1.
Earlston
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Earlston is a civil parish and market town in the county of Berwickshire, within the Scottish Borders. It is on the River Leader in Lauderdale, Scotland, Earlston was originally called Arcioldun or Prospect Fort, with reference to Black Hill, on the top of which can still be traced the concentric rings of the British fort for which it was named. It is also said to be possible to make out the remains of the cave-dwellings of the Votadini, in the 12th and 13th centuries the Lindsays and the Earls of March and Dunbar were the chief baronial families. Also of historical interest is the ruin of the Rhymers Tower. Residents of early Earlston have since spread afar, with travelling to the United States of America in the early 1800s. But the vast majority of Earlstons, have taken residence in the Black Country, travelling to the Black Country in the early 1700s, They have set up a strong residence, Governed by middle child of the Earlston three brothers, Lord Dale. Some 3 miles south is the estate of Bemersyde, said to have been in the possession of the Haigs for nearly 1000 years, the castle at Bemersyde must have been there at a very early date. Robert Haig completely rebuilt the tower-house in 1535 to protect the Monks Ford which lay equidistant between Dryburgh Abbey and Old Melrose Abbey. It was sacked in 1545, and rebuilt in 1581 and it was added to in 1690, in 1761, and 1796. Further alterations in 1841 and 1859 were followed by alterations in 1923, the stables, arch, and wall are 18th-century. The prospect from Bemersyde Hill was Sir Walter Scotts favorite view, in an article written by J. This was said to mark an old place of the Lauder family. There has been a church at Earlston since at least 1250, there are some good early gravestones in the churchyard and an attractive set of gatepiers erected in 1819. Earlston RFC is the rugby union side. Earlstons football team is called Earlston Rhymers A. F. C. named after the local poet, in addition the town hosts a tennis club and a bowling club. Earlston Golf Club was founded in 1906, the Course was closed during the First World War and was ploughed up to plant crops for food in 1917 to aid the war effort. Earlston Golf Club has, however, continued to have outings, during the 1990s plans were drawn up and planning permission was applied for to re-open the course. Regrettably, nothing became of this
2.
Berwickshire
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Berwickshire is a lieutenancy area and historic county in the Scottish Borders. It takes its name from Berwick-upon-Tweed, which was part of Scotland at the time of the countys formation, formerly the county was often called the Merse, from Old English mǣres border. From 1596 to 1890 the county town was Greenlaw, however, this was changed to Duns by the Local Government Act 1889, the act which established the system of county councils in Scotland. Beriwckshire District Council remained based in Duns, the old county town, the system of regions and districts was in turn abolished in 1996 in favour of unitary councils. Berwickshire is now governed by the unitary Scottish Borders Council, the county council of Berwickshire was formed in 1890 by the Local Government Act 1889, and applied for a grant of arms the same year. The grant, by Lord Lyon King of Arms was made on 10 October, the coat of arms shows a bear chained to a wych elm tree, a pun on the countys name, bear + wych = Berwick. In heraldry, this is known as a canting arms, upon the abolition of Berwickshire County Council, the arms were regranted to Berwickshire District Council. When the district council was abolished the arms reverted to the Crown, the coat of arms is featured on Berwickshire High School badge Refer to the List of civil parishes in Scotland Other places in Berwickshire include, St. Abbs or Coldingham Shore. Allanton Clintmains Dryburgh Oxton Paxton The Berwickshire News is published weekly, the High school west of Duns is named Berwickshire High School, it has been open since 1896. Together with Eyemouth High School they run a Rugby team under the name of Berwickshire schools, the Berwickshire Coastal Path runs from Cockburnspath to Berwick-upon-Tweed. List of places in the Scottish Borders Subdivisions of Scotland
3.
Laird
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Laird is a generic name for the owner of a large, long-named Scottish estate, roughly equivalent to an esquire in England, yet ranking above the same in Scotland. In the Scottish order of precedence, a laird ranks below a baron and this rank is only held by those lairds holding official recognition in a territorial designation by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. They are usually styled of, and are entitled to place The Much Honoured before their name. g. THE HOLDER IS THE LORD OF THE MANOR/LAIRD OF and it is a description rather than a title, and is not appropriate for the owner of a normal residential property, far less the owner of a small souvenir plot of land. It goes without saying that the term ‘laird’ is not synonymous with that of ‘lord’ or ‘lady’, ownership of a souvenir plot of land is not sufficient to bring a person otherwise ineligible within the jurisdiction of the Lord Lyon for the purpose of seeking a Grant of Arms. Historically, the bonnet laird was applied to rural, petty landowners. Bonnet lairds filled a position in society below lairds and above husbandmen, the word laird is known to have been used from the 15th century, and is a shortened form of laverd, derived from the Old English word hlafweard meaning warden of loaves. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the designation was used for land owners holding directly of the Crown, lairds reigned over their estates like princes, their castles forming a small court. Originally in the 16th and 17th centuries, the designation was applied to the chief of a highland clan. The laird may possess certain local or feudal rights, a certain level of landownership was a necessary qualification. A laird is said to hold a lairdship, a woman who holds a lairdship in her own right has been styled with the honorific Lady. Although laird is sometimes translated as lord and historically signifies the same, the designation is a corporeal hereditament, i. e. the designation cannot be held in gross, and cannot be bought and sold without selling the physical land. A laird possessing a Coat of Arms registered in the Public Register of All Arms, several websites, and internet vendors on websites like Ebay, sell Scottish lairdships along with small plots of land. They see their contract purporting to sell a plot of Scottish souvenir land as bestowing them the right to the title Laird. This is despite the fact that the buyer does not acquire ownership of the plot because registration of the plot is prohibited by Land Registration Act 2012, s 22. While tolerating public access, he feels threatened by new legislation, traditionally, a laird is formally styled in the manner evident on the 1730 tombstone in a Scottish churchyard. It reads, The Much Honoured Laird of, the section titled Scottish Feudal Baronies in Debretts states that the use of the prefix The Much Hon. is correct, but that most lairds prefer the unadorned name and territorial designation. By the early 20th century, the wife came to adopt her husbands full surname
4.
Prophecy
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Prophecy is not limited to any one culture. It is a property to all known ancient societies around the world. Many systems and rules about prophecy have been proposed over several millennia, the related meaning thing spoken or written by a prophet dates from c. 1300, while the verb to prophesy is recorded by 1377, the former closely relates to the definition by Al-Fârâbî who developed the theory of prophecy in Islam. According to Western esotericist Rosemary Guiley, clairvoyance has been used as an adjunct to divination, prophecy, Modern research in prophecy is a pseudoscience. In general, a diviners foretelling or a prophetic prediction of the future does not adhere to the scientific method, from a skeptical point of view, there is a Latin maxim, prophecy written after the fact vaticinium ex eventu. The Jewish Torah already deals with the topic of the false prophet, the Haedong Kosung-jon records that King Beopheung of Silla had desired to promulgate Buddhism as the state religion. However, officials in his court opposed him, in the fourteenth year of his reign, Beopheungs Grand Secretary, Ichadon, devised a strategy to overcome court opposition. Ichadon schemed with the king, convincing him to make a proclamation granting Buddhism official state sanction using the royal seal, Ichadon told the king to deny having made such a proclamation when the opposing officials received it and demanded an explanation. Instead, Ichadon would confess and accept the punishment of execution, Ichadon prophesied to the king that at his execution a wonderful miracle would convince the opposing court faction of Buddhisms power. Ichadons scheme went as planned, and the officials took the bait. The omen was accepted by the court officials as a manifestation of heavens approval. In ancient Chinese, prophetic texts are known as Chen, the most famous Chinese prophecy is the Tui bei tu The New Testament refers to prophecy as one of the spiritual gifts given by the indwelling Holy Spirit. From this, many Christians believe that the gift of prophecy is the ability to receive. The purpose of the message may be to edify, exhort and comfort the members of the Church, in this context, not all prophecies contain predictions about the future. The Apostle Paul teaches in First Corinthians that prophecy is for the benefit of the whole Church, a recognized form of Christian prophecy is the prophetic drama which Frederick Dillistone describes as a metaphorical conjunction between present situations and future events. The gift of prophecy was acknowledged in the Church after the death of the apostles, in his Dialogue with Trypho, Justin Martyr argued that prophets were no longer among Israel but were in the Church. The Shepherd of Hermas, written around the mid-2nd century - John A. T. Robinson dates it before 85 AD, irenaeus confirms the existence of such spiritual gifts in his Against Heresies
5.
Prophet
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Claims of prophethood have existed in many cultures through history, including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, in Ancient Greece, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and many others. Traditionally, prophets are regarded as having a role in society that promotes change due to their messages and actions which can convey the displeasure of God for the behavior of people. In the late 20th century the appellation of prophet has been used to refer to individuals particularly successful at analysis in the field of economics, alternatively, social commentators who suggest escalating crisis are often called prophets of doom. In Hebrew, the word נָבִיא, spokesperson, traditionally translates as prophet, the second subdivision of the Hebrew Bible, TaNaKh, is devoted to the Hebrew prophets. The meaning of navi is perhaps described in Deuteronomy 18,18, where God said. and I will put My words in his mouth, thus, the navi was thought to be the mouth of God. The root nun-bet-alef is based on the two-letter root nun-bet which denotes hollowness or openness, to receive transcendental wisdom, cf. Rashbams comment to Genesis 20,7. In addition to writing and speaking messages from God, Israelite or Jewish neviim often acted out prophetic parables in their life. For example, in order to contrast the people’s disobedience with the obedience of the Rechabites, God has Jeremiah invite the Rechabites to drink wine, the Rechabites refuse, wherefore God commends them. Other prophetic parables acted out by Jeremiah include burying a linen belt so that it gets ruined to illustrate how God intends to ruin Judahs pride. Likewise, Jeremiah buys a jar and smashes it in the Valley of Ben Hinnom in front of elders and priests to illustrate that God will smash the nation of Judah. God instructs Jeremiah to make a yoke from wood and leather straps and to put it on his own neck to demonstrate how God will put the nation under the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. The prophetic assignment is not always portrayed as positive in the Hebrew Bible, likewise, Isaiah was told by his hearers who rejected his message, Leave the way. Let us hear no more about the Holy One of Israel, the life of Moses being threatened by Pharaoh is another example. According to I Samuel 9,9, the old name for navi is roeh, רֹאֶה and that could document an ancient shift, from viewing prophets as seers for hire to viewing them as moral teachers. The seer-priests were usually attached to a shrine or temple, such as Shiloh. Canonical prophets were not organised this way, the similar term ben-navi means member of a seer-priest guild. Some examples of prophets in the Tanakh include Abraham, Moses, Miriam, Isaiah, Samuel, Ezekiel, Malachi, in Jewish tradition Daniel is not counted in the list of prophets. A Jewish tradition suggests that there were twice as many prophets as the number which left Egypt, the Talmud recognizes the existence of 48 male prophets who bequeathed permanent messages to mankind
6.
Scottish Borders
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The Scottish Borders is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Dumfries and Galloway, East Lothian, Midlothian, South Lanarkshire, West Lothian and, to the south and east, the administrative centre of the area is Newtown St Boswells. Historically, the name Scottish Borders designated the border region of southern Scotland and. The Scottish Borders are in the part of the Southern Uplands. The region is hilly and largely rural, with the River Tweed flowing west to east through it, in the east of the region, the area that borders the River Tweed is flat and is known as The Merse. Thus, across the region are to be seen the ruins of castles, abbeys. In 1996 the region became a unitary authority area and the districts were wound up, the region was created with the name Borders. Following the election of an area council in 1995 the name was changed to Scottish Borders with effect from 1996. Since the 5th century, there has been evidence of two languages in the area, Brythonic and Old English, the latter of which developed into its modern forms of English. There are two British Parliamentary constituencies in the Borders, Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk covers most of the region and is represented by Calum Kerr of the SNP. The western Tweeddale area is included in the Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale & Tweeddale constituency and is represented by Conservative David Mundell, at Scottish Parliament level, there are also two seats. The eastern constituency is Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire, which is represented by Conservative John Lamont. The western constituency is Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale and is represented by SNP Christine Grahame, following the 2012 local elections, the council administration is now a coalition of Independents, Scottish National Party and Liberal Democrats. Prior to the election a coalition of Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Independents ruled, the Conservatives are the biggest party on the council with 10 seats, the Liberal Democrats have six. The SNP have nine seats and the Independents have seven, two councillors form the Borders Party. At the Census held on 27 March 2011, the population of the region was 114,000, the region had until September 2015 no working railway stations. Although the area was connected to the Victorian railway system. A bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament to extend the Waverley Line and this section of the route re-opened on 6 September 2015, under the Borders Railway branding
7.
Tristan
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Tristan, also known as Tristram, is the hero of the Arthurian Tristan and Iseult story. He was a Cornish knight of the Round Table and he is the son of Blancheflor and Rivalen, and the nephew of King Mark of Cornwall, sent to fetch Iseult back from Ireland to wed the king. However, he and Iseult accidentally consume a love potion while en route, the pair undergo numerous trials that test their secret affair. Although the oldest stories concerning Tristan are lost, some of the derivatives still exist, the name Tristan is also known as Trischin in the Maltese culture. Arthurian romancier Chrétien de Troyes mentioned in his poem Cligès that he composed his own account of the story, however, there are no surviving copies or records of any such text. In the thirteenth century, during the period of prose romances. This long, sprawling, and often lyrical work follows Tristan from the legend into the realm of King Arthur where Tristan participates in the Quest for the Holy Grail. In the fifteenth century, Sir Thomas Malory shortened this French version into his own take, The Book of Sir Tristram de Lyones, in addition, there was a Tristan who bore witness to a legal document at the Swabian Abbey of Saint Gall in 807 AD. Another strange aspect is his kingdom, Lyonesse, for whose existence there is no evidence, however, there were two places called Leonais, one in Brittany, the other the Old French transcription of Lothian. However, the Isles of Scilly have also proposed to be this place, since they were possibly one island until Roman times. Regardless, Tristan being a prince of Lothian would make his name more sensible, there are also records of a Turstan Crectune, whose name gave the Lothian village of Crichton its name. He was granted lands in 1128 by King David of Scotland, one other suggestion is that he could have been adopted into the family of Mark of Cornwall, a historical practice attested in Roman law. Possible evidence for his Cornish roots is the 5th century inscribed Tristan Stone and it measures some 7 feet in height and has been set in a modern concrete base. Until the 1980s it was in its original position some yards from the road in a field near the turn down to the small harbour of Polkerris. It was then closer to Castle Dore and may have been the origin of the association of this site with the story of the love of Tristan. Cynvawr, in turn, is said by the ninth-century author Nennius, eisner concludes that the author of the Tristan story used the names and some of the local traditions of his own recent past. To these figures he attached adventures which had handed down from Roman. He lived in the north of Britain, was associated with a monastery, from 1857 to 1859, Richard Wagner composed the opera Tristan and Isolde, now considered one of the most influential pieces of music of the 19th century
8.
Queen of Elphame
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Queen of Elphame or Elf-hame, in the folklore belief of Lowland Scotland and Northern England, designates the elfin queen of Faerie, mentioned in Scottish witch trials. She is equivalent to the Queen of Fairy who rules Faërie or Fairyland, the Queen, according to testimony, has a husband named Christsonday. Such a queen also appears in the legend of Thomas the Rhymer, the name Queen of Elfland is mentioned for her only in a later ballad. Thomas the Rhymers abduction by the queen was not just familiar folklore, the Queen of Fairies in Tam Lin may be the queen of the same world, at least, she too is compelled deliver humans as tithe to hell every seven years. In Scottish popular tradition the Fairy Queen was known as the Gyre-Carling or Nicnevin, In one metrical legend, The Faeries of Fawdon Hill is where the Fairy Court is held, presided by Queen Mab. The Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue lists only the Elfame and elphyne spellings, other spellings include, Quene of Elphane and Court of Elfane, Court of Elfame, Queen of Elphen. The Queen of Elphame designation was used in isolated instances in the 19th century. Serious scholarship on Thomas the Rhymer, for instance, generally do not employ this spelling, but it was embraced by Robert Graves who used Queen of Elphame in his works. Usage has since spread in popular publications. The Queen of Elphame was invoked, under various names, in Scottish witch trials, the forms Queen of Elfame occur in documents from the trial of Alison Pearson in 1588, and emendation to elf-hame was suggested by the editor, Robert Pitcairn. Alison was carried off to Elfame on a number of occasions over the years, the elfin folk from this world would arrive unexpectedly, allowing her to join in their herb-picking before sunrise, and brewing their salves before her eyes. But they were abusive, striking her in a manner that left her bereft of all her powers on her sides. The form Queen of Elphen occurs in the 1598 witchcraft trial indictment, further down however, the Devil whom he calls Christsonday is the goodman, though the Quene has grip of all the craft. Andro Man further confessed that on the Holy Rood Day the Queen of Elphen and she and her companions had human shapes, yet were as shadows, and that they were playing and dancing whenever they pleased. When interrogated, Bessie denied having carnal relations with Thom, though he took her by the apron. And indeed, it was at the behest of this Queen who was his master that Thom had come to Bessie at all, the Queens shape-shifting magic extends to her own person. Andro Mans confession also noted that she can be old or young as she pleases, marion Grant, of the same coven as Andro Man, witnessed the queen as a fine woman, clad in a white walicot. Similarly, Isobel Gowdies confession described the Qwein of Fearrie as handsomely clothed in linen and in white and brown clothes
9.
Ballad
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A ballad /ˈbæləd/ is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally danced songs, Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia, Ballads are 13 lines with an ABABBCBC form, consisting of couplets of rhymed verse, each of 14 syllables. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides, the form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, the took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and is now often used for any love song. The ballad derives its name from medieval French dance songs or ballares, from which ballet is also derived, as a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as Beowulf. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger, the earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is Judas in a 13th-century manuscript. This means that the two words, ballad and ballet, are derived from the French language. Ballads were originally written to accompany dances, and so were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines and these refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. Most northern and west European ballads are written in ballad stanzas or quatrains of alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, known as ballad meter. Usually, only the second and fourth line of a quatrain are rhymed, there is considerable variation on this pattern in almost every respect, including length, number of lines and rhyming scheme, making the strict definition of a ballad extremely difficult. Ballads usually use the dialect of the people and are heavily influenced by the region in which they originate. Scottish ballads in particular are distinctively un-English, even showing some pre-Christian influences in the inclusion of elements such as the fairies in the Scottish ballad Tam Lin. The ballads do not have any known author or correct version, instead, having passed down mainly by oral tradition since the Middle Ages. The ballads remained a tradition until the increased interest in folk songs in the 18th century led collectors such as Bishop Thomas Percy to publish volumes of popular ballads. In all traditions most ballads are narrative in nature, with a story, often concise, and rely on imagery, rather than description. Themes concerning rural laborers and their sexuality are common, and there are many ballads based on the Robin Hood legend. Another common feature of ballads is repetition, sometimes of fourth lines in succeeding stanzas, as a refrain, sometimes of third and fourth lines of a stanza and sometimes of entire stanzas
10.
Child Ballad
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The Child Ballads are 305 traditional ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, anthologized by Francis James Child during the second half of the 19th century. Their lyrics and Childs studies of them were published as the 2, the tunes of most of the ballads were collected and published by Bertrand Harris Bronson in and around the 1960s. There were also comprehensive ballad collections from other countries, Child modelled his work on Svend Grundtvigs Danmarks gamle Folkeviser, classifying and numbering the ballads and noting different versions, which were placed side by side to aid comparison. As a result, one Child number may cover several ballads, conversely, ballads classified separately may contain turns of phrase, and even entire verses, that are identical. The ballads vary in age, for instance, the manuscript of Judas dates to the thirteenth century, the majority of the ballads, however, date to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although some are claimed to have very ancient influences, only a handful can be traced to before 1600. Moreover, few of the tunes collected are as old as the words, nevertheless, Childs collection was far more comprehensive than any previous collection of ballads in English. Many of Childs ballads were obtained from printed broadsides, but he distinguished the traditional ballads that interested him from later broadside ballads. As Child died before writing a commentary on his work, it is exactly how and why he selected some ballads. Child Ballads are generally heavier and darker than is usual for ballads, on one extreme, some Child Ballads recount identifiable historical people, in known events, embellished for dramatic effect. On the other, some differ from fairy tales solely by their songs and in verse. A large part of the collection is about Robin Hood, some are about King Arthur, a few of the ballads are rather bawdy. The editorial history of Childs publication received a study by Mary Ellen Brown in 2011. In 1860, Child published a collection entitled English and Scottish Ballads, generally presenting just one variant of each ballad, via Little, Brown. However, as a scholarly edition this was superseded by his later, the first edition of Childs book was, once complete, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, ed. by Francis James Child,5 vols. It was printed in one thousand copies, and actually issued in ten parts, the final title pages for each of the five volumes, printed in red and black, were issued with part 10. Part 10 actually emerged after Childs death, and was edited by George Lyman Kittredge, the book was reprinted, this time physically in three volumes, in 1957 by the New York-based Folklore Press, in association with the Pageant Book Company. It was reprinted again in 1965 in New York by Dover, this time with an essay by Walter Morris Hart entitled Professor Child, many Child Ballads have subsequently appeared in contemporary music recordings
11.
Walter Scott
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Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature, famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Old Mortality, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an member of the Highland Society. He survived a bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Scottish Borders at his grandparents farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a cure at Prestonpans during the following summer. In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to him for school. In October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and he was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books and he was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters. Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of 12, in March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his fathers office to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and introduced him to James Macphersons Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy, after completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyers clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, as a boy, youth and young man, Scott was fascinated by the oral traditions of the Scottish Borders
12.
Hart (deer)
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Hart is an archaic word for stag. Specifically, hart was used in times to describe a red deer stag more than five years old. To be a hart was its fully mature state, a lord would want to hunt not just any deer, but a mature stag in good condition, partly for the extra meat and fat it would carry, but also for prestige. Hence a hart could be designated a hart of grease, a hart of ten, a stag which was old enough to be hunted was called a warrantable stag. The huntsman would then back to his lord and the hunting party would come bringing a pack of raches. These scent hounds would unharbour the hart and chase it on its hot scent until it was brought to bay, the word hart is not now widely used, but Shakespeare makes several references, punning on the homophones hart and heart. The word is used several times in The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien, when Bilbo Baggins and company pass through Mirkwood Forest and it is also alluded to in the Joss Whedon series Angel, the Senior Partners of law firm Wolfram & Hart are represented, respectively by the Wolf, the Ram and the Hart. The White Hart, an emblem of Richard II. White Hart Lane is the name of the stadium of Tottenham Hotspur F. C. of the English Premier League, the county Hertfordshire is thought to be named after a place where deer forded a watercourse. Whinfell Forest once contained a tree called Harthorn. The surnames Hart and Hartley also derive from the animal and it appears in the first line of Psalm 42 in the King James Authorized Version of the Psalms, As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God. Tate and Bradys metrical psalms, among others, also use this figure, As pants the hart for cooling streams for its Common Meter rendering of the Psalm 42 text
13.
Alexander III of Scotland
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Alexander III was King of Scots from 1249 to his death. Alexander was born at Roxburgh, the son of Alexander II by his second wife Marie de Coucy. Alexander III was also the grandson of William the Lion, Alexanders father died on 8 July 1249 and he became king at the age of seven, inaugurated at Scone on 13 July 1249. The former dominated the years of Alexanders reign. At the marriage of Alexander to Margaret of England in 1251, Henry III of England seized the opportunity to demand from his son-in-law homage for the Scottish kingdom, but Alexander did not comply. In 1255 an interview between the English and Scottish kings at Kelso led to Menteith and his party losing to Durwards party. On attaining his majority at the age of 21 in 1262 and he laid a formal claim before the Norwegian king Haakon. Haakon rejected the claim, and in the following year responded with a formidable invasion, sailing around the west coast of Scotland he halted off the Isle of Arran, and negotiations commenced. Alexander artfully prolonged the talks until the autumn storms should begin, at length Haakon, weary of delay, attacked, only to encounter a terrific storm which greatly damaged his ships. The Battle of Largs proved indecisive, but even so, Haakons position was hopeless, baffled, he turned homewards, but died in Orkney on 15 December 1263. The Isles now lay at Alexanders feet, and in 1266 Haakons successor concluded the Treaty of Perth by which he ceded the Isle of Man, Norway retained only Orkney and Shetland in the area. Alexander had married Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence and she died in 1275, after they had three children. Towards the end of Alexanders reign, the death of all three of his children within a few made the question of the succession one of pressing importance. In 1284 he induced the Estates to recognize as his heir-presumptive his granddaughter Margaret, the need for a male heir led him to contract a second marriage to Yolande de Dreux on 1 November 1285. Alexander died in a fall from his horse riding in the dark to visit the queen at Kinghorn in Fife on 18 March 1286 because it was her birthday the next day. He had spent the evening at Edinburgh Castle celebrating his second marriage and he was advised by them not to make the journey to Fife because of weather conditions, but he travelled anyway. Alexander became separated from his guides and it is assumed that in the dark his horse lost its footing, the 44-year-old king was found dead on the shore the following morning with a broken neck. Some texts have said that he fell off a cliff, although there is no cliff at the site where his body was found, there is a very steep rocky embankment, which would have been fatal in the dark
14.
Merlin
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Merlin is a legendary figure best known as the wizard featured in Arthurian legend and medieval Welsh poetry. The standard depiction of the character first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniae,1136, and is based on an amalgamation of previous historical and legendary figures. He is allegedly buried in the Broceliande forest, near Paimpont in Brittany, Geoffreys rendering of the character was immediately popular, especially in Wales. Later writers expanded the account to produce an image of the wizard. Merlins traditional biography casts him as a cambion, born of a woman, sired by an incubus. The name of Merlins mother is not usually stated, but is given as Adhan in the oldest version of the Prose Brut, Merlin matures to an ascendant sagehood and engineers the birth of Arthur through magic and intrigue. Later authors have Merlin serve as the kings advisor until he is bewitched and imprisoned by the Lady of the Lake, the name Merlin is derived from the Welsh Myrddin, the name of the bard Myrddin Wyllt, one of the chief sources for the later legendary figure. Geoffrey of Monmouth Latinised the name to Merlinus in his works, medievalist Gaston Paris suggests that Geoffrey chose the form Merlinus rather than the regular Merdinus to avoid a resemblance to the Anglo-Norman word merde for feces. Clas Myrddin or Merlins Enclosure is a name for Great Britain stated in the Third Series of Welsh Triads. Celticist A. O. H. Jarman suggests that the Welsh name Myrddin was derived from the toponym Caerfyrddin and this contrasts with the popular folk etymology that the town was named for the bard. The name Carmarthen is derived from the towns previous Roman name Moridunum, itself derived from Celtic Brittonic *moridunon, sea fortress. The former had nothing to do with Arthur, in British poetry he was a bard driven mad after witnessing the horrors of war, who fled civilization to become a wild man of the wood in the 6th century. Geoffrey had this individual in mind when he wrote his earliest surviving work, the Prophetiae Merlini, Geoffreys Prophetiae do not reveal much about Merlins background. He included the prophet in his next work Historia Regum Britanniae, supplementing the characterisation by attributing to him stories about Aurelius Ambrosius, according to Nennius, Ambrosius was discovered when the British king Vortigern was trying to erect a tower. The tower always collapsed before completion, and his men told him that the only solution was to sprinkle the foundation with the blood of a child born without a father. Geoffrey retells this story in Historia Regum Britanniæ with some embellishments and he goes on to add new episodes that tie Merlin into the story of King Arthur and his predecessors, such as bringing the stones for Stonehenge from Preseli Hills in south-west Wales and Ireland. Geoffrey dealt with Merlin again in his third work Vita Merlini and he based the Vita on stories of the original 6th-century Myrddin, set long after his time frame for the life of Merlin Ambrosius. He tries to assert that the characters are the same references to King Arthur and his death
15.
Scotichronicon
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The Scotichronicon is a 15th-century chronicle or legendary account, by the Scottish historian Walter Bower. It is a continuation of historian-priest John of Forduns earlier work Chronica Gentis Scotorum beginning with the founding of Ireland, the text includes a reference to the famous murderer, Robin Hood, as well as Little John, one of the earliest records of Robin Hood and Little John. The reference is found, in Latin, under year 1266, Bower began the work in 1440 at the request of a neighbour, Sir David Stewart of Rosyth. The completed work, in its form, consists of 16 books, of which the first five. The task was finished in 1447, Bower engaged in a reduction or abridgment of the Scotichronicon in the last two years of his life, which is known as the Book of Cupar, and which is preserved in the Advocates library, Edinburgh. Other abridgments, not by Bower, were made about the time, one about 1450 preserved in the Advocates library and another in 1461 by an unknown writer. Copies of the text of the Scotichronicon, by different scribes, are extant. There are two in the British Library, in The Black Book of Paisley, and in Harl,712, one in the Advocates library, from which Walter Goodall printed his edition, and one in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Media related to Scotichronicon at Wikimedia Commons Walter Bower, Scotichronicon, ed. D. E. R. Watt, the Manipulus/Scotichronicon Project, A revised edition of select chapters in Watts edition, by C
16.
John Bellenden
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John Bellenden or Ballantyne of Moray was a Scottish writer of the 16th century. He was born towards the close of the 15th century, and educated at St. Andrews, at the request of James V he translated Hector Boeces Historia Gentis Scotorum. This translation, Croniklis of Scotland is a free one, with a good deal of matter not in the original. It was published in 1536 in Edinburgh by Thomas Davidson, in 1533, Bellenden also translated the first five books of Livys History of Rome. These remain the earliest existing specimena of Scottish literary prose, and remarkable specimena they are, for the execution of which he enjoyed the Royal favour, and was made Archdeacon of Moray. Both the Croniklis and the Livy are prefaced by poems, the Proheme of the Chronicles, Quehen Silver Diane, another work, the Banner of Piety, was prefaced by the poem Quhen goldin Phebus. Bellenden latterly became involved in controversy which led to his being exiled to Rome, another authority, however, states that he was still living in 1587. John was the son of Patrick Bellenden of Auchnoule or Auchnolyshill, katherine Bellenden was married to Adam Hopper, then Francis Bothwell, and thirdly to the royal favorite Oliver Sinclair. Johns older brother Thomas Bellenden of Auchnoule was a prominent lawyer and courtier, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Bellenden, John. John Bellendens translation of Boeces History of Scotland, vol.1, Tait, Edinburgh and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cousin, John William. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, london, J. M. Dent & Sons. London and New York, Frederick Warne, see also sleuth hound Chambers, Robert & Thomson, Thomas Napier. A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen
17.
Hector Boece
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Hector Boece, known in Latin as Hector Boecius or Boethius, was a Scottish philosopher and historian, and the first Principal of Kings College in Aberdeen, a predecessor of the University of Aberdeen. He was born in Dundee where he attended school and was educated at the nearby University of St Andrews, by 1497 he had become a professor of philosophy at the university. From then onwards, he worked closely with Elphinstone, to set up the new university and by 1505, the university structure was modelled on those of Paris and of Orléans. As intended, Boece was installed as the first principal of the university and gave lectures on medicine, at the end of 1534, Boece became Rector of Fyvie. He died in Aberdeen two years later at the age of 71, Boece wrote and published two books, one of biography and one of history. In 1522 he published the Vitae Episcoporum Murthlacensium et Aberdonensium and in 1527 the Historia Gentis Scotorum to the accession of James III of Scotland, the former was the basis of a poem in Scots by Alexander Gardyne. It was written in a flowing and pleasing style, became popular, by modern standards it is overly patriotic, and has many inaccuracies. The historical account of Macbeth of Scotland, in particular, flattered the antecedents of Boeces patron King James IV of Scotland, and greatly maligned the real Macbeth. The work was received at the time, both in Europe and in Scotland, after its translation from Latin into French and then in 1536 from Latin into Scots by John Bellenden. There are some glimpses in the Historia of contemporary Scotland, such as the statement that the Eurasian beaver, continuations of the Historia and its influence Boeces Historia as published terminated in 1438. In the early 1530s the scholar Giovanni Ferrerio, engaged by Robert Reid of Kinloss Abbey, wrote a continuation of Boeces history, extending it another 50 years, to the end of the reign of James III. John Lesley in his De Origine, Moribus, et Rebus Gestis Scotorum, the metrical translation into Scots by William Stewart, not published until the nineteenth century, also provided some expansion. The chronicler Polydore Vergil made some use of Boece for his 1534 Historia Anglica, david Chalmers of Ormond in his Histoire abbregée wrote about the French, English and Scottish monarchies, relying on Boece for the Scottish account. The Historia was translated into English for Raphael Holinsheds Chronicles of England, Scotland, the account in Holinsheds Chronicle was then used by William Shakespeare as the basis of his play Macbeth. George Buchanan made heavy use of Boece in his Rerum Scoticarum Historia, Boeces sources Boeces claimed sources fell into three classes. The works of John Fordun and Walter Bower defined the tradition which he attempted to make seamless, filling the gaps in the chronicle, and applying the approach common to humanists of his period. The works of Tacitus had been rediscovered, in the 14th century, and contained material relevant to British history, finally there was a group of sources that remain debated, material from Elphinstone, and the authors Veremundus, Cornelius Hibernicus, and John Campbell. No written record of these works survives, sharp criticism of the sourcing of Boeces history was voiced in the sixteenth century by Humphrey Lhuyd and John Twyne
18.
Elizabeth I of England
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Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeths birth. Annes marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate, edwards will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey. During Marys reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels, in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers, led by William Cecil, one of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England and it was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir to continue the Tudor line. She never did, despite numerous courtships, as she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity. A cult grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, in government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been. One of her mottoes was video et taceo, in religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the powers of France and Spain. She only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, by the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain. Englands defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 associated Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history, Elizabeths reign is known as the Elizabethan era. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Such was the case with Elizabeths rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, after the short reigns of Elizabeths half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace and was named after both her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Elizabeth Howard and she was the second child of Henry VIII of England born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henrys second wife, Anne Boleyn, at birth, Elizabeth was the heir presumptive to the throne of England. She was baptised on 10 September, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, the Marquess of Exeter, the Duchess of Norfolk, Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536, four months after Catherine of Aragons death from natural causes. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession, eleven days after Anne Boleyns execution, Henry married Jane Seymour, who died shortly after the birth of their son, Prince Edward, in 1537
19.
James VI and I
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James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother Mary was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, in 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617 and he was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonization of the Americas began, at 57 years and 246 days, Jamess reign in Scotland was longer than those of any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. James himself was a scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie, The True Law of Free Monarchies. He sponsored the translation of the Bible that would later be named after him, Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed the wisest fool in Christendom, an epithet associated with his character ever since. Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise Jamess reputation and treat him as a serious, James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of Henry VII of England through Margaret Tudor, Marys rule over Scotland was insecure, and she and her husband, being Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by Protestant noblemen. James was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, and as the eldest son and heir apparent of the monarch automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and he was baptised Charles James or James Charles on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. His godparents were Charles IX of France, Elizabeth I of England, Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as a pocky priest, spit in the childs mouth, as was then the custom. The subsequent entertainment, devised by Frenchman Bastian Pagez, featured men dressed as satyrs and sporting tails, Jamess father, Darnley, was murdered on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for Rizzios death. James inherited his fathers titles of Duke of Albany and Earl of Ross, Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her. In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle and she was forced to abdicate on 24 July 1567 in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, as regent. The care of James was entrusted to the Earl and Countess of Mar, to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought in the security of Stirling Castle
20.
John Stewart, Duke of Albany
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John Stewart, Duke of Albany was Regent of the Kingdom of Scotland, Duke of Albany in peerage of Scotland and Count of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France. John was a son of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and he was the only son of his fathers second marriage, to Anne de la Tour dAuvergne, daughter of Bertrand VI of Auvergne. The ambitious though unsuccessful Alexander had fled Scotland to France in 1479 and he then returned to Scotland after reconciliation with his brother the king, but in 1483 fled to France a second time, being placed in Scotland under a sentence of death for treason. John was born in France, although it is whether this was during his fathers first or second stay there. Alexander was killed in Paris accidentally in a tournament in 1485 when John was still an infant and he had earlier been married with Catherine Sinclair, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Orkney, but that marriage had been dissolved in 1478, however having produced half-brothers to John. Question of their illegitimacy caused uncertainty in succession, but the infant John was eventually recognized as duke after his fathers death and he thus inherited Duchy of Albany and Earldom of March. On 15 February 1487 his mother married Louis de Seyssel, comte de La Chambre, the sons of the immediate royal family proved to be short-lived except Albanys first cousins James, Duke of Ross, King James IV and the latters son the future King James V. Thus Albany was from 1504 onwards either the heir presumptive or the second-in-line to the throne of Kingdom of Scotland, after 1504, despite which minor was heir in front of him, Albany was always the closest heir who was not underage. During the minority of King James V, Albany acted as regent intermittently between 1514 and 1524, on 8 July 1505 the young Albany married his first cousin Anne, Countess of Auvergne and Lauraguais. Thus John started to enjoy the position and rights of Count of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France, a manuscript detailing her estate with pictures of her castles still exists. Albanys mother Anne, Countess of La Chambre, died on 13 October 1512 and he arrived at Dumbarton with a squadron of eight ships, including the James and Margaret, which James IV had lent to Louis XII of France, on 26 May 1515. Albany utilized the Scottish nobility’s innate distrust of Margaret, after two years of this uneasy situation, in 1516 Margaret had to flee to England and Albany thus succeeded in making himself the sole regent. The fragmentary and quarrelous politics of Scotland overthrew and also restored Albanys powers several times, the earl of Angus made his peace with Albany later in 1516. Between 1517 and 1520 Albany sojourned in France, and did not exercise the regency on spot, but through his lieutenants including Antoine dArces, sieur de la Bastie. On 26 August 1517 Albany and Charles, Duke of Alençon signed the Treaty of Rouen, the poet and diplomat Gavin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld assisted in the negotiations. On 16 January 1518, the dukes sister-in-law, Madeleine de la Tour who was his legal ward, married Lorenzo de Medici, Lorenzo was a nephew of Pope Leo X. In April 1518 Albany attended the christening of the Dauphin Francis, leonardo da Vinci designed the decorations at Amboise for the ceremony. In July 1518 Albany and Lorenzo were at the Castle of Saint-Saturnin in Auvergne, in March 1519, Pope Leo X confirmed the ancient privileges of the Scottish crown noting that he acted on the supplication of Albany, his dilecti filli, beloved nephew
21.
John Twenge
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John Twenge is an English saint of the 14th century. John was schooled in the village from the age of five and he then entered the Augustinian Canons Regular community of Priory of Bridlington. He carried out his duties with humility and diligence, and was in turn novice master, almsgiver, preacher and he became Canon of the Priory in 1346 and was eventually elected Prior in 1356. John initially declined out of humility, but after being re-elected, probably in 1361 and he served as Prior for 17 years before his death on 10 October 1379. In his lifetime he enjoyed a reputation for holiness and for miraculous powers. Reputedly on one occasion he changed water into wine, the men left their vessel at the harbour and walked to the Monastery where they thanked John in person for saving their lives. After his death from natural causes the fame of the miracles wrought by his intercession spread rapidly through the land. Archbishop of York Neville charged his suffragans and others to take evidence with a view to his canonisation,26 July 1386. Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York 1398-1405, assisted by the Bishops of Durham and Carlisle Cathedrals, officiated at a translation of his body,11 March 1404. This pope, Boniface IX, shortly afterwards canonised him, the fact has been doubted and disputed, but the original Bull was unearthed in the Vatican archives by Mr. T. A. Twemlow, who was engaged in research work there for the British government. At the English Reformation Henry VIII was asked to spare the magnificent shrine of the saint, the nave of the church, restored in 1857, is all that now remains of Bridlington Priory. The saints feast is observed by the regular on 9 October. St John of Bridlington was commended for the integrity of his life, his scholarship and he was the last English saint to be canonised before the English Reformation. King Henry V attributed his victory at Agincourt to the intercession in heaven of this Saint John, women in difficult labour may pray to St John of Bridlington as their patron saint and he is also associated with the local fishing industry. At All Saints Church Thwing, there is a window showing St John of Bridlington, there is a St John Street in Bridlington named after him, an old thoroughfare linking the Old Town that grew up around Bridlington Priory with the quayside community of fishermen and traders. At the church of St Andrew, Hempstead, a panel showing John of Bridlington depicts him holding a fish. Patron Saints Index, John of Bridlington
22.
Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)
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Robert and his elder brother William were both born in the rural town of Peebles in the Borders at the turn of the 19th century. The town had changed little in centuries, the town had old and new parts, each consisting of little more than a single street. Peebles was mainly inhabited by weavers and labourers living in thatched cottages and his father, James Chambers, made his living as a cotton manufacturer. Their slate-roofed house was built by James Chambers father as a gift for his son. A small circulating library in the town, run by Alexander Elder, introduced Robert to books and developed his literary interests when he was young. Occasionally his father would buy books for the library. He eagerly read this for many years, William later recalled that for Robert, the acquisition of knowledge was with him the highest of earthly enjoyments. Robert was sent to schools and showed unusual literary taste and ability. His education was typical for the day, the country school, directed by James Gray, taught the boys reading, writing, and, for an additional charge, arithmetic. In grammar school it was the classics – Latin and Ancient Greek, boys bullied one another and the teacher administered corporal punishment in the classroom for unruly behaviour. Although uninspired by the school, Robert made up for this at the bookseller, both Robert and William were born with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot. Their parents attempted to correct this abnormality through operations, and while Williams was successful Robert was left partially lame, so while other boys roughed it outside, Robert was content to stay indoors and study his books. Robert surpassed his brother in his education, which he continued for several years beyond Williams. Robert had been destined for the ministry, but at the age of fifteen he dropped this intended career, the arrival of the power loom suddenly threatened James Chambers cotton business, forcing him to close it down and become a draper. During this time, James began to socialise with a number of French prisoners-of-war on parole who were stationed in Peebles, unfortunately, James Chambers lent these exiles a large amount of credit, and when they were abruptly transferred away he was forced to declare bankruptcy. The family moved to Edinburgh in 1813, Robert continued his education at the High School, and William became a booksellers apprentice. In 1818 Robert, at 16 years old, began his own business as a bookstall-keeper on Leith Walk, at first, his entire stock consisted of some old books belonging to his father, amounting to thirteen feet of shelf space and worth no more than a few pounds. By the end of the first year the value of his stock went up to twelve pounds, while Robert built up a business, his brother William expanded his own by purchasing a home-made printing press and publishing pamphlets as well as creating his own type
23.
Eildon Hill
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Not to be confused with Eldon Hill, England Eildon Hill lies just south of Melrose, Scotland in the Scottish Borders, overlooking the town. The name is usually pluralised into the Eildons or Eildon Hills, the 1,385 feet high eminence overlooks Teviotdale to the South. The mid hilltop is the highest and has a monument to Sir Walter Scott on it, the south hilltop is the lowest. The Eildon hills are surrounded by an area of woodlands, home to wildlife such as roe deer, badgers, stoats. In winter and early spring the Eildon Hills are often covered in snow, excavations have found evidence that the hill fort was occupied by 1000 BC, in the Bronze age. The ramparts seem to have built and rebuilt in three phases. At its peak the population of the hill could have been 3000 to 6000, evidence has not been found of a significant population in the immediate pre-Roman period. In the 1st century the Roman army built the fort of Trimontium. In association with it they constructed a tower with a tiled roof in an 11 m diameter enclosure built on the summit of the hill fort. However, finds including Roman coins and pottery have suggested some of the house platforms were again in use in the 2nd to 4th century. There is some evidence that prehistoric peoples regarded the Eildon Hills as a holy place, there are several holy springs around the base of the hills, now dedicated to Christian saints, but probably originally sacred to Celtic deities. It is possible that the Hill was formed deep beneath the Earths surface as ancient laccoliths, Eildon is said to be a hollow hill, and is mentioned in the legend of Thomas the Rhymer. Some believe Thomas went under the hill itself, and certainly part of the ballad occurs in the vicinity, Sir Walter Scott tells the tale of a horse dealer who is paid in ancient coin by an elderly buyer in old-fashioned dress and taken inside the hill at night. A host of armed knights lie asleep at their horses feet, shown a horn and a sword, in confusion the dealer blows the horn, the men begin to awake and a loud voice indicates that he has been proved a coward for not seizing the sword first. A whirlwind ejects him from the chamber and outside he tells his story to some shepherds before dropping dead of exhaustion, Scott identifies the elderly man as Thomas the Rhymer. The volcanic rock was said to have been cleft in three by the wizard Michael Scot when he was out of employment, and this story is repeated in James Hoggs 1823 novel - The Three Perils of Man. This place was cited in the lyric Eiledon, from Big Countrys The Seer album, london and New York, Frederick Warne
24.
Melrose, Scottish Borders
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Melrose is a small town and civil parish in the Scottish Borders, historically in Roxburghshire. It is in the Eildon committee area, the towns name is recorded in its earliest form as Mailros, the bare peninsula, referring to the original site of the monastery, recorded by Bede, in a bend of the river Tweed. The original monastery at Melrose is referred to in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle with the name Magilros, in the late Middle Ages, when the monastery had been re-founded in its present position, its name was symbolically represented by the visual pun of a mell and a rose. Melrose is the location of Melrose Abbey, re-founded for the Cistercian order by David I in the early 12th century and it is the site of the burial of the heart of Scottish king Robert the Bruce. An excavation was led to find a sealed casket, but it was not opened, the casket was placed in a sealed lead cylinder, and was then re-buried in the abbey back at its proper resting place. The remains of the Abbey are cared for by Historic Scotland, nearby is the Roman fort of Trimontium, and Dryburgh Abbey. Melrose is surrounded by the villages of Darnick, Gattonside, Newstead, Lilliesleaf. Melrose is the birthplace of Rugby Sevens and also has a rugby union team, Melrose is an area where rugby union has always been the most popular sport. Melrose Golf Club is a golf course situated on the edge of the town at the foot of the Eildon Hills. Melrose Cricket Club is situated next to Borders General Hospital at Huntlyburn, every year in June, the week-long Melrose Festival takes place. This involves appointing a Melrosian who has lived in the town for most of his life, Melrose is now host to the annual Borders Book Festival which also takes place during June. The 2005 festival hosted guests including Michael Palin and Germaine Greer, Ian Rankin, Melrose hosts the annual Eildon Two Hills Race, attracting many runners, and the Melrose Pipe Band Championships, attracting pipers from all over the world
25.
Invergowrie
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Invergowrie is a village on the northwest bank of the Firth of Tay to the west of Dundee. Although formerly incorporated as part of Dundee, it is now located in Perth, the old parish church, a roofless 16th century building currently in poor condition, survives on a mound in the old kirkyard, by the Gowrie Burn. This site was close to the sea, much land has been reclaimed from the Firth of Tay in recent times. This was an early Christian site, dedicated to St Curetán, an artistically important and well-preserved cross-slab carved on five faces from this site is on display in the Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. This cross-slab was formerly built into a window of the church, along with another smaller, damaged example. The village was part of the estate of Mylnefield. The quarry at Invergowrie supplied important sites around the UK, stone being included in the base of Nelsons column, the quarry workers hit a spring at the beginning of the 20th century and the quarry filled with water. The former quarry can be seen as you leave Invergowrie station by heading to Perth. Until 1967, the source of work in the village was a paper mill. The legend of the Gows o Gowrie, stones supposed thrown by the devil around Invergowrie, the prophecy comes from a verse by Thomas the Rhymer. When the Yowes o Gowrie come to land, The Day o Judgements near at hand Where the stones are, there is a Deils stone at Greystanes, behind the Hilton hotel, surrounded by a Victorian fence. There is also a lump of rock used to be called the Paddock Stone or the Fairy Stone in the wood situated on the Waterside road. It was said another stone was left in Invergowrie Bay, but that is now covered in silt, the Parish of Longforgan, by Adam Phillips, contains several paragraphs on the subject. The stones are of glacial deposits. There was also the large Victorian house called The Gows, now part of the Invergowrie Technology Park, on 22 October 1979 a rail crash occurred after a warning signal was ignored resulting in the death of five people and 50 injuries. Invergowrie is located on the northwest bank of the Firth of Tay, with the Invergowrie Bay located just to the east, the Mylnefield weather station was owned by the Met Office and is located in Invergowrie. Invergowrie railway station serves the village, but only a few services stop there, the station is situated on the Glasgow to Aberdeen Line. Frequent bus services connect Invergowrie to Dundee, Perth and Fife, stagecoach Strathtay operate services to Perth, Dundee City Centre and Gauldry
26.
Firth of Tay
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The firth has a maximum width of 3 mi at Invergowrie. Two bridges span the firth, the Tay Road Bridge and the Tay Rail Bridge, the firth has one major island, the marshy Mugdrum Island. The Firth of Tay in Antarctica was discovered in 1892-93 by Captain Thomas Robertson of the Dundee whaling expedition and he also named nearby Dundee Island in honour of the main city on the firth. The Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary were designated a Ramsar sites on 28 July 2000, as a Special Protection Area on 2 February 2000, several parts are within a site of special scientific interest - Inner Tay Estuary, Monifieth Bay, Tayport-Tentsmuir Coast. The Invergowrie Bay section is a nature reserve. The Firth of Tay is outstanding for its sand and mudflats, its population of common seals and for its wintering birds such as oystercatcher, bar-tailed godwit, shelduck. There is good access to much of the shoreline and many good wildlife watching opportunities, at some 15 km in length, the reedbed on the north shore of the inner estuary is thought to be the most extensive in Britain
27.
Perthshire
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Perthshire, officially the County of Perth, is a registration county in central Scotland. It extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west and it was a local government county from 1890 to 1930. Perthshire is known as the big county and has a variety of landscapes, from the rich agricultural straths in the east. Perthshire was an administrative county between 1890 and 1975, governed by a county council and this Local Government council was superseded in 1930, when a joint Local Government council was formed with the neighbouring small county of Kinross-shire, linking the two. The parish of Muckhart and Glendevon was made part of Clackmannan District Council, longforgan was included in the City of Dundee District, in Tayside Region Council. The remainder of the council was combined with the council of Kinross, the two-tier system introduced in 1975 was superseded by a system of unitary authorities in 1996. The area of the council is now divided between the Local Government council areas of Clackmannanshire, Perth and Kinross and Stirling. The area included in Dundee in 1975 was transferred to Perth, the coat of arms of the County of Perth appears to have been granted for use on the colours and standards of the volunteer and militia units of the county raised at the end of the eighteenth century. The grant document was discovered in the Lyon Office in 1890, the shield is very similar to the Scottish royal arms, reflecting that Perthshire was the home county of the House of Dunkeld and contains the former royal capital, Scone. Further royal references are made on the canton, which shows Scone Palace surmounted by the Crown of Scotland, the crest is a Highland soldier, reflecting that the famous Black Watch were formed in the county. The supporters are an eagle and a warhorse, the former from the arms of the city of Perth, of the twelve burghs in Perthshire, only Perth was made a large burgh. There were ten small burghs, Blairgowrie and Rattray being united into a single burgh, in 1947 Pitlochry was created a small burgh. In 1894 parish councils were established for the parishes, replacing the previous parochial boards. The parish councils were in turn replaced by district councils in 1930, the Royal Burgh of Perth originally formed part of the Perth burghs constituency along with burghs in Fife and Forfarshire. The Representation of the People Act 1832 made Perth a separate burgh constituency, the remainder of the county returned a single member as the parliamentary county of Perthshire. The parishes of Tulliallan, Culross, Muckhart, and the Perthshire portions of the parishes of Logie and Fossaway were annexed to constituency of Clackmannanshire, in 1885 seats in the House of Commons were redistributed, Perthshire received three seats. Perthshire Eastern Perthshire Western In 1918 there was a further redistribution, in 1950 it was renamed Perth and East Perthshire. These boundaries continued in use until 1983, when new constituencies were formed based on the Local Government regions and districts created in 1975
28.
York
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York is a historic walled city at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The municipality is the county town of Yorkshire to which it gives its name. The city has a heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events in England throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent. The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD and it became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jórvík. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England. In the 19th century, York became a hub of the railway network, in recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, from 1996, the term City of York describes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. In 2011 the urban area had a population of 153,717, the word York derives from the Latinised name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first mention of York by this name is dated to circa 95–104 AD as an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumberland, the toponymy of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman indigenous population was never recorded. They are thought to have spoken a Celtic language related to modern Welsh, in his Historia Regum Britanniae the 12th century chronicler, Geoffrey of Monmouth, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus. Alternatively, the word already existed as an Old English word for wild swine. The Anglo-Saxon newcomers probably interpreted the part as eofor, and -rac as ric, while -um was a common abbreviation of the Saxon -heem. To them, it sounded as a home rich in boar, as is common in Saxon place names, the -um part gradually faded, eoforic. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, its name became Jórvík, the Old French and Norman name of the city following the Norman Conquest was recorded as Everwic in works such as Waces Roman de Rou. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century, many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name. The Archbishop of York uses Ebor as his surname in his signature, archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a known to the Romans as the Brigantes
29.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
30.
Fyvie
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Fyvie is a village in the Formartine area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Fyvie lies alongside the River Ythan and is on the A947 road, Fyvie Castle is reputed to have been built by King William the Lion in the early 13th century. It was the site of a court held by King Robert the Bruce. The villages school, with around 125 pupils, serves the rural area. St Peters Church was built in the nineteenth century on the site of a medieval church. Built into the east gable are three Class I Pictish symbol stones and a Class III Pictish cross, the church displays some Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows. The song The Bonnie Lass o Fyvie tells of a captain of dragoons who dies for the love of a Fyvie girl, additionally, the song, Andrew Lammie, tells of the doomed love of a local millers daughter, Annie, for Lord Fyvies trumpeter. Both of these songs may have historical basis - the young womans grave is said to be in Fyvie churchyard, one of the prophecies of Thomas the Rhymer relates to Fyvie, predicting it will never flourish until a particular three stones are found. It is thought that the name Fyvie is derived from Fia-chein Deer hill, alastair Storey, chairman and CEO of Westbury Street Holdings Fasterns Een Fyvie School Fyvie School Parent Forum Fyvie Scouts Web Page Fyvie Folk Club Folk Club Mill o Tiftys Annie
31.
Aberdeenshire
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Aberdeenshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It takes its name from the old County of Aberdeen which had different boundaries. Modern Aberdeenshire includes all of what was once Kincardineshire, as well as part of Banffshire, the old boundaries are still officially used for a few purposes, namely land registration and lieutenancy. Aberdeenshire Council is headquartered at Woodhill House, in Aberdeen, making it the only Scottish council whose headquarters are located outside its jurisdiction, Aberdeen itself forms a different council area. Aberdeenshire borders onto Angus and Perth and Kinross to the south, Highland and Moray to the west, traditionally, it has been economically dependent upon the primary sector and related processing industries. Its land represents 8% of Scotlands overall territory and it covers an area of 6,313 square kilometres. Aberdeenshire has a prehistoric and historic heritage. It is the locus of a number of Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeological sites, including Longman Hill, Kempstone Hill, Catto Long Barrow. The area was settled in the Bronze Age by the Beaker culture, in the Iron Age, hill forts were built. Around the 1st century AD, the Taexali people, who have little history, were believed to have resided along the coast. The Picts were the next documented inhabitants of the area, and were no later than 800-900 AD, the Romans also were in the area during this period, as they left signs at Kintore. Christianity influenced the early on, and there were Celtic monasteries at Old Deer. Since medieval times there have been a number of paths that crossed the Mounth through present-day Aberdeenshire from the Scottish Lowlands to the Highlands. Some of the most well known and historically important trackways are the Causey Mounth, Aberdeenshire played an important role in the fighting between the Scottish clans. Clan MacBeth and the Clan Canmore were two of the larger clans, macbeth fell at Lumphanan in 1057. During the Anglo-Norman penetration, other families such as House of Balliol, Clan Bruce. When the fighting amongst these newcomers resulted in the Scottish Wars of Independence, in 1307, Robert the Bruce was victorious near Inverurie. Along with his victory came new families, namely the Forbeses and these new families set the stage for the upcoming rivalries during the 14th and 15th centuries
32.
Field marshal
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Field marshal is a very senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks. Usually it is the highest rank in an army, and when it is and it is considered as a five-star rank in modern-day armed forces in many countries. The origin of the dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the kings horses. Promotion to the rank of marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by a general. However, the rank has also used as a divisional command rank. The traditional attribute distinguishing a field marshal is a baton, the baton nowadays is purely ornamental, and as such may be richly decorated. That said, it is not necessary for the insignia to be a baton, the exact wording of the titles used by field marshals varies, examples include marshal and field marshal general. The air force equivalent in Commonwealth and many Middle Eastern air forces is marshal of the air force. Navies, which usually do not use the nomenclature employed by armies or air forces, use titles such as fleet admiral, Field marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim was a politician in Afghanistan who served as Vice President from June 2002 until December 2004 and from November 2009 until his death. Between September 2001 and December 2004, he served as Defense Minister under the Afghan Transitional Administration. As military commander of the Northern Alliance, Fahim captured the Afghan capital Kabul in the fall of 2001 from the Taliban government, in 2004 President Hamid Karzai provided Fahim the honorary title Marshal and a year later he became member of the House of Elders. He later became a recipient of the Ahmad Shah Baba Medal, Fahim was a member of Afghanistans Tajik ethnic group. He was affiliated with the Jamiat Islami party of Afghanistan, Sir Thomas Blamey was the first and is the only Australian-born field marshal. He was promoted to the rank on the insistence of the Australian prime minister, Sir Robert Menzies, Blamey was, at the time of his promotion, seriously ill and mostly bed-ridden in the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital. He was presented with his marshals baton at a ceremony held in the sunroom at the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital by the Governor-General of Australia. Blameys field marshals baton is on display in the Second World War galleries at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. Currently, the only Australian field marshal is HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, during Imperial rule in China, different dynasty gave different titles to generals. A very similar title is 司馬 in Eastern Han dynasty, which means master of horse
33.
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
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Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC was a senior officer of the British Army. During the First World War he commanded the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front from late 1915 until the end of the war and he was nicknamed Butcher Haig for the two million British casualties endured under his command. The Canadian War Museum comments, His epic but costly offensives at the Somme and Passchendaele have become synonymous with the carnage. Haig was born in a house on Charlotte Square, Edinburgh but technically it was addressed as 19 Hope Street and he was not an aristocrat by birth, or landed gentry. His father John Haig—an irascible alcoholic—was middle class, and as head of the familys successful Haig & Haig whisky distillery had an income of £10,000 per year and his mother was from a gentry family fallen on straitened circumstances. Rachels cousin, Violet Veitch, was mother of the playwright, Haigs education began in 1869 as a boarder at Mr Batesons School in Clifton Bank, St Andrews. Later in 1869, he switched to Edinburgh Collegiate School, and then in 1871 to Orwell House, both of Haigs parents died by the time he was eighteen. After a tour of the United States with his brother, Haig attended university, studying Political Economy, Ancient History and French Literature at Brasenose College, Oxford and he devoted much of his time to socialising – he was a member of the Bullingdon Club – and equestrian sports. He was one of the best young horsemen at Oxford and quickly found his way into the University polo team and he was commissioned as a lieutenant into the 7th Hussars on 7 February 1885. Haig played polo for England on a tour of the United States and he would remain a polo enthusiast all his life, serving as Chairman of the Hurlingham Polo Committee from its reorganization in May 1914 until 1922. He would also be President of the Army Polo Committee and founder of the Indian Polo Association and he then saw overseas service in India, where he was appointed the regiments adjutant in 1888. He was something of a disciplinarian, but also impressed his superiors by his skill at sorting out paperwork and he was promoted to captain on 23 January 1891. Haig left India in November 1892 to prepare for the exam for the Staff College, Camberley. Although he was placed in the top 28 candidates he was not awarded a place as he had failed the compulsory mathematics paper. He concealed this failure for the rest of his life and later recommended dropping the mathematics paper as a requirement. Haigs colour blindness would not have been an issue if he had passed the mathematics paper. Fraser was one of those who had lobbied for Haig to enter the Staff College, and he was nominated in late 1894. While waiting to take up his place, he travelled to Germany to report on cavalry manoeuvres there, the careers of French and Haig were to be entwined for the next twenty-five years, and Haig helped French write the cavalry drillbook, published 1896
34.
Earl Haig
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Earl Haig is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1919 for Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, during the First World War, he served as Commander of the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front in France and Belgium. As of 2016 the titles are held by the first Earls grandson, the third Earl, the family seat is Bemersyde House, near Newtown St. Boswells, Roxburghshire. Should the 3rd Earl die without an heir, the titles will go extinct, new York, St Martins Press,1990
35.
Francis James Child
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Francis James Child was an American scholar, educator, and folklorist, best known today for his collection of English and Scottish ballads now known as the Child Ballads. Child was Boylston professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard University, in 1876 he was named Harvards first Professor of English, a position which allowed him to focus on academic research. It was during this time that he work on the Child Ballads. The Child Ballads were published in five volumes between 1882 and 1898, while Child was primarily a literary scholar with little interest in the music of the ballads, his work became a major contribution to the study of English-language folk music. Francis James Child was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the family was poor, but thanks to the city of Bostons system of free public schools, the boy was educated at the Bostons Grammar and English High Schools. At Harvard, Frank excelled in all classes and also read widely outside his studies for his own pleasure and he was graduated in 1846, topping his class in all subjects and was chosen Class Orator by his graduating class, who received his valedictory speech with tumultuous applause. Upon graduation Child was appointed tutor in mathematics at Harvard and in 1848 was transferred to a tutorship in history, political economy, in 1848, Child published a critically annotated edition of Four Old Plays of the early English Renaissance. There were then no graduate schools in America, but a loan from a benefactor, bowditch, to whom the book was dedicated, enabled Child to take a leave of absence from his teaching duties to pursue his studies in Germany. In 1851, at the age of 26, Child succeeded Edward T, channing as Harvards Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, a position he held until Adams Sherman Hill was appointed to the professorship in 1876. Harvard had at time a enrollment of 382 undergraduates and a faculty of 14, including the president of the University. As a mathematician, wrote folklore scholar David E, the volumes on the works of Edmund Spenser and the English and Scottish Ballads, Child edited himself. Child planned an edition of the works of Chaucer, as well. He soon realized that this could not be done, however, Childs linguistic researches are largely responsible for how Chaucerian grammar, pronunciation, and scansion are now generally understood. Childs largest undertaking, however, grew out of the original English and Scottish Ballads volume in his British Poets series, the material for this volume was mostly derived from texts in previously published books. Child and Furnivall then went on to found The Ballad Society, with a view to publishing other important early ballad collections, thereafter, Child devoted himself to the comparative study of British vernacular ballads, using methods adopted from historical comparative philology to arrive at the earliest attested versions. Child considered that folk ballads came from a more time in the past when society was not so rigidly segregated into classes. He conceived the people as comprising all the classes of society, rich, middle, and poor, although Child concentrated his collections on manuscript texts with a view to determining their chronology, he also gave a sedulous but conservative hearing to popular versions still surviving. 1–12, was the model for Childs resulting canonical five-volume edition of some 305 English and Scottish ballads, worked and overworked to the last, he died in Boston after completing his task – apart from a planned general introduction and bibliography
36.
Mary, mother of Jesus
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Mary, also known by various titles, styles and honorifics, was a 1st-century Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran. The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin, the miraculous birth took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph and was awaiting the concluding rite of marriage, the formal home-taking ceremony. She married Joseph and accompanied him to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born, the Gospel of Luke begins its account of Marys life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to canonical gospel accounts, Mary was present at the crucifixion and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to the Catholic and Orthodox teaching, at the end of her life her body was assumed directly into Heaven. Mary has been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion and she is claimed to have miraculously appeared to believers many times over the centuries. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, there is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas, namely her status as the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her perpetual virginity, many Protestants minimize Marys role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary also has a position in Islam, where one of the longer chapters of the Quran is devoted to her. Marys name in the manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Aramaic name ܡܪܝܡ. The English name Mary comes from the Greek Μαρία, which is a form of Μαριάμ. Both Μαρία and Μαριάμ appear in the New Testament, in Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that she conceived Jesus miraculously through the Holy Spirit without her husbands involvement. The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are Theotokos, Aeiparthenos as confirmed in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions. For example, the title Our Lady of Sorrows has inspired such masterpieces as Michelangelos Pietà, the title Theotokos was recognized at the Council of Ephesus in 431. However, this phrase in Greek, in the abbreviated form ΜΡ ΘΥ, is an indication commonly attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God, some Marian titles have a direct scriptural basis. For instance, the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, the scriptural basis for the term Queen can be seen in Luke 1,32 and the Isaiah 9,6. Queen Mother can be found in 1 Kings 2, 19-20 and Jeremiah 13, other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary
37.
Loathly lady
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The Loathly Lady, is an archetype commonly used in medieval literature, most famously in Geoffrey Chaucers The Wife of Baths Tale. The motif is that of a woman that appears unattractive but undergoes a transformation upon being approached by a man in spite of her unattractiveness and it is then revealed that her ugliness was the result of a curse which was broken by the heros action. In the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology, Diarmuid Ua Duibhne was one of the most famous members of the Fianna, one freezing winters night, the Loathly Lady brazenly entered the Fianna lodge, where the warriors had just gone to bed after a hunting expedition. Drenched to the bone, her hair was snarled and knotted. Desperate for warmth and shelter, she knelt beside each warrior and demanded a blanket, despite her rants and temper tantrums, the tired men only rolled over and ignored her in the hope that she would leave. Only young Diarmuid, whose bed was nearest to the fireplace, took pity on the woman, giving her his bed. The Loathly Lady noticed Diarmuids love spot and said that she had wandered the world alone for 7 years, Diarmuid reassured her and told her she could sleep all night and that he would protect her. Towards dawn, he became aware that she had become a young woman. The next day, the Loathly Lady rewarded Diarmuids kindness by offering him his greatest wish—a house overlooking the sea, overjoyed, Diarmuid asked the woman to live with him. She agreed on one condition, He must promise never to mention how ugly she looked on the night they met, after 3 days together, Diarmuid grew restless. The Loathly Lady offered to watch his greyhound and her new pups while he went hunting, on three separate occasions, Diarmuids friends, envious of his good luck, visited the lady and asked for one of the new pups. Each time, she honoured the request, each time, Diarmuid was angry and asked her how she could repay him so meanly when he overlooked her ugliness the first night they met. On the third mention of that which he had promised never to speak of, the Loathly Lady and the house disappeared, realizing that his ungratefulness has caused him to lose everything he valued, Diarmuid set out to find his lady. He used a ship to cross a stormy sea. Arriving in the Otherworld, he searched for the lady through green meadows filled with brightly coloured horses, three times he spied a drop of ruby-red blood and gathered each drop into his handkerchief. When a stranger revealed that the Kings gravely ill daughter had just returned after 7 years, rushing to her side, he discovered she was dying. The 3 drops of blood Diarmuid collected were from her heart, the only cure was a cup of healing water from the Plain of Wonder, guarded by a jealous king and his army. Diarmuid vowed to bring back the cup and his quest for the healing cup nearly ended at an impassable river
38.
Ogier the Dane
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Ogier the Dane is a legendary character who first appears in an Old French chanson de geste, in the cycle of poems Geste de Doon de Mayence. The 12th-century Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus was not familiar with the character, a chronicle from St Martins monastery in Cologne claims that the monastery had been pillaged by the Saxons in 778, but that it was rebuilt by Olgerus, dux Daniæ, with the help of Charlemagne. Ogier the Dane first appears as one of Charlemagnes knights, in Chanson de Roland and he plays only a minor part in this poem, and his only link to Denmark seems to be his name, Ogier le Danois. Ogier becomes the character in the poem La Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche. Here he is the son of the Danish king Geoffrey, who is the enemy of Charlemagne, Ogier grows into a heroic character, who begets a son who was slain by Charlot, son of Charlemagne. Seeking revenge, Ogier kills Charlot and is prevented from killing Charlemagne. They eventually make peace and Ogier goes to fight at Charlemagnes side against the Saracens, after this poem was written Ogier becomes increasingly popular in European literature. Ogier the Dane had a sword named Cortana or Curtana, according to the legend, the weapon bore the inscription, My name is Cortana, of the same steel and temper as Joyeuse and Durendal. The 13th-century Prose Tristan states that Ogier inherited the sword of the Arthurian knight Tristan, shortening it and this suggests a connection to Henry III of Englands coronation sword Curtana, which was said to have been Tristans sword, and which had its end cut off. The sword remains in use in the coronation of the British monarchs, in 1515, Kristiern Pedersen was living in Paris, and there he translated a prose novel based on the rhyming chronicles into the Danish Olger Danskes krönike, which was printed in 1534. Pedersen made Ogier into the son of a Danish king named Godfred who leaves Ogier as hostage to Charlemagne and this translation quickly became popular in Denmark. Like Frederick Barbarossa, Saint Wenceslas and King Arthur, in Danish legend Ogier becomes a king in the mountain, he is said to dwell in the castle of Kronborg, his beard grown down to the floor. He will sleep there until some day when the country of Denmark is in peril, at time he will rise up. The largest World War II Danish resistance group, Holger Danske, was named after the legend, in some versions, Morgue le Faye takes him to Avalon, from where he returns after two hundred years to save France. According to the guides of Kronborg Castle, legend has it that Holger sat down in his present location after walking all the way from his complete battles in France. On Rönneberga slopes, outside Landskrona in south Sweden, there is a burial mound named Holger Danske mound, the 1789 opera Holger Danske, composed by F. L. Æ. Kunzen with a libretto by Jens Baggesen, had a impact on Danish nationalism in the late 18th century. It spawned the literary Holger feud, which revealed the increasing dissatisfaction among the native Danish population with the German influence on Danish society, amongst others, the Danish intellectual Peter Andreas Heiberg joined the feud by writing a satirical version entitled Holger Tyske ridiculing Baggesens lyrics
39.
Morgan le Fay
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Early works featuring Morgan do not elaborate her character beyond her role as a fay or sorceress. To the former, in early chivalric romances by Chrétien de Troyes and her character may be partially derived from that of the Welsh goddess Modron and other myths. She is often said to be the daughter of Arthurs mother Lady Igraine and her first husband Gorlois, so that Arthur, the son of Igraine and Uther Pendragon, is her half-brother. She becomes an apprentice of Merlin and an adversary of Arthur. In Thomas Malorys Le Morte dArthur and elsewhere, she is married to King Urien, with whom she has the son Ywain. She is also wanton and sexually aggressive, with many lovers including Merlin and Accolon, the earliest spelling of the name is Morgen, which is likely derived from Old Welsh or Old Breton Morgen, meaning Sea-born. The name is not to be confused with the Modern Welsh masculine name Morgan, while later works make her specifically human, she retains her magical powers. Inspiration for her character came from earlier Welsh mythology and literature. Additional speculation sometimes connects Morgan with the Irish goddess Morrígan, though there are few similarities between the two beyond the spelling of their names. Morgan has been more substantially linked with the goddess Modron, a derived from the continental Dea Matrona. Arthurian legends version of Urien is Morgan le Fays husband in the continental romances, the hystorical Urien had a treacherous ally named Morcant Bulc who plotted to assassinate him, similar to how Morgan attempts to kill Urien in the later version of Arthurian myth. This is similar to Avalon, the Isle of Apples with which Morgan le Fay has been associated since her earliest appearances. According to the chronicler Gerald of Wales, Morganis was a cousin of King Arthur who carried him to her island of Avalon. Writing in his Latin encyclopedic work Otia Imperialia, around the time and with similar derision for this belief. Morgan first appears by name in Vita Merlini, written by Norman-Welsh cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth about 1150, purportedly an account of the wizard Merlins later adventures, it elaborates some episodes from Geoffreys more famous earlier work, Historia Regum Britanniae. In Historia, Geoffrey relates how King Arthur, seriously wounded by Mordred at the Battle of Camlann, is taken off to the blessed Isle of Apple Trees, Avalon and her sisters names are Moronoe, Mazoe, Gliten, Glitonea, Gliton, Tyronoe, Thiten and Thiton. Prior to the cyclical Old French prose, the appearances of Morgan are few, the 12th-century French poet Chrétien de Troyes mentions her in his first romance Erec and Enide, completed around 1170. In it, a love of Morgan is Guinguemar, the Lord of the Isle of Avalon and a nephew of King Arthur and she is later mentioned in the same poem when Arthur provides the wounded hero Erec with a healing balm made by his sister Morgan
40.
Abbotsford House
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Abbotsford is a historic country house in the Scottish Borders, near Melrose, on the south bank of the River Tweed. It was formerly the residence of historical novelist and poet, Sir Walter Scott and it is a Category A Listed Building. The nucleus of the estate was a farm of 100 acres, called Cartleyhole, nicknamed Clarty Hole. He first built a villa and named it Abbotsford, creating the name from a ford nearby where previously abbots of Melrose Abbey used to cross the river. Scott then built additions to the house and made it into a mansion, building into the walls many sculptured stones from ruined castles, the last and principal acquisition was that of Toftfield, purchased in 1817. The new house was begun and completed in 1824. The general ground-plan is a parallelogram, with irregular outlines, one overlooking the Tweed. Into various parts of the fabric were built relics and curiosities from historical structures, Scott had only enjoyed his residence one year when he met with that reverse of fortune which involved the estate in debt. In 1830, the library and museum were presented to him as a gift by the creditors. The property was wholly disencumbered in 1847 by Robert Cadell, the publisher, Scotts only son Walter did not live to enjoy the property, having died on his way from India in 1847. Among subsequent possessors were Scotts son-in-law, John Gibson Lockhart, J. R, hope Scott, QC, and his daughter, the Hon. Mrs Maxwell Scott. The house was opened to the public in 1833, but continued to be occupied by Scotts descendants until 2004, the last of his direct descendants to hold the Lairdship of Abbotsford was his great-great-great-granddaughter Dame Jean Maxwell-Scott. She inherited it from her elder sister Patricia Maxwell-Scott in 1998, the sisters turned the house into one of Scotlands premier tourist attractions, after they had to rely on paying visitors to afford the upkeep of the house. It had electricity installed only in 1962, Sir Walter Scott rescued the jougs from Threave Castle in Dumfries and Galloway and attached them to the castellated gateway he built at Abbotsford. Tweedbank railway station is located near to Abbotsford House, Abbotsford gave its name to the Abbotsford Club, founded by William Barclay Turnbull in 1833 or 1834 in Scotts honour, and a successor to the Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs. It was a publication society, which existed to print. Its publications extended from 1835 to 1864, in 2012, a new Visitor Centre opened at Abbotsford which houses a small exhibition, gift shop and Ochiltrees Dining, a cafe/restaurant with views over the house and grounds. In 2014 it won the European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Award for its recent conservation project, list of places in the Scottish Borders Historic Scotland staff
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