1.
Sir Thomas Monson, 1st Baronet
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Sir Thomas Monson, 1st Baronet was an English politician and supporter of King James I. Sir Thomas was the son of Sir John Monson of South Carlton, Lincolnshire, Sir Thomass younger brother was Admiral Sir William Monson. Thomas was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, matriculating at the age of fifteen in December 1579, and at Grays Inn, Sir Thomas was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 1592 and High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1597 and probably knighted the same year. He then served as a Member of Parliament for Lincolnshire, Castle Rising and he was made Keeper of the Armoury at Greenwich, Master of the Armoury at the Tower of London and Master Falconer to the King. He was created a baronet in 1611, one of the first in the Baronetage of England. But in 1615 his position of trust at the Tower of London brought about a situation led to his arrest as one of the participators in the 1613 murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. He was eventually released however, after a year in the Tower, his reputation and he died in 1641 and was buried in South Carlton. He had married Margaret Anderson, the daughter of Sir Edmund Anderson, with whom he had four sons and his eldest son and heir was John Monson, a member of parliament under Charles I. Another son was William Monson, who was created an Irish peer as Viscount Monson of Castlemaine in 1628, having been a member of the court which tried Charles I the viscount was deprived of his honours and was sentenced to imprisonment for life in 1661. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp.198,199, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Bradley, Emily Tennyson. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp.198,199
2.
President of the Church (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the President of the Church is the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the church. The President of the LDS Church is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of both the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes and the Council of the Church, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. The concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831, initially, after the churchs formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as an apostle of Jesus Christ, and elder of the church. However, there was another apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, in early June 1831, Smith was ordained to the high priesthood, along with twenty-two other men, including prominent figures in the church such as Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and Martin Harris. As high priests, these men were higher in the hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smiths and Cowderys callings as apostles gave them superior authority to that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, in 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob. Hyrum Smith, his successor, was killed in the same incident. Smith had not indisputably established who was next in line as successor to President of the Church, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young would not be ordained President of the Church until December 1847, thomas S. Monson is the 16th and current President of the LDS Church. As president, Monson is considered by adherents of the religion to be a prophet, seer, a printer by trade, Monson has spent most of his life engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service
3.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
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Gordon B. Hinckley
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Gordon Bitner Hinckley was an American religious leader and author who served as the 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from March 12,1995, until his death. Considered a prophet, seer, and revelator by church members, Hinckleys presidency was noted for the building of temples, with more than half of existing temples being built under his leadership. He also oversaw the reconstruction of the Nauvoo Illinois Temple and the building of the 21,000 seat Conference Center, during his tenure, The Family, A Proclamation to the World was issued and the Perpetual Education Fund was established. At the time of his death, approximately one-third of the membership had joined the church under Hinckleys leadership. Hinckley was awarded ten honorary degrees, and in 2004. Hinckley also received the Boy Scouts of Americas highest award, the Silver Buffalo, Hinckley died of natural causes on January 27,2008, and was survived by his five children. His wife, Marjorie Pay, died in 2004 and he was succeeded as church president by Thomas S. The child of a multi-generational Latter-day Saint, Hinckley was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to prominent LDS writer and educator Bryant S. Hinckley and he graduated from LDS High School in 1928. He grew up on a farm in East Millcreek. His home library contained approximately a thousand volumes of literary, philosophical and historical works, Hinckley was known for his optimism and plain-speaking. Hinckley attended the University of Utah, where he earned a degree in English. He studied Latin and could read ancient Greek, Hinckley became a missionary for the LDS Church, an unusual occurrence for Depression-era Latter-day Saints. He served in the London-based British Mission from 1933 to 1935 and he would later write the words for LDS hymn no. Hinckley returned to the United States in 1935 after completing a tour of the European continent. He was given an assignment by his president, Joseph F. Merrill, to meet with the churchs First Presidency. As a result of meeting, Hinckley received employment as executive secretary of the churchs Radio, Publicity. Hinckleys responsibilities included developing the churchs fledgling radio broadcasts and making use of the new communication technologies. One of the projects Hinckley oversaw in the late 1930s was development of the exhibit for the Golden Gate International Exposition
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Russell M. Nelson
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Russell Marion Nelson Sr. is an American surgeon and religious leader who is currently the president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Prior to becoming an LDS Church apostle, he was a renowned cardiothoracic surgeon. He has been an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve since 1984 and is the oldest living, a native of Salt Lake City, Utah, Nelson studied at LDS Business College while in his mid-teens and then worked as an assistant secretary at a bank. He attended the University of Utah, earning a B. A. in 1945 and he then pursued joint surgical training and Ph. D. studies at the University of Minnesota. There, he worked on the team responsible for developing the heart-lung machine that supported the first open-heart operation on a human being in 1951. Nelson returned to Salt Lake City in 1955 and accepted a faculty position at the University of Utah School of Medicine, there he built his own heart-lung bypass machine and employed it to support the first open-heart surgery in the state of Utah. That operation was performed at the Salt Lake General Hospital on an adult with an atrial septal defect and this would mark the first of many career achievements for Nelson. In March 1956, he performed the first successful pediatric cardiac operation at the SLGH and he was at the forefront of surgeons focusing attention on coronary artery disease, and contributed to the advance of valvular surgery as well. In 1960, he performed one of the repairs of tricuspid valve regurgitation. His patient was a Latter-day Saint stake patriarch, in an indication of his surgical skill, a 1968 case series of his aortic valve replacements demonstrated an exceptionally low peri-operative mortality. Later, he performed the operation on future LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball. In 1985, Nelson along with his colleague, Conrad B, jenson, performed a quadruple bypass surgery on the Chinese opera performer Fang Rongxiang. Nelson became involved with the aspects of medicine and was elected president of the Utah State Medical Association. He was chair of the Division of Thoracic Surgery at LDS Hospital from 1967 to 1974, Nelson was honored nationally by being elected president of the Society for Vascular Surgery and a director of the American Board of Thoracic Surgery. Before being appointed an apostle, he spent over six years as a president in Salt Lake City. Wirthlin served as his second counselor, Nelson also served for eight years as the churchs Sunday School General President, and four years as a regional representative. Nelson was called to be an apostle by church president Spencer W. Kimball, Nelson was sustained as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on April 7,1984, in an LDS Church general conference. He was ordained an apostle on April 12,1984, by Gordon B, at the same conference, Dallin H
6.
Boyd K. Packer
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He also served as the quorums acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as an authority of the church from 1961 until his death. Packer was born on September 10,1924, in Brigham City, Utah, as a young boy, he contracted polio. After graduating from school, he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces in the spring of 1943. He graduated as a pilot in September 1944 and was assigned to bomber training and he was on Okinawa when World War II ended, and his unit remained stationed on Japan until 1946. After leaving the military, Packer initially attended Weber College, where he met his future wife and they married in the Logan Temple in 1947 and had ten children, including current LDS general authority Allan F. Packer. After their marriage, Packer attended Utah State University, earning a B. S. degree in 1949 and he later earned an Ed. D. from Brigham Young University in 1962. Packer was also an artist, and enjoyed painting, particularly birds, Packer served a four-year term on the Brigham City City Council. In 1961, Packer was called by LDS Church president David O. McKay to serve as an authority as an Assistant to the Twelve. While serving in the position, Packer was assigned to serve as president of the churchs New England States Mission and he also served for a time as the managing director of the churchs military relations committee. Between 1979 and 1981, he was on the committee produced the new editions of the LDS Church scriptures. On September 12,1991, Packer dedicated Ukraine for the preaching of the restored gospel, in 1993, Packer read the dedicatory prayer in the Spanish language at the dedication of the San Diego California Temple. When Howard W. Hunter, who had been President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, succeeded to the presidency of the church in 1994, Hinckley and Thomas S. Monson as his counselors in the First Presidency. Packer was the apostle in seniority among the ranks of the church, behind Hunter, Hinckley. This created a situation where the only apostles senior to Packer were members of the First Presidency, as a result, Packer was named Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve. When Hunter died in 1995 and was succeeded by Hinckley, Monson was again retained in the First Presidency and Packer was again asked to be Acting President of the Twelve. Of the five acting presidents of the Quorum in the churchs history, in 1999, Packer dedicated the Regina Saskatchewan Temple. Packer became President of the Quorum of the Twelve on February 3,2008, in 2012, Packer dedicated the Brigham City Utah Temple
7.
First Presidency (LDS Church)
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The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency, there have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators. Counselors are formally designated as First Counselor in the First Presidency, additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including Third Counselor in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselor to the President, and simply Counselor in the First Presidency. Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the president who called them. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, the death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, although these are fairly common occurrences, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church. In the case of a president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when ordained as an apostle. All members of the First Presidency are also members of the churchs Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, there is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith Thorpe B, the position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary as opposed to members of the First Presidency, the First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. D. Arthur Haycock also served as secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century. George W. Robinson George Reynolds George F. Gibbs Joseph Anderson Francis M. Gibbons F. Michael Watson Brook P. Hales Council of the Church
8.
Henry B. Eyring
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Henry Bennion Eyring is an American educational administrator, author, and religious leader. Eyring is the First Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Eyring was the Second Counselor to Gordon B. Hinckley in the First Presidency from October 6,2007, until Hinckleys death on January 27,2008, on February 3,2008, Eyring was called as First Counselor to Thomas S. Monson in the First Presidency, serving with Second Counselor Dieter F. Uchtdorf. Eyring has also served as an authority of the church in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Quorum of the Seventy. Eyring has served twice as Commissioner of the Church Educational System, currently, he is the seventh most senior apostle among the ranks of the church. His fathers sister, Camilla Eyring, married Spencer W. Kimball, making Henry B. the nephew of Kimball, Eyring lived in Princeton until his early teenage years. As a teenager Eyring and his moved to Salt Lake City when his father took a post at the University of Utah. Eyring spent two years in the U. S. Air Force, stationed at Sandia Base in New Mexico, while in New Mexico, Eyring served as a district missionary for the LDS Church. He received a BS degree in physics from the University of Utah and he went on to earn both Masters and Doctoral degrees in Business Administration from Harvard Business School, before embarking on a career in academia. Eyring has served twice as Commissioner of Church Education, from September 1980 to April 1985, and from September 1992 to January 2005, Eyring was an associate professor of business at the Stanford Graduate School of Business from 1962 to 1971. He was also a Sloan Visiting Faculty Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, among other callings in the LDS Church, Eyring has served as a regional representative, bishop and member of the Sunday School General Board. Following the death of church president Howard W. Hunter, Eyring was sustained to the churchs Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on April 1,1995, and ordained an apostle later that same week. Eyring was sustained as Second Counselor in the churchs First Presidency on October 6,2007, when the First Presidency was reorganized following the death of Gordon B. Hinckley, Eyring was called and set apart as the First Counselor on February 3,2008, the new First Presidency, with Thomas S. Monson as president, was announced on February 4,2008. In 2014, after a meeting with Pope Francis, Eyring spoke at Humanum and it was the first time that a pope and a top LDS general authority had met. Eyring and his wife, Kathleen Johnson, were married in the churchs Logan Temple in July 1962 and they are the parents of six children. Their sons include Henry J. Eyring, a president at BYU–Idaho, and Matthew J. Eyring, the Chief Strategy Innovation Officer of Vivint. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Utah Council on the Disposition of the Tithes Glenn L. Pace, Eyring, Newsroom, LDS Church Lund, Gerald N. Elder Henry B
9.
Ezra Taft Benson
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Born on a farm in Whitney, Idaho, Benson was the oldest of eleven children. He was the great-grandson of Ezra T. Benson, who was appointed by Brigham Young a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1846, Benson began his academic career at Utah State Agricultural College, where he first met his future wife, Flora Smith Amussen. Benson alternated quarters at USAC and work on the family farm, Benson served an LDS Church mission in Britain from 1921 to 1923. On his mission, he served as president of the Newcastle Conference, after his mission, Benson studied at Brigham Young University and finished his bachelors degree there in 1926. That year he married Flora Smith Amussen, shortly after her return from a mission in Hawaii and they became the parents of six children. Benson received his masters degree from Iowa State University, several years later, he did preliminary work on a doctorate at the University of California at Berkeley, but never completed it. Just after receiving his masters degree, Benson returned to Whitney to run the family farm and he later became the county agriculture extension agent for Oneida County, Idaho. He later was promoted to the supervisor of all county agents, while in Boise, Benson also worked in the central state extension office connected with the University of Idaho Extension Service. He also founded a farmers cooperative, Benson was superintendent of the Boise Stake Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association and later a counselor in the stake presidency. In 1939, he became president of the Boise Idaho Stake, later that year, he moved to Washington, D. C. to become Executive Secretary of the National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, and became the first president of a new church stake in Washington. In August 1989, Benson received the Presidential Citizens Medal from President George H. W. Bush, in 1943, Benson went to Salt Lake City to ask church leaders for advice on whether to accept a new job. They unexpectedly told him that he would join them, on October 7,1943, both Benson and Spencer W. Kimball became members of the churchs Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, filling two vacancies created by the deaths of apostles that summer. Because Kimball was ordained first, he was given seniority over Benson in the Quorum, upon Kimballs death in 1985, Benson became the president of the church in his place. Bensons interest in politics could be seen in the subjects he chose for his biannual addresses at General Conference, in 1967, for example, he asked David O. McKay for permission to speak on how the Communists are using the Negros to. Foment trouble in the United States, while McKay allowed Benson to speak on this subject, other church apostles were opposed to Bensons positions. When Joseph Fielding Smith became church president, Benson was no longer given permission to promote his political opinions, Bensons teachings as an apostle were the 2015 course of study in the LDS Churchs Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes. In 1948, Republican presidential nominee Thomas E. Dewey approached Benson before the election that year becoming the United States Secretary of Agriculture. Benson accepted with the permission and encouragement of church president David O. McKay, Benson therefore served simultaneously in the United States Cabinet and in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
10.
James E. Faust
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James Esdras Faust was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was born to George A, Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in rural area. His family moved to the part of the Salt Lake Valley before he reached high school age. He attended Granite High School in Salt Lake City, where he won awards for track and he later attended the University of Utah, where he ran the 440-yard and mile relay. His college education was delayed twice, First, when he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Brazil from 1939 to 1942. Then later when he served during World War II in the United States Army Air Corps where he was a First Lieutenant at the time of discharge, on April 22,1943, Faust married Ruth Wright, whom he had met at Granite High School. The wedding took place during a short leave during his military service, Faust graduated from the University of Utah in 1948 with a B. A. and Juris Doctor. After graduation, he worked in a law firm in Salt Lake City, in 1962, he was elected president of the Utah Bar Association, where he served for one year. The same association awarded him its Distinguished Lawyer Emeritus Award in 1996, during the 1960s, he was named to the Utah Legislative Study Committee and later to the Utah Constitutional Revision Commission. Faust served in the House of Representatives for the 28th Utah State Legislature as a Democrat for Utahs eighth district and he also served as chairman of the Utah State Democratic Party and helped manage a campaign for Senator Frank Moss. In 1996, Faust was awarded with the Minuteman Award by the Utah National Guard, Faust was appointed by U. S. President John F. Kennedy to the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights. He was also an advisor to the American Bar Journal and he was made an honorary citizen of São Paulo, Brazil and received a national Brazilian citizenship award. In 1949, at the age of 28, Faust became a bishop in the LDS Church and he later served on a stake high council, as stake president, and a regional representative. Faust was called as an Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 6,1972, at that time, the position was eliminated and he entered the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1975, he presided over the Brazil area of the church, during his tenure, the São Paulo Brazil Temple was announced. Before the 1978 revelation reversing the ban for men of African descent, Faust was head of the churchs International Mission. Spencer W. Kimball privately consulted with Faust several times leading up to the change in policy and he served in the Quorum until being set apart as Second Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Gordon B
11.
Howard W. Hunter
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Howard William Hunter was an American lawyer and was the fourteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the churchs history, Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, Hunter was born in Boise, Idaho. His father was not a Latter-day Saint and would not allow his baptism until he was 12 and he was the second person to become an Eagle Scout in the state of Idaho. In March 1923, the Boise Ward, where Hunter had been a member since his baptism, was split and it initially met in a Jewish synagogue that was provided free of charge. When calls were issued to build the Boise LDS Tabernacle, Hunter was the first to pledge money for the building, offering $25, Hunter had a love for music and played the piano, violin, drums, saxophone, clarinet, and trumpet. He formed a band called Hunters Croonaders, which played at regional events. In 1928, Hunter tried a system where he would train and bus schedules. The project worked moderately well in cities as Nampa and Twin Falls. After this failure, Hunter moved to southern California, in California, Hunter initially worked in a citrus factory and in shoe sales. After a few weeks he secured a job at a Bank of Italy branch on April 23,1928, Hunter studied at the American Institute of Banking while working for the Bank of Italy. In June 1928, Hunter met Clara May Claire Jeffs, a woman from Salt Lake City who had moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1926. They dated some over the year, but not exclusively with each other at this point. Besides working in banking, Hunter was still playing the saxophone for dances on a regular basis, by the summer of 1929, Hunter and Jeffs were dating steady. However, Hunter was contemplating serving a mission so they held off on marriage, the two eventually decided to get married instead, and they were married in the Salt Lake Temple on June 10,1931. In November 1930, Hunter was involved in booking for the merger of the Bank of Italy with the Bank of America of California to form the Bank of America National Trust, shortly after, Hunter took a position as a junior officer with the First Exchange Bank of Inglewood. This bank was taken over by the state of California and placed in receivership in January 1932, for the next two years, Hunter filled several odd jobs, including working as a bridge painter and a laundry detergent peddler. In 1934, he managed to get a position as an examiner with the Los Angeles County Flood Control District
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Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are apostles, with the calling to be prophets, seers, and revelators, evangelical ambassadors, the jurisdiction of the Twelve was originally limited to areas of the world outside of Zion or its stakes. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles claims a leadership role second only to that of the First Presidency, at the time of the death of Joseph Smith, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young. Young emphasized what he said was Smiths authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the governing body of the church after Smiths death. Church policy decisions are made unanimously, with consultation among the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and where appropriate, effort is made to ensure that the organizations are united in purpose and policy. Each member of the quorum is accepted by the church as an apostle, as well as a prophet, seer, thus, each apostle is considered to hold the rights to use all powers granted by God to the church. Individually and collectively, the Twelve Apostles hold the keys and have conferred the authority to exercise all of the keys upon the President of the Church. Thus, as outlined in the Doctrine and Covenants, only the President of the Church is entitled to revelation or dictate policy for the entire church. A major role of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is to appoint a successor when the President of the Church dies, shortly after this occurs, the apostles meet in a room of the Salt Lake Temple to appoint a successor. Invariably the successor has been the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the apostles lay their hands on his head and ordain him and set him apart as President of the Church. The president then chooses two counselors in the First Presidency, who are high priests, the second most senior surviving apostle becomes the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This has invariably been the most senior member of the quorum who is not a member of the First Presidency, the final decision rests with the President of the Church, but is formally voted on by the Twelve and the counselors in the First Presidency. The chosen man is generally ordained an apostle by the President of the Church, depending on circumstances, this may occur before or after a sustaining vote is held at a church general conference. Any Melchizedek priesthood holder is eligible to be called as an apostle, generally, new apostles have considerable experience in church government and have served faithfully as bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, or seventies. Some apostles receive assignments to become members of boards of church-owned for-profit corporations, the calling of an apostle is typically a lifetime calling. Pages, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — biographical sketches of all past and present members of the Quorum
13.
David O. McKay
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David Oman McKay was an American religious leader and educator who served as the ninth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1951 until his death in 1970. Ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1906, McKay was an authority for nearly 64 years, longer than anyone else in LDS Church history. The third child of David McKay and Jennette Eveline Evans McKay, David was born on his father’s farm in Huntsville, Utah Territory, McKays mother was a Welsh immigrant from Merthyr Tydfil, and his father was a Scottish immigrant from Caithness. In 1880, after McKay’s two older sisters died, his father was called on an LDS mission to his native Scotland, in his fathers absence, McKay had additional family responsibilities and helped his mother. McKays grandmother bequeathed $5,000 to McKays mother upon her death, be used for the education of the children. This money allowed McKay, his brother Thomas McKay, and their two sisters to attend the University of Utah, McKay graduated in 1897 as valedictorian and class president. Immediately afterward, he was called on a mission to Great Britain, like his father, he presided over the Scottish district of the church. Early in his mission, he was impressed by a motto he saw inscribed on a building in Stirling, What Eer Thou Art and this message became a source of inspiration throughout his life. Upon his return in fall 1899, McKay taught at the school level at LDS Weber Stake Academy. He married Emma Ray Riggs in the Salt Lake Temple on January 2,1901 and they eventually had seven children, one dying as a young child. For his first three years at Weber, McKay taught mainly religion and literature classes, on April 17,1902, McKay was appointed principal of Weber, succeeding the founding principal, Louis F. Moench, who had resigned after nine years in the position. One of his first actions as principal was to organize a school paper, McKay also oversaw the inauguration of sports programs at Weber, with mens and womens basketball teams organized during McKays tenure. In 1905, they won their game against the University of Utah. With three vacancies, George F. Richards, Orson F. Whitney, and McKay were called as apostles in the LDS Churchs April 1906 general conference, McKay was 32 at the time. Prior to this appointment to service, McKay had planned on career in education. Even after his appointment, McKay stayed active in education, continuing as principal of the Weber Stake Academy until 1908, McKay stayed at Weber Stake Academy to see the completion of some new building projects that he had begun. He also served on the Weber schools board of trustees until 1922, McKay enjoyed a long, personal friendship with John F. Fitzpatrick, publisher of the Salt Lake Tribune. They met weekly for breakfast to discuss the betterment of Utah, in October 1906, McKay became an assistant to the superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union
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Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
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‹See Tfd› In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others. In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is an office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve, in most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles. In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were both designated apostles by 1830. Other church members with proselytizing responsibilities were also referred to as apostles, a June 1829 revelation appointed Cowdery and David Whitmer to designate twelve disciples. Subsequently, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was organized February 14,1835, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apostle is the highest priesthood office of the Melchizedek priesthood. The President of the Church is always an apostle, as are the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in practice, counselors in the First Presidency are almost always apostles as well. There are usually at least twelve apostles in the LDS Church, some apostles have been ordained to that office without being included within the Quorum of the Twelve. Joseph Angell Young was ordained an apostle in 1864 but was never a member of either the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or the First Presidency, joseph F. Smith, Brigham Young, Jr. and Sylvester Q. Cannon had each been ordained as apostles before eventually being called into the Quorum of the Twelve, the next most senior apostle becomes president of the Quorum of the Twelve. Following their calling to the apostleship, members of the Quorum are sustained in general conference as apostles and prophets, seers and this procedure also takes place at other meetings of church members such as ward and stake conferences. Each member of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve is sustained by name, usually, the president of the church ordains a new apostle, although any other apostle may ordain a person to the priesthood office. The calling of an apostle is to be a witness of the name of Jesus Christ in all the world, particularly of his divinity. Twelve men with this high calling constitute an administrative council in the work of the ministry, when a vacancy occurred with the death of Judas Iscariot, Matthias was divinely appointed to that special office as a member of the council. Today twelve men with this same divine calling and ordination constitute the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The title was applied to others who, though not of the number of the original twelve. Paul repeatedly spoke of himself as an apostle and he applied the titles to James, the Lords brother, and also to Barnabas. Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Heb,3, 1-2, a designation meaning that he is the personal and select representative of the Father
15.
Henry D. Moyle
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Henry Dinwoodey Moyle was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Moyle was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to politician James Moyle and he studied at the University of Utah and served as an LDS Church missionary in Switzerland and in Germany. During World War I, Moyle served in the United States military, Moyle continued his studies at the University of Chicago and Harvard Law School. He was also a student at the School of Mines in Freiberg, in 1920, Moyle was appointed to the position of United States attorney for the state of Utah. Moyle was for years a lawyer and a part-time member of the University of Utah faculty. He was also a businessman involved in railroad, trucking, oil. During World War II, he was the director of the Petroleum Industries Council, from 1927 to 1937, Moyle was the president of the LDS Churchs Cottonwood Stake, located in the south-east suburbs of Salt Lake City. He also served as chairman of the churchs Welfare Committee, Moyle was ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on April 10,1947. Moyle served as Second Counselor in the First Presidency to church president David O. McKay from June 12,1959, to October 12,1961 and he was First Counselor in the First Presidency until his death. Moyle was a cattleman and originated the idea of the church establishing a cattle ranch in Florida. He was convinced that Floridas climate would prove ideal for raising cattle, the church bought the original 54, 000-acre tract in 1950, and over 50 years, the ranch grew to more than 312,000 acres. Deseret Cattle and Citrus Ranch, which is east of Orlando, is today the worlds largest beef ranch, Moyle spearheaded much of the churchs building program in the early 1960s. He believed that the Church Office Building, the headquarters of the LDS Church and he was also convinced that by building larger meetinghouses, the church would attract more converts. Moyle convinced McKay not to publish an account of church spending as was customary in order to hide the extent of the deficit caused by spending on buildings. By 1962, the deficit had reach $32 million and his optimistic building programs placed a considerable financial strain upon the church and McKay eventually relieved Moyle from many of his administrative responsibilities. The controversial baseball baptism program was Moyles idea to increase baptisms in order to fill the church meetinghouses, missionaries would encourage young men to join sports leagues and used baptism as a prerequisite. Under this approach, large numbers of men were baptized. The rush to baptize was accompanied with the establishment of baptism quotas for missionaries, the rest of the apostles were largely opposed to these changes, which led to Moyle being relieved of his responsibilities in the missionary department
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N. Eldon Tanner
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Nathan Eldon Tanner was a teacher, municipal and provincial politician from the Canadian province of Alberta, and a leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, but soon after his birth his family moved to Aetna outside of Cardston, Alberta, where he was raised. Tanner served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1935 to 1952 sitting with the Social Credit caucus in government, Tanner was born on May 9,1898, in Salt Lake City, Utah. His family had a farmstead just south of Cardston, Alberta and he grew up in southern Alberta, attending grade school in the town of Aetna and high school at Knight Academy in Raymond and receiving some post-secondary education at Calgary Normal School. Tanner began his life at a grocery store and butcher shop. He obtained a job teaching at a school in Hill Spring in 1919. He met his wife, Sara Isabelle Merrill, at the school. In addition to teaching, Tanner established his own store to supplement his family income. The store was successful enough that he left his first teaching job in Hill Spring to run the store full-time, Tanner eventually became a high school teacher in Cardston. He got his start in the political arena serving as a councillor on Cardston Town Council, Tanner was drafted to run for a seat to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta for the first time in the 1935 Alberta general election. He ran as a Social Credit candidate in the district of Cardston. He won the race, easily defeating incumbent United Farmers MLA George Stringam. He filled that role until 1937 when he was appointed as a cabinet minister, Premier William Aberhart appointed Tanner to the Executive Council of Alberta as the Minister of Lands and Mines on January 5,1937. He ran for a term in office in the 1940 Alberta general election with ministerial advantage. Tanner barely kept his seat, winning a hotly contested race against independent candidate S. H. Nelson. Tanner ran for a term in office in the 1944 Alberta general election. He faced a race and won easily despite his popular vote dropping slightly from the previous election. The popular vote of the opposition candidates collapsed, the 1948 Alberta general election would see Tanner run for his fourth term in office
17.
Robert D. Hales
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Robert Dean Hales is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Hales is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, currently, he is the fifth most senior apostle in the church. Hales was born in New York City and raised in Queens and he is the son of John Rulon Hales, an artist who worked in advertising primarily, and his wife, Vera Marie Holbrook. Hales received degrees from the University of Utah and Harvard Business School and was a pilot in the U. S. Air Force and he married Mary Crandall, whom he met as a college sophomore, in the Salt Lake Temple on June 10,1953. They are the parents of two sons, during his professional business career, Hales served in executive positions with four major national companies. After joining the Gillette Co. he became president of Papermate and he joined Max Factor as a vice president, and later headed the Hughes Television Network. Just prior to his call to be an authority, Hales was president of Chesebrough-Ponds. In 2010, Deseret Book published Haless book, Return, Hales has been a member of the Quorum of the Twelve since April 2,1994. He was ordained an apostle on April 7,1994, filling a vacancy created by the death of Marvin J. Ashton, as a native of New York City, Hales is often the churchs point man on dealing with issues in the city. He was involved in some of the planning that led to the building of the Manhattan New York Temple. He served three times as a bishop in Weston, Massachusetts, Chicago, Illinois, and Frankfurt and he served as a branch president both in Weston and in Albany, Georgia, as well as in the branch presidency in Seville, Spain. He was also a high councilor, counselor in a stake presidency. Pages, Robert D. Hales Hales on Special Witnesses of Christ
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United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
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Ensign (rank)
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Ensign is a junior rank of a commissioned officer in the armed forces of some countries, normally in the infantry or navy. As the junior officer in a regiment was traditionally the carrier of the ensign flag. This rank has generally replaced in army ranks by second lieutenant. Ensigns were generally the lowest ranking commissioned officer, except where the rank of subaltern existed. In contrast, the Arab rank of ensign, لواء, liwa, derives from the command of units with an ensign, not the carrier of such a units ensign, and is today the equivalent of a major general. Ensign is enseigne in French, and chorąży in Polish, each of which derives from a term for a flag, the Spanish alférez and Portuguese alferes is a junior officer rank below lieutenant associated with carrying the flag, and so is often translated as ensign. Unlike the rank in other languages, its etymology has nothing to do with flags, in the German Landsknecht armies, the equivalent rank of a Cornet existed for those men who carried the troop standard. It is still used in the artillery and cavalry divisions of the Netherlands, the NATO rank code is OF-1. In Argentina, the rank of ensign is used by both the air force and the gendarmerie and it is, however, used differently in the two services. The air force uses the rank for newly qualified officers, while the gendarmerie uses ensign ranks as an equivalent for the armys lieutenant ranks, the other armed forces of Argentina have ranks equivalent to ensign, subteniente in the army and guardiamarina in the navy. In the army, the most junior sublieutenant in a regiment is also the flag carrier, during the Ancien Régime in France, as in other countries, the ensign was the banner of an infantry regiment. As in other countries, the name began to be used for the officers who carried the ensign and it was renamed sub-lieutenant at the end of the 18th century. The Navy used a rank of ensign, which was the first officer rank. It was briefly renamed ship-of-the-line sub-lieutenant in the end of the 18th century, nowadays, the rank is still used in the Marine Nationale, Ship-of-the-line ensign is the name of the two lowest officer ranks Both ranks of ensign use the style lieutenant. However, French-Canadian sub-lieutenants use the form of enseigne instead of lieutenant. The rank ensign is used to refer to second lieutenants in household regiments of the Canadian Army. Fähnrich which has a parallel etymology to ensign, containing the corresponding German word stem of flag in it, is a German, the word Fähnrich comes from an older German military title, Fahnenträger, and first became a distinct military rank on 1 January 1899. The German Fähnrich is a non-commissioned officer promoted from the rank of Fahnenjunker or Seekadett, Fähnrich is equivalent to Feldwebel, but with additional responsibilities as an officer cadet
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United States Navy Reserve
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The United States Navy Reserve, known as the United States Naval Reserve from 1915 to 2005, is the Reserve Component of the United States Navy. Members of the Navy Reserve, called Reservists, are enrolled in the Selected Reserve, the Individual Ready Reserve, the size of these centers varies greatly, depending on the number of assigned. They are intended mostly to administrative functions and classroom style training. However, some NOSCs have more training facilities, including damage control trainers. Because of this, NOSCs outside the concentration areas are also heavily tasked to provide personnel. This service provided to the community is one of the NOSCs top two priority missions. FTS, previously known as TAR, serve in all year round and provide administrative support to SELRES. Army Reserve and the Army National Guard, the IRR do not typically drill or train regularly, but can be recalled to service in a full mobilization. These personnel will drill for points but no pay and are not eligible for Annual Training with pay, however, they remain eligible for other forms of active duty with pay and mobilization. Reservists are called to duty, or mobilized, as needed and are required to sign paperwork acknowledging this possibility upon enrollment in the reserve program. After the September 11 attacks of 2001, Reservists were mobilized to combat operations. The War on Terrorism has even seen the activation of a Reserve squadron, the VFA-201 Hunters, flying F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, which deployed on board the USS Theodore Roosevelt. Additionally, more than 52,000 Navy Reservists have been mobilized and deployed to serve in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Reserve consists of 108,718 officers and enlisted personnel who serve in every state and territory as well as overseas as of September 2012. S. Following the American Revolution, the expense of maintaining a navy was deemed too great. However, attacks by Barbary pirates against American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea prompted a change in course in 1794, a navy that helped give birth to the nation was now deemed essential to preserving its security, which faced its most serious threat during the War of 1812. Though overwhelmed by a superior in numbers, these men, most recruited from Baltimore, continued to wage war on land, joining in the defense of Washington. Having fought against a power, naval reservists faced a much different struggle with the outbreak of the Civil War, which divided a navy. By wars end the Navy had grown from a force numbering 9,942 in 1860 to one manned by 58,296 sailors, the latter action resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to six reserve enlisted men
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Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
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Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
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University of Utah
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The University of Utah is a public coeducational space-grant research university in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. As the states flagship university, the university more than 100 undergraduate majors. The university is classified in the highest ranking, R-1, Doctoral Universities – Highest Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the Carnegie Classification also considers the university as selective, which is its second most selective admissions category. Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine, Utahs only medical school, as of Fall 2015, there are 23,909 undergraduate students and 7,764 graduate students, for an enrollment total of 31,673. The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret and it received its current name in 1892, four years before Utah attained statehood, and moved to its current location in 1900. The university ranks among the top 50 U. S. universities by total research expenditures with over $486 million spent in 2014, in addition, the universitys Honors College has been reviewed among 50 leading national Honors Colleges in the U. S. The university has also ranked the 12th most ideologically diverse university in the country. The universitys athletic teams, the Utes, participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Pac-12 Conference and its football team has received national attention for winning the 2005 Fiesta Bowl and the 2009 Sugar Bowl. A Board of Regents was organized by Brigham Young to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley, early classes were held in private homes or wherever space could be found. The university closed in 1853 due to lack of funds and lack of feeder schools, the university moved out of the council house into the Union Academy building in 1876 and into Union Square in 1884. Additional Fort Douglas land has granted to the university over the years. Upon his death in 1900, Dr. John R. Park bequeathed his fortune to the university. One third of the faculty resigned in protest of these dismissals, the controversy was largely resolved when Kingsbury resigned in 1916, but university operations were again interrupted by World War I, and later The Great Depression and World War II. Student enrollment dropped to a low of 3,418 during the last year of World War II, ray Olpin made substantial additions to campus following the war, and enrollment reached 12,000 by the time he retired in 1964. Growth continued in the decades as the university developed into a research center for fields such as computer science. During the 2002 Winter Olympics, the university hosted the Olympic Village, the University of Utah Asia Campus opened as an international branch campus in the Incheon Global Campus in Songdo, Incheon, South Korea in 2014. Three other European and American universities are also participating, the Asia Campus was funded by the South Korean government. Campus takes up 1,534 acres, including the Health Sciences complex, Research Park and it is located on the east bench of the Salt Lake Valley, close to the Wasatch Range and approximately 2 miles east of downtown Salt Lake City
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Silver Buffalo Award
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The Silver Buffalo Award is the national-level distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America. It is presented for noteworthy and extraordinary service to youth on a basis, either as part of. The award is made by the National Court of Honor and the recipient need not be a member of the BSA. The award consists of a silver buffalo medal suspended from a red, recipients may wear the corresponding square knot, with a white strand over a red strand, on the BSA uniform. Using the United States military as the model, silver awards are the highest awards in the BSA, the concept of the Silver Buffalo was based on the Silver Wolf Award of the Boy Scout Association. The buffalo pendant was designed by A. Phimister Proctor, a red-white-red ribbon bar was introduced in 1934 for informal uniform wear. In 1946, ribbon bars were replaced by the current knot insignia, during the first presentation in 1926, twenty-two awards were presented in a particular order determined by Chief Scout Executive James E. West. Since then, the awards have been presented on a basis in alphabetical order. The first Silver Buffalo Award was conferred upon Lord Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement and this award is represented by a small buffalo statue in Gilwell Park. The second went to the Unknown Scout who inspired William D. Boyce to form the BSA, in 1928, the World War I soldier buried in the Tomb of the Unknowns was awarded the Silver Buffalo for distinguished service to Americas youth. Three of the 28 Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipients have received the Silver Buffalo, John Glenn 1965, Neal Armstrong 1970, three Chief Justices of the Supreme Court have been awarded the Silver Buffalo. Fourteen Presidents of the United States have been awarded the Silver Buffalo, eight Presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have been awarded the Silver Buffalo. For fifty years the Silver Buffalo was awarded only to men until LaVern W. Parmley became the first woman to receive the honor in 1976. As of 2016,764 awards have been made (763 individual recipients, as this is a national BSA award, it cannot be awarded twice to any person. List of recipients of the Silver Buffalo Award
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Bronze Wolf Award
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The Bronze Wolf Award is bestowed by the World Scout Committee to acknowledge outstanding service by an individual to the World Scout Movement. It is the highest honor that can be given a volunteer Scout leader in the world, since the awards creation in 1935, fewer than 400 of the several millions of Scouts throughout the world have received the award. In 1924, the International Committee, predecessor of the WSC, determined that it needed an award to be out in its own name. Baden-Powell wanted to limit the number of awards, but recognized that the concerns of the Committee were valid, conversation about the matter was re-opened in 1932, with a decision reached in June 1934. The WSC approved use of the award in Stockholm on 2 August 1935, the Bronze Wolf Award is the highest honor that is given a volunteer Scout leader throughout the world. It given in recognition to Scouters who have contributed exceptional, noteworthy and it recognizes the individuals contributions, service, dedication, and many years of volunteer work in successfully implementing the Scouting program. It is only given to people that have provided a lifetime of selfless and voluntary service to the upliftment and service of youth, as Scoutings numbers have increased, so have the number of awards bestowed. Between 1955 and 2015, the award was bestowed 346 times, the guidelines of the WSC dictate that the number of awards granted should be limited to approximately one award for each 2,000,000 members worldwide. As of 2016, the World Scout Bureau estimates there are about 28 million Scouts worldwide, seven Bronze Wolf Awards were given in 2016. The Bronze Wolf award consists of a green ribbon bordered by two narrow stripes of yellow from which descends a bronze pendant of a wolf, statant. The wolf bears the World Scout Emblem
26.
Deseret News
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The Deseret News is a newspaper published in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It is Utahs oldest continuously published daily newspaper and has the largest Sunday circulation in the state, the News is owned by Deseret News Publishing Company, a subsidiary of Deseret Management Corporation, a holding company owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The newspaper is printed by the Newspaper Agency Corporation, which it co-owns with The Salt Lake Tribune under a joint operating agreement, in 2006, combined circulation of the two papers was 151,422. The Church News includes news of the LDS Church and has published since 1931, while the Mormon Times is about the people, faith. Since 1974 the Deseret News has also published the Church Almanac, the editorial tone of the Deseret News is usually described as moderate to conservative, and is often assumed to reflect the values of its owner, the LDS Church. For example, the newspaper does not accept advertising that violates church standards, Phelps left Winter Quarters sometime in May, and went to Boston by way of the former Mormon settlement of Nauvoo, Illinois. In Boston, with the help of William I, appleby, the president of the Churchs Eastern States Mission, and Church member Alexander Badlam, Phelps was able to procure a wrought iron Ramage hand-press, type, and other required equipment. He returned to Winter Quarters on November 12,1847, with the press, due partly to its size and weight, the press and equipment would not be taken to Salt Lake City until 1849. By that time many of the Mormon pioneers had left Winter Quarters, in April 1849 the press and other church property was loaded onto ox drawn wagons, and traveled with the Howard Egan Company along the Mormon Trail. The wagon company, with the press, arrived in the Salt Lake Valley August 7,1849, the press was moved into a small adobe building that also served as a coin mint for the settlers. The press was at first used to print the necessary documents used in setting up the provisional State of Deseret, the first issue of the Deseret News was published June 15,1850, and was 8 pages long. Because it was meant to be the voice of the State of Deseret, it was called the Deseret News and it was at first a weekly Saturday publication, and published in pamphlet form in hopes that readers would have the papers bound into volumes. Subscription rate was $2.50 for six months, a jobs press, usually called the Deseret News Press, was also set up so the News could print books, booklets, handbills, broadsides, etc. for paying customers and other publishers. From the beginning paper shortages were a problem for the News staff, starting with the October 19,1850 issue—only four months after publication began—the paper had to be changed to a bi-weekly publication. Even so, many times in the 1850s there were periods when the News could not be published for lack of paper. The publishers asked everyone to donate old paper and cloth to the venture, in the summer of 1854 the first issues of the News were published on homemade paper that was very thick, and grayish in color. Even with paper shortages, occasionally a News extra would be published, during a turbulent time period, later known as the Utah War, the News presses and equipment were moved to the central and southern parts of the state. As armed forces of the United States camped just outside the state at Fort Bridger, Cannon was assigned to take some presses and equipment to Fillmore while Henry McEwan was to take the remainder to Parowan
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Honorary degree
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An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows, Doctorate in Business Administration. The degree is conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitors contributions to a specific field or to society in general. It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in ones CV as an award, rev. Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees, having been awarded 150 during his lifetime. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford and he later became Bishop of Salisbury. In the latter part of the 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees, these nominees usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation, the dissertation et jure dignitatis is considered to be a full academic degree. Although higher doctorates such as DSc, DLitt, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, the university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff. The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees, some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy - see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities. A typical example of university regulations is, Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters and it is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix Dr. In some universities, it is however a matter of preference for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of Doctor. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters h. c. after the award to indicate that status. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title Doctor prenominally, abbreviated Dr. h. c. or Dr. Sometimes, they use Hon before the letters, for example. In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate post nominal titles for honorary degrees and this is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. It is now common in countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD. For instance, a doctor of the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD. Some universities, including the Open University grant Doctorates of the University to selected nominees, most American universities award the degrees of LLD, LittD, LHD, ScD, PedD and DD only as honorary degrees
28.
Boy Scouts of America
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The BSA was founded in 1910 and, since then, more than 110 million Americans have been participants in BSA programs at some time. The BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922. In order to further these activities, the BSA has four high-adventure bases, Northern Tier, Philmont Scout Ranch, Sea Base. The traditional Scouting divisions are Cub Scouting for boys ages 7 to 10½ years, Boy Scouting for boys ages 10½ to 18, Learning for Life is a non-traditional subsidiary that provides in-school and career education. Units are led entirely by volunteers appointed by the chartering organization, the progressive movement in the United States was at its height during the early 20th century. With the migration of families from farms to cities, there were concerns among some people that men were no longer learning patriotism and individualism. The YMCA was a promoter of reforms for young men with a focus on social welfare and programs of mental, physical, social. In 1907, Robert Baden-Powell, founded the Scouting movement in England using elements of Setons works among other influences, several Scout programs for boys started independently in the US. Many of these Scout programs in the US merged with the BSA.52 In 1909, Chicago publisher W. D. Boyce was visiting London, Boyce was lost on a foggy street when an unknown Scout came to his aid, guiding him to his destination. The boy then refused Boyces tip, explaining that he was a Boy Scout and was doing his daily good turn. Interested in the Boy Scouts, Boyce met with staff at the Boy Scouts Headquarters and, by some accounts, upon his return to the US, Boyce incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8,1910. Edgar M. Robinson and Lee F. Hanmer became interested in the nascent BSA, Robinson enlisted Seton, Beard, Charles Eastman, and other prominent leaders in the early youth movements. Former president Theodore Roosevelt, who had complained of the decline in American manhood. The current mission statement of the BSA is to young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath. The BSA holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, on behalf of the BSA, Paul Sleman, Colin H. Livingstone, Ernest S. Martin, and James E. West successfully lobbied Congress for a charter for the BSA which President Woodrow Wilson signed on June 15,1916. The special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the BSA, in the BSA, Scouting is considered to be one movement with four main programs, Cub Scouting is available to boys from first to fifth-grade or 7 to 11 years. Boy Scouting is the program of the BSA generally for boys ages 11 to 18
29.
World Organization of the Scout Movement
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The World Organization of the Scout Movement is the largest international Scouting organization. These members are recognized national Scout organizations, which collectively have over 40 million participants, WOSM was established in 1922, and has its operational headquarters at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and its legal seat in Geneva, Switzerland. It is the counterpart of the World Association of Girl Guides, WOSM is organized into regions and operates with a conference, committee and bureau. The WOSM is associated with three World Scout Centres, the World Scout Jamboree is held roughly every four years under the auspices of the WOSM, with members of WAGGGS also invited. WOSM also organises the World Scout Moot, a Jamboree for 17- to 26-year-olds, and has organised the World Scout Indaba, a gathering for Scout leaders. The World Scout Foundation is a perpetual fund governed by a separate Board of Governors, WOSM is a non-governmental organization with General Consultative Status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. As a result of a conference held during the first World Scout Jamboree at Olympia, London in 1920. The first task of the bureau was to co-ordinate the discussions, at the 1922 Paris conference The International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement, its committee and BSIB were constituted by the founding member organizations. In 1961 The International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement reconstituted the organization introducing the name World Organization of the Scout Movement, the World Scout Conference is the governing body and meets every three years, preceded by the World Scout Youth Forum. The World Scout Conference is the assembly of Scouting and is composed of six delegates from each of the member Scout associations. If a country has more than one association, the form a federation for coordination. The Conference meets every three years and is hosted by a member association, at the World Scout Conference basic cooperative efforts are agreed upon and a plan of mutual coordination is adopted. The World Scout Committee is the body of the World Scout Conference and is composed of elected volunteers. The World Scout Committee represents World Scout Conference between the meetings of the full conference, the World Scout Committee is responsible for the implementation of the resolutions of the World Scout Conference and for acting on its behalf between its meetings. The Committee meets twice a year, usually in Geneva and its Steering Committee, consisting of the Chairman, two Vice-Chairmen and the Secretary General, meet as needed. Twelve, each from a different country, are elected for three-year terms by the World Scout Conference, the members, elected without regard to their nationality, represent the interests of the movement as a whole, not those of their country. The Secretary General and the Treasurer of WOSM are ex-officio members of the Committee, the chairmen of the regional Scout committees participate in the World Scout Committee meetings in a consultative capacity. The Bronze Wolf Award is the only awarded by WOSM
30.
Church Educational System
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Approximately 700,000 individuals were enrolled in CES programs in 143 countries in 2011. CES courses of study are separate and distinct from religious instruction provided through wards, clark, a member of the First Quorum of Seventy, has been the Commissioner of the Church Educational System since August 1,2015. Religious education programs designed for students are called seminaries. These are programs of education for youth aged 14–18 that accompany the students secular education. Released-time seminary classes are taught by full-time employees. In areas with smaller LDS populations early-morning or home-study seminary programs are offered, early-morning seminary classes are held daily before the normal school day in private homes or in meetinghouses and are taught by volunteer teachers. Home-study seminary classes are offered where geographic dispersion of students is so great that it is not feasible to meet on a daily basis, home-study seminary students study daily, but meet only once a week as a class. Home-study classes are held in connection with weekly youth fellowship activities on a weekday evening. The seminary program provides extensive study of theology, using as texts the churchs standard works throughout the school week, the four courses are taught, one per year, on a rotating basis. LDS seminary students do not get high school credit for their seminary studies, recently the LDS Church has piloted an online seminary program to supplement or supplant the home-study program. This online pilot program has seen success in helping meet the needs of students separated by distances that make meeting daily impractical. This helps provide a sense of community and connection as well as a chance to learn the gospel in a similar way that students do in areas with a larger concentrations of LDS youth. Religious education is provided for students who enroll in post-secondary education, or those of student age. CES Institutes serve more than 350,000 students in more than 2700 locations worldwide, many colleges throughout the United States either have institute buildings or active programs near their campuses. Institute classes are offered in leased or owned facilities adjacent to institutions of higher education, many LDS meetinghouses also lend their facilities for institute classes. The first Institute of Religion was established in northern Idaho at Moscow, currently the largest enrollment is at Utah State University in Logan, Utah. The largest enrollment outside the state of Utah is at Idaho State University in Pocatello, the new MTC opened in June 2013. These religious secondary schools were called for by church president Wilford Woodruff following a takeover of Utah Territorial public schools
31.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
32.
Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
33.
Salt Lake Temple
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The Salt Lake Temple is a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints located on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. At 253,015 square feet, it is the largest LDS temple by floor area. Dedicated in 1893, it is the temple completed by the church, requiring 40 years to complete. The Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre Temple Square in Salt Lake City, in 1912, the first public photographs of the interior were published in the book The House of the Lord, by James E. Talmage. Since then, various photographs have been published, including by Life magazine in 1938, the temple grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction. Due to its location at LDS Church headquarters and its historical significance, the Salt Lake Temple is also the location of the weekly meetings of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. As such, there are meeting rooms in the building for these purposes, including the Holy of Holies. The official name of the Salt Lake Temple is also unique, in 1999, as the building of LDS temples accelerated, the church announced a formal naming convention for all existing and future temples. For temples located in the United States and Canada, the name of the temple is generally the city or town in which the temple is located, followed by the name of the state or province. For temples outside of the U. S. and Canada, however, for reasons on which the church did not elaborate, the Salt Lake Temple was made an exception to the new guidelines and was not renamed the Salt Lake City Utah Temple. The temple also includes some elements thought to evoke Solomons Temple at Jerusalem and it is oriented towards Jerusalem and the large basin used as a baptismal font is mounted on the backs of twelve oxen, as was the Molten Sea in Solomons Temple. At the east end of the building, the height of the pinnacle to the base of the angel Moroni is 210 feet, or 120 cubits. The temple is located in downtown Salt Lake City, with mountain peaks close by. Nearby, a stream, City Creek, splits and flows both to the west and to the south, flowing into the Jordan River. There is a wall around the 10-acre temple site, the surrounding wall became the first permanent structure on what has become known as Temple Square. The wall is a uniform 15 feet high but varies in appearance because of the southwest slope of the site. The location for the temple was first marked by Mormon prophet Brigham Young, in 1901 the apostle Anthon H. Lund recorded in his journal that it is said that Oliver Cowderys divining rod was used to located the temple site. The temple site was dedicated on February 14,1853 by Heber C, groundbreaking ceremonies were presided over by Young, who laid the cornerstone on April 6 of that year
34.
Swedes
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Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
35.
Mexicans
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Mexicans are the people of the United Mexican States, a multiethnic country in North America. Mexicans can also be those who identify with the Mexican cultural and/or national identity, the Mexica founded Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1325 as an altepetl located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. It became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire in the 15th century, at its peak, it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of Mexico City. In 2015,21. 5% of Mexicos population in Mexico self-identify as being indigenous, there are about 12 million Mexican nationals residing outside of Mexico, with about 11.7 million living in the United States. The larger Mexican diaspora can also include individuals that trace ancestry to Mexico, the Nahuatl language was a common tongue in the region of modern Central Mexico during the Aztec Empire, but after the arrival of Europeans the common language of the region became Spanish. Mexicano is derived from the word Mexico itself, in the principal model to create demonyms in Spanish, the suffix -ano is added to the name of the place of origin. Another hypothesis suggests that Mēxihco derives from the Nahuatl words for Moon and this meaning might then refer to Tenochtitlans position in the middle of Lake Texcoco. The system of interconnected lakes, of which Texcoco formed the center, had the form of a rabbit, still another hypothesis suggests that it is derived from Mēctli, the goddess of maguey. The term Mexicano as a word to describe the different peoples of the region of Mexico as a group emerged in the 16th century. In that time the term did not apply to a nationality nor to the limits of the modern Mexican Republic. The document stated, el venturoso descubrimiento que los Mexicanos han hecho, Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of mestizaje. The word has somewhat pejorative connotations and most of the Mexican citizens who would be defined as mestizos in the sociological literature would probably self-identify primarily as Mexicans, in Chiapas the word Ladino is used instead of mestizo. White Mexicans are Mexican citizens of full European descent, another group in Mexico, the mestizos, also include people with varying amounts of European ancestry, with some having a European admixture superior to 90%. Because of this, the line between whites and mestizos has become rather blur, and the Mexican government decided to abandon racial classifications. Intermixing would produce a group which would become the majority by the time of Independence. However, at its height, the immigrant population in Mexico never exceeded twenty percent of the total. Many of these came with money to invest and/or ties to allow them to become prominent in business
36.
West Valley City, Utah
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West Valley City is a city in Salt Lake County and a suburb of Salt Lake City in the U. S. state of Utah. The population was 129,480 at the 2010 census, making it the second-largest city in Utah, the city incorporated in 1980 from a large, quickly growing unincorporated area, which was variously known as Granger, Hunter, Chesterfield, and Redwood. It is home to the Maverik Center and USANA Amphitheater, the earliest known residents of the western Salt Lake Valley were Native American bands of the Ute and Shoshoni tribes. The first European people to live in the area were the Latter-day Saints, the Euro-Americans arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847. The area was first staked out by settler Joseph Harker and his family in the area named as over Jordan. The Granger area was settled by Welsh Latter-day Saints who had come to Utah with Dan Jones in 1849, irrigation systems and agriculture were developed in the area, and it was Elias Smith who proposed the areas name on account of its successful farming. At other times high alkali content made farming difficult, but there were enough Latter-day Saints to form a separate Granger Ward in 1884, Granger and vicinity had about 1,000 people in 1930. Hunter was not settled until 1876 and this settlement was started by Rasmus Nielsen, Edward Rushton, August Larsen and about seven others along with their families. Irrigation began in 1881 and the crop was fruit trees. The city began to experience growth in the 1970s, when the area that is now West Valley City consisted of the four separate communities of Hunter, Granger, Chesterfield. These four unincorporated areas merged in 1980 to form the present-day city, during the 2002 Olympic Winter Games, West Valley City was the official venue for mens and womens ice hockey. On May 19,2011, the city unveiled a plan to create a downtown area for the city over the course of 10 years, building on plans. It will be known as Fairbourne Station and will consist of approximately 40 acres, Valley Fair Mall and the Maverik Center are located nearby, as is I-215. As of 2016 of the development is incomplete, with the TRAX line having opened in 2011 and the hotel in 2012, notorious serial killer Ted Bundy was arrested in Granger on August 16,1975, on a routine traffic stop. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 35.5 square miles of which 35.4 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. The Oquirrh Mountains loom over the city to the west, while the Jordan River marks the eastern boundary, the mayor is a voting member of the City Council. The West Valley City Council meets each Tuesday night at 6,30 PM, City Hall is located at 3600 South Constitution Boulevard. The mayor and six councilors are elected to four-year terms, mayoral elections are held the same year as three of the councilors
37.
West High School (Utah)
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West High School is the oldest public high school in the U. S. state of Utah. It was founded in 1890, and it is part of the Salt Lake City School District and its original name was Salt Lake High. The school colors are red and black and the mascot is a panther. It has a current enrollment of 2,559, West High is located in Salt Lake City, close to downtown, at 241 North 300 West. The historical structure still functions as the main building, and has undergone major restorations. It is surrounded by buildings, and the newly updated stadium. West High is easily accessible because it is three blocks away from the UTA TRAX line and close to the Gateway Mall, several films have been filmed at West High and it has been noted in the History Channels Gangland TV series. West High hosts the states longest running International Baccalaureate program and offers most Advanced Placement classes, many players and coaches have gone on to major sports programs. Wests boys basketball team beat Provo high school in the 2009 state championship game, ending Provos 40 game win streak, the Science Olympiad team, Model UN, math, debate, mock trial, chess, and DECA clubs are among the most successful in the state. Science Olympiad, under the leadership of Madam Hansen, consistently wins top honors at the state, in 2011, the team won 2nd place, beating perennial favorite Davis High School. The chess team routinely wins the championship, while members of the 7th and 8th grade Mathcounts team have competed at nationals. West Highs mock trial teams regularly place in the top four at state, in 2013, West Highs junior mock trial team took 1st in state and their two senior teams took 2nd and 4th in state. P. A. W. is an organized club receiving much attention for its social activism. The debate team is ranked as one of the top 40 teams in the country, the Model United Nations team was ranked in the top 15 in the 2007 National High School Model United Nations competition. The DECA program consistently has individual members placing in the top 10 in the International DECA competition
38.
Baptism in Mormonism
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In Mormonism, baptism is recognized as the first of several ordinances of the gospel. Much of the theology of Mormon baptism was established during the early Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith, according to this theology, baptism must be by immersion and is for the remission of sins, and occurs after one has shown faith and repentance. Mormon baptism does not purport to remit any sins other than personal ones, Mormon baptisms also occur only after an age of accountability which is defined as the age of eight years. The theology thus rejects infant baptism, in addition, Mormon theology requires baptism only be performed a priesthood holder. The minimum required level to perform a baptism in Mormonism is Priest, who is a worthy male members at least 16 years old. Because the churches of the Latter Day Saint movement operate under a lay priesthood, membership into a Latter Day Saint church is granted only by baptism. Most Latter Day Saint churches do not recognize the baptisms of other faiths as they believe baptisms must be performed under the churchs unique priesthood authority, therefore, any converts are baptized at their conversion to Mormonism. Doctrine and Covenants Section 20 first documented the instructions for Mormon baptism, then shall he immerse him or her in the water, and come forth again out of the water. People being baptized or performing the baptism typically wear a suit with short sleeves. Baptisms are usually performed in a font, but any body of water in which the person may be completely immersed is acceptable. The person administering the baptism must recite the prayer exactly, and immerse every part, limb, hair, if there are any mistakes, or if any part of the person being baptized is not fully immersed, the baptism is repeated until it is performed correctly. In addition to the baptizer, two priesthood holders witness the baptism to ensure that it is performed properly, following baptism, Latter Day Saints receive the Gift of the Holy Ghost by the laying on of hands of a Melchizedek Priesthood holder. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints practices baptism for the dead vicariously or by proxy in their temples for anyone who did not receive these ordinances while living. Young led his group to the Great Basin in what is now Utah, during the Mormon Reformation of 1856–57, rebaptism became an extremely important ordinance, signifying that the church member confessed their sins and would live a life of a Latter-day Saint. Church members were rebaptized prior to new covenants and ordinances, such as ordination to a new office of the priesthood, receiving temple ordinances, getting married, rebaptism remains a practice in the LDS Church today, but is practiced when a previously excommunicated member rejoins the church. In such cases, the wording of the ordinance is identical to that of the first baptismal ordinance, believers baptism Baptismal clothing, Latter-day Saint tradition
39.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
40.
Asiatic-Pacific Theater
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The Asiatic-Pacific Theater, was the area of operations of U. S. forces during World War II in the Pacific War during 1941-45. From mid-1942 until the end of the war in 1945, there were two U. S. operational commands in the Pacific. The Pacific Ocean Areas, divided into the Central Pacific Area, the North Pacific Area, the South West Pacific Area, including New Guinea, Philippines, Borneo, and the Dutch East Indies, was commanded by General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Allied Commander South West Pacific Area. During 1945, the United States added the U. S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific, commanded by General Carl Spaatz. Because of the roles of the United States Army and the United States Navy in conducting war in the Pacific Theater. There was no command, rather, the Asiatic-Pacific Theater was divided into the SWPA, the POA. The Official Chronology of the U. S. Navy in World War II, in the Service of the Emperor, Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Kafka, Roger, Pepperburg, Roy L. Warships of the World, the Campaigns of the Pacific War. A History of Us, War, Peace and all that Jazz, joint Operational Warfare, Theory and Practice. Newport, Rhode Island, United States Naval War College, the Battle for Leyte,1944, Allied and Japanese Plans, Preparations, and Execution
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San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
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