manufacturing Company was established to make cotton textiles and it bought the failed Worumbo Mill and expanded the brick factory along the falls
32.
Theta Delta Chi
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Theta Delta Chi is a social fraternity that was founded in 1847 at Union College. While nicknames differ from institution to institution, the most common nicknames for the fraternity are Theta Delt, Thete, TDX, Theta Delta Chi brothers refer to their local organization as Charges rather than using the common fraternity nomenclature of chapter. In 1849, Green and Akin along with Francis Martindale, organized the Beta Charge at Ballston Law School, however, two years later the school itself moved and the new Charge was disbanded and the members put on Alphas rolls. Few of these remained active for long, although several were later revived, kappa at Tufts, founded in 1856, presently enjoys the honor of being the oldest active Charge in continuous existence. Only after 1870 did Theta Delta Chi begin to acquire its present configuration, westward expansion had traditionally been opposed by a large segment of the Fraternity, which worried that supervision and solidarity would suffer if Theta Delta Chi were to stray far from the East. Further Midwest expansion included Illinois and Iowa State, berkeley, Stanford, the University of Washington and UCLA brought Theta Delta Chi in strength to the Pacific coast. Expansion in the East during the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s brought Charges to Cornell, Boston University, Wabash, CCNY, Columbia, Lehigh, Amherst, Yale, MIT, Williams, and George Washington. Pennsylvania was the last Eastern Charge to become active before World War I, although 1904 and 1910 saw the reactivation of the Southern Charges, Epsilon, Theta Delta Chi became an International Fraternity with charterings at McGill and Toronto. The Great Depression and the Second World War saw a number of Charges go inactive, at its Centennial Convention in 1947, Theta Delta Chi stood at 28 Charges, a number that would begin to increase only in the 1950s. The institutions of the Fraternity slowly took shape during the late nineteenth, in 1867 anti-fraternity sentiment at Union led to the disbanding of the Alpha. The Grand Lodge, originally three and now five officers remains the governing body of the Fraternity to this day. The 1881 Convention required that the President of the Grand Lodge visit every Charge once a year, in 1869, the first issue of The Shield was produced, qualifying it as the oldest fraternity magazine. Although it lapsed after one issue, The Shield was revived in 1884 and has published continually since then. The office currently operates from 214 Lewis Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts, the financial health of Theta Delta Chi was ensured through the establishment of two entities, the Founders Corporation in 1910 and the Educational Foundation in 1944. Any Theta Delt may join the Corporation on payment of $250 and it also receives bequests and holds and invests all funds for the benefit of the Fraternity. The Educational Foundation, a 501 public charity, receives bequests and owns the property occupied by the CFO and it funds the educational activities of the Fraternity. The Fort Lauderdale, FL and Greensboro, NC Charges marked a significant re-entry into the South, with the start of the new millennium, Theta Delta Chi has worked to revive several of its defunct Charges, while installing Charges on new campuses. The Chi Charge, founded in 1867, and active for most of the time then was re-chartered in the summer of 2002 at the 155th Annual Convention
33.
Phi Beta Kappa Society
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The Phi Beta Kappa Society - the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States - is widely recognized and considered as the nations most prestigious honor society. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts. Phi Beta Kappa stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Cybernētēs, according to Phi Beta Kappa, they have chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society. Although most students are elected their senior year, many colleges elect a limited number of extremely select students in their junior year. There is an initiation fee, which is sometimes covered by the inductees university. There had been earlier fraternal societies at the College, but these, Society, founded in 1750, were Latin-letter societies, their names were taken from initial letters of a secret Latin motto. William and Mary alumnus and third U. S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F. H. C, other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe. Jefferson noted that When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, Society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists. The best opinion is that the society did not survive the invasion by British forces during the Revolution, a second Latin-letter fraternity at William and Mary was the P. D. A. John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P. D. A, though he may instead have disdained to join it. The new society was intended to be purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to good fellowship, with friendship as its basis and benevolence. Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society, the new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times, one official historian of the society, William T. The heading on the original list of states, A List of the members. This new complex of gestures was created to allow the recognition of members in any foreign country or place. A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780, a third, at Harvard College in 1781, from these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, the original chapter at William and Mary was re-established
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Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
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The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University is the oldest school in the United States dedicated solely to graduate studies in international affairs. Fletcher is regarded as one of the worlds foremost graduate schools of international relations, the Fletcher School was founded in 1933 with the bequest of Austin Barclay Fletcher, who left over $3 million to Tufts University upon his death in 1923. A third of these funds were dedicated to a school of law, Fletcher did not have in mind a school of the usual kind, which prepares men for admission to the bar and for the active practice of law. The school opened in 1933 as a project between Harvard University and Tufts University. The Fletcher School is now administrated exclusively by Tufts University, Fletcher students can register for graduate classes at Harvard, and conversely, Harvard cross registers at Fletcher. In addition, the Fletcher School has strong relationships, including joint degree programs, with other universities around the metro Boston area. The two-year Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy is the Fletcher School’s flagship international affairs degree, the Fletcher School and Johns Hopkins Universitys Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies are the only non-law schools in the US that compete in the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, Section reference The school’s dean is Admiral James Stavridis, U. S. Navy, former Supreme Allied Commander at NATO and former head of the U. S. Admiral Stavridis received a MALD degree and a Ph. D. from The Fletcher School in 1983 and 1984 and he became the 12th dean of the school on July 1,2013. On its campus in Medford, Massachusetts, The Fletcher School offers multi-disciplinary instruction in international affairs through several masters degree programs, the school also offers an executive masters degree for mid-career professionals through its Global Master of Arts Program. The year-long program combines three 2-week residencies with rigorous academic instruction covering topics such as negotiation, trade, economics and politics from a global perspective, all faculty members hold terminal degrees in their respective fields. In 2013, the faculty to student ratio in Medford is 1,8.6, the Edward R. Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy was established in memory of the journalist and former head of the United States Information Agency. The center is home to Edward R. Murrow’s personal library and papers, including more than 2,000 documents, a number of awards, and certificates. The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies organizes public lectures, conferences and roundtables to create an understanding of the region. The center hosts an annual lecture series that has twice hosted former U. S. President Bill Clinton as its speaker. The Hitachi Center for Technology and International Affairs focuses on the management of innovation and technological change, the center sponsors a lecture series and conducts research and teaching on topics related to technology, economic integration and their role in international relations. The Institute for Business in the Global Context conducts research and organizes conferences on contemporary issues in international business. The institute offers a Master of International Business degree and conducts research through its Council on Emerging Market Enterprises
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Medford, Massachusetts
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Medford is a city 3.2 miles northwest of downtown Boston on the Mystic River in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. In the 2010 U. S. Census, Medfords population was 56,173 and it is home to Tufts University. Medford was settled in 1630 as part of Charlestown, the area was originally called Mistick by Thomas Dudley, which his party renamed Meadford. In 1637, the first bridge across the Mystic River was built at the site of the present-day Cradock Bridge and it would be the only bridge across the Mystic until 1787, and as such became a major route for traffic coming into Boston from the north. The bridge would be rebuilt in 1880 and 1909, until 1656, all of northern Medford was owned by Cradock, his heirs, or Edward Collins. Medford was governed as a peculiar or private plantation, as the land began to be divided among several people from different families, the new owners began to meet and make decisions locally and increasingly independently from the Charlestown town meeting. In 1674, a Board of Selectmen was elected, in 1684, the legislature granted the ability to raise money independently, and in 1689. The town got its own meeting room in 1690. The land south of the Mystic River was known as Mistick Field and it was transferred from Charlestown to Medford in 1754. This grant also included the Charlestown Wood Lots, and part of what was at the time Woburn, parts of Medford were transferred to Charlestown in 1811, Winchester in 1850, and Malden in 1879. Additional land was transferred to Medford from Malden, Everett, the population of Medford went from 230 in 1700 to 1,114 in 1800. After 1880, the population expanded, reaching 18,244 by 1900. Farmland was divided into lots and sold to residential and commercial buildings, starting in the 1840s and 1850s, government services expanded with the population. Tufts University was chartered in 1852 and the Crane Theological School at Tufts opened in 1869, during the 17th century, a handful of major public roads served the population, but the road network started a long-term expansion in the 18th century. The Medford Turnpike Company was incorporated in 1803, but turned what is now Mystic Avenue over to the city in 1866, the Andover Turnpike Company was incorporated in 1805, but turned what is now Forest Street and Fellsway West over to Medford in 1830. A horse-powered street railway running to Somerville and Charlestown in 1860. The street railway network expanded in the hands of private companies, and went electric in the late 1890s. Streetcars were converted to buses in the 20th century, interstate 93 was constructed between 1956 and 1963
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Fulbright Program
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The program was established to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills. It is one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world, the Fulbright Program provides 8,000 grants annually to undertake graduate study, advanced research, university lecturing, and classroom teaching. The Fulbright Program is administered by cooperating organizations like the Institute of International Education and it operates in over 160 countries around the world. The U. S. Department of States Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs sponsors the Fulbright Program from an appropriation from the U. S. Congress. Additional direct and in-kind support comes from governments, foundations, corporations. In each of 49 countries, a bi-national Fulbright Commission administers, in countries without a Fulbright Commission but that have an active program, the Public Affairs Section of the U. S. Embassy oversees the Fulbright Program. More than 360,000 persons have participated in the program since it began, fifty-four Fulbright alumni have won Nobel Prizes, eighty-two have won Pulitzer Prizes. In 1945, Senator J. William Fulbright proposed a bill to use the proceeds from selling surplus U. S. government war property to international exchange between the U. S. and other countries. The bill devised a plan to forgo the debts foreign countries amassed during the war and it was through the belief that this program would be an essential vehicle to promote peace and mutual understanding between individuals, institutions and future leaders wherever they may be. If we do not want to die together in war, we must learn to live together in peace. On August 1,1946, President Harry S. Truman signed the bill into law, since it began, the program has operated on a bi-national basis, each country active in the Fulbright Program has entered into an agreement with the U. S. government. The first countries to sign agreements were Cuba in 1947 and Burma, the Philippines, Educational exchange can turn nations into people, contributing as no other form of communication can to the humanizing of international relations. The Fulbright Program works two ways, U. S. citizens may receive funding to go to a foreign country, citizens may come to the U. S. Fulbright grants are offered in almost all academic disciplines except clinical medical research involving patient contact. Fulbright grantees fields of study span the arts, humanities, social sciences, mathematics, natural and physical sciences. Student Program offers fellowships for U. S. graduating seniors, graduate students, young professionals and artists to research, study, the Fulbright Foreign Student Program enables graduate students, young professionals and artists from abroad to conduct research and study in the United States. Some scholarships are renewed after the year of study. This program is currently on hiatus, the Fulbright-mtvU Fellowships award up to four U. S. students the opportunity to study the power of music as a cultural force abroad. Fellows conduct research for one year on projects of their own design about a chosen musical aspect
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Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
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United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
