1.
The Week
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The Week is a weekly British news magazine which also publishes a US edition, and between 2008 and 2012 additionally published an Australian edition. The Week was founded in the United Kingdom by Jolyon Connell in 1995, in April 2001, the magazine began publishing an American edition, an Australian edition followed in October 2008. Dennis Publishing publishes the UK edition and, until 2012, the Australian edition, the Week Publications publishes the US edition. The Australian edition of The Week ceased operation in October 2012 and administrators have been appointed to its publisher, the final edition, its 199th, was released on 12 October 2012. At the end, it was selling 28,000 copies a week, the various editions of the magazine provide perspectives on the weeks news and editorial commentary from global media to provide readers with multiple political viewpoints. In addition to news and opinion, the magazine covers science, business. The magazine is known for a focus that incorporates current events, news, health, media, science, arts. In September 2007, the magazines U. S. edition launched a daily website, the UK website, which was first published under the name The First Post, is edited by Holden Frith. In October 2015, the UK edition of The Week launched a free app called The WeekDay. Published twice-daily, the app contains a digest of news and analysis and it is also edited by Holden Frith
2.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
3.
The Wall Street Journal
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The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually
4.
The New Yorker
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The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast, started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the life of New York City. The New Yorker debuted on February 21,1925 and it was founded by Harold Ross and his wife, Jane Grant, a New York Times reporter. Ross wanted to create a humor magazine that would be different from perceivably corny humor publications such as Judge. Ross partnered with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann to establish the F-R Publishing Company, the magazines first offices were at 25 West 45th Street in Manhattan. Ross edited the magazine until his death in 1951, during the early, occasionally precarious years of its existence, the magazine prided itself on its cosmopolitan sophistication. Ross famously declared in a 1925 prospectus for the magazine, It has announced that it is not edited for the old lady in Dubuque, although the magazine never lost its touches of humor, it soon established itself as a pre-eminent forum for serious fiction literature and journalism. Shortly after the end of World War II, John Herseys essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, D. Salinger, Irwin Shaw, James Thurber, John Updike, Eudora Welty, Stephen King, and E. B. White. Publication of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery drew more mail than any story in the magazines history. In its early decades, the magazine published two or even three short stories a week, but in recent years the pace has remained steady at one story per issue. Kurt Vonnegut said that The New Yorker has been an instrument for getting a large audience to appreciate modern literature. Vonneguts 1974 interview with Joe David Bellamy and John Casey contained a discussion of The New Yorkers influence, No other art requires the audience to be a performer. You have to count on the readers being a good performer and those writers you mentioned and myself are teaching an audience how to play this kind of music in their heads. Its a learning process, and The New Yorker has been a good institution of the sort needed. They have an audience, and they come out every week, and people finally catch on to Barthelme, for instance. The non-fiction feature articles cover an array of topics. Recent subjects have included eccentric evangelist Creflo Dollar, the different ways in which humans perceive the passage of time, the magazine is notable for its editorial traditions
5.
GQ
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GQ is an international monthly mens magazine based in New York City. The publication focuses on fashion, style, and culture for men, though articles on food, movies, fitness, sex, music, travel, sports, technology, Gentlemens Quarterly was launched in 1931 in the United States as Apparel Arts. It was a fashion magazine for the clothing trade, aimed primarily at wholesale buyers. Initially it had a limited print run and was aimed solely at industry insiders to enable them to give advice to their customers. The popularity of the magazine among retail customers, who took the magazine from the retailers. Apparel Arts continued until 1957, when it was transformed into a magazine for men. Apparel was dropped from the logo in 1958 with the issue after nine issues. Gentlemans Quarterly was re-branded as GQ in 1967, the rate of publication was increased from quarterly to monthly in 1970. Subsequently, international editions were launched as regional adaptations of the U. S. editorial formula, jim Nelson was named editor-in-chief of GQ in February 2003, during his tenure he worked as both a writer and an editor of several National Magazine Award-nominated pieces. During Nelsons tenure, GQ has become more oriented towards younger readers, nonnie Moore was hired by GQ as fashion editor in 1984, having served in the same position at Mademoiselle and Harpers Bazaar. GQ has been associated with metro-sexuality. They filled their magazines with images of young men sporting fashionable clothes and accessories. And they persuaded other young men to them with a mixture of envy. The magazine has expanded its coverage beyond lifestyle issues, for example, in 2003, Award winning journalist Sabrina Rubin Erdely wrote an 8-page feature story in GQ on famous con man Steve Comisar. GQ first named their Men of the Year in 1996, featuring the recipients in a special issue of the magazine. British GQ launched their annual Men of the Year awards in 2009, spanish GQ launched their Men of the Year awards in 2011 and GQ Australia launched theirs in 2007. Beginning in the 1990s, the magazine pivoted from a pattern of men-only on the cover to introducing including some female actors, models. While the men on the covers remained clothed, the photographs of women were mostly less than fully clothed
6.
Garden City, New York
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Garden City is a village in the town of Hempstead in central Nassau County, New York, in the United States. It was founded by multi-millionaire Alexander Turney Stewart in 1869, and is on Long Island, the village is mostly in the Town of Hempstead with a small portion in the Town of North Hempstead. As of the 2010 census, the population of the village was 22,371. The Garden City name is applied to several other unincorporated, nearby jurisdictions, in the region, hamlets such as Garden City South, Garden City Park and East Garden City are next to the incorporated village of Garden City, but are not themselves part of it. Roosevelt Field, the center built on the former airfield from which Charles Lindbergh took off on his landmark 1927 transatlantic flight, is in East Garden City. Adelphi Universitys main campus is in Garden City, in 1869, the Irish-born millionaire Alexander Turney Stewart bought a portion of the lightly populated Hempstead Plains. In doing this I am prepared and would be willing to expend several millions of dollars, parenthetically, the name Garden City pre-dates that of the Garden City Movement which was established some years later near the end of the nineteenth century. The central attraction of the new community was the Garden City Hotel, designed by the firm of McKim. Access to Garden City was provided by the Central Railroad of Long Island, the railroads Hempstead Branch opened in 1873. Stewarts wife, Cornelia, founded the St. Pauls School for boys and this elaborate memorial was completed in 1885. Mrs. Stewart died the following year, in 2008, the Cathedral of the Incarnation underwent a multimillion-dollar renovation and rehabilitation project, which was completed in 2012. Voters selected Mineola to be the county seat for the new county of Nassau in November 1898, winning out over Hicksville and Hempstead. The Garden City Company donated four acres of land for the county buildings just south of the Mineola train station and the present-day village of Mineola, in the town of Hempstead. The land and the buildings have a Mineola postal address, but are within the village of Garden City. The early village did well due to its proximity to Hempstead, in time, thanks both to the railroad and automobiles, Garden City’s population increased. In 1910, Doubleday, Page, and Co. one of the most worlds important publishers, moved its operations to Garden City, which include its own train station. The Doubleday company purchased much of the land on the west site of Franklin Avenue, in 1916, company co-founder and Garden City resident Walter Hines Page was named Ambassador to Great Britain. In 1915, the village of Garden City merged with the village of Garden City Estates to its west and it became an incorporated village in 1919
7.
Columbia College, Columbia University
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Columbia College is the oldest undergraduate college at Columbia University, situated on the universitys main campus in Morningside Heights in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded in 1754 by the Church of England as Kings College, Columbia College is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States. The college is distinctive for its comprehensive Core Curriculum, Columbia College is highly selective in its admissions. For the class of 2021, the college accepted 5. 8% of its applicants, Columbia College was founded as King’s College by royal charter of King George II of Great Britain in the Province of New York in 1754. Due in part to the influence of Church of England religious leaders, samuel Johnson was chosen as the college’s first president and was also the college’s first professor. During this period, classes and examinations, both oral and written, were conducted entirely in Latin, hamiltons first experience with the military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the outbreak of fighting at Boston. Along with Nicholas Fish, Robert Troup, and a group of students from Kings, he joined a volunteer militia company called the Hearts of Oak. In August 1775, while under fire from HMS Asia, the Hearts of Oak participated in a raid to seize cannon from the Battery. With the successful Treaty of Paris in 1783, the situation was stable enough for the college to resume classes in 1784. This 1787 charter remains in effect, the Columbia School of Mines awarded the first Ph. D. from Columbia in 1875. Also by this time, graduate faculties issuing the Doctor of Philosophy degree in philosophy, political science, and the natural sciences had also developed. Thus, in 1896, the trustees of Columbia College, under the guidance of Seth Low, approved a new name for the university as a whole, Columbia University in the City of New York. At this point, the name Columbia College returned to being used solely to refer to the undergraduate college, founded as King’s College in 1754. A tract for the campus was purchased which extended from 114th St. to 120th St. between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue. Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White was selected to design the new campus, Columbia College and Columbia University as a whole relocated to the new campus in 1897. Also in 1919, a course, War and Peace, was required of all Columbia College students in addition to the Great Books Honors Seminar. During the 1960s, Columbia College, like others across the United States, experienced unrest and turmoil due to the ongoing civil rights movement. University officials wished to build new facilities in the park
8.
Columbia Daily Spectator
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Columbia Daily Spectator is the weekly student newspaper of Columbia University. It is published at 112th and Broadway in New York, New York, founded in 1877, it is the oldest continuously operating college news daily in the nation after The Harvard Crimson, and has been legally independent of the university since 1962. During the academic term, it is published online Monday through Friday, in addition to serving as a campus newspaper, Spec, as it is commonly known, also reports the latest news of the surrounding Morningside Heights community. The paper is delivered each week to over 150 locations throughout the Morningside Heights neighborhood, Spectator is published by Spectator Publishing Company Inc, an independent 501 corporation. Spectator Publishing Company was formed in 1962 and has been independent of Columbia University since then, the president of the Spectator Publishing Company also serves as the editor in chief of the Columbia Daily Spectator. Spectators writing departments, each headed by one or two editors, include campus news, city news, sports, arts and entertainment, and opinion. The other non-writing departments, also headed by their own editors, include photography, design, online, production, copy. The business departments, which oversee the newspapers advertising, finances, Spec is currently run by the 141st managing board. First-time writers at Columbia begin their time at the paper with a 1- to 2-month trial period, during which they learn the basics of writing an article, each November and December, students run for positions at the paper, a grueling process that takes nearly a month. They begin by shadowing, or sitting with the current editors or associate editors, next they write proposals for their desired position. The students then take editing tests made up by their department editor that test them on fundamentals. Finally, they go through the turkeyshoots, an interview in which the current managing board grills the applicant on why the applicant feels that they would be a fit for the position. The results of the process, including the new managing board, are announced in mid-December, in 2005, Spec started printing La Página, a weekly flyer in Spanish with translations of some of the weeks English content most relevant to neighborhood readers. The next year, in February 2006, the paper launched a series of blogs, SpecBlogs and they were the third Ivy League paper to do this, after the Harvard Crimson s Sports Blog and The Daily Pennsylvanian s TheBuzz. In September 2006, Spectator staff launched The Eye, a magazine featuring investigative pieces and commentary on Columbia. The name of The Eye relates both to the fact that one spectates with it and urban theorist Jane Jacobs notion that eyes on the help keep neighborhoods safe. In March 2010, Spec launched a new blog, Spectrum, which is updated several times a day with breaking news, columns, Editor in Chief, Catie EdmondsonManaging Editor, J. W. A. L. Bush Nick Schifrin, Pakistan correspondent for ABC News Warren St. John, New York Times reporter and author Nick Summers, townsend, News Editor, CBS Evening News Dick Wald, former president of NBC Steven Waldman, journalist and founder of Beliefnet. S
9.
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
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The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is one of the professional graduate schools of Columbia University. Located in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of New York City, it is the journalism school in the Ivy League and one of the oldest in the United States. The school was founded by Joseph Pulitzer in 1912, and offers Master of Science, in addition to graduate degree programs, the Journalism School houses the Pulitzer Prizes and directly administers several prizes, including the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award. It also co-sponsors the National Magazine Awards and publishes the Columbia Journalism Review, the Journalism School was founded with a bequest from Joseph Pulitzer. In 1892, Pulitzer offered Columbia Universitys president, Seth Low, the university initially turned down the money. Lows successor, Nicholas Murray Butler was more receptive to the plan and it took the university many years to act on Pulitzers $2 million gift and pitch for a journalism school. Classes began on September 30,1912, with a student body of about 100 undergraduate and graduate students from 21 countries, the building was still under construction at the time. In 1935 Dean Carl Ackerman led the transition to become the first graduate school of journalism in the United States. Classes of 60 students dug up stories in New York City during the day and drafted articles in a single, students choose from one of four specializations, newspaper, magazine, broadcast, or new media. Some students interested in reporting are part of Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism. The M. S. program is offered on a part-time basis. The school also offers dual-degree programs with Sciences Po in Paris, the nine-month master of arts program is for experienced journalists interested in focusing on a particular subject area, politics, science, business, or the arts. M. A. students work closely with Journalism School professors as well as professors from other departments at Columbia. The Ph. D. program draws upon the resources of Columbia University in an approach to the study of communications. The Journalism School administers many professional awards, a tradition that Joseph Pulitzer began when he established the school, until then, the boards decisions were ratified by the Universitys trustees. Prior to its divestiture in 1950, the board was charged with administrative oversight of the School of Journalism. Since 1976, the incumbent dean of the Journalism School has served as an ex member of the board. Professor Emeritus of Professional Practice in Magazine Journalism Charles Ornstein, adjunct associate professor Michael Schudson, professor Choire Sicha, Pulitzers School, Columbia Universitys School of Journalism, 1903-2003
10.
Philolexian Society
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The Philolexian Society of Columbia University is one of the oldest college literary and debate societies in the United States, and the oldest student group at Columbia. Founded in 1802, the Society aims to improve its members in Oratory, Composition, the name Philolexia is Greek for love of discourse, and the societys motto is the Latin word Surgam, meaning I shall rise. Philolexian is one of literary societies that flourished at the nations early colonial colleges. Before fraternities, publications, and other extracurriculars became common, these groups—which generally bore Greek or Latin names—were the sole source of social life. Indeed, it was not unusual for two or more groups to coexist at one institution, often in competition, Yale University also has a number of student literary and political societies with similar purposes, the most notable of which being the Elizabethan Club and the Yale Political Union. The group became extinct in 1795, building on these earlier efforts, Philolexian was established on May 17,1802. Among its earliest members were future Columbia president Nathaniel Fish Moore, to accommodate freshmen, who were initially ineligible for admission, the Peithologian Society was formed four years later. For most of the next 100 years, Peithologian would serve as Philolexians primary literary rival, in 1852, at the organizations semi-centennial celebration, alumni raised a prize fund of over $1,300 to endow annual awards in three categories, Oratory, Debate, and Essay. In the 20th century, Philo broadened its range of activities as it became a ground for essayist Randolph Bourne, poet A. Joyce Kilmer. Wellington Koo, all winners in their time at Philo. In 1910 the society took a dramatic turn when it commenced a 20-year stretch of annual theatre productions. Many of the productions, by the likes of Ben Jonson, Nicholas Udall. Oscar-winning screenwriter Sidney Buchman got a start playing Shakespeares Richard II for a Philo production, by the late 1930s, according to former society president Ralph de Toledano, the organization was devoted mainly to drinking wine and listening to jazz. Philo effectively ceased to function by the beginning of World War II, ackerman Coles, bestowed on the society on the occasion of its centennial in 1902. This short-lived revival was followed by another wartime incarnation, by 1952, due to waning interest and, according to some, the infamous presidency of poet Allen Ginsberg, the society entered a 10-year period of dormancy. Another brief revival in 1962, spearheaded by members of the Columbia chapter of Alpha Delta Phi, was followed by a longer period of inactivity. On Wednesday, October 16,1985, under the guidance of Thomas Vinciguerra, mr. Vinciguerra was subsequently recognized as the societys avatar in honor of this and other critical and successful efforts for Philo. In 2003, an award in his name was established, the debate topic, Resolved, The Philolexian Society Has Never Had It So Good was overwhelmingly approved
11.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
12.
Columbia College Today
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Columbia College is the oldest undergraduate college at Columbia University, situated on the universitys main campus in Morningside Heights in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded in 1754 by the Church of England as Kings College, Columbia College is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States. The college is distinctive for its comprehensive Core Curriculum, Columbia College is highly selective in its admissions. For the class of 2021, the college accepted 5. 8% of its applicants, Columbia College was founded as King’s College by royal charter of King George II of Great Britain in the Province of New York in 1754. Due in part to the influence of Church of England religious leaders, samuel Johnson was chosen as the college’s first president and was also the college’s first professor. During this period, classes and examinations, both oral and written, were conducted entirely in Latin, hamiltons first experience with the military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the outbreak of fighting at Boston. Along with Nicholas Fish, Robert Troup, and a group of students from Kings, he joined a volunteer militia company called the Hearts of Oak. In August 1775, while under fire from HMS Asia, the Hearts of Oak participated in a raid to seize cannon from the Battery. With the successful Treaty of Paris in 1783, the situation was stable enough for the college to resume classes in 1784. This 1787 charter remains in effect, the Columbia School of Mines awarded the first Ph. D. from Columbia in 1875. Also by this time, graduate faculties issuing the Doctor of Philosophy degree in philosophy, political science, and the natural sciences had also developed. Thus, in 1896, the trustees of Columbia College, under the guidance of Seth Low, approved a new name for the university as a whole, Columbia University in the City of New York. At this point, the name Columbia College returned to being used solely to refer to the undergraduate college, founded as King’s College in 1754. A tract for the campus was purchased which extended from 114th St. to 120th St. between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue. Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White was selected to design the new campus, Columbia College and Columbia University as a whole relocated to the new campus in 1897. Also in 1919, a course, War and Peace, was required of all Columbia College students in addition to the Great Books Honors Seminar. During the 1960s, Columbia College, like others across the United States, experienced unrest and turmoil due to the ongoing civil rights movement. University officials wished to build new facilities in the park
13.
Elie Wiesel
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Eliezer Elie Wiesel KBE was a Romanian-born American Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate and Holocaust survivor. He was the author of 57 books, written mostly in French and English, including Night, along with writing, he was a professor of the humanities at Boston University, which created the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies in his honor. He was involved with Jewish causes, and helped establish the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, in his political activities he also campaigned for victims of oppression in places like South Africa and Nicaragua and genocide in Sudan. He publicly condemned the 1915 Armenian genocide and remained a defender of human rights during his lifetime. He had been described as the most important Jew in America by the Los Angeles Times and he was a founding board member of the New York Human Rights Foundation and remained active throughout his life. Elie Wiesel was born in Sighet, Maramureș in the Carpathian Mountains in Romania and his parents were Sarah Feig and Shlomo Wiesel. At home, Wiesels family spoke Yiddish most of the time, but also German, Hungarian, Wiesels mother, Sarah, was the daughter of Dodye Feig, a celebrated Vizhnitz Hasid and farmer from a nearby village. Dodye was active and trusted within the community, Wiesels father, Shlomo, instilled a strong sense of humanism in his son, encouraging him to learn Hebrew and to read literature, whereas his mother encouraged him to study the Torah. Wiesel has said his father represented reason while his mother Sarah promoted faith, Wiesel was instructed that his genealogy traced back to Rabbi Schlomo, son of Yitzhak, and was a descendant of Rabbi Yeshayahu ben Abraham Horovitz ha-Levi, an author. Wiesel had three siblings—older sisters Beatrice and Hilda, and younger sister, Tzipora, Beatrice and Hilda survived the war and were reunited with Wiesel at a French orphanage. They eventually emigrated to North America, with Beatrice moving to Montreal, Quebec, Tzipora, Shlomo, and Sarah did not survive the Holocaust. In March 1944, Germany occupied Hungary which extended the Holocaust into that country, immediately after they were sent to Auschwitz, his mother and his younger sister were murdered. Wiesel and his father were selected to perform labor so long as they remained able-bodied, Wiesel and his father were later deported to the concentration camp at Buchenwald. Until that transfer, he admitted to Oprah Winfrey, his motivation for trying to survive Auschwitz was knowing that his father was still alive, I knew that if I died. After they were taken to Buchenwald, his father died before the camp was liberated, in Night, Wiesel recalled the shame he felt when he heard his father being beaten and was unable to help. Wiesel was tattooed with inmate number A-7713 on his left arm, the camp was liberated by the U. S. Third Army on April 11,1945, when they were just prepared to be evacuated from Buchenwald and this home was subsequently moved to Taverny and operated until 1947. Afterwards Wiesel traveled to Paris where he learned French and studied literature, philosophy and he heard lectures by philosopher Martin Buber and existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre and he spent his evenings reading works by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Franz Kafka, and Thomas Mann
14.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
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The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
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E. B. White
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He was a contributor to The New Yorker magazine and a co-author of the English language style guide The Elements of Style, which is commonly known as Strunk & White. He also wrote books for children, including Stuart Little, Charlottes Web, Charlottes Web was voted the top childrens novel in a 2012 survey of School Library Journal readers, an accomplishment repeated from earlier surveys. White was born in Mount Vernon, New York, the youngest child of Samuel Tilly White, the president of a firm, and Jessie Hart White. Elwyns older brother Stanley Hart White, known as Stan, a professor of Landscape Architecture, White to read and explore the natural world. He served in the army going to college. White graduated from Cornell University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1921 and he picked up the nickname Andy at Cornell University, where tradition confers that moniker on any male student surnamed White, after Cornell co-founder Andrew Dickson White. While at Cornell, he worked as editor of The Cornell Daily Sun with classmate Allison Danzig, White was also a member of the Aleph Samach and Quill and Dagger societies and Phi Gamma Delta. White worked for the United Press and the American Legion News Service in 1921 and 1922, then he became a cub reporter for The Seattle Times in 1922 and 1923. Once, when White was stuck on writing a story, a Times editor said and he then worked for two years with the Frank Seaman advertising agency as a production assistant and copywriter before returning to New York City in 1924. Not long after The New Yorker was founded in 1925, White submitted manuscripts to it, Katharine Angell, the literary editor, recommended to magazine editor and founder Harold Ross that White be taken on as staff. However, it took months to convince him to come to a meeting at the office, eventually, he agreed to work in the office on Thursdays. A few years later in 1929, White and Angell were married and they had a son, Joel White, a naval architect and boat builder, who owned Brooklin Boat Yard in Brooklin, Maine. Katharines son from her first marriage, Roger Angell, has spent decades as an editor for The New Yorker and is well known as the magazines baseball writer. White died on October 1,1985, suffering from Alzheimers disease, at his home in North Brooklin. He is buried in the Brooklin Cemetery beside his wife Katharine and he published his first article in The New Yorker magazine in 1925, then joined the staff in 1927 and continued to contribute for around six decades. From the beginning to the end of his career at The New Yorker and he also served as a columnist for Harpers Magazine from 1938 to 1943. In 1949, White published Here Is New York, a book based upon a Holiday magazine article that he had been asked to write. This prescient love letter to the city was re-published in 1999 on the one hundredth anniversary of his birth, with an introduction by his stepson, in 1959, White edited and updated The Elements of Style
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James Thurber
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James Grover Thurber was an American cartoonist, author, humorist, journalist, playwright, and celebrated wit. Thurber was best known for his cartoons and short stories, such as The Catbird Seat, published mainly in The New Yorker magazine, one of the most popular humorists of his time, Thurber celebrated the comic frustrations and eccentricities of ordinary people. In collaboration with his college friend Elliott Nugent, he wrote the Broadway comedy The Male Animal, later adapted into a film and his short story The Secret Life of Walter Mitty has been adapted for film twice, once in 1947 and once in 2013. Thurber was born in Columbus, Ohio, to Charles L. Thurber, both of his parents greatly influenced his work. Thurber described his mother as a comedian and one of the finest comic talents I think I have ever known. She was a joker and, on one occasion, pretended to be crippled and attended a faith healer revival, only to jump up. Thurber had two brothers, William and Robert, once, while playing a game of William Tell, his brother shot James in the eye with an arrow, and Thurber lost that eye. This injury would cause him to become almost entirely blind. Unable in his childhood to partake in sports and other activities because of his injury, from 1913 to 1918, Thurber attended Ohio State University, where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. He never graduated from the university because his eyesight prevented him from taking a mandatory ROTC course. In 1995 he was awarded a degree. From 1918 to 1920, Thurber worked as a clerk for the Department of State, first in Washington, D. C. and then at the Embassy of the United States, Paris. On returning to Columbus, he began his career as a reporter for The Columbus Dispatch from 1921 to 1924. During part of time, he reviewed current books, films, and plays in a weekly column called Credos and Curios. Thurber returned to Paris during this period, where he wrote for the Chicago Tribune, in 1925, Thurber moved to Greenwich Village in New York City, getting a job as a reporter for the New York Evening Post. He joined the staff of The New Yorker in 1927 as an editor, White, his friend and fellow New Yorker contributor. Thurber contributed both his writings and his drawings to The New Yorker until the 1950s, in 1922, Thurber married Althea Adams. The marriage was troubled and ended in divorce in May 1935 and they had a daughter Rosemary together, and lived in Fairfield County, Connecticut
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W. W. Norton & Company
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W. W. Norton & Company is an American publishing company based in New York City. It has been owned wholly by its employees since the early 1960s, the company is known for its Norton Anthologies and its texts in the Norton Critical Editions series, the latter of which are frequently assigned in university literature courses. The roots of the date back to 1923, when William Warder Norton founded the firm with his wife Mary Norton. Storer D. Lunt took over in 1945 after Nortons death, and was succeeded by George Brockway, Donald S. Lamm, and now W. Drake McFeely. W. W. Norton & Company is a publisher in the United States, which publishes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, college textbooks, cookbooks, art books. Norton Anthologies Norton Critical Editions Oxford Worlds Classics Verso Books Radical Thinkers Official website Making the Cut - Chronicle of Higher Education
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History (U.S. TV network)
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The channel originally broadcast documentary programs and historical fiction series. More recently, it has mostly broadcast various reality series such as Pawn Stars, Ax Men. As of February 2015, approximately 96,149,000 American households receive History, International localized versions of History are available, in various forms, in India, Canada, Europe, Australia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. The first European version was launched in Scandinavia in 1997 by Viasat which now operates their own channel, History was launched on January 1,1995 as The History Channel, its original format focused entirely on historical series and specials. On February 16,2008, a new logo was launched on the U. S. network as part of a rebranding effort, while the trademark H was kept, the triangle shape on the left acts as a play button for animation and flyouts during commercials and shows. On March 20,2008, as part of that same rebranding effort, The History Channel dropped The, on June 1,2015, the History logo was slightly updated, completely removing the triangle shape on the left. Programming on History has covered a range of historical periods and topics. Programming also includes mainstream reality television-style shows involving truck drivers, alligator hunters, pawn stores, antique and collectible pickers, car restorers, photography, occasionally some programs compare contemporary culture and technology with that of the past. On March 3,2013, History channel premiered its first original series, during the 1990s, History was jokingly referred to as The Hitler Channel for its extensive coverage of World War II. Much of its programming has been shifted to its sister network Military History. The network has also criticized for having a bias towards US history. The network was criticized by Stanley Kutner for airing the series The Men Who Killed Kennedy in 2003. Kutner was one of three historians commissioned to review the documentary, which the channel disavowed and never aired again, programs such as Modern Marvels have been praised for their presentation of detailed information in an entertaining format. Some of the series, including Ice Road Truckers, Ax Men. Senator Chuck Grassley is a critic of the channel and its lack of historical or educational programming, showing disdain for Ax Men. In his book 2012, Its Not the End of the World, Peter Lemesurier describes the channels Nostradamus series, in which he was invited to participate, as largely fiction, the History Channel was also singled out for ridicule by Smithsonian magazine. The article took issue with the show Ancient Aliens for postulating the idea that caused the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The online magazine Cracked also lampooned the channel for its definition of history
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NY1
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NY1 is an American cable news television channel that is owned by Charter Communications through its acquisition of Time Warner Cable in May 2016. NY1 is available on Spectrums New York City system on channel 1 in standard definition, on Optimum in the New York City area, it is carried on channel 8, and is transmitted by the provider in letterboxed standard definition. As of 2014, NY1 is not currently available on Verizon FiOS, outside of the New York metropolitan area, NY1 is carried on Spectrum systems throughout New York State, and its HD simulcast channel is available on its Orlando and Tampa systems. It is also available on its Raleigh, Charlotte and Greensboro systems in North Carolina on digital channel 215, outside of the New York area, a loop of public service announcements and Spectrum promo ads is played over New York-specific advertising. NY1 was conceived by Richard Aurelio, the president of Time Warner Cables New York City cable group, while some of NY1s reporters had used their own cameras in other markets, most of them had no exposure to the technical side of journalism. Following their training, the reporters and the rest of the staff took part in an additional training period that included four weeks of real-time rehearsal. A watershed event came in the weeks of training, with the collapse of a former post office building on Manhattans West Side. In January 2002, the channel moved its operations to a new, on June 30,2003, Time Warner Cable launched NY1 Noticias, a Spanish-language version of the channel for digital cable subscribers. In 2005, NY1 launched NY1 on Demand, a service for Time Warner Cable customers. On November 20, Time Warner Cable announced that it would append the Time Warner Cable News brand to the beginning of the NY1 name, the revised branding as well as the new graphics and music package went into effect on December 16. While the NY1 name is still in use, especially on air, the channels include, These are NY1 news bulletins. It airs at least fifteen hours a day, based from NYCs local time, it will show the time on the program Here, NY1 Minute is aired every half hour, along with news, traffic, weather and sports reports. Launched in July 2005, The Call is a live, one-hour call-in and write-in news show hosted by John Schiumo, the program was expanded to one hour in January 2012 in response to viewer requests. Inside City Hall is a political program that covers politics both local and national. NY1 and its sister channels have collaborated on a number of political debates. Sports segments are anchored by Phil Andrews or by Dario Melendez on alternating Friday and Saturdays, Kevin Garrity on Sundays through Wednesdays, and by Budd Mishkin on Thursdays. On Stage is a program that primarily features reports on the New York City theater scene. It is hosted by Donna Karger, with Patrick Pacheco conducting interviews, NY1 weekday afternoon anchor Roma Torre, who has a background in theater, is the critic for the show
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Fox News
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Fox News, officially known as the Fox News Channel, is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. As of February 2015, approximately 94,700,000 American households receive the Fox News Channel, the channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, New York. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and it launched on October 7,1996, to 17 million cable subscribers. It grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become a dominant cable news network in the United States, Rupert Murdoch is the current chairman and acting CEO of Fox News. Fox News Channel has been accused of biased reporting and promoting the Republican Party, critics have cited the channel as detrimental to the integrity of news overall. Fox News Channel employees have responded that news reporting operates independently of its opinion and commentary programming, in July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced that Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50 percent of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. A year later, 20th Century Fox earned $5.6 million in its third period ended May 31,1986. Prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporations BSkyB subsidiary began Europes first 24-hour news channel in the United Kingdom in 1989, in February 1996, after former U. S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel Americas Talking, Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7,1996. At its debut 17 million households were able to watch FNC, however, it was absent from the markets of New York City. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneiders fast-paced delivery of the news, during the evening, Fox featured opinion shows, The OReilly Report, The Crier Report and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and attention-getting, this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, Fox News also created the Fox News Alert, which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel and this contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement, citing its agreement to keep its U. S. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warners cable franchises in the city, during the September 11,2001 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day
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Leonard Lopate
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Leonard Lopate is host of the public radio talk show The Leonard Lopate Show, broadcast on WNYC. He first broadcast on WKCR, the radio station of Columbia University—where his brother Phillip was a student—then later at WBAI. Lopate came to radio late in life. Born in Brooklyn and raised in Williamsburg, he attended Brooklyn College and later Hunter College, where he trained as a painter, and worked in advertising for fifteen years. But when he was given a chance to host his first talk show on WBAI in 1977, he was hooked, arguably, Lopates background in art and literature has been a major factor in his success. He has also created a series of discussions on literature for the writers’ organization, Lopates talk show airs on WNYC from noon to 2 pm every weekday. Segments of the show are available as podcasts found on iTunes, guests are often interviewed to accompany a book release. Lopate has interviewed politicians, poets, painters, novelists, filmmakers, actors, dancers and he frequently interviews actors, playwrights and producers to talk about current NYC theatre productions. Lopate introduced two ongoing features to the program, one is called Please Explain, in which he talks with experts on a wide variety of topics that are not tied to book or movie releases and can be described as general interest. In 2006, some of the Please Explain topics he delved into included sainthood, nanotechnology, insomnia, infertility, the other feature is called Underreported, in which Lopate delves deeply into political and social issues deemed not to have received sufficient media coverage. For the shows anniversary, in 2005, Tom Brokaw interviewed Lopate about the history of the show, Lopates goals. The show was originally called New York & Company and his younger brother is the writer Phillip Lopate. Leonard Lopate lives with his girlfriend, painter and artist Melanie Baker and his sister Joan was art department coordinator for Broadway Danny Rose. Access to recent Lopate shows Renowned Radio Host Recounts Career Highlights Leonard Lopate in conversation with the Brooklyn Rail
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
