1.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
2.
English country house
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An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were owned by individuals who also owned a town house. This allowed them to time in the country and in the city—hence, for these people. However, the term also encompasses houses that were, and often still are, frequently, the formal business of the counties was transacted in these country houses. With large numbers of indoor and outdoor staff, country houses were important as places of employment for rural communities. In turn, until the agricultural depressions of the 1870s, the estates, of country houses were the hub. However, the late 19th and early 20th centuries were the swansong of the traditional English country house lifestyle, increased taxation and the effects of World War I led to the demolition of hundreds of houses, those that remained had to adapt to survive. While a château or a schloss can be a fortified or unfortified building, if fortified, it is called a castle, but not all buildings with the name castle are fortified. The term stately home is subject to debate, and avoided by historians, as a description of a country house, the term was first used in a poem by Felicia Hemans, The Homes of England, originally published in Blackwoods Magazine in 1827. In the 20th century, the term was popularised in a song by Noël Coward. The books collection of homes also includes George IVs Brighton town palace. The country houses of England have evolved over the last five hundred years, before this time, larger houses were usually fortified, reflecting the position of their owners as feudal lords, de facto overlords of their manors. The Tudor period of stability in the saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses. Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries saw many former ecclesiastical properties granted to the Kings favourites, woburn Abbey, Forde Abbey and many other mansions with abbey or priory in their name became private houses during this period. Other terms used in the names of houses to describe their origin or importance include palace, castle, court, hall, mansion, park, house, manor, and place. Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known examples of the prodigy house. Some of the best known of Englands country houses were built by one architect at one time, Montacute House, Chatsworth House. They finally ran out of funds in the early 20th century, an example of this is Brympton dEvercy in Somerset, a house of many periods that is unified architecturally by the continuing use of the same mellow, local Ham Hill stone
3.
English Civil War
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The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of Englands government. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. The term English Civil War appears most often in the singular form, the war in all these countries are known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Unlike other civil wars in England, which focused on who should rule, this war was more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, the two sides had their geographical strongholds, such that minority elements were silenced or fled. The strongholds of the royalty included the countryside, the shires, on the other hand, all the cathedral cities sided with Parliament. All the industrial centers, the ports, and the advanced regions of southern and eastern England typically were parliamentary strongholds. Lacey Baldwin Smith says, the words populist, rich, at times there would be two groups of three lines allowing one group to reload while the other group arranged themselves and fired. Mixed in among the musketeers were pikemen carrying pikes that were between 12 feet and 18 feet long, whose purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. The Royalist cavaliers skill and speed on horseback led to early victories. While the Parliamentarian cavalry were slower than the cavaliers, they were better disciplined. The Royalists had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge leaving their forces scattered and tired, Cromwells cavalry, on the other hand, trained to operate as a single unit, which led to many decisive victories. The English Civil War broke out fewer than forty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, in spite of this, James personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort to extra-Parliamentary sources of income. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy. As Charles shared his fathers position on the power of the crown, at the time, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government. Instead, Parliament functioned as an advisory committee and was summoned only if. Once summoned, a continued existence was at the kings pleasure. Yet in spite of this role, Parliament had, over the preceding centuries. Without question, for a monarch, Parliaments most indispensable power was its ability to tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crowns disposal
4.
Enclosure
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Enclosure was the legal process in England during the 18th century of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, in England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced and deeded or entitled to one or more owners, the process of enclosure began to be a widespread feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the 19th century, unenclosed commons had become restricted to rough pasture in mountainous areas. Enclosure could be accomplished by buying the rights and all common rights to accomplish exclusive rights of use. The other method was by passing laws causing or forcing enclosure, the latter process of enclosure was sometimes accompanied by force, resistance, and bloodshed, and remains among the most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history in England. Marxist and neo-Marxist historians argue that rich landowners used their control of processes to appropriate public land for their private benefit. The process of created a landless working class that provided the labour required in the new industries developing in the north of England. For example, In agriculture the years between 1760 and 1820 are the years of wholesale enclosure in which, in village after village, thompson argues that Enclosure was a plain enough case of class robbery. We should be not to ascribe to developments that were the consequence of a much broader. He impact of eighteenth and nineteenth century enclosure has been grossly exaggerated, Enclosure is considered one of the causes of the British Agricultural Revolution. Enclosed land was under control of the farmer who was free to adopt better farming practices, there was widespread agreement in contemporary accounts that profit making opportunities were better with enclosed land. Following enclosure, crop yields increased while at the same time productivity increased enough to create a surplus of labour. The increased labour supply is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution, Enclosure of manorial common land was authorized by the Statute of Merton and the Statute of Westminster. Throughout the medieval and modern periods, piecemeal enclosure took place in which adjacent strips were fenced off from the common field and this was sometimes undertaken by small landowners, but more often by large landowners and lords of the manor. Significant enclosures took place to establish deer parks, some of these enclosures took place with local agreement. Most if not all emparkments were of already fenced land, there was a significant rise in enclosure during the Tudor period. These enclosures largely resulted in conversion of land use from arable to pasture – usually sheep farming and these enclosures were often undertaken unilaterally by the landowner
5.
Sherwood Forest
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Sherwood Forest is a royal forest in Nottinghamshire, England, famous by its historic association with the legend of Robin Hood. The area has been wooded since the end of the Ice Age, today, Sherwood Forest National Nature Reserve encompasses 423.2 hectares,1,045 acres, surrounding the village of Edwinstowe, the site of Thoresby Hall. The forest that most people associate with Sherwood Forest is actually named Birklands, when the Domesday Book was compiled in 1086, the forest covered perhaps a quarter of Nottinghamshire in woodland and heath subject to the forest laws. The Sherwood Forest Trust is a charity that covers the ancient royal boundary. Its aims are based on conservation, heritage and communities, but also include tourism, Nottinghamshire County Council and The Forestry Commission manage jointly the ancient remnant of forest north of the village of Edwinstowe, providing walks, trails and a host of other activities. This central core of ancient Sherwood is a SSSI, NNR and it is a very important site for ancient oaks, wood pasture, invertebrates and fungi, as well as being linked to the legends of Robin Hood. Part of the forest was opened as a park to the public in 1969 by Nottinghamshire County Council. In 2002, a portion of Sherwood Forest was designated a National Nature Reserve by English Nature, the River Idle, a tributary of the Trent, is formed in Sherwood Forest from the confluence of several minor streams. Sherwood attracts between 360,000 and 1 million tourists annually, many other countries. Visitor numbers have increased significantly since the launch of the BBCs Robin Hood television series in 2006, each August the nature reserve hosts an annual, week-long Robin Hood Festival. This event recreates a medieval atmosphere and features the characters from the Robin Hood legend. Throughout the year, visitors are attracted to the Sherwood Forest Art and Craft Centre, the centre contains art studios and a cafe, and hosts special events, including craft demonstrations and exhibitions. Sherwood Forest is home to the famous Major Oak, which, the oak tree is between 800 and 1,000 years old and, since the Victorian era, its massive limbs have been partially supported by an elaborate system of scaffolding. The Major Oak was featured on the 2005 BBC TV programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the Midlands. Experts believe it may yield clues as to the boundary of the ancient Anglo Saxon kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. English Heritage have recently inspected the site, and have confirmed it was known as Thynghowe in 1334 and 1609, the current location of the Sherwood Forest Visitor Centre must be moved due to the classification of the area as a Special Area of Conservation. SACs are strictly protected sites designated under the EC Habitats Directive, the listed habitat types and species are those considered to be most in need of conservation at a European level. Of the Annex I habitat types,78 are believed to occur in the UK, of the Annex II species,43 are native to, and normally resident in, the UK
6.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
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Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was an English aristocrat, letter writer and poet. Aside from her writing, Lady Mary is also known for introducing and advocating for smallpox inoculation to Britain after her return from Turkey and her writings usually address and challenge the hindering contemporary social attitudes towards women and their intellectual and social growth. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was born Mary Pierrepont in May 1689, her baptism took place on 26 May, at a few days old and she was the eldest child of Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, and his first wife, Mary Pierrepont. Her mother had three children, two girls and a boy, before dying in October 1692. The children were raised by their Pierrepont grandmother until Mary was nine years old, Lady Mary was then passed to the care of her father upon her grandmothers death. She began her education in her fathers home, family holdings were extensive, including Thoresby Hall and Holme Pierrepont Hall in Nottinghamshire, and a house in West Dean in Wiltshire. She also corresponded with two bishops, Thomas Tenison and Gilbert Burnet, by 1710 Lady Mary had two possible suitors to choose from, Edward Wortley Montagu and Clotworthy Skeffington. Lady Mary corresponded with Edward Wortley Montagu via letters from 28 March 1710 to 2 May 1711, after May 1711 there was a break in contact between Lady Mary and Edward Wortley Montagu. Marys father, now Marquess of Dorchester, rejected Wortley Montagu as a prospect because he refused to entail his estate on a possible heir and her father pressured her to marry Clotworthy Skeffington, heir to an Irish peerage. In order to avoid marriage to Skeffington, she eloped with Wortley, the marriage license is dated 17 August 1712, the marriage probably took place on 23 August 1712. The early years of Lady Mary Wortley Montagus married life were spent in the country and she had a son, Edward Wortley Montagu the younger, on 16 May 1713, in London. A couple of later, on 1 July 1713 Lady Marys brother, aged twenty, died of smallpox. On 13 October 1714, her husband accepted post as Junior Commissioner of Treasury, when Lady Mary joined him in London, her wit and beauty soon made her a prominent figure at court. In December 1715, Lady Mary contracted smallpox and she survived, but while she was ill someone circulated the satirical court eclogues she had been writing. One of the poems was read as an attack on Caroline, Princess of Wales, in 1716, Edward Wortley Montagu was appointed Ambassador at Istanbul. In August 1716, Lady Mary accompanied him to Vienna, and thence to Adrianople and he was recalled in 1717, but they remained at Istanbul until 1718. While away from England, the Wortley Montagus had a daughter on 19 January 1718, after an unsuccessful delegation between Austria and Turkey/Ottoman Empire, they set sail for England via the Mediterranean, and reached London on 2 October 1718. During her visit she was charmed by the beauty and hospitality of the Ottoman women she encountered
