1.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
2.
Enoch Louis Lowe
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Enoch Louis Lowe served as the 29th Governor of the state of Maryland in the United States from 1851 to 1854. He was the child of Bradley Samuel Adams Lowe and Adelaide Bellumeau de la Vincendiere. He was born, August 10,1820, in the manor-house of The Hermitage, on the Monocacy River, Frederick County, at thirteen he entered Clongowes Wood College, Ireland, where he was schoolmates with Thomas Francis Meagher. Three years later he matriculated at Stonyhurst College, England, where he was friends with Francis Mahony, and Miles Gerard Keon and he graduated first in his class in 1839. Studying with Judge John A. Lynch, of Frederick, he was admitted to the bar in 1842, in 1844 Lowe married Esther Winder Polk, of Somerset County, Maryland, who was a relative of James Knox Polk. Lowe served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1845, as a member of the Democratic National Convention in 1856, Lowe took the oath of office as Governor of Maryland on January 6,1851. He supported the Confederacy during the Civil War, during the war, he lived at Richmond, Virginia, and Milledgeville, Georgia. After the war, he moved to Brooklyn, New York, joining the law firm of Richard F. Clarke and he is mentioned in the song Maryland, My Maryland, which would later become the state anthem. He died at St. Marys Hospital, Brooklyn, on August 23,1892 and he is buried at Saint Johns Cemetery, Frederick, Maryland. He was, perhaps, the greatest stump speaker of his day, few young men ever had a more brilliant career in this state than Enoch Louis Lowe. He had the advantage of collegiate training abroad, with which was combined a pleasing address, winning speech and clear-cut, States rights, works by or about Enoch Louis Lowe at Internet Archive Esther Winder Polk Lowe, Smithsonian Art database LOWE FAMILY PAPERS, MS. 1949, Maryland Historical Society, Library of Maryland History
3.
Thomas Holliday Hicks
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Thomas Holliday Hicks was a politician in the divided border-state of Maryland during the American Civil War. As governor, opposing the Democrats, his views reflected the conflicting local loyalties. Under pressure to call the General Assembly into special session, he held it in the town of Frederick. In December 1862, Hicks was appointed to the U. S. Senate, where he endorsed Lincolns re-election in 1864, but died soon afterwards. Born in 1798 near East New Market, Maryland, Hicks began his career as a Democrat when he was elected town constable and then, in 1824. Later, he switched to the Whig Party and was elected to the House of Delegates in 1830, in 1837, the legislature elected him a member of the Governors Council, the last to be chosen before that body was abolished. In 1838, he was appointed Register of Wills for Dorchester County and he stayed in that job until his election as governor. In 1857, as the Whig Party disintegrated, Hicks joined the Native American Party, as such, in 1858, he ran for governor and defeated Democrat John Charles Groome by 8,700 votes. The election, however, was notable for fraud, open intimidation of voters, Hicks was one of the oldest men to become governor. In his gubernatorial inaugural address, Hicks criticized the numbers of immigrants coming to America. Hicks opposed abolitionists and supported slave owners and he denounced “he attacks of fanatical and misguided persons against property in slaves and added that slave owners had a right under the Constitution to recover their property. Hicks belatedly supported the Union of the states and sought to prevent Maryland from seceding and joining the Confederacy and this would have isolated Washington, D. C. in confederate territory. Hicks reflected the divisions in his state, in Hicks writings about the South and its secession, he referred to it as we. He wrote that they, the North, were wrong in refus to observe the requirements of the Constitution to permit new states to join the Union as slave states. Kane, and former Governor Enoch Louis Lowe requested that Hicks burn the bridges leading to Baltimore. These actions were addressed in Ex parte Merryman, the case of Maryland militia Captain John Merryman who was arrested by Union forces. After initially denying that he had authorized such actions, Hicks backtracked and voiced his support for the Union, Hicks worried about Marylands position as a border state. In an address to the Maryland General Assembly on April 25,1861, the Assembly normally met in Annapolis, but that city was occupied by Union troops, so Hicks changed the location to Frederick, a generally pro-Union town
4.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
5.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
6.
Maryland's 3rd congressional district
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Marylands 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the state of Maryland. It comprises portions of Baltimore, Howard, Montgomery and Anne Arundel counties, the seat is currently represented by John Sarbanes, a Democrat. Landmarks in the district include Fort McHenry, the Maryland Science Center, three people who represented Maryland in the United States Senate were also former representatives of the 3rd district, including Ben Cardin, Barbara Mikulski, and Paul Sarbanes. The districts odd shape is attributed to gerrymandering in order to favor Democratic candidates following the 2000 and 2010 censuses. In 2012 the district was found to be the third least compact congressional district in the United States, Marylands 3rd district was one of the 61 districts that elected a representative to the 1st United States Congress. It also has the distinction of being one of the few districts that once included areas not currently in the state they are in. The 3rd congressional district originally was composed of Prince Georges County, Maryland and Anne Arundel County, at that point what is now Howard County, Maryland was in Anne Arundel County, and Prince Georges County included the eastern half of the District of Columbia. In 1792 the Maryland 3rd Congressional District was moved to include Montgomery County, Maryland, however, the western portion of what is today Carroll County, Maryland was at this point in Frederick County, and the western half of the District of Columbia was in Montgomery County. This latter fact explains why the district lost population even though it in theory did not experience redistricting after the 1800 census, with the population of Georgetown, D. C. no longer in the district, its 1800 population was about 31,000. At this point the 3rd was Marylands least populous district, barely having half the population of the Baltimore City and County 5th district, the boundaries remained the same after the 1810,1820 and 1830 censuses. While in 1820 the district had about 36,000 inhabitants its population had risen to 53,622 in 1830. With the formation of Carroll County in the 1830s as well as Maryland falling from 8 to 6 congressional seats, the only area that remained in the 3rd Congressional District was the part of Carroll County that had been in Frederick County. The 3rd also included Baltimore County and the half of the city of Baltimore. Its new population was 69,923,24. 5% of whom were black, in 1853 the 3rd district was redrawn again. The new district consisted of Baltimore County except for the northern and western parts of the county, the district now had a population of 95,729. In the redistricting following the 1860 census, Maryland was reduced to five congressional districts, the 3rd was moved so that it contained the part of Baltimore that had not been in the 3rd before 1863. It now a population of 130,040, in 1873 the 3rd district was moved again, to be the east side of Baltimore. It now had a population of 120,978, Marylands congressional districts List of United States congressional districts
7.
Maryland House of Delegates
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The Maryland House of Delegates is the lower house of the legislature of the State of Maryland. It consists of 141 delegates elected from 47 districts, the House of Delegates Chamber is in the Maryland State House on State Circle in Annapolis, the state capital. The State House also houses the Maryland State Senate Chamber and the offices of the Governor, each delegate has offices in Annapolis, in the nearby Casper R. Taylor Jr. The Lower House often fought with the Upper House for political influence in the colony, the Upper House consisted of the Governor and his Council, all personally appointed by Lord Baltimore and Proprietor of the Province, and thus tended to protect his interests in Maryland. Conversely, the Lower House tended to push for change in the colony. In this context, the Lower House continually fought for power by asserting exclusive rights in certain legislative areas, such as levying taxes. The Governor also had some measure of control over the Lower House in the seventeenth century. Despite the fact that each county was entitled to elect four delegates and this enabled the Governor to control the Lower Houses membership. In 1689, the transfer of Maryland from a colony to a royal colony temporarily quieted the disputes between the Lower House and the Governor and Council. Appointed by the crown, the governors allowed the Lower House substantial latitude with its legislative agenda. The first General Assembly under Royal Authority, in 1692, passed 85 acts in a single session, the Lower House immediately acted to remove the Governors influence over the election of delegates. Now, elected delegates could attend the session without the need for a writ from the Governor. At the same time, standing or continuing committees were established and these eliminated the Lower Houses reliance on ad hoc committees and created the first modern legislature in Maryland. During this period, the Lower House became known as the House of Delegates, the Maryland Constitution of 1776 formally established the modern House of Delegates. Initially, representation was based on geography as the voters of each county elected four delegates, beginning with the 1838 elections, each county elected at least three and up to six delegates depending on its population. Baltimore City elected the number of delegates as did the most populous county, but after 1840. Reapportionment was required after every federal census in an attempt to equal representation. The current pattern for distribution of seats in the House of Delegates began with the legislative apportionment plan of 1972 and has been revised every ten years thereafter, the plan created 47 legislative districts, many of which cross county boundaries to delineate districts relatively equal in population
8.
Farmville, Virginia
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Farmville is a town in Prince Edward and Cumberland counties in the U. S. state of Virginia. The population was 8,216 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Prince Edward County. The Appomattox River traverses Farmville, along with the High Bridge Trail State Park, at the intersection of US15, VA45 and US460, Farmville is the home of Longwood University and is the town nearest to Hampden–Sydney College. Near the headwaters of the Appomattox River, the town of Farmville was formed in 1798, Farmville was the end of the line for the Upper Appomattox Canal Navigation System between 1795 until 1890. African Americans built the canal system, tobacco and farm produce could be loaded into a James River bateau in Farmville and sent to Petersburg, Virginia. The canals were used until railroads became common, many of the boatmen who worked in the Upper Appomattox Navigation, near Farmville were free people of color, who lived in the Israel Hill community. Israel Hill was home to free African American laborers, craftsmen and farmers freed around 1810, people of African and European descent worked for the same wages, built a church together and could be defended in court within the 350 acre town. John Flournoy was the first to mine coal near Farmville and he started in 1833 working on a seam, which was two feet thick. In 1837 the General Assembly granted a charter to “The Prince Edward Coal Mining Company” to mine and this company was still in operation into the 1880s. Another coal pit in the 1880s was worked on the W. W, the coal from this small pit was used to fuel his blacksmith shop on the same property. Farmville has coal deposits because it sits on the Farmville Basin, one of the Eastern North America Rift Basins west of modern day, in the 1850s, the Southside Railroad from Petersburg to Lynchburg was built through Farmville between Burkeville and Pamplin City. The route, which was subsidized by a contribution from Farmville, required a crossing of the Appomattox River slightly downstream. The Virginia General Assembly chartered the Piedmont Coal Company for John Dalby in 1860, the mine was near Buckingham Plank Road, Virginia State Route 600 in Cumberland, a mile and a half west of Raines Tavern, Virginia. Without rail transportation close to Raines Tavern, the transportation cost of getting the coal to Farmville, the coal was sold locally to people in the area for heating their homes. During the American Civil War, the continued to operate. Coal was still there, though, Daddow and Bannon documented seven or eight coal seams, Robert E. Lee retreated through Farmville as he escaped the Union Army in the Civil War. Farmville was the object of the Confederate Armys desperate push to get rations to feed its soldiers near the end of the American Civil War, the rations had originally been destined for Danville, but an alert quartermaster ordered the train back to Farmville. Despite an advance of the commanded by Fitzhugh Lee, the Confederate Army was checked by the arrival of Union cavalry commanded by Gen. Philip Sheridan
9.
Howard County, Maryland
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Howard County is a county located in the central part of the U. S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the population was 287,085 and its county seat is Ellicott City. Howard County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metropolitan Statistical Area, however, recent development in the south of the county has led to some realignment towards the Washington, D. C. media and employment markets. The county is home to Columbia, a planned community of approximately 100,000 founded by developer James Rouse in 1967. Howard County is frequently cited for its affluence, quality of life, with an estimated median household income of $108,844 in 2012, Howard County had the third-highest median household income of any U. S. county in 2013. The main population center of Columbia/Ellicott City was named second among Money magazines 2010 survey of Americas Best Places to Live, Howard Countys schools frequently rank first in Maryland as measured by standardized test scores and graduation rates. In 2010, the center of population of Maryland was located in the Howard County town of Jessup and he was the fifth governor of Maryland from 1788 to 1791. The lands of prehistoric Howard County were populated by Native Americans, the Maryland Historical Trust has documented sites along the Patapsco, Patuxent, Middle and Little Patuxent River valleys. In 1652, the Susquehannock tribes signed a treaty with Maryland. In 1800, the center of U. S. population as calculated by the US Census Bureau was found in what is now Howard County. In 1838, Dr. William Watkins of Richland Manor proposed the Howard District of Anne Arundel County, after several adjournments, the area of western Anne Arundel County was designated the Howard District in 1839. The district had the status as a county except that it was not separately represented in the Maryland General Assembly. In 1841, the county built its first courthouse in Ellicott City, at the January 1851 constitutional convention, Thomas Beale Dorsey submitted a petition led by James Sykes. A committee was formed with Dorsey, Bowie, Smith, Harbine, after several postponements, the district was erected officially as Howard County on March 7,1851. The plantations of modern Howard County used slave labor as early as 1690, at the time of the Underground Railroad, some Howard County residents assisted slaves who were escaping to freedom. This was particularly risky, as many prominent plantation families were Confederate sympathizers during the Civil War, Maryland was exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation, later abolishing slavery in the update of the Maryland Constitution in November 1864. On May 1,1883 Howard County joined Anne Arundel and Hardford County in liquor prohibition, by 1899, Howard County contained 400 miles of dirt and 48 miles of stone roads, including three paid turnpikes maintained by 118 men. Most traffic consisted of loads delivered to rail crossings, in 1909, County Commissioners Hess, Werner and ONeil were charged with malfeasance regarding contract bids
10.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
11.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
12.
University of Virginia
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The University of Virginia, frequently referred to simply as Virginia, is a public research university and the flagship for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson, UVA is known for its foundations, student-run honor code. UNESCO designated UVA as Americas first and only collegiate World Heritage Site in 1987, the university was established in 1819, and its original governing Board of Visitors included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation, former Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVAs first two rectors and the Academical Village and Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study. The universitys research endeavors are highly recognized, in 2015, Science honored UVA faculty for discovering two of its top 10 annual scientific breakthroughs, from the fields of Medicine and Psychology. UVA is one of 62 institutions in the Association of American Universities and it is the only AAU member university in Virginia. UVA is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation, the university was the first non-founding member, and the first university of the American South, to attain AAU membership in 1904. UVAs academic strength is broad, with 121 majors across the eight undergraduate, students compete in 26 collegiate sports and UVA leads the Atlantic Coast Conference in mens NCAA team national championships with 17. UVA is second in womens NCAA titles with 7, UVA was awarded the Capital One Cup in 2015 after fielding the top overall mens athletics programs in the nation. Students come to attend the university in Charlottesville from all 50 states and 147 countries, the historic 1, 682-acre campus is internationally protected by UNESCO and considered one of the most beautiful collegiate grounds in the country. UVA additionally maintains 2,913 acres southeast of the city, the university also manages the College at Wise in Southwest Virginia, and until 1972 operated George Mason University and the University of Mary Washington in Northern Virginia. In 1817, three Presidents and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court John Marshall joined 24 other dignitaries at a meeting held in the Mountain Top Tavern at Rockfish Gap, after some deliberation, they selected nearby Charlottesville as the site of the new University of Virginia. Farmland just outside Charlottesville was purchased from James Monroe by the Board of Visitors as Central College, the school laid its first buildings cornerstone late in that same year, and the Commonwealth of Virginia chartered the new university on January 25,1819. John Hartwell Cocke collaborated with James Madison, Monroe, and Joseph Carrington Cabell to fulfill Jeffersons dream to establish the university, Cocke and Jefferson were appointed to the building committee to supervise the construction. The universitys first classes met on March 7,1825, another innovation of the new university was that higher education would be separated from religious doctrine. Jefferson opined to philosopher Thomas Cooper that a professorship of theology should have no place in our institution, Jefferson was intimately involved in the university to the end, hosting Sunday dinners at his Monticello home for faculty and students until his death. Thus, he eschewed mention of his accomplishments, such as the Louisiana Purchase. This was a source of frustration for Jefferson, who assembled the students during the schools first year, on October 3,1825, to such behavior
13.
Yale Law School
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Yale Law School is the law school of Yale University, located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. The schools small size and prestige make its admissions process the most selective of any law school in the United States, Yale has the lowest acceptance rate among all law schools. Roughly 8 in 10 admits ultimately matriculate, which marks the best yield rate among the top U. S. law schools, established in 1824, Yale Law offers the J. D. LL. M. M. S. L. and Ph. D. degrees in law, Yale Law has been ranked the number one law school in the country by U. S. News and World Report every year since the magazine began publishing law school rankings, through 2017. Yale Law School is widely considered to be the preeminent law school in the nation and is one of the most prestigious law schools in the world, Yale Law has produced a significant number of luminaries in law and politics, including United States presidents Gerald Ford and Bill Clinton. Former president William Howard Taft was a professor of law at Yale Law School from 1913 until he resigned to become chief justice of the United States in 1921. Each class in Yale Laws three-year J. D. program enrolls approximately 200 students, Yales flagship law review is the Yale Law Journal. Another feature of Yale Laws culture since the 1930s, among both faculty and student graduates, has been an emphasis on the importance of spending at least a few years in government service, a similar emphasis has long been placed on service as a judicial law clerk upon graduation. Its 7.6,1 student-to-faculty ratio is the third lowest among U. S. law schools, Yale Law does not have a traditional grading system, a consequence of student unrest in the late 1960s. Instead, it grades first-semester first-year students on a simple Credit/No Credit system, for their remaining two-and-a-half years, students are graded on an Honors/Pass/Low Pass/Fail system. Similarly, the school does not rank its students and it is also notable for having only a single semester of required classes, instead of the full year most U. S. schools require. Students publish nine law journals that, unlike those at most other schools, although the Journal identifies a target maximum number of members to accept each year, it is not a firm number. Other leading student-edited publications include the Yale Law and Policy Review, the Yale Journal on Regulation, the Yale Journal of Law and Technology, and the Yale Journal of International Law. In November 2013, it was announced that a $25 million donation would bring student dormitory living back onto campus, with renovations to begin in 2018. Yale Law has been ranked the number one law school in the country by U. S. News and it is currently ranked as the second best law school in U. S and fourth in the world by the 2016 QS Rankings. Additionally, a 2010 survey of scholarly impact, measured by per capita citations to faculty scholarship, the School began in the New Haven law office of Seth P. Staples in the 1800s, who began training lawyers, by 1810 he was operating a law school. He took on a student, Samuel J. Hitchcock as a law partner
14.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
15.
Ellicott City, Maryland
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Ellicott City is an unincorporated community and census-designated place, along with being the county seat of local government in Howard County, Maryland, United States. It is part of the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area, the population was 65,834 at the U. S. Decennial Census of 2010. It is the county seat of Howard County, founded in 1772, the town contains the B. & O. Railroad Museums branch at the Ellicott City Station, built in 1830, and the first terminus of the initial line. The downtown historic district is located in the valley of the Tiber River, as of the 2000 U. S. Census, Ellicott City surpassed Towson, Maryland for the first time, as the largest unincorporated county seat in the country. The town is prone to flooding from the Patapsco River and Tiber Creek and these floods have had a major impact on the history of the town, often destroying important businesses and killing many. Ellicott City has had devastating floods in 1817,1837,1868,1901,1917,1923,1938,1942,1952,1956,1972,1975,1989,2011 and 2016. The 1868 flood washed away 14 houses, killing 39 to 43 in and it wiped out the Granite Manufacturing Cotton Mill, Charles A. Gambrills Patapsco Mill, John Lee Carrolls mill buildings, and dozens of homes. One mill was rebuilt by Charles Gambill, which remained in operation until a fire in 1916, a 1923 flood topped bridges, in 1952 an eight-foot wall of water swept the shops of Ellicott City, and a 1956 flood inflicted heavy damage at the Bartigis Brothers plant. A severe flood occurred in 1972 as a result of rainfall from the remnants of Hurricane Agnes, in which Ellicott City, on 27 Sept 1975, flooded 9.0 feet from Hurricane Eloise. And floods occurred Sept 22,1989 from Hurricane Hugo, and also on Sept 7,2011, on July 30,2016, a storm dropped six inches of rain in two hours on the city. The resulting flash flood caused damage in historic Ellicott City. Many homes, roads, businesses, sidewalks, and more were destroyed by the flooding, including the landmark clock. A state of emergency was declared, and two died as a result of the flooding. In 1766 James Hood used the Maryland Mill Act of 1669 to condemn 20 acres for a site adjacent to his river-side 157 acres property. His grist mill was built on the banks of the Patapsco River where the Frederick road crossed and his son Benjamin rebuilt the corn grinding mill after one of the frequent Patapsco floods in 1768. Benjamin Hood then sold the mill to Joseph Ellicott in 1774 for 1,700 pounds, in later years the B&O railroad ran through the property, with track laid over the graves of the Hood family. In 1775 they expanded their holdings with 30.5 acres from Bartholomew Balderson, John, Andrew, and Joseph Ellicott founded Ellicotts Mills, which became one of the largest milling and manufacturing towns in the East. Nathaniel sold his partnership in 1777, Joseph sold all but his Hoods Mill ownership the next year, the town retained the name Ellicotts Mills when the U. S. Postal stop opened on October 7,1797
16.
Know Nothing
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The Native American Party, renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, was an American political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s. The motivators of the Partys rise were,1. )Nativist sentiment caused by the sudden, unprecedented influx of German and Irish immigrants in the late 1840s,2. )A rapid, steep decline in wages caused by the sudden influx of very large numbers of Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine,3. )The threat members perceived that the expansion of slavery into factory labor. In the eyes of supporters of both the Free Soil and Know Nothing movements, the existence of black slavery threatened to reduce free, white workers to wage slaves, and 4. )Fear that land in the western territories would be awarded to wealthy slave plantation owners rather than to white small farmers. It was due to fear that slavery would destroy the economic prospects of working families that the Party enrolled massive numbers of voters in the wake of the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The Partys most prominent leaders were U. S, the American Party nominated former President Millard Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election. Anti-Catholicism had been a factor in colonial America but played little role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and it then reemerged in nativist attacks on Catholic immigration. It appeared in New York politics as early as 1843, under the banner of the American Republican Party, the movement quickly spread to nearby states, using that name or Native American Party or variants of it. They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections, notably in 1844 in Philadelphia, in the early 1850s, numerous secret orders grew up, of which the Order of United Americans and the Order of the Star Spangled Banner came to be the most important. They merged in New York in the early 1850s as an order that quickly spread across the North, reaching non-Catholics. The name Know Nothing originated in the organization of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply, outsiders called them Know Nothings, and the name stuck. In 1855, the Know Nothings first entered politics under the American Party label, the immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue. Violence occasionally erupted at the polls, Protestants alleged that Pope Pius IX had put down the failed liberal Revolutions of 1848 and that he was an opponent of liberty, democracy and Republicanism. One Boston minister described Catholicism as the ally of tyranny, the opponent of material prosperity, the foe of thrift, the enemy of the railroad, the caucus, and the school. In 1849, a secret society, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, was created by Charles B. Allen in New York City. Fear of Catholic immigration led to a dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party, activists formed secret groups, coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates sympathetic to their cause. When asked about these organizations, members were to reply I know nothing. Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier, most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded into the tenements of large cities
17.
University of Maryland, College Park
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Founded in 1856, the university is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. It is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Marylands proximity to the nations capital has resulted in research partnerships with the Federal government. The operating budget of the University of Maryland during the 2009 fiscal year was projected to be approximately $1.531 billion, for the same fiscal year, the University of Maryland received a total of $518 million in research funding, surpassing its 2008 mark by $118 million. As of December 12,2012, the universitys Great Expectations campaign had exceeded $1 billion in private donations, on March 6,1856, the forerunner of todays University of Maryland was chartered as the Maryland Agricultural College. Two years later, Charles Benedict Calvert, a future U. S. Congressman, Calvert founded the school later that year. On October 5,1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College, the school became a land grant college in February 1864. During the Civil War, Confederate soldiers under Brigadier General Bradley Tyler Johnson moved past the college on July 12,1864 as part of Jubal Earlys raid on Washington, D. C. By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres of land, for the next two years the campus was used as a boys preparatory school. Following the Civil War, in February 1866 the Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school, the college thus became in part a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students, in the next six years, enrollment grew and the schools debt was paid off. In 1873, Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, twenty years later, the federally funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. Morrill Hall was built the following year, on November 29,1912, a fire destroyed the barracks where the students were housed, all the schools records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving only Morrill Hall untouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing. Students were housed by families in neighboring towns until housing could be rebuilt, a large brick and concrete compass inlaid in the ground designates the former center of campus as it existed in 1912. The state took control of the school in 1916, and the institution was renamed Maryland State College and that year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9,1920, the became part of the existing University of Maryland, replacing St. Johns College. In the same year, the school on the College Park campus awarded its first PhD degrees. In 1925 the university was accredited by the Association of American Universities, by the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women
18.
College Park, Maryland
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The City of College Park is in Prince Georges County, Maryland. The population was 30,413 at the 2010 United States Census, College Parks United States Postal Service ZIP Codes are 20740,20741 and 20742. College Park was developed beginning in 1889 near the Maryland Agricultural College, the suburb was incorporated in 1945 and included the subdivisions of College Park, Lakeland, Berwyn, Oak Spring, Branchville, Daniels Park, and Hollywood. The original College Park subdivision was first plotted in 1872 by Eugene Campbell, the area remained undeveloped and was re-platted in 1889 by John O. Johnson and Samuel Curriden, Washington real estate developers. The original 125-acre tract was divided into a pattern with long, narrow building lots. College Park developed rapidly, catering to those who were seeking to escape the crowded Washington, D. C. as well as to a rapidly expanding staff of college faculty and employees. College Park originally included single-family residences constructed in the Shingle, Queen Anne, commercial development increased in the 1920s, aided by the increased automobile traffic and the growing campus along Baltimore Avenue / Route 1. By the late 1930s, most of the subdivision had been partially developed. Several fraternities and sororities from the University of Maryland built houses in the neighborhood, after World War II, construction consisted mostly of infill of ranch and split-level houses. After incorporation in 1945, the city continued to grow and build a center in 1959. Lakeland was created by Edwin Newman, who improved the original 238 acres located to the west of the railroad and he also built a number of the original homes, a small town hall, and a general store. The area was envisioned as a resort-type community. However, due to the flood-prone, low-lying topography, the neighborhood attracted a lower-income population became an area for African-American settlement, around 1900, the Baltimore Gold Fish Company built five artificial lakes in the area to spawn goldfish and rare species of fish. A one-room school was built in 1903 for the African-American population, the Berwyn neighborhood was developed beginning about 1885 adjacent to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It was created by Francis Shannabrook, a Pennsylvanian who purchased a tract of land between Baltimore Avenue and the railroad tracks. Shannabrook established a depot, built a general store. The neighborhood began to grow after 1900 when the City and Suburban Electric Railway entered the area, by 1925 there were approximately 100 single-family homes, mostly two-story, wood-frame buildings. The community housing continued to develop in the 1930s and 1940s with one story bungalows, capes, and Victorians, the Daniels Park neighborhood was developed beginning in 1905 on the east and west sides of the City and Suburban Electric Railway in north College Park
19.
Know-Nothing Riot of 1856
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The Know-Nothing Riot of 1856 occurred in Baltimore in the fall of 1856. Street tensions had escalated sharply over the preceding half-dozen years as neighborhood gangs, most of them operating out of local firehouses, Know-Nothing candidate Thomas Swann was elected Mayor of Baltimore in 1856 amidst violence and a heavily disputed ballot. The party lost ground at the subsequent municipal election the following year, in 1856, both the Americans and their Democratic Party rivals girded for the coming contests. The campaign season opened with a deadly September confrontation between American Party members and Democrats on Federal Hill, partisans battled over the following weeks. Mayor Hinks duly gave Steuart the order, but he soon rescinded it, as a result, during the October municipal election, serious violence broke out on polling day, with shots exchanged by competing mobs. In the 2nd and 8th wards several citizens were killed, in the 6th ward artillery was used, and a pitched battle fought on Orleans St between Know Nothings and rival Democrats, raging for several hours. Rip Raps clashed with the Democratic rowdies of the New Market Fire Company at Lexington Market, Plug Uglies fought with Democrats in the Eighth Ward, which was popularly known as Limerick because of its large Irish population. Five partisans died in the combat, including an American who had come up from Washington, the result of the mayoral election, in which voter fraud was widespread, was a victory for the Know Nothings by around 9,000 votes. The partisans involved were overwhelmingly well-known fighting men with connections to the street violence of the fire companies. During the fighting at Lexington Market, Rip Raps specifically targeted the house of Petty Naff, in 1857, fearing similar violence at the upcoming elections, Governor Thomas W. Ligon ordered Steuart to hold the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteers in readiness. However, Mayor Thomas Swann successfully argued for a compromise measure involving special police forces to prevent disorder and this time, although there was less violence than in 1856, the results of the vote were again compromised, and Swann was re-elected in a heavily disputed ballot. Hanging Henry Gambrill, The Violent Career of Baltimores Plug Uglies, 1854-1860
20.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
21.
White Hall (Ellicott City, Maryland)
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White Hall is a historic home located at Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland, United States. It consists of three sections, the east wing, dating from the early 19th century, the section. In 1890 the house was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1900. Three outbuildings remain on the White Hall property, a square frame workshop, a smokehouse-privy. White Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, early owners were Caleb Dorsey and his brother Charles Worthington Dorsey, the first County commissioner of the Howard District of Anne Arundel County. Charles Worthington purchased the home in 1828 from Alfred and Ann Dashiel and he built additions to the home in 1857 hiring the architect Nathan G. Starkweather. The home was given to Dorseys daughter and Maryland Governor Thomas Watkins Ligon, Charles Worthington died at the residence on 26 May 1864. Dorseys daughter died at the estate in 1881, followed by Governor Ligon in 1899, the house was passed down throughout the family for well over one hundred years. Cared for and owned by the Ligon and Hains family, in 1965, Col Thomas Watkins Ligon sold 350 acres of surrounding land, leaving 41.3 surrounding the property. The Hains family kept the estate until the late 1990s when it was sold to the first non-family member, in 1976 a 41.3 acre easement of the property was registered to the Maryland historical Trust. List of Howard County properties in the Maryland Historical Trust Gray Rock White Hall, Howard County, including photo from 1976, at Maryland Historical Trust
22.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
23.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
24.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
25.
Province of Maryland
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Its first settlement and capital was St. Marys City, in the southern end of St. Marys County, which is a peninsula in the Chesapeake Bay and is also bordered by four tidal rivers. The province began as a colony of the English Lord Baltimore. In 1689, the following the Glorious Revolution, John Coode led a rebellion that removed Lord Baltimore from power in Maryland. Power in the colony was restored to the Baltimore family in 1715 when Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, insisted in public that he was a Protestant. Despite early competition with the colony of Virginia to its south, and the Dutch colony of New Netherland to its north, Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province. By 1776 the old order had been overthrown, as Maryland citizens signed the Declaration of Independence, the Catholic George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, former Secretary of State to His Majesty, King Charles I, wished to create a haven for English Catholics in the New World. Upon Baltimores death in 1632 the grant was transferred to his eldest son Cecil, on June 20,1632 Charles I of England granted the original charter for Maryland, a proprietary colony of about twelve million acres, to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. Some historians view this grant as a form of compensation for Calverts fathers having been stripped of his title of Secretary of State upon announcing his Roman Catholicism in 1625. The charter offered no guidelines on religion, although it was assumed that Catholics would not be molested in the new colony. The charter had originally granted to Calverts father, George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. Whatever the reason for granting the colony specifically to Baltimore, however, the colony of New Netherland begun by Englands great imperial rival in this era, the United Provinces specifically claimed the Delaware River valley and was vague about its border with Virginia. Charles rejected all the Dutch claims on the Atlantic seaboard, but was anxious to bolster English claims by formally occupying the territory, the new colony was named after the devoutly Catholic Henrietta Maria of France, the Queen Consort. Colonial Maryland was considerably larger than the state of Maryland. The original charter granted the Calverts an imprecisely defined territory north of Virginia and south of the 40th parallel, like other aristocratic proprietors, he also hoped to turn a profit on the new colony. The Calvert family recruited Catholic aristocrats and Protestant settlers for Maryland, luring them with land grants. To try to gain settlers, Maryland used what is known as the headright system, settlers were given 50 acres of land for each person they brought into the colony, whether as settler, indentured servant or slave. Of the 200 or so initial settlers who traveled to Maryland on the ships Ark and Dove, Clements Island, off the northern shore of the Potomac River, upstream from its confluence with the Chesapeake Bay and Point Lookout. The new settlers were led by Lord Baltimores younger brother Leonard Calvert and he knew of white men from communication with native tribes to the South and West in Virginia and he was eager to gain technology, such as guns and gunpowder, from the Maryland settlers
26.
Leonard Calvert
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Leonard Calvert was the First Proprietary Governor of Maryland. He was the son of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. His elder brother Cecil, who inherited the colony and the title upon the death of their father George, April 15,1632, Leonard was named after his grandfather, the father of George who was also Leonard Calvert of Yorkshire. In 1628 Leonard accompanied his father, to the new colony of Newfoundland, the colony ultimately failed due to disease, extreme cold and attacks by the French and the family returned to England. In 1632, he returned to England where he negotiated an additional patent for the colony of Maryland from King Charles I of England, however, before the papers could be executed, George died on the 15th of April,1632. On June 20,1632, Cecil, the second Lord Baltimore executed the charter for the colony of Maryland that his father had negotiated, Leonard Calvert was appointed the colonys first Governor. Two days later, on the 27th March, they returned further south down-river near the point where the Potomac meets the Bay at what is now St, in 1638, Calvert seized a trading post at Kent Island established by the Virginian William Claiborne. In 1643 Governor Calvert went to England to discuss policies with his brother Cecil, Calvert returned to Maryland in 1644 with his new wife and children. That same year, Claiborne returned and led an uprising of Maryland Protestants against the Catholic Proprietor, Calvert was soon forced to flee southward to Virginia. He returned at the head of a force in 1646. Leonard Calvert died of an illness in the summer of 1647, before he died, he wrote a will naming Margaret Brent, as the executor of his estate. Calvert also named his friend and fellow passenger aboard the Ark, in 1890, the State of Maryland erected an obelisk monument to him and his wife at Historic St. Marys City which had a historical district created to commemorate the colonial origins of the colony. The location of Leonard Calverts grave has been lost to history, archeologists based in the Historic St. Marys City research complex believe that Leonard Calvert is buried somewhere in St. Inigoes, Maryland. The most likely spot has been narrowed down to somewhere on Webster Field, several archeological digs have been conducted but the grave has yet to be discovered. Members of the Calvert family in the settlement were known to be buried in lead coffins and it is not known if this is how Leonard Calvert was buried. His death, due to disease, happened suddenly and unexpectedly after a period of warfare had wracked the colony. List of colonial governors of Maryland Dictionary of American Biography Base Set, American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Calvert Family Tree Images of Leonard Calvert on the State of Maryland online archives
27.
Thomas Greene (governor)
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Thomas Greene of Bobbing, Kent, 2nd Proprietary Governor of Maryland was an early settler of the Maryland colony and second Provincial Governor of the colony from 1647 to 1648. He was the son of Sir Thomas Greene and Lady Margaret Webb and his father was created Knight Bachelor of the Realm by James I in 1622 at Windsor Castle. Thomas came over from England on the Ark and Dove expedition in 1634, Greene was among the earliest settlers of the colony after its founding in 1634 as a haven of religious tolerance for English Catholics among other groups. He was already prominent in the politics of the colony by 1637 or 1638, Greene and others voted against some of these measures, but despite pressure from Cornwaleys and the Jesuits accepted the laws once they were passed. In 1647, Greene was appointed to the governorship by the colonys first governor, Leonard Calvert and he was by this point one of the few early settlers still active in colonial leadership. Some, such as Leonard Calvert, had died and some, among his actions was the payment of arrears to soldiers at St. Inigoes Fort as well as appointment of John Price as the new commander of colonial militia. These were necessary given that the colonial militia had been severely taxed during armed conflict with Virginian William Claiborne. By 1648, Cecilius Calvert replaced him with William Stone, following his removal from office, Greene served as Deputy Governor under Stone. In November 1649, while Stone was in neighboring Virginia, Greene used this position to publicly declare Maryland in support of Prince Charles, the heir to the English throne. Earlier that year, the Princes father, King Charles I, had executed by the mainly Puritan Parliamentarians in the culminating event of the English Civil War. Bennett and Claiborne appointed a Protestant council to oversee the colony, creating confusion as to whether this council of the proprietary governor. The council, among other decisions, rescinded the Maryland Toleration Act which had guaranteed religious freedom in the colony, Stone attempted to regain control of the colony by force, but was defeated in the Battle of the Severn. Governor Thomas Greene was the son of Sir Thomas Greene Of Bobbing Kent and Margaret Webb of Frittenden, Kent, Governor Greenes father, Sir Thomas, was created a Knight Bachelor of the Realm by King James I on 5 September 1622. At Windsor Castle in Berkshire, England, Sir Thomas Greenes father was Sir Robert Green of Bobbing Kent who married Frances Darrel, daughter of Thomas Darrel of Scotney. Sir Robert was the son of Sir Thomas Norton alias Greene and his wife Alice Heveningham, George, by his mother Alice Bruyn, was a first cousin of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. Sir Thomas was the child of Sir John Norton of Northwood through whom the family descended. Between 1536 and 1541, Sir Thomas Norton Greene was granted royal favours by Henry VIII, Sir John Norton of Northwoods wife was Joan Northwood, co-heiress with her brother to the estates of John Northwood, Esq. Sir John Nortons father was Sir Reginald Norton of Lees Court in Sheldwich, Kent who married Katherine Dryland of Cooksditch in Faversham, Kent, Sir Reginalds grandfather Sir John Norton married Lucy At-Lese
28.
William Stone (Maryland governor)
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William Maximillian Stone, 3rd Proprietary Governor of Province of Maryland was an early, English settler in Maryland. He was governor of the colony of Maryland from 1649 to 1655, William Maximillian Stone was born in Northamptonshire, England. Stone was supposed to serve the Society of Berkeley Hundreds investors for six years in exchange for 30 acres of land, sometime, prior to 9 February 1629, he received a tobacco bill from Richard Wheeler. By 4 June 1635, William had patented 1,800 acres in Accomack, local court records revealed, that he was the brother of Andrew Stone and Captain John Stone, who had been trading, on the Eastern Shore, since 1626. By 1634, William Stone had become a commissioner of the county court, sometime, prior to February 1636, he married Verlinda Graves, the daughter of Captain Thomas Graves. William went on to become sheriff and vestryman, in 1645 he was residing on the Eastern Shore, in what had become Northampton County. By 1648, he had become the proprietary governor of Maryland. Stone came to America, in 1619, with a group of Puritans, the first Puritan settlement, in Virginia, thrived, but eventually came into conflict with the established Episcopal Church. In 1648, William Stone reached an agreement, with Cecilius Calvert, on August 8,1648, Lord Baltimore named Stone the Governor of his colony. He was the first Protestant Governor, the Assembly sought a confirmation of their religious liberty and in 1649 Governor Stone signed the Religious Toleration Act, which permitted liberty to all Christian denominations. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, the victorious, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. But, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, William Stone was later replaced as Governor by Josias Fendall, and took no further part in public affairs. William Stone wrote his will on 3 Dec 1659, and it was proved in Charles County, Maryland, Verlinda Graves Stone wrote her will, on 3 March 1674-5 and the will was proved, on 13 July 1675, in Charles County. In 1660, the monarchy in England and the government in Maryland were restored. Lord Baltimore granted William Stone as much land as he could ride, by horseback, in a day, Stone concentrated on developing his plantation at Poynton Manor in what is now Charles County, Maryland, where he died in about 1660. Stones great-grandson, David, greatly expanded the value of the estate at Poynton, a great-great-great grandson, Barton W. Stone, was a prominent early leader of the Restoration Movement. List of colonial governors of Maryland Proprietary Governor Province of Maryland English Interregnum English Civil War The Protectorate Battle of the Severn
29.
Josias Fendall
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Lieutenant-General Josias Fendall, Esq. was the 4th Proprietary Governor of Maryland. He was born in England, and came to the Province of Maryland and he was the progenitor of the Fendall family in America. Fendall first attracted attention in 1655, in that year, William Stone, the third proprietary governor of Maryland, was resisting the commissioners of Parliament for the government of that province. Stone commissioned Fendall, to be one of his officers, along with William Eltonhead, Esq. and twenty men, to seize some arms and ammunition at Patuxent, for the governors force. They ransacked an area of about 40 square miles which included the houses of Mr. Richard Preston “The Great Quaker” and John Sutton, the arms and ammunition were gathered for the governor’s force which was planning to attack the Puritan settlers at Providence. The Battle of the Severn, fought on Sunday, March 25,1655, was the first battle fought between American soldiers on American soil. It was the first battle in which bullets were used, bullets that have a hollow point. The battle was the battle in America in which the flag of the Commonwealth of England was flown. The battle was also the first in which the Provincial flag of Maryland was flown, among the Proprietary Forces numbering about 225, there were 17 killed and 32 wounded. Josias was sentenced to death along with Gov. Stone and 10 others, however, only 4 sentences were actually carried out, including that of William Eltonhead, Esq. Capt. William Lewis, John Legatt, and John Pedro, before the remaining men could be executed, the people of Providence came before the War Council and petitioned the execution. They were awarded a hearing in which 3 petitioners in support of over 200 townspeople and they claimed that the men should be spared, and that they should not judge treason. If they did, they would be guilty of the same transgression the government of Virginia had done to them, in addition the prisoners were only following orders handed out by Lord Baltimore. The War Council as a result reversed the sentences and the prisoners were released, the remaining men that were released were Col. John Price, Maj. Job Chandler, Hon. Robert Clarke, Capt. Nicholas Gwither, also on board this ship was William Eltonhead, Esq. who accompanied Fendall on his mission to Patuxent and later was executed following the Battle of the Severn. In addition the letters confirmed “that the Lord Baltimore kept his patent and that his highness and this probably instigated Gov. Stone to put into plan what became the Battle of Severn. Fendalls services were rewarded by a grant of two acres of land and by appointment, July 10,1656, as governor from Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. He was remanded to prison until the affairs of the Province could be settled by Oliver Cromwell, however, Josias became weary of his confinement and was released, September 24, upon taking an oath that he would not interfere with the government
30.
Phillip Calvert (governor)
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Phillip Calvert, also known as Philip Calvert, was the fifth Governor of Maryland during a brief period in 1660 or 1661. He was appointed by the royally chartered proprietor of Maryland, Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, as a caretaker to replace Lt. Gen Josias Fendall, the fifth/sixth. Calvert came to Maryland on the first expedition under first colonial governor Leonard Calvert, younger brother of the second Lord Baltimore Cecilius Calvert, in 1656, he was made secretary of the Province and one of its Councillors. After the treason and overthrow of Governor Fendall, Calvert became governor in 1660, in 1661, Capt. Charles Calvert, illegitimate son of the Proprietor, was made Governor, and Philip was appointed Deputy-Lieutenant and Councillor of the Province. After this, he negotiated a treaty with the Dutch in which they agreed to abandon the territory on the Delaware River. He was son of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, and his second wife, Calvert was married to Anne Wolsely Calvert. Examination of these remains provided scientists and historians with significant insight regarding life in 17th century Maryland, DNA analysis in 2016 showed the male adult and the infant have a father-son relationship, revealing the infant as a child of Phillip Calvert. The baby is assessed to have died three months after his father, in the spring of 1683, judging by the pine. List of colonial governors of Maryland Lord Baltimore penny This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles
31.
Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore
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Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, inherited the colony in 1675 upon the death of his father, Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. He had been his fathers Deputy Governor since 1661 when he arrived in the colony at the age of 24, however, Charles left Maryland for England in 1684 and would never return. Calverts political problems were caused by his Roman Catholic faith which was at odds with the established Church of England. Calvert married four times, outliving three wives, and had at least two children and he died in England in 1715 at the age of 78, his family fortunes much diminished. With his death he passed his title, and his claim to Maryland, to his second son Benedict Leonard Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore, Charles was born in England on August 27,1637, and witnessed the religious conflicts of the English Civil War. His father Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore was the first Proprietor Governor of Maryland and his mother was Anne Arundell, daughter of the 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour. Anne and Cecil were married in 1627 or 1628, and had nine children, however, only two of Charles siblings survived to adulthood, and Anne herself died in 1649 when the young Charles was just 12 years old. He governed Maryland for forty-two years, though he never visited his colony in person, passed on September 21,1649 by the Assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the first law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies. The Calvert family sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic, religious toleration lasted for approximately 40 years until it was revoked during the Protestant Revolution of 1689. From 1689 until 1776, Maryland was officially Anglican, Charles Calvert sailed to Maryland in 1661 as a young man of 24, becoming the first member of the Calvert family to take personal charge of the colony. He was appointed deputy governor by his father and, when Cecil Calvert died in 1675, Charles inherited Maryland, some time before 1666 He was married to Mary Darnall, daughter of Ralph Darnall, and the first of Calverts four wives. The Darnall family were wealthy Maryland planters, and also Roman Catholics, tragically, Mary did not live long, she died in childbirth sometime before 1667. Charles was not slow to find a new bride, in 1667 he was married a second time, to Jane Lowe, the widow of Colonel Henry Sewall of St. Marys County, Maryland. In late 1667 or early 1668 they had a son, Cecil Calvert, Calverts life as governor was aggravated by growing economic problems. From the 1660s onwards, the price of tobacco, the crop of Maryland and its chief source of export income, began a long slide. In 1666 neighbouring Virginia proposed a stint on tobacco growing, a moratorium that would lower supply. Calvert initially agreed to plan but came to realize that the burden of the stint would fall chiefly upon his poorest subjects. Eventually he vetoed the bill, much to the disgust of the Virginians, by the time Charles Calvert became governor, the population of the province had gradually become overwhelmingly Protestant due to immigration
32.
Jesse Wharton (Maryland)
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Jesse Wharton was the 7th Proprietary Governor of Maryland during a brief period in 1676. He was appointed by the royally chartered proprietor of Maryland, Charles Calvert, following his death, Wharton was briefly succeeded by Cecil Calvert, infant son of Charles Calvert, before the next Governor, Thomas Notley, was appointed. Wharton emigrated to Maryland from the English colony in Barbados in 1670, once in the colony, Wharton married Elizabeth Sewall, the daughter of a politically prominent local settler named Henry Sewall. Wharton became a member of the Governors Council in 1672 and became the Deputy Governor in 1676, with de facto gubernatorial authority, at the time, the nominal Governor of the colony was Cecil Calvert, the infant son of the colonys proprietor. In reality, the Governors Council led by Wharton ruled the colony, whartons appointment passed over four more senior members of the Council, including Philip Calvert. The appointment came at a time for the colony, when threats from both within and outside its settlers loomed. Settlers on the western shore feared an attack from hostile Native Americans, next door in Virginia, Bacons Rebellion threatened the colonial order itself. In the midst of crisis, and only a little more than a month after assuming office. He had only governed the colony from Charles Calverts departure on June 16,1676 until he named Thomas Notley as his successor just prior to his death in July of the same year. Upon his death, he left one son, Henry Wharton. She later remarried a man named William Digges
33.
Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore
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Benedict Leonard Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore was an English nobleman and politician. He was the son of Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore by Jane Lowe. Benedict Calvert would make attempts to have his familys title to Maryland restored by renouncing Roman Catholicism. In February 1715 Benedict became the 4th Baron Baltimore upon the death of his father, however, before the King could rule on the petition, Baltimore died aged 36, outliving his father by just two months. Shortly afterwards the King restored the title to Maryland to Calverts young son Charles Calvert, Benedict Leonard Calvert served as Governor of Maryland on behalf of his father from 1684 to 1688. Since he was just 5 years old at the time, this appointment was an honorary one, with the real work of governorship being carried out by his deputy. Like his father, Benedict Leonard Calverts Catholicism would cause him political difficulties, unfortunately, Salisburys timing could not have been worse. The King was soon overthrown by the Glorious Revolution of October to December 1688, Benedict Calverts name was entered at Grays Inn in 1690, but again his religion proved an impediment to his career. And he went into exile in St Germain, France, where he would remain for 10 years, Charlotte Fitzroy was the illegitimate daughter of King Charles II. The couple had seven children, all of whom were raised in the Catholic faith, but the union was not a one. In 1711 Calvert petitioned for a divorce from his wife on the grounds of her adultery, but the petition was unsuccessful. Benedict Calvert correctly calculated that the impediment to the restoration of his familys title to Maryland was the question of religion. Accordingly, he converted to Anglicanism in 1713, gambling that this move would win back his familys lost fortune in the New World, such a bold move would however come at a cost. For Calvert, the benefits associated with his new religion came quickly. He was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Harwich from 1714 to 1715, though he was not listed in any division lists, and was not an active member. On 1 August 1714 Queen Anne died, leaving the Calverts with a new king, on 2 February 1715 Calvert reaffirmed his devotion to the Anglican faith and proclaimed his loyalty to the new Protestant king George I. However, before the King could rule on the petition, Baltimore himself died, shortly afterwards, on 15 May 1715, the King restored the title to Maryland to Benedict Leonards son, the fifteen-year-old 5th Baron Baltimore. Calvert married Charlotte Lee, daughter of the 1st Earl of Lichfield and his wife and he and his wife had seven children
34.
William Joseph (governor)
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William Joseph was the 11th Proprietary Governor of Maryland from 1688 to 1689. He was appointed by the colonys proprietor Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, the Catholic Calvert family established Maryland as a place where English Catholics, who were a religious minority, could find religious tolerance. However, many of the colonists who arrived in Maryland were Protestant, in 1681, Protestant colonists, especially members of the Anglican Church, began a series of local rebellions against proprietary control by Calvert. Calvert appointed Joseph in the hope that he would be able to stop these rebellions and it is not clear whether Joseph was actually appointed Governor or the head of the colonys Council of Deputy Governors. Legally, the Governor of the colony from 1684 was Calverts young son, however, executive power in the colony was for all practical purposes led by the Council, which included a number of prominent colonists. Despite this, the State of Maryland includes Joseph on their list of proprietary Governors and it would take time for this news to arrive in the colony. Joseph, an Irishman and like Calvert a Catholic, was a supporter of the King. Soon after his arrival, he asked the Assembly to create a holiday on the date of the birth of James IIs heir and he also implemented a number of unpopular reforms at the request of the proprietor. Export of tobacco was limited to high-quality cask tobacco more easily produced by large landholders, in addition, Calvert had ordered that all future tax payments were to be made in specie rather than in tobacco. Protestant settlers began gathering in armed groups, partially fueled by rumors that the Catholics would ally with Native Americans to drive Protestants out of the colony. Joseph attempted one final time to convince the assembly to support the deposed King. Led by Colonel John Coode, an army of 700 Puritans defeated an army led by Colonel Darnall. Darnall later wrote, Wee being in this condition and no hope left of quieting the people thus enraged, to prevent effusion of blood, the victorious Coode and his Puritans set up a new government that outlawed Catholicism, and Darnall was deprived of all his official positions. Joseph and other prominent Catholics fled the colony, possibly taking some of the colonys arms, Joseph was replaced with John Coode, a leader of a group known as the Protestant Associators, who had been a primary instigator of the rebellion. In 1704 an Act was passed to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province, full religious toleration would not be restored in Maryland until the American Revolution. List of colonial governors of Maryland
35.
John Coode (Governor of Maryland)
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John Coode best known for leading a rebellion, that overthrew Marylands colonial government in 1689. He participated in four separate uprisings and briefly served as Marylands governor as the 1st Leader of the Protestant Associators, Coode was born in Penryn, Cornwall, Kingdom of England about 1648, to a wealthy Cornish family. He attended Oxford University when he was only 16 years old, Coode and his father had a falling out the year before, as young Coode was said to be behaving sinfully. Coodes father claimed that his son was wearing clothing intended for the weaker sex, in 1668 Coode became an Anglican priest. In 1672, he journeyed to Maryland, Coode served as a minister briefly in the colony, but soon renounced his priesthood in order to marry a wealthy widow, Susannah Slye. Susannah’s father, Thomas Gerrard, was an important figure in the colony and this relationship helped influence Coodes growing disfavor towards the Maryland government. After his marriage to Susannah, Coode became involved in the affairs of the Colony, over the next few years, he was appointed a captain of the militia, a justice in Saint Marys County, and elected to the Maryland Assembly. In 1681, Coode took part in a rebellion against the government and it is not known exactly what role he played in this plot, but after its ensuing failure, he was arrested along with former Maryland governor, Josias Fendall. Coode was later freed on bail, but he was removed from office, charles Calvert described both Fendall and Coode as rank Baconists, comparing both men with the 1676 rebellion which had caused great disruption in neighbouring Virginia. Fendall was banished from Maryland, but Coode escaped punishment, in 1689, Coode planned another rebellion. An increasing number of Protestants had been moving to Maryland and they began to resent the fact that most political offices were held by Catholics or other friends of the Calverts. Coode raised an army against Marylands Catholic leaders, which was helped by a rumor he spread warning that the Catholics had invited the native tribes to come and kill the Protestants. Coodes army of 700 men attacked the house, a symbol of the proprietary governments authority. His army then marched into Saint Marys City and forced the council to power to them. Darnall later wrote, Wee being in this condition and no hope left of quieting the people thus enraged, to prevent effusion of blood, capitulated and surrendered. The victorious Coode and his Puritans set up a new government that outlawed both Catholicism and Anglicanism, and Darnall was deprived of all his official positions. Coode was now in control of the colony, and on August 1,1689 and he remained in power until the new royal governor, Nehemiah Blakiston was appointed on July 27,1691. For a while, Coode participated in the new government, but he became dissatisfied
36.
Lionel Copley
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Sir Lionel Copley was the 1st Royal Governor of Maryland from 1692 through his death in 1693. He was the first official royal governor appointed by the British crown after the colony was removed from the control of the Calvert family during the Glorious Revolution. Copley engaged in a series of struggles with the colonial assembly. Copley arrived in the Maryland colony following a Protestant rebellion that had overthrown the proprietorship of the Catholic Calvert family. The Protestants, who were the majority in the colony, had ejected their leaders after a brief conflict, echoing the Glorious Revolution that had occurred in England in 1688. From the overthrow of the government in 1689 until the arrival of Copley in 1692, Maryland had been governed by leaders of the rebellion. Their rule was somewhat catholic, the courts that met at the time were the county courts. Having felt that their rights were abused by an executive power prior to the rebellion. They appointed their own clerk, a man named John Lewellin, among these were a committee on elections, which would establish that the legislature itself would have control of how its members were elected. Dealing with the assembly was not the only challenge Copley faced, Lawrence and Copley had argued even before their arrival in the colony, and Lawrence sailed on a later ship because of this argument. Before he arrived in September 1692, two men had been doing the work of the Secretary and taking the proceeds that accrued with the work. As Lawrence was attempting to recoup money, Copley made a deal with the assembly to further weaken his opponent. The assemblymen were interested in determining exactly which government officials received how much money, Copley agreed to sign legislation to that effect. Authorized by that legislation, the assembly took some of the fees that had accrued to the Secretary, Lawrence became a rallying point for Marylanders who opposed Copleys rule and that of the Governors council. They supporting him as he continued the struggle in a fight over the appointments of county clerks. Meanwhile, the legislature and Governor continued the work of rebuilding colonial government following the rebellion and they also established the Church of England as the state religion of the colony, and passed laws restricting the practice of other religions. In the midst of these efforts, Copley, like many recent arrivals to the colony, suddenly took sick and died. His enemy Thomas Lawrence took over, one of a series of people who would serve at the helm of the colony before the arrival of the new royally-appointed governor
37.
Thomas Lawrence (Governor of Maryland)
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Sir Thomas Lawrence was the 2nd Royal Governor of Maryland in 1693, elected by the Governors Council following the death of Sir Lionel Copley. He governed the colony for only a few weeks before the new royally appointed governor, Edmund Andros, arrived from his trans-Atlantic trip to take over control of the colony. He was briefly the 6th Royal Governor of Maryland a second time when Andros then left the colony in 1694 (later also served as governor in the Dominion of New England, Thomas Lawrence was born in 1645 in Chelsea, Middlesex, England. Son of John Lawrence and Mary, he had several sibling, being he the elder of them and he emigrated in 1692 in Province of Maryland, settling in Marys City and Annapolis, while his family probably stayed in England. In 1693 he was President of the Council and acting Royal Governor of Province of Maryland, Lawrence returned to England in 1705/6
38.
Edmund Andros
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Sir Edmund Andros was an English colonial administrator in North America. He was the governor of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence, at other times, Andros served as governor of the provinces of New York, East and West Jersey, Virginia, and Maryland. Before his service in North America, he served as Bailiff of Guernsey and his tenure in New England was authoritarian and turbulent, as his views were decidedly pro-Anglican, a negative quality in a region home to many Puritans. His actions in New England resulted in his overthrow during the 1689 Boston revolt and his actions and governance generally followed the instructions he was given upon appointment to office, and he received approbation from the monarchs and governments that appointed him. Andros was recalled to England from Virginia in 1698, and resumed the title of Bailiff of Guernsey, although he no longer resided entirely on Guernsey, he was appointed lieutenant governor of the island, and served in this position for four years. Andros was born in London on 6 December 1637, amice Andros, his father, was Bailiff of Guernsey and a staunch supporter of Charles I. His mother was Elizabeth Stone, whose sister was a courtier to the kings sister and it is possible that he fled Guernsey with his mother in 1645. In 1656, he was apprenticed to his uncle, Sir Robert Stone, Andros then served in two winter campaigns in Denmark, including the relief of Copenhagen in 1659. As a result of experiences he gained fluency in French, Swedish. He remained a supporter of the Stuarts while they were in exile. Charles II, after his restoration to the throne, specifically commended the Andros family for its support, Andros served as a courtier to Elizabeth of Bohemia from 1660 until her death in 1662. During the 1660s he served in the English army against the Dutch and he was next commissioned a major in the regiment of Sir Tobias Bridge, which was sent to Barbados in 1666. He returned to England two years later, carrying despatches and letters, after his father died in 1674, Andros acquired Sausmarez Manor and was named to succeed him as Bailiff of Guernsey. He was also appointed by the Duke of York to be the first proprietary governor of the Province of New York, Andros agreed to confirm the existing property holdings and to allow the Dutch inhabitants of the territory to maintain their Protestant religion. Andros was also involved in disputes with the neighboring Connecticut Colony. Yorks territorial claim did not acknowledge these, and Andros announced to Connecticut authorities his intentions to reclaim that territory in early 1675, Connecticut leaders pointed out the later revisions to Connecticuts boundaries, but Andros pressed his claim, arguing that those revisions had been superseded by Yorks grant. Andros used the outbreak of King Philips War in July 1675 as an excuse to go by ship to Connecticut with a military force to establish the dukes claim. When he arrived at Saybrook at the mouth of the river on 8 July he found the fort occupied by Connecticut militia
39.
Nicholas Greenberry
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Colonel Nicholas Greenberry was the 4th Royal Governor of Maryland, and Commander of the Military Forces of Anne Arundel and Baltimore Counties. Nicholas Greenberry was born in England in about 1627 and he married Anne in England about 1670. Little is known of Greenberrys life in England, except that he was an educated person with military experience. He may have been the Nicholas Greenberry baptized 15 December 1640 at Irnham, Lincolnshire, Greenberry, left to Lord Chief Justice Kelynge. Desires to serve under Lord Belasye at Tangiers, or elsewhere beyond seas, Greenberry arrived at Patuxent, in the Maryland Colony, aboard the sailing ship Constant Friendship in 1674. He was accompanied by his wife, two children, and three servants, on 9 July 1674, Capt. William Wheatly, master, claimed rights due for transportation of 43 passengers on board, including Mr Greenberry his wife & two Children. Nicholas Greenberry died on December 17,1697 and is buried in St Annes Churchyard in Annapolis, later, in 1680, Nicholas bought another tract of land near Providence called Fuller from Colonel William Fuller. This land was resurveyed and renamed Greenberry Forest, Greenberry called the home Whitehall, a name it retains to this day. In later years, this became the residence of Horatio Sharpe. Sharpe had a Georgian mansion built on the site, in 1685, Colonel Nicholas Greenberry bought 250 acres of land called Towne Neck. This is located at the mouth of the Severn River and became known as Greenberry Point, the colonys Deputy Governor, Governor Notley, was forced from office for hanging two Protestants for rebellion against authority. He was replaced by a Committee of twenty citizens, Greenberry was one of the gentlemen justices chosen as a member of that committee. On July 27,1689, the Protestant Association, under John Coode, seized St. Marys and this same year, Nicholas was captain of foot in the Anne Arundel County Militia. He was promoted to Major in 1690 and he then quickly received a commission of Colonel, and was appointed Commander of the Military Forces of Anne Arundel and Baltimore Counties. The proprietaryship was disallowed on 27 June 1691, sir Lionel Copley took the office as governor, and quickly appointed Greenberry as a member of the council. Greenberry served in capacity until he was replaced on 26 July 1694 by Francis Nicholson by a commission from the King dated in February 1694. On 2 March 1695, Nicholas Greenberry was on the high Court of Chancery of Maryland, here is the way it reads verbatim, William ye third by ye grace of God of England, Holland, France, and Ireland, King Defender of ye faith &c to Coll. Nicholas Greenberry, Kneln Chesteldyne and Mar Edw, whereas by a late commission granted by us and our Royal Consort Mary lately deed dated ye 14th day of last Coll
40.
Francis Nicholson
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Francis Nicholson was a British military officer and colonial administrator. His military service included time in Africa and Europe, after which he was sent as leader of the troops supporting Sir Edmund Andros in the Dominion of New England, there he distinguished himself, and was appointed lieutenant governor of the dominion in 1688. After news of the Glorious Revolution reached the colonies in 1689, Nicholson himself was soon caught up in unrest in New York, and fled to England. He next served as lieutenant governor or governor of Virginia and Maryland and he supported the founding of the College of William and Mary, and quarreled with Andros after Andros was selected over him as governor of Virginia. In 1709 he became involved in military actions during Queen Annes War. He then led the expedition that successfully captured Port Royal, Acadia on 2 October 1710, afterward he served as governor of Nova Scotia and Placentia, and was the first royal governor of South Carolina following a rebellion against its proprietors. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant-General, and died a bachelor in London in 1728 and he supported public education in the colonies, and was a member of both the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts and the Royal Society. He also influenced American architecture, being responsible for the layout and design of Annapolis, Maryland and Williamsburg and he was one of the earliest advocates of colonial union, principally for reasons of defense against common enemies. Nicholson was born in the village of Downholme, Yorkshire, England, little is known of his ancestry or early life, although he apparently received some education. He served as a page in the household of Charles Paulet and he waited on Paulets daughter Jane, who married John Egerton, Earl of Bridgewater, another patron who promoted his career. His military career began in January 1678 when Paulet purchased for him a commission in the Holland Regiment. The regiment saw no combat, and was disbanded at the end of the year, in July 1680 he purchased a staff lieutenants commission in the newly formed 2nd Tangier Regiment, which was sent to English Tangier to reinforce the garrison holding the city. Tangiers council was headed by the Duke of York. Nicholson distinguished himself in the service, carrying dispatches between the enemy Moroccan camp, Tangier, and London, in addition to favorable notice from Kirke, this brought Nicholson to the attention of the powerful colonial secretary, William Blathwayt. Tangier was abandoned in 1683, and his regiment returned to England, during the service in Tangier he met a number of people who would figure prominently North American colonial history, including Thomas Dongan and Alexander Spotswood. Nicholson was probably with the regiment when it put down Monmouths Rebellion in 1685, the dominions governorship instead went to Sir Edmund Andros, and Nicholson, now a captain, accompanied Andros as commander of a company of infantry to Boston in October 1686. Andros sent Nicholson on what was essentially a reconnaissance mission to French Acadia, under the cover of delivering a letter protesting a variety of issues to the Acadian governor, Nicholson made careful observations of Port Royals defenses. Nicholson impressed Andros in this service, and was appointed to the dominions council
41.
Nathaniel Blakiston
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Colonel Nathaniel Blakiston was the 8th Royal Governor of Maryland from 1698-1702. He succeeded Francis Nicholson and was succeeded by Thomas Tench and he was related to Nehemiah Blakiston. Nathaniel Blakiston was grandson of John Blakiston, regicide of King Charles I of England, Blakiston joined to the British army in his young, serving in the West Indies. As a soldier, Blakiston attained the rank of Montserrat island. In 1698, Nathaniel Blakiston was appointed governor, of the British colony, however, his government only lasted three years, because he had to retire for health problems, in 1701. The court of delegates chose him to serve, as their agent, in London in appreciation for his services, later, from 1706 onwards, Blakiston was agent, for the Virginia Colony, in London. Then, in 1775, he returned for Mitchell as a Whig and participated in the division, voting with the administration. Nathaniel Blakiston died, at the end of February,1722
