1.
Epworth, Lincolnshire
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Epworth is a small town and civil parish in the Isle of Axholme, North Lincolnshire, England. The town lies on the A161, about halfway between Goole and Gainsborough, as the birthplace of John Wesley and Charles Wesley, it has given its name to many institutions associated with Methodism. Their father, Samuel Wesley, was the rector from 1695 to 1735, Epworth is situated in the Isle of Axholme. The Isle is so called because, until it was drained by the Dutch engineer Sir Cornelius Vermuyden in 1627–1629, it was an island surrounded by rivers, streams, bogs. The Domesday Book in 1086 recorded, Manor In Epeuerde, Ledwin had eight carucates of land to be taxed, wood pasture one mile long and one mile broad. Value in King Edwords time £8 now £5, a whole way of life that had seen annual otter hunts on the Trent, not to mention abundant salmon, was lost along with many livelihoods. The resentment felt by the Isle of Axholme towards the king doubtless explains their siding with Parliament in the English Civil War, extensive drainage continued, which, together with periodic warping, has made this an exceptionally fertile area. The Isle of Axholme was originally the eight parishes of Althorpe, Belton, Crowle, Epworth, Haxey, Luddington, Owston, the Axholme Joint Railway served Epworth, it ceased service to the town in 1956. The Old Rectory, a Queen Anne style building, rebuilt after the fire of 1709, has completely restored and is now the property of the World Methodist Council. It is maintained as a museum and it is also the site of supposed paranormal events that occurred there in 1716, while the Wesley family was living in the house. The Church of England parish church of Saint Andrew is on a hill overlooking the town and its architecture suggests that its oldest part may have been built in the late 12th century with later additions in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Rev. Samuel Wesley, father of John and Charles Wesley, was Rector here, Epworth is described as the Home of Methodism and there is a Methodist church in the centre of the town. This was built in 1888 and continues to be a hub in the centre of the community. The church attracts hundreds of visitors from around the world each year tracing the history of the Methodist movement, there is a trail around the town linking the sites which were significant for the Wesley family. An example of the Dutch influence on local architecture can be seen in the now used as the Post Office. The Epworth Show has been held for over 60 years, the show was first held before the Second World War on Battle Green, later moving to Scawcett Lane. Today it is held at Wroot Road – the site has been enlarged, originally the show catered only for the local area. Epworth Show has links with the three Epworth churches which come together for a prior Sunday evening service, and on show day share an information tent, the Show is run by the Epworth and District Agricultural Society, a charitable organisation
2.
Lincolnshire
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Lincolnshire is a county in the east of England. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards, Englands shortest county boundary, the county town is Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters. The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the county of Lincolnshire. Therefore, part of the county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. The county is the second-largest of the English ceremonial counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use, the county is fifth largest of the two-tier counties, as the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire are not included. The county can be broken down into a number of geographical sub-regions including, Lincolnshire derived from the merging of the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Lindsey with that controlled by the Danelaw borough of Stamford. For some time the county was called Lindsey, and it is recorded as such in the 11th-century Domesday Book. In 1888 when county councils were set up, Lindsey, Holland and these survived until 1974, when Holland, Kesteven, and most of Lindsey were unified into Lincolnshire. A local government reform in 1996 abolished Humberside, and the south of the Humber was allocated to the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire. These two areas became part of Lincolnshire for ceremonial such as the Lord-Lieutenancy, but are not covered by the Lincolnshire police and are in the Yorkshire. The remaining districts of Lincolnshire are Boston, East Lindsey, Lincoln, North Kesteven, South Holland, South Kesteven and they are part of the East Midlands region. Lincolnshire is home to Woolsthorpe Manor, birthplace and home of Sir Isaac Newton and he attended The Kings School, Grantham and its library has preserved his signature, applied to a window sill when he was a teenager. Lincolnshire is an area, growing large amounts of wheat, barley, sugar beet. In South Lincolnshire, where the soil is rich in nutrients, some of the most common crops include potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers. Most such companies are long gone, and Lincolnshire is no longer an engineering centre, however, as a result of the current economic climate some food production facilities have closed down, this has caused some reduction in the levels of migrant workers. The large number of people from Portugal is still obvious in the town of Boston. A coalition of Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Independents currently controls Lincolnshire County Council, the Conservative Party comfortably controlled the County Council following the 2009 local elections, in which they increased their majority to 43 seats. The Labour Party lost a total of 15 seats including 7 in Lincoln, the Lincolnshire Independents gained a total of four seats, although one of their number moved to the Conservative group during 2010, increasing the number of Conservative seats to 61
3.
Venice
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Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
4.
Republic of Venice
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It was based in the lagoon communities of the historically prosperous city of Venice. It was a leading European economic and trading power during the Middle Ages, the Venetian city state was founded as a safe haven for people escaping persecution in mainland Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. In its early years, it prospered on the salt trade, in subsequent centuries, the city state established a thalassocracy. It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea, including commerce between Asia, Europe and North Africa, the Venetian navy was used in the Crusades. Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea, the city became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class, who patronized renowned art and architecture along the citys lagoons. Venetian merchants were influential financiers in Europe, the city was also the birthplace of great European explorers, including Marco Polo, as well as the classical music composer Vivaldi. The republic was ruled by the Doge, who was elected by members of the Great Council of Venice, the ruling class was an oligarchy of merchants and aristocrats. Venice and other Italian maritime republics played a key role in fostering capitalism, Venetian citizens generally supported the system of governance. The city-state enforced strict laws and employed ruthless tactics in its prisons, the opening of new trade routes to the Americas and the East Indies via the Atlantic Ocean marked the beginning of Venices decline as a maritime republic. The city state suffered defeats from the navy of the Ottoman Empire, in 1797, the country was colonized by Austria and France, following an invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte. Venice became a part of a unified Italy in the 19th century and it was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in reference to its title as one of the Most Serene Republics. He was the first historical Doge of Venice, whichever the case, the first doges had their power base in Heraclea. Ursuss successor, Deusdedit, moved his seat from Heraclea to Malamocco in the 740s and he was the son of Ursus and represented the attempt of his father to establish a dynasty. Such attempts were more commonplace among the doges of the first few centuries of Venetian history. They desired to remain well-connected to the Empire, another faction, republican in nature, believed in continuing along a course towards practical independence. The other main faction was pro-Frankish, supported mostly by clergy, they looked towards the new Carolingian king of the Franks, Pepin the Short, as the best provider of defence against the Lombards. A minor, pro-Lombard faction was opposed to close ties with any of these further-off powers, the successors of Obelerio inherited a united Venice. By the Pax Nicephori, the two emperors had recognised that Venice belonged to the Byzantine sphere of influence, many centuries later, the Venetians claimed that the treaty had recognised Venetian de facto independence, but the truth of this claim is doubted by modern scholars
5.
Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk
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Upon the death of his father in Venice, he succeeded him as Earl of Norfolk and Nottingham, but not as Duke of Norfolk. He also received his fathers title of Earl Marshal, but on an honorary basis. He was betrothed to Constance Holland, daughter of John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, then a child and he became involved with the latest rebellion of the Percies in the north, and raised an army with Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York. Deserted by the Earl of Northumberland, Norfolk and Scrope were brought to book on Shipton Moor by a royal army under John of Lancaster. Seeking a parley, they were arrested as soon as they disbanded their followers, thePeerage. com Alison Weir, Britains Royal Family, A Complete Genealogy. and G. E
6.
John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
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Sir John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, 9th Baron Segrave, 8th Baron Mowbray KG, Earl Marshal was an English nobleman. He was the son of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. He also received the lands confiscated when the Mowbrays opposed the seizure of the throne by Henry IV. In 1415 he sat in judgment on Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, in 1425 he was restored to his fathers confiscated Dukedom of Norfolk. He married Lady Katherine Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and he went to France with King Henry V and took part in the siege of Harfleur. He was too ill to fight at Agincourt and he died in 1432 at Epworth, Lincolnshire, where his father had founded a monastery. Royal, McKendrick, Scot, Lowden, John and Doyle, Kathleen, Royal Manuscripts, The Genius of Illumination,2011, British Library,9780712358156 Dukes of Norfolk family tree
7.
Order of the Garter
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The Most Noble Order of the Garter, founded in 1348, is the highest order of chivalry and the third most prestigious honour in England and the United Kingdom. It is dedicated to the image and arms of Saint George and it is awarded at the Sovereigns pleasure as a personal gift on recipients from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. Membership of the Order is limited to the Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, the order also includes supernumerary knights and ladies. New appointments to the Order of the Garter are always announced on St Georges Day, the orders emblem is a garter with the motto Honi soit qui mal y pense in gold lettering. Members of the wear it on ceremonial occasions. King Edward III founded the Order of the Garter around the time of his claim to the French throne, the list includes Sir Sanchet DAbrichecourt, who died on 20 October 1345. Other dates from 1344 to 1351 have also been proposed, the Kings wardrobe account shows Garter habits first issued in the autumn of 1348. Also, its original statutes required that member of the Order already be a knight. The earliest written mention of the Order is found in Tirant lo Blanch and it was first published in 1490. This book devotes a chapter to the description of the origin of the Order of the Garter, at the time of its foundation, the Order consisted of King Edward III, together with 25 Founder Knights, listed in ascending order of stall number in St.1431. Various legends account for the origin of the Order, the most popular legend involves the Countess of Salisbury, whose garter is said to have slipped from her leg while she was dancing at a court ball at Calais. When the surrounding courtiers sniggered, the king picked it up and returned it to her, exclaiming, Honi soit qui mal y pense, King Edward supposedly recalled the event in the 14th century when he founded the Order. This story is recounted in a letter to the Annual Register in 1774, The motto in fact refers to Edwards claim to the French throne, the use of the garter as an emblem may have derived from straps used to fasten armour. Medieval scholars have pointed to a connection between the Order of the Garter and the Middle English poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, in Gawain, a girdle, very similar in its erotic undertones to the garter, plays a prominent role. A rough version of the Orders motto also appears in the text and it translates from Old French as Accursed be a cowardly and covetous heart. While the author of that poem remains disputed, there seems to be a connection between two of the top candidates and the Order of the Garter. Scholar J. P. Oakden has suggested that it is related to John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and, more importantly. Another competing theory is that the work was written for Enguerrand de Coucy, the Sire de Coucy was married to King Edward IIIs daughter, Isabella, and was given admittance to the Order of the Garter on their wedding day
8.
Earl Marshal
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Earl Marshal is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England. He is the eighth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Constable, the Earl Marshal has among his responsibilities the organisation of major ceremonial state occasions like the monarchs coronation in Westminster Abbey and state funerals. He is also an officer of arms and oversees the College of Arms. The current Earl Marshal is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, there was formerly an Earl Marshall of Ireland and Earl Marischal of Scotland. The office of royal marshal existed in much of Europe, involving managing horses, in England, the office became hereditary under John FitzGilbert the Marshal after The Anarchy, and rose in prominence under his second son, William Marshal, later Earl of Pembroke. He served under several kings, acted as regent, and organised funerals, after passing through his daughters husband to the Earls of Norfolk, the post evolved into Earl Marshal and the title remained unchanged, even after the earldom of Norfolk became a dukedom. In the Middle Ages, the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the horses and stables. When chivalry declined in importance, the constables post declined and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms, in 1672, the office of Marshal of England and the title of Earl Marshal of England were made hereditary in the Howard family. The Earl Marshal is considered the eighth of the Great Officers of State, with the Lord High Constable above him, nowadays, the Earl Marshals role has mainly to do with the organisation of major state ceremonies such as coronations and state funerals. Annually, the Earl Marshal helps organise the State Opening of Parliament, the Earl Marshal also remains to have charge over the College of Arms and no coat of arms may be granted without his warrant. As a symbol of his office, he carries a baton of gold with black finish at either end, in the general order of precedence, the Earl Marshal is currently the highest hereditary position in the United Kingdom outside the Royal Family. Although other state and ecclesiastical officers rank above in precedence, they are not hereditary, the holding of the Earl Marshalship secures the Duke of Norfolks traditional position as the first peer of the land, above all other dukes. Among the men who have held the title of Earl Marshal of Ireland are William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, 1652–1661 James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk 1661–1662 in commission 1662–1672. Deputy Earls Marshal have been named at various times, discharging the responsibilities of the office during the minority or infirmity of the Earl Marshal, prior to an Act of Parliament in 1824, Protestant deputies were required when the Earl Marshal was a Roman Catholic. Lord Lyon King of Arms Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Earl Marshal, the Court Register and Statesmans Remembrancer Round, J. H. The Commune of London, and other Studies
9.
Richard II of England
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Richard II, also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed on 30 September 1399. Richard, a son of Edward, the Black Prince, was born in Bordeaux during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. Richard was the brother of Edward of Angoulême, upon whose death, Richard. Upon the death of Richards father prior to the death of Edward III, Richard, by primogeniture, with Edward IIIs death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten. During Richards first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of councils, most of the aristocracy preferred this to a regency led by the kings uncle, John of Gaunt, yet Gaunt remained highly influential. The first major challenge of the reign was the Peasants Revolt in 1381, the young king played a major part in the successful suppression of this crisis. By 1389 Richard had regained control, and for the eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents. In 1397, Richard took his revenge on the appellants, many of whom were executed or exiled, the next two years have been described by historians as Richards tyranny. In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, the king disinherited Gaunts son, Henry of Bolingbroke, Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Claiming initially that his goal was only to reclaim his patrimony, meeting little resistance, Bolingbroke deposed Richard and had himself crowned as King Henry IV. Richard died in captivity in February 1400, he is thought to have starved to death. Richard was said to have tall, good-looking and intelligent. Less warlike than either his father or grandfather, he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years War that Edward III had started, modern historians do not accept this interpretation, while not exonerating Richard from responsibility for his own deposition. While probably not insane, as historians of the 19th and 20th centuries believed, Richard of Bordeaux was the younger son of Edward, the Black Prince, and Joan of Kent. Edward, heir to the throne of England, had distinguished himself as a commander in the early phases of the Hundred Years War. After further military adventures, however, he contracted dysentery in Spain in 1370 and he never fully recovered and had to return to England the next year. Joan of Kent had been at the centre of a dispute between Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, and William Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, from which Holland emerged victorious. Less than a year after Hollands death in 1360, Joan married Prince Edward, since she was a granddaughter of King Edward I and a first cousin of King Edward III, the marriage required papal approval
10.
John de Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave
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John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave was an English peer and landowner in Leicestershire and Yorkshire. His family title of Baron Segrave is drawn from a village now spelled Seagrave, Segrave was the son of Stephen Segrave, 3rd Baron Segrave, and Alice Fitzalan. Little is known of his early life, John de Segrave, second of that name, who was contracted to marry Blanche of Lancaster, younger daughter and coheiress of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster. However the contract was declared void. Elizabeth de Segrave, 5th Baroness Segrave, who married John de Mowbray, Margaret de Segrave, who died young, before 1353. A year after the marriage his wife inherited her fathers title and estates, becoming in her own right Countess of Norfolk and Earl Marshal of England. In 1350, Segrave and his wife sought a divorce, arguing that they had contracted in marriage before Margaret was of age. The impetus for this was that Margaret wished to marry Lord Manny, however, Segrave died at Bretby in Repton, Derbyshire, on 1 April 1353, before the divorce had been granted. He was succeeded in the barony by his daughter Elizabeth, archer, Rowena E. Mowbray, John, fourth Lord Mowbray. Archer, Rowena E. Brotherton, Margaret, suo jure duchess of Norfolk, the Complete Peerage, edited by H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden. The Complete Peerage, edited by Geoffrey H. White, everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Everingham, Kimball G. ed. Plantagenet Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
11.
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk
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Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, was the fifth son of King Edward I, and the eldest child by his second wife Margaret of France, the daughter of Philip III of France. He was, therefore, a younger half-brother of King Edward II and he occupied the office of Earl Marshal of England. Thomas of Brotherton was born 1 June 1300 at the house at Brotherton, Yorkshire, while his mother was on her way to Cawood. According to Hilton, Margaret was staying at Pontefract Castle and was following a hunt when she went into labour, Edward I quickly rushed to the queen and the newborn baby and had him presented with two cradles. His brother Edmund was born in the year after that and they were overseen by wet nurses until they were six years old. Like their parents, they learned to play chess and to ride horses and they were visited by nobles and their half-sister Mary of Woodstock, who was a nun. Their mother often accompanied Edward on his campaigns to Scotland, and his father died when he was 7 years old. Thomass half-brother, Edward, became king of England and Thomas was heir presumptive until his nephew Edward was born in 1312, the Earldom of Cornwall had been intended for Thomas, but Edward instead bestowed it upon his favourite, Piers Gaveston, in 1306. When Thomas was 10 years old, Edward assigned to him and his brother Edmund, in 1312, he was titled Earl of Norfolk and on 10 February 1316 he was created Earl Marshal. While his brother was away fighting in Scotland, he was left Keeper of England and he was known for his hot and violent temper. He was one of the victims of the unchecked greed of the kings new favourite, Hugh Despenser the Younger and his father Hugh Despenser the Elder. He allied himself with Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer when they invaded England in 1326, when his nephew Edward III reached his majority and took the government into his own hands Thomas became one of his principal advisors. It was in the capacity of Lord Marshal that he commanded the wing of the English army at the Battle of Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333. He died about 20 September 1338, and was buried in the choir of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds and he was succeeded by his daughter, Margaret, as Countess of Norfolk. She was later created Duchess of Norfolk for life in 1397, as a son of Edward I of England, he was entitled to bear the coat of arms of the Kingdom of England, differenced by a label argent of three points. Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, who married firstly John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave, alice of Norfolk, who married Sir Edward de Montagu. Alice Hales died by October 1330, when a chantry was founded for her soul in Bosham, archer, Rowena E. Brotherton, Margaret, suo jure duchess of Norfolk. The Complete Peerage, edited by H. A. Doubleday, everingham, Kimball G. ed. Plantagenet Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
12.
Edward I of England
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Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law, through an extensive legal inquiry, Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. Increasingly, however, Edwards attention was drawn towards military affairs, the first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his fathers reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he sided with a baronial reform movement. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained throughout the subsequent armed conflict. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land, the crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster on 19 August, after suppressing a minor rebellion in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second rebellion in 1282–83 with a full-scale war of conquest. After a successful campaign, Edward subjected Wales to English rule, built a series of castles and towns in the countryside, next, his efforts were directed towards Scotland. Initially invited to arbitrate a dispute, Edward claimed feudal suzerainty over the kingdom. In the war followed, the Scots persevered, even though the English seemed victorious at several points. At the same there were problems at home. In the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation and these crises were initially averted, but issues remained unsettled. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son, Edward II, Edward I was a tall man for his era, hence the nickname Longshanks. He was temperamental, and this, along with his height, made him an intimidating man, nevertheless, he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship, as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence. Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, son of King Henrys brother Richard of Cornwall, Henry of Almain would remain a close companion of the prince, both through the civil war that followed, and later during the crusade. Edward was in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffards death in 1246, there were concerns about Edwards health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246,1247, and 1251
13.
Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel
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Richard FitzAlan, 5th or 11th Earl of Arundel and 9th Earl of Surrey, KG was an English medieval nobleman and military commander. Born in 1346, he was the son of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and he succeeded his father to the title of Earl of Arundel on 24 January 1376. His brother was Thomas Arundel, the Bishop of Ely from 1374 to 1388, Archbishop of York from 1388 to 1397, at the coronation of Richard II, Richard FitzAlan carried the crown. In 1377, Richard FitzAlan held the title of Admiral of the West, in this capacity, he attacked Harfleur at Whitsun 1378, but was forced to return to his ships by the defenders. Later, he and John of Gaunt attempted to seize Saint-Malo but were unsuccessful, FitzAlan was closely aligned with Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, who was uncle of King Richard II. Thomas was opposed to Richard IIs desire for peace with France in the Hundred Years War, in late 1386, Gloucester forced King Richard II to name himself and Richard FitzAlan to the Kings Council. This Council was to all intents and purposes a Regency Council for Richard II, however, Richard limited the duration of the Councils powers to one year. In 1386, Richard II named Richard FitzAlan Admiral of England, as Admiral of England, he defeated a Franco-Spanish-Flemish fleet off Margate in March 1387, along with Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham. The King summoned Gloucester and FitzAlan to a meeting, however, instead of coming, they raised troops and defeated the new Council at Radcot Bridge on 22 December 1387. During that battle, they took the favourites prisoner, the next year, the Merciless Parliament condemned the favourites. FitzAlan was one of the Lords Appellant who accused and condemned Richard IIs favorites and he made himself particularly odious to the King by refusing, along with Gloucester, to spare the life of Sir Simon de Burley who had been condemned by the Merciless Parliament. This was even after the queen, Anne of Bohemia, went down on her knees before them to beg for mercy, King Richard never forgave this humiliation and planned and waited for his moment of revenge. In 1394, FitzAlan further antagonized the King by arriving late for the queens funeral, Richard II, in a rage, snatched a wand and struck FitzAlan in the face and drew blood. Shortly after that, the King feigned a reconciliation but he was biding his time for the right moment to strike. Arundel was named Governor of Brest in 1388, peace was concluded with France in 1389. However, Richard FitzAlan followed Gloucesters lead and stated that he would never agree with the peace that had been concluded and his first wife was Elizabeth de Bohun, daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere. They married around 28 September 1359 and had seven children, Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel Lady Eleanor FitzAlan, on 28 October 1371, at the age of about six, Elizabeth FitzAlan, married first William Montacute, no issue. Married second, in 1384, Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, had issue, married third, before August 1401, Sir Robert Goushill of Hoveringham, had issue
14.
Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester
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Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Buckingham, 1st Earl of Essex, KG was the fourteenth and youngest child of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was the youngest of the five sons of Edward III who survived to adulthood, Thomas was born 7 January 1355 at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire after two short-lived brothers, one of whom had also been baptised Thomas. He married Eleanor de Bohun by 1376, was given Pleshey castle in Essex, the younger sister of Woodstocks wife, Mary de Bohun, was subsequently married to Henry of Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, who later became King Henry IV of England. In 1377, at the age of 22, Woodstock was knighted and created Earl of Buckingham, in 1385 he received the title Duke of Aumale and at about the same time was created Duke of Gloucester. Thomas of Woodstock was in command of a campaign in northern France that followed the Breton War of Succession of 1343–64. The earlier conflict was marked by the efforts of John IV, John was supported in this struggle by the armies of the kingdom of England, whereas Charles was supported by the kingdom of France. At the head of an English army, John prevailed after Charles was killed in battle in 1364, but the French continued to undermine his position and he returned to Brittany in 1379, supported by Breton barons who feared the annexation of Brittany by France. An English army was sent under Woodstock to support his position, due to concerns about the safety of a longer shipping route to Brittany itself, the army was ferried instead to the English continental stronghold of Calais in July 1380. Eventually, the two armies simply marched away, French defensive operations were then thrown into disarray by the death of King Charles V of France on 16 September 1380. Woodstocks chevauchée continued westwards largely unopposed, and in November 1380 he laid siege to Nantes, however, he found himself unable to form an effective stranglehold, and urgent plans were put in place for Sir Thomas Felton to bring 2,000 reinforcements from England. Richard II managed to dispose of the Lords Appellant in 1397, during that time he was murdered, probably by a group of men led by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and the knight Sir Nicholas Colfox, presumably on behalf of Richard II. This caused an outcry among the nobility of England that is considered by many to have added to Richards unpopularity, Thomas married Eleanor de Bohun, the elder daughter and co-heiress with her sister, Mary de Bohun, of their father Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford. Isabel Philippa, died young As he was attainted as a traitor, the title Earl of Buckingham was inherited by his son, who died in 1399 only two years after his own death. Thomas of Woodstocks eldest daughter, Anne, married into the powerful Stafford family and her son, Humphrey Stafford was created Duke of Buckingham in 1444 and also inherited part of the de Bohun estates. Thomas of Woodstocks murder plays a prominent part in William Shakespeares play Richard II and he also is the subject of Thomas of Woodstock, another Elizabethan drama by an anonymous playwright. Because of its affinities to Shakespeares play, it is also called Richard the Second Part One
15.
Henry IV of England
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Henry IV, also known as Henry of Bolingbroke, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413, and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III, to the Kingdom of France. Henry was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, one of Henrys elder sisters, Philippa of Lancaster, married John I of Portugal, and the other, Elizabeth, was the mother of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter. His younger half-sister Catherine, the daughter of his fathers second wife and he also had four half-siblings by Katherine Swynford, originally his sisters governess, then his fathers longstanding mistress, and later his third wife. These four children were given the surname Beaufort after a castle their father held in Champagne, Henrys relationship with his stepmother, Katherine Swynford, was a positive one, but his relationship with the Beauforts varied. In youth he seems to have close to all of them. His brother-in-law Ralph Neville remained one of his strongest supporters, and so did his eldest half-brother John Beaufort, Thomas Swynford, a son from Katherines first marriage to Sir Hugh Swynford, was another loyal companion. Thomas was Constable of Pontefract Castle, where King Richard II is said to have died, Henrys half-sister Joan Beaufort through his fathers relationship with Katherine Swynford was the grandmother of Edward IV and Richard III. Joan had married Ralph Neville, the 1st Earl of Westmorland, when their daughter Cecily married Richard Plantagenet, the 3rd Duke of York, and had several offspring, including Edward IV and Richard III, Joan became the grandmother of two York kings of England. Henry experienced a rather more inconsistent relationship with King Richard II than his father had, first cousins and childhood playmates, they were admitted together to the Order of the Garter in 1377, but Henry participated in the Lords Appellants rebellion against the king in 1387. After regaining power, Richard did not punish Henry, although he did execute or exile many of the rebellious barons. In fact, Richard elevated Henry from Earl of Derby to Duke of Hereford, Henry spent the full year of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius by Teutonic Knights with his 300 fellow knights. During this campaign he bought 300 captured Lithuanian princes and then took them back to England. Henrys second expedition to Lithuania in 1392 illustrates the benefits to the Order of these guest crusaders. His small army consisted of over 100 men, including longbow archers and six minstrels, despite the efforts of Henry and his English crusaders, two years of attacks on Vilnius proved fruitless. In 1392–93 Henry undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where he made offerings at the Holy Sepulchre, later he vowed to lead a crusade to free Jerusalem from the infidel, but he died before this could be accomplished. The relationship between Henry Bolingbroke and the king met with a second crisis, in 1398, a remark by Bolingbroke regarding Richard IIs rule was interpreted as treason by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. The two dukes agreed to undergo a duel of honour at Gosford Green near Caludon Castle, Mowbrays home in Coventry, yet before the duel could take place, Richard II decided to banish Henry from the kingdom to avoid further bloodshed. Mowbray himself was exiled for life, John of Gaunt died in 1399
16.
Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick
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Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, KG was an English medieval nobleman, and one of the primary opponents of Richard II. He was the son of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick and Katherine Mortimer, a daughter of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, and succeeded his father in 1369. He married Margaret Ferrers, daughter of Sir William Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Groby and Margaret dUfford, daughter of Robert dUfford, 1st Earl of Suffolk. Knighted around 1355, Beauchamp accompanied John of Gaunt in campaigns in France in 1373, in the parliaments of 1376 and 1377 he was one of those appointed to supervise reform of King Richard IIs government. When these were not as effective as hoped, Beauchamp was made Governor over the King, in 1377, or 1378, he granted the manors of Croome Adam in Worcestershire and Grafton Flyford in Warwickshire to Henry de Ardern for a red rose. Beauchamp brought a contingent of soldiers and archers to King Richards Scottish campaign of 1385. In 1387 he was one of the Lords Appellant, who endeavored to separate Richard from his favorites, after Richard regained power, Beauchamp retired to his estates, but was charged with high treason in 1397, supposedly as a part of the Earl of Arundels alleged conspiracy. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London, pleaded guilty and he forfeited his estates and titles, and was sentenced to life imprisonment on the Isle of Man. The next year, however, he was moved back to the Tower, after Bolingbroke deposed Richard and became king as Henry IV, Beauchamp was restored to his titles and estates. He was one of those who urged the new King to execute Richard and he was succeeded by his son, Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick. Round, J. H. Beauchamp, Thomas de, London, Smith, Elder & Co. thePeerage. com on the junior Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
17.
Baron Mowbray
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Baron Mowbray is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by writ for Roger de Mowbray in 1283 and it was held for a long time by the Mowbray and Howard Dukes of Norfolk. The title was united with the Barony of Segrave in 1368, then, it became united with the Dukedom of Norfolk. The two titles were separated due to the attainders of the Dukes of Norfolk, and were later reunited upon the Dukes restorations. The final separation occurred with the death of the ninth Duke, thereafter, it was united with the Barony of Stourton after it, and the barony of Segrave, were brought out of abeyance in the nineteenth century in favour of the twentieth Baron Stourton. The baronies of Mowbray and Segrave were shortly separated, as the barony of Segrave was called out of abeyance about two weeks after the barony of Mowbray. The Mowbray Barons become Premier Baron of England when the older title. Burkes Peerage Baron Segrave Baron Stourton Earl of Norfolk Duke of Norfolk Earl of Nottingham
18.
Baron Segrave
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Baron Segrave is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by writ in 1295 for Nicholas Segrave, the sixth Baron Segrave had previously succeeded to the title of Baron Mowbray, and thereafter the two baronies have remained united, apart from a period of about a hundred years. For several generations they were subsidiary titles of the Dukes of Norfolk, in 1831 a new Barony of Segrave was granted to Colonel William Berkeley, later created first Earl FitzHardinge, but this creation became extinct when he died without an heir in 1857. The titles have remained united since, 1484–1485 Forfeit For further Barons Segrave, see Baron Mowbray. William Berkeley, 1st Earl FitzHardinge, created Baron Segrave of Berkeley Castle in the County of Gloucester in 1831 Burkes Peerage
19.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
20.
Lord Warden of the Marches
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The Lord Warden of the Marches was an office in the governments of Scotland and England. The holders were responsible for the security of the border between the two nations, and often took part in military action and they were also responsible, along with Conservators of the truce, for administering the special type of border law known as March law. The Marches on both sides of the border were traditionally split into West, Middle and East, each with their own warden answerable to the Lord Warden-general, the English Western March was based on Carlisle and the Eastern March on Berwick-upon-Tweed. The Scots Dike which was dug in 1552 to divide up the Debatable lands, welsh Marches, between England and Wales The Borderers Scottish Marches Reid, Rachael Robertson. The office of warden of the marches its origin and early history
21.
Thomas of Woodstock
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Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Buckingham, 1st Earl of Essex, KG was the fourteenth and youngest child of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was the youngest of the five sons of Edward III who survived to adulthood, Thomas was born 7 January 1355 at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire after two short-lived brothers, one of whom had also been baptised Thomas. He married Eleanor de Bohun by 1376, was given Pleshey castle in Essex, the younger sister of Woodstocks wife, Mary de Bohun, was subsequently married to Henry of Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, who later became King Henry IV of England. In 1377, at the age of 22, Woodstock was knighted and created Earl of Buckingham, in 1385 he received the title Duke of Aumale and at about the same time was created Duke of Gloucester. Thomas of Woodstock was in command of a campaign in northern France that followed the Breton War of Succession of 1343–64. The earlier conflict was marked by the efforts of John IV, John was supported in this struggle by the armies of the kingdom of England, whereas Charles was supported by the kingdom of France. At the head of an English army, John prevailed after Charles was killed in battle in 1364, but the French continued to undermine his position and he returned to Brittany in 1379, supported by Breton barons who feared the annexation of Brittany by France. An English army was sent under Woodstock to support his position, due to concerns about the safety of a longer shipping route to Brittany itself, the army was ferried instead to the English continental stronghold of Calais in July 1380. Eventually, the two armies simply marched away, French defensive operations were then thrown into disarray by the death of King Charles V of France on 16 September 1380. Woodstocks chevauchée continued westwards largely unopposed, and in November 1380 he laid siege to Nantes, however, he found himself unable to form an effective stranglehold, and urgent plans were put in place for Sir Thomas Felton to bring 2,000 reinforcements from England. Richard II managed to dispose of the Lords Appellant in 1397, during that time he was murdered, probably by a group of men led by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and the knight Sir Nicholas Colfox, presumably on behalf of Richard II. This caused an outcry among the nobility of England that is considered by many to have added to Richards unpopularity, Thomas married Eleanor de Bohun, the elder daughter and co-heiress with her sister, Mary de Bohun, of their father Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford. Isabel Philippa, died young As he was attainted as a traitor, the title Earl of Buckingham was inherited by his son, who died in 1399 only two years after his own death. Thomas of Woodstocks eldest daughter, Anne, married into the powerful Stafford family and her son, Humphrey Stafford was created Duke of Buckingham in 1444 and also inherited part of the de Bohun estates. Thomas of Woodstocks murder plays a prominent part in William Shakespeares play Richard II and he also is the subject of Thomas of Woodstock, another Elizabethan drama by an anonymous playwright. Because of its affinities to Shakespeares play, it is also called Richard the Second Part One
22.
Captain of Calais
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Commands were over the castle of Calais, the town, the march and its outlying castles, command was often divided, and deputies frequently appointed for commanders who might be absent. The terminology was flexible, changed over time, and may not be given in some sources. The military, political and even financial situation, and the presence or absence of officers, the terms used changed over nearly two centuries. The system of royal officials set up after Edward III took Calais consisted of captain, marshal, seneschal, the boundary took in wetlands and was not always clear, but the area amounted to about 20 square miles. Calais had also castellans, Captain of Calais Castle is a different post from Captain of Calais, when deputy is used, it may or may not mean a second-in-command, there is no consistency across the period. From Latin records there come vice or locum tenens, lieutenant is a direct French translation of locum tenens, it means generally the second-in-command to the captain or head commander. There is a mention of a deputy lieutenant, however, caveats are required because a lord deputy has to be understood as deputy to the king, and the term deputy governor should usually be read lord deputy and governor, not deputy to the governor. The Lord Deputy of Calais, a Tudor title only, was the English kings representative, the title of Lord Deputy was used in Calais only from 1507. The Council existed in form under Edward IV, and lasted until the French conquest of Calais in 1558. There could be more than one Deputy holding the title at a given time, in practical terms the Lord Deputy was also the military governor of Calais, but the two posts were not formally the same, in 1552 Lord William Howard became lord deputy and governor of Calais. Governor of Calais may also refer to the French post after 1558, treasurer of Calais R. A. Griffiths, The Reign of Henry VI
23.
Duke of Norfolk
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The Duke of Norfolk is the premier Duke in the peerage of England, and also, as Earl of Arundel, the premier Earl. The Duke of Norfolk is, moreover, the Earl Marshal, the seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex, although the title refers to the county of Norfolk. The current Duke of Norfolk is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, the dukes have historically been Catholic, a state of affairs known as recusancy in England. All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I, the son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, was Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, the Earl was descended from both King Edward I and King Edward III. Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earls of Norfolk and their male line ended with Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, who died without an heir in 1307, so their titles and estates reverted to the crown. Edward II then created his brother Thomas of Brotherton earl in 1312 and it passed to Thomass daughter, granddaughter of King Edward I, Margaret, and then to her grandson Thomas Mowbray. When King Richard II created Thomas Mowbray duke in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and titles that had belonged to the earls and his elderly grandmother Margaret was still alive, and so at the same time she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. Mowbray died in exile in 1399, some months after his grandmother and his widow took the title Countess of Norfolk. Between 1401 and 1476, the Mowbray family held the title, John Mowbray, the 4th duke, died without male issue in 1476, his only surviving child being the 3-year-old Anne Mowbray. At the age of 3, a marriage was arranged between Anne and Richard, Duke of York, the son of King Edward IV of England. She remained Richards child bride until she died at the age of 8, in accordance with the marriage arrangements, Richard inherited the lands and wealth of the Mowbray family. He was also made Duke of Norfolk, however, upon the death of Edward IV, the throne was usurped by Edwards brother, Richard III. Prince Richard and his brother were declared illegitimate and confined to the Tower of London in mid-1483. They subsequently disappeared, and the titles of both York and Norfolk were forfeited to the crown, from this point to the present, the title has remained in the hands of the descendants of John Howard. The Catholic faith of the Howard dynasty often resulted in conflict with the monarch, particularly during. In 1546, Thomas Howard, the third Duke, fell out of favour with the dying Henry and was attainted on 27 January 1547, he was stripped of his titles and his lands reverted to the Crown. However, the Duke died the year aged around 81. Following Marys death and the accession of her sister Elizabeth I, in 1660, the fourth Dukes great-great-grandson, the 23rd Earl of Arundel, was restored to the family lands and dukedom
24.
Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick
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Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick, KG was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years War. In 1348 he became one of the founders and the third Knight of the Order of the Garter, Thomas de Beauchamp was born at Warwick Castle, Warwickshire, England to Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick and Alice de Toeni. He served in Scotland frequently during the 1330s, being captain of the army against the Scots in 1337 and he was hereditary High Sheriff of Worcestershire from 1333 until his death. In 1344 he was also made High Sheriff of Warwickshire and Leicestershire for life, Warwick was Marshall of England from 1343/4 until 1369, and was one of the commanders at the great English victories at Crécy and Poitiers. Thomas de Beauchamp fought in all the French wars of King Edward III and he was trusted to be guardian of the sixteen-year-old Black Prince. Beauchamp fought at Poitiers in 1356 and at the Siege of Calais and he began the rebuilding of the Collegiate Church of Saint Mary in Warwick using money received from the ransom of a French Archbishop. He died of plague in Calais on 13 November 1369 and was entombed in the Beauchamp Chapel, the chapel contains the finest example of the use of brisures for cadency in medieval heraldry—seven different Beauchamp coats of arms. He married Katherine Mortimer, daughter of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and his daughters were, by entail, excluded from their grandfathers inheritance. Reinbrun de Beauchamp William de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny, inherited the honour of Abergavenny, queen consort Anne Boleyn was a notable descendant of the latter. Roger de Beauchamp Maud de Beauchamp, married Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford, by whom she had issue, including Thomas de Clifford, philippa de Beauchamp, married Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford, by whom she had nine children. Alice Beauchamp, married firstly John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Somerset, joan de Beauchamp, married Ralph Basset, 3rd Baron Basset of Drayton. Isabella de Beauchamp, married firstly John le Strange, 5th Baron Strange, upon the latters death, she became a nun. Margaret de Beauchamp, married Guy de Montfort, and after his death, elizabeth de Beauchamp, married Thomas de Ufford KG. Anne de Beauchamp, married Walter de Cokesey, juliana de Beauchamp Katherine de Beauchamp, became a nun at Shouldham Priory. Beauchamps wife Katherine died on 4 August 1369, Beauchamp died three months later, on 13 November 1369, of the Black Death and was buried alongside his wife at St. Marys Church, Warwick, Warwickshire. Beauchamp, Thomas de, eleventh earl of Warwick, peerage. com on Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick rootsweb. com
25.
Elizabeth de Bohun
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Lady Elizabeth de Bohun, Countess of Arundel, Countess of Surrey was a member of the Anglo-Norman Bohun family, which wielded much power in the Welsh Marches and the English government. She was the first wife of Richard FitzAlan, a powerful English nobleman and military commander in the reigns of Edward III and Richard II. She was the mother of seven of his children, and as the wife of one of the most powerful nobles in the realm, enjoyed much prestige and took precedence over most of the other peers wives. Lady Elizabeth de Bohun was born around 1350, the daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and her older brother Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford married Joan FitzAlan, a sister of the 11th Earl of Arundel, by whom he had two daughters. Elizabeth had a half-brother, Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March and her paternal grandparents were Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, daughter of King Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. Her maternal grandparents were Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, lady Elizabeths parents both died when she was young, her mother having died in 1356, and her father in 1360. Their marriage was advantageous as it united two of the most powerful families in England. The alliance was strengthened by the marriage of Elizabeths brother. At the coronation of King Richard II, FitzAlan carried the crown, in the same year,1377, he was made Admiral of the South and West. The following year,1378, he attacked Harfleur, but was repelled by the French, FitzAlan allied himself with the Kings uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, who was married to FitzAlans niece Eleanor de Bohun, who was also Elizabeths niece. The two men became members of the Council of Regency, and formed a strong and virulent opposition to the King. This would later prove fatal to both men, lady Eleanor FitzAlan, on 28 October 1371, at the age of about six, married Robert de Ufford. The Howard Dukes of Norfolk descend from her daughter Margaret Mowbray who married Sir Robert Howard, Joan Goushill, daughter from the 3rd marriage, was ancestress of James Madison, 4th President of the U. S. A. Lady Alice Fitzalan, married before March 1392, John Cherlton, had an affair with Cardinal Henry Beaufort, by whom she had an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort. Lady Margaret FitzAlan, married Sir Rowland Lenthall, of Hampton Court, Herefordshire, Elizabeth de Bohun died on 3 April 1385 at the age of about thirty-five. She was buried at Lewes in Sussex and her husband married secondly Philippa Mortimer on 15 August 1390, by whom he had a son, John FitzAlan. Richard FitzAlan was executed by decapitation on 21 September 1397 at Tower Hill Cheapside, London for having committed high treason against King Richard
26.
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton
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William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, KG was an English nobleman and military commander. He was the son of Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford. He had a brother, Edward. His maternal grandparents were Edward I of England and his first Queen consort Eleanor of Castile, William de Bohun assisted at the arrest of Roger Mortimer in 1330, allowing Edward III to take power. After this, he was a friend and commander of the king. In 1335, he married Elizabeth de Badlesmere and her parents Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, and Margaret de Clare had both turned against Edward II the decade before. Elizabeth and William were granted some of the property of Elizabeths first husband, William was created Earl of Northampton in 1337, one of the six earls created by Edward III to renew the ranks of the higher nobility. Since de Bohun was a son, and did not have an income suitable to his rank. In 1349 he became a Knight of the Garter and he served as High Sheriff of Rutland from 1349 until his death in 1360. In 1339 he accompanied the King to Flanders and he served variously in Brittany and in Scotland, and was present at the great English victories at Sluys and was a commander at Crécy. His most stunning feat was commanding an English force to victory against a much bigger French force at the Battle of Morlaix in 1342, some of the details are in dispute, but it is clear that he made good use of pit traps, which stopped the French cavalry. In addition to being a warrior, William was also a renowned diplomat and he negotiated two treaties with France, one in 1343 and one in 1350. He was also charged with negotiating in Scotland for the freedom of King David Bruce, King of Scots, Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford Mary de Bohun, mother of Henry V of England 2. Elizabeth de Bohun, married Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel In Bernard Cornwells series the Grail Quest, family and Dynasty in Late Medieval England
27.
John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk
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John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk KG, was an English nobleman, soldier, politician, and the first Howard Duke of Norfolk. He was a friend and loyal supporter of King Richard III. John Howard, born about 1425, was the son of Sir Robert Howard of Tendring and Margaret de Mowbray, eldest daughter of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by Elizabeth FitzAlan. His paternal grandparents were Sir John Howard of Wiggenhall, Norfolk, Howard was a descendant of English royalty through both sides of his family. Howard succeeded his father in 1436, in his youth he was in the household of John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, and was drawn into Norfolks conflicts with William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk. In 1453 he was involved in a lawsuit with Suffolks wife and he had been elected to Parliament in 1449 and during the 1450s he held several local offices. According to Crawford, he was at one point during this period described as wode as a wilde bullok and he is said to have been with Lord Lisle in his expedition to Guyenne in 1452, which ended in defeat at Castillon on 17 July 1453. He received a commission from the King on 10 December 1455. In 1461 Howard was High Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, in the same year he was one of three ambassadors sent to Burgundy to arrange the marriage of the Kings sister, Margaret of York, to Charles, Duke of Burgundy. At about this time he was made a member of the Kings council, during the 1460s Howard had become involved in the internal politics of St Johns Abbey in Colchester, of which he was a patron. He interfered with the elections at the Abbey following the death of Abbot Ardeley in 1464. Howard then appears to have interfered again in support of Abbot Stansteds election following Canons death in 1464, Howards advancement in the Kings household continued. By 1467 he was a knight of the body, and in September 1468 was appointed Treasurer of the Royal Household, according to Crawford, Howard was a wealthy man by 1470, when Edward IVs first reign ended and he went into exile on the continent. In the area around Stoke by Nayland Howard held some sixteen manors, after 1463, he purchased a number of other manors, including six forfeited by John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, the son of his cousin, Elizabeth Howard. Howard was summoned to Parliament from 15 October 1470 by writs directed to Iohanni Howard de Howard Militi and Iohanni Howard Chivaler, on 24 April 1472 he was admitted to the Order of the Garter. In April 1483 he bore the banner at the funeral of King Edward IV. He supported Richard IIIs usurpation of the throne from King Edward V and he bore the crown before Richard at his coronation, while his eldest son, the Earl of Surrey, carried the Sword of State. This left John Howard as heir to the duchy, and his alliance with Richard ensured his acquisition of the title and he was also created Earl Marshal, and Lord Admiral of all England, Ireland, and Aquitaine
28.
Ruthin
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Ruthin is the county town of Denbighshire in north Wales. Ruthin also has villages on the outskirts of the such as Pwllglas. The original name of Ruthin was Castell Coch yng Ngwern-fôr, the town developed around the castle and the nearby mill. Maen Huail is an ancient monument attributed to the brother of Gildas and King Arthur and is located outside Barclays Bank. The population at the 2001 Census was 5,218 of whom 47% were male, the average age of the population was 43.0 years and the population is 98. 2% white. According to the 2011 census 68% were born in Wales, with 25% being born across the border in England, Welsh language speakers account for 42% of the towns population. There is evidence of Celtic and later Roman settlements in the area, the Marcher Lord, Reginald de Grey, Justiciar of Chester, was given the Cantref of Deffrencloyt, and his family ran the area for the next 226 years. The Lord de Grey established a Collegiate Church in 1310, Now, the Collegiate and Parish Church of St Peter, it dominates the Ruthin skyline. The double naved church boasts two medieval carved roofs, the church is known for its musical tradition, it has a large choir of children and adults and a four manual Wadsworth-Willis Organ. Behind the church can be seen the old buildings, school. A Ruthin native, Sir Thomas Exmewe was Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1517-18. The half-timbered Old Court House, now a branch of the NatWest Bank, features the remains of a gibbet last used to execute a Franciscan priest, Charles Meehan, also known as Mahoney. He was shipwrecked on the Welsh coast when Catholicism was equated with treason — Meehan was hanged, drawn and he was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1987 as one of the Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales. During the English Civil War the castle survived an eleven-week siege, the castle was rebuilt in the 19th century as a country house, and is now a luxury hotel, the Ruthin Castle Hotel. From 1826 until 1921 the castle was the home of the Cornwallis-West family, in its 18th-century heyday as a town on drovers routes from Wales into England, Ruthin was reputed to have a pub for every week of the year. By 2007, however, there are only eleven pubs in the town, the Public and Beer Houses records of 23 October 1891 show 31 such establishments serving a population of 3186, most of the establishments have been converted into either residences or shops. The Ruthin Union Workhouse was built in 1834 to house the poor folk of Ruthin, the first copies of the Welsh national anthem, Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau, were printed in what is now the Siop Nain tea and gift shop on Well Street. In 1863 the Denbigh, Ruthin and Corwen Railway, which linked in Denbigh with the Vale of Clwyd Railway reached the town, the route ran from Rhyl on the north coast, through Denbigh and Ruthin to Corwen
29.
Baron Ferrers of Groby
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Baron Ferrers of Groby was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by writ on 29 December 1299 when William Ferrers, the first Baron was married to Ellen de Menteith, daughter of Alexander, Earl of Menteith. In 1475 the eighth baron was created the Marquess of Dorset and it was forfeited along with the marquessate when the third marquess was attainted in 1554. Henry Grey, nephew of Henry Grey Duke of Suffolk, was created Baron Grey of Groby,21 July 1603
30.
James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
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James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, also known as James the Just, was an English peer. Berkeley was the son of Sir James de Berkeley and his wife Elizabeth and he was made heir to his uncle Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley. His third wife was Lady Isabel, daughter of Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, Lord Berkeley was involved in a bitter feud with his cousin Elizabeth, daughter of the fifth Baron Berkeley and wife of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick. He was unable initially to claim Berkeley Castle, as it was taken in possession by the Earl, in 1421, when the Warwicks finally gave up Berkeley Castle, James was summoned to Parliament by writ as Lord Berkeley. The feud did not end there as his third wife Isabel was captured by the Countess of Warwicks son-in-law the Earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Berkeley was succeeded by his son from his third marriage, William, who was created Marquess of Berkeley in 1489. He firstly married the daughter of John St. John on 9 April 1410, by contract and his second marriage was to the daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford of Hook Dorset in 1415. No issue came from this marriage, in about 1424, he was wed to Lady Isabel de Mowbray, in which James was her second husband and Henry Ferrers was her first. They had the issue, Elizabeth de Berkeley Sir William de Berkeley. James de Berkeley, Esquire Alice de Berkeley Sir Maurice de Berkeley VI, Lord Berkeley, Thomas de Berkeley, Esquire Isabel de Berkeley His fourth marriage to Joan Talbot was before 25 July 1457. New York, St Martins Press,1990, leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Lundy, Darryl
31.
William Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
32.
Richard II (play)
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King Richard the Second is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in approximately 1595. Although the First Folio edition of Shakespeares works lists the play as a history play, the play spans only the last two years of Richards life, from 1398 to 1400. Bolingbrokes father, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, meanwhile, the tournament scene is very formal with a long, ceremonial introduction, but as the combatants are about to fight, Richard interrupts and sentences both to banishment from England. Bolingbroke is originally sentenced to ten years banishment, but Richard changes this to six years, Mowbray predicts that the king will sooner or later fall at the hands of Bolingbroke. John of Gaunt dies and Richard II seizes all of his land and they then help Bolingbroke to return secretly to England, with a plan to overthrow Richard II. There remain, however, subjects who continue faithful to the King, among them Bushy, Bagot, Green, when King Richard leaves England to attend to the war in Ireland, Bolingbroke seizes the opportunity to assemble an army and invades the north coast of England. Executing both Bushy and Green, he wins over the Duke of York, whom Richard has left in charge of his government in his absence, upon Richards return, Bolingbroke not only reclaims his lands but lays claim to the very throne. Crowning himself King Henry IV, he has Richard taken prisoner to the castle of Pomfret, after interpreting King Henrys living fear as a reference to the still-living Richard, an ambitious nobleman goes to the prison and murders him. King Henry repudiates the murderer and vows to journey to Jerusalem to cleanse himself of his part in Richards death, a somewhat more complicated case is presented by the anonymous play sometimes known as The First Part of Richard II. This play, which exists in one manuscript copy is subtitled Thomas of Woodstock. This play treats the leading up to the start of Shakespeares play. The play was entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on 29 August 1597 by the bookseller Andrew Wise, the second and third quartos followed in 1598 – the only time a Shakespearean play was printed in three editions in two years. Q4 followed in 1608, and Q5 in 1615, the play was next published in the First Folio in 1623. Richard II exists in a number of variations, the quartos vary to some degree from one another, and the folio presents further differences. The first three quartos lack the deposition scene, the fourth quarto, published in 1608, includes a version of the deposition scene shorter than the one later printed, presumably from a prompt-book, in the 1623 First Folio. The scant evidence makes explaining these differences largely conjectural, there is no external evidence for this hypothesis, however, and the title page of the 1608 quarto refers to a lately acted deposition scene. The play is divided into five acts and its structure is as formal as its language and it has a double complementary plot describing the fall of Richard II and the rise of Bolingbroke, later known as Henry IV. Critic John R. Elliott Jr. notes that this particular play can be distinguished from the other history plays because it contains an ulterior political purpose
33.
Bishop of Carlisle
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The Bishop of Carlisle is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Carlisle in the Province of York. The diocese covers the County of Cumbria except for Alston Moor, the see is in the City of Carlisle where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity which was a collegiate church until elevated to cathedral status in 1133. The diocese was created in 1133 by Henry I out of part of the Diocese of Durham and it was extended in 1856 taking over part of the Diocese of Chester. The residence of the bishop was Rose Castle, near Carlisle until 2009, the current bishop is the first to reside in the new Bishops House, Keswick. The current bishop is The Right Reverend James Newcome, the 67th Bishop of Carlisle, in 1133, during the reign of his successor, Henry I, a diocese was erected in the territory of the earldom, the territory being subtracted from the Diocese of Durham. This happened despite there being locally a strong Celtic element that looked to Glasgow for episcopal administration, an efficient administrator, he ruled the diocese until his death in 1156 and succeeded in imparting a certain vigour to diocesan life. Among other initiatives, he built a moderate-sized Norman minster of which the transepts, there was only one archdeaconry, that of Carlisle. Of the next bishop, Bernard, little is known, and after his death, in or about 1186, there was a vacancy, during which the diocese was administered by another Bernard. The papal legate, Gualo, punished this action by exiling the canons and appointing Hugh, Abbot of Beaulieu, the next bishop was Walter Malclerk, formerly agent of King John, and a prominent figure in the reign of Henry III. Always a patron of the Friars Preachers, he introduced both Dominicans and Franciscans into the city and diocese and he resigned his see in 1246 in order to join the Order of St. Dominic. About this time a new choir was begun and carried to completion, a fresh beginning was made by the energetic Bishop John de Halton, a favourite of Edward I, and for nearly a hundred years the building of the present choir proceeded, though with many interruptions. Its chief glory is the great East window, remarkable both for its own beauty and as marking a transition from the style to the perfection of tracery. During this time the see was governed by a line of bishops, busy and useful diplomats in their day, but not remarkable in other respects. Bishop John Kirkby took a role in Border military actions, defeating a Scottish raid in 1345. Thomas Merke was a friend of Richard II, who was later tried for high treason under Henry IV. The subsequent bishops were scholars, frequently employed in negotiating truces and treaties with Scotland, among this generation of scholar diplomats was Cardinal Thomas Wolseys friend, John Kite, who remained faithful to his master, and who supported him in the poverty of his latter days. The last of the bishops in communion with Rome was Owen Oglethorpe and this was an act he afterwards much regretted. On Christmas Day after the Queen’s accession he disobeyed the note she sent him in the Chapel Royal forbidding him to elevate the Sacred Host in her presence
34.
William de Braose, 2nd Baron Braose
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William de Braose was the second Baron Braose, as well as Lord of Gower and Lord of Bramber. He was held as a hostage after being captured in 1264 during the Second Barons War and he first entered royal service in 1286 and, in 1291, he succeeded his father as baron. He continued in military service, serving in Scotland as well as in Wales. Protracted disputes over his lands embroiled him throughout his life and at the end of his life helped spark a revolt against King Edward II of Englands favourites and he married twice, and his heirs were his daughter Aline and his grandson John de Bohun. Braose was the son of William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose and his first wife, Aline and he was likely born around 1260, as his age was given as about 46 in 1307. Other events prove that he was prior to 1264, as he was captured in that year. This came about during the Second Barons War during the reign of King Henry III of England, the younger Braose was a hostage in the custody of Montforts wife, Eleanor. Her household accounts include expenses related to the younger Williams care, sometime around 1285, Braose confirmed grants of land by his ancestors to the religious house of Sele Priory. In 1286 Braose was in the service, for unspecified duties overseas. It is possible that these included accompanying the king, Edward I, to Paris where Edward performed homage to the new French king, Philip IV, Braose played a significant role in King Edwards Welsh wars. In the winter of 1287–8 he commanded the force blockading Emlyn castle and his men also provided the escort for the transport of a huge siege engine from Dryslwyn to Emlyn. The arrival of the engine, with 480 great stones as ammunition, the younger Braose succeeded his father before 1 March 1291, when he did homage for his fathers lands. He received custody of his fathers lands on 2 March 1291 and he was summoned a number of times to Parliament from 1291 until 1322 as Baron Braose. He was the second Baron Braose, as well as Lord of Gower, after his fathers death, Braose continued to serve Edward. He contributed both money and personal service in Edwards wars in Wales, Scotland, and France. He saw service in Gascony in 1294, in 1297 he took part in a military campaign in Flanders. As a reward for his service in Flanders, he received the wardship of John de Mowbray, from 1298 to 1306 he was involved in the Scottish wars, and was at the Battle of Falkirk on 22 July 1298. Braose captured the Welsh rebel William Cragh in 1290, whose miraculous resurrection after being hanged was attributed to Thomas de Cantilupe
35.
Edmund Crouchback
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Edmund Crouchback, a member of the House of Plantagenet, was the second surviving son of Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence. In his childhood he had a claim on the Kingdom of Sicily, in 1265 he was granted all the lands of Simon de Montfort and from 1267 he was titled Earl of Leicester. In that year he began to rule Lancashire, but he did not take the title Earl of Lancaster until 1276. Between 1276 and 1284 he governed the counties of Champagne and Brie with his wife, Blanche of Artois. His nickname, Crouchback, refers to his participation in the Ninth Crusade and he was a younger brother of Edward I, Margaret, and Beatrice, and an older brother of Catherine. In 1255 he was invested ruler of the Kingdom of Sicily by the Bishop of Romania, in return his father undertook to pay the papacy 135,541 marks and fight a war to dislodge the Hohenstaufen king Manfred. Upon Innocents death, Pope Alexander IV confirmed Edmunds grant of Sicily, henrys barons refused to contribute to what they called the Sicilian business and ultimately Henry was only able to pay 60,000 marks. Stephen Runciman says the grant of the kingdom was revoked by Pope Alexander IV on 18 December 1258, Baines and he was granted the honour of the Stewardship of England and the lands of Nicolas de Segrave. He also acquired the titles and estates of Lord Ferrers, that included the earldom of Derby, in 1267 he was granted the lordship of Builth Wells in opposition to the then holder, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. To help him conquer the land he was granted his elder brothers lordships of the Trilateral of Skenfrith, Grosmont. After the civil war in 1267, he was appointed High Sheriff of Lancashire, Henry III created his second son Earl of Leicester in 1267, granting the honour and privileges of that city. The following year, he was made Constable of Leicester Castle, by now Crouchback had a reputation for being a ruthless and ferocious warrior, but he was not in England fighting de Montfort. In 1271 he accompanied his elder brother Edward on the Ninth Crusade to Palestine. Edmund remained loyal to his brother, Edward I, who confirmed the Charter grants of 1265,1267, and 1268-9, in a document of Inspeximus in 1284 and he frequently acted as an ambassador abroad. In 1291, he was sent as Governor of Ponthieu, on behalf of his second wife, on his return from the Crusade of 1271-2 he seems to have made Grosmont Castle his favoured home and undertook much rebuilding there. His son Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster was apparently born there in 1281, Edmunds duty to the church included the foundation of a Nuns of Clara or Poor Clares nunnery at Minories, St Aldates. In 1291, his estate paid for the establishment for the Chapel of Savoy, in memory of his mother, filial piety was part of the chivalric code of an honourable knight. He was a benefactor to the monastery of Grace Dieu in Leicestershire
36.
Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster
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Henry, 3rd Earl of Leicester and Lancaster was a grandson of King Henry III of England and was one of the principals behind the deposition of King Edward II, his first cousin. He was the son of Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester. Henrys mother was Blanche of Artois, Queen Dowager of Navarre and he took part in the Siege of Caerlaverock in July 1300. Henry did not participate in his brothers rebellions, he petitioned for his brothers lands and titles. A few years later, shortly after his accession in 1327 and he was sent in pursuit and captured the king at Neath in South Wales. He was appointed to charge of the king and was responsible for his custody at Kenilworth Castle. Henry was appointed advisor for the new king Edward III of England. He was appointed Constable of Lancaster Castle and High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1327 and he also helped the young king to put an end to Mortimers regency and tyranny, also had him declared a traitor and executed in 1330. In about the year 1330, he became blind, Henry spent the last fifteen years of his life at Leicester Castle. There he founded a hospital for the poor and infirm in an extension of the castle bailey and it became known as the Newarke, and Henry was buried in the hospital chapel when he died in 1345. The king and queen attended his funeral, according to Froissart, he was nicknamed Wryneck, or Tort-col in French, possibly due to a medical condition. He was succeeded as Earl of Lancaster and Leicester by his eldest son, Henry of Grosmont and he married Maud Chaworth, before 2 March 1296/1297. Prior to his restoration to his earldoms, Henry bore the arms of King Henry III. Upon his restoration, his difference changed, to a label France of three points (that is to say a label of three points azure each charged with three fleur-de-lys or, Henry is a supporting character in Les Rois maudits, a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was portrayed by William Sabatier in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, john of Gaunt, king of Castile and Leon, duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster. A general and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland, london, Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley. Blood royal, issue of the kings and queens of medieval England, 1066–1399
37.
Blanche of Artois
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Blanche of Artois was a member of the Capetian House of Artois who, as queen dowager, held regency over the Kingdom of Navarre and the County of Champagne. She was first married to Henry I of Navarre, after death she became regent in the name of their infant daughter. She passed on the regency of Navarre to Philip III of France, her cousin and her daughters prospective father-in-law and she later shared the government of Champagne with her second husband, the English prince Edmund Crouchback, until her daughter reached the age of majority. Blanche was the child and only daughter of Robert I, Count of Artois. A fraternal niece of King Louis IX of France, Blanche was probably born in 1248, by February 1269, having received a papal dispensation, she was married to King Theobald II of Navarres brother Henry. The ceremony took place in Melun near Paris and her brother-in-law, in turn, was married to her cousin, Isabella of France. Henry was governing his brothers realm when King Theobald and Queen Isabella left to join the Seventh Crusade, when the King died in December 1270, followed by his widow within a few months, Blanches husband became King of Navarre and Count of Champagne. King Henry and Queen Blanche were a couple with a son, Theobald. In 1273, however, they lost their son in an accident, a daughter named Joan, born the same year, remained the royal couples only child and was recognized as heir presumptive by the King and the Estates. The following year, on 22 July, King Henry himself died, the death of two kings within five years and accession of an infant queen, the first woman to rule Navarre and Champagne alike, triggered a political crisis. Now queen dowager, Blanche became regent for her daughter and her regency in Champagne was preceded by several long regencies of widowed mothers, but this was the first regency for a female ruler. The neighbouring kingdoms of Castile and Aragon moved to exploit the precarious situation, both Alfonso X of Castile and Peter III of Aragon wanted to secure Navarre for their respective houses either by marriage with Joan or by force. While Peter contemplated a marriage with a cousin of Joan, Alfonso moved his army to Navarre, the citizens loyally defended the city, for which Queen Blanche thanked them by granting special privileges. Blanche remained in Pamplona at least until 14 April, but then fled the kingdom, taking Joan with her, in reality, she sought protection from her cousin, King Philip III of France. In November, she paid homage to him for her daughters French possessions, the almost immediate departure of both the monarch and the regent only complicated the situation in Navarre. In May 1275, Queen Blanche signed the Treaty of Orléans, the elder died within a year, and Philip was left as both heir to the French throne and Joans bridegroom. Blanche administered Joans territories from Paris, appointing governors for Navarre, later this role was taken over by Joans prospective father-in-law, while Blanche retained the administration of Champagne and Brie. Between 28 July and 29 October 1276, in Paris, Blanche became the wife of Edmund Crouchback
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