1.
Madison, Wisconsin
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Madison is the capital of the U. S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Dane County. As of July 1,2015, Madisons estimated population of 248,951 made it the second largest city in Wisconsin, after Milwaukee, and the 84th largest in the United States. The city forms the core of the United States Census Bureaus Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Dane County and neighboring Iowa, Green, the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Areas 2010 population was 568,593. When the Wisconsin Territory was created in 1836 the territorial legislature convened in Belmont, One of the legislatures tasks was to select a permanent location for the territorys capital. Doty lobbied aggressively for Madison as the new capital, offering buffalo robes to the freezing legislators and he had James Slaughter plat two cities in the area, Madison and The City of Four Lakes, near present-day Middleton. Doty named the city Madison for James Madison, the fourth President of the U. S. who had died on June 28,1836 and he named the streets for the other 39 signers of the U. S. Constitution. Being named for the founding father James Madison, who had just died. The cornerstone for the Wisconsin capitol was laid in 1837, on October 9,1839, Kintzing Prichett registered the plat of Madison at the registrars office of the then-territorial Dane County. Madison was incorporated as a village in 1846, with a population of 626, when Wisconsin became a state in 1848, Madison remained the capital, and the following year it became the site of the University of Wisconsin. The Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad connected to Madison in 1854, Madison incorporated as a city in 1856, with a population of 6,863, leaving the unincorporated remainder as a separate Town of Madison. The original capitol was replaced in 1863 and the capitol burned in 1904. The current capitol was built between 1906 and 1917, during the Civil War, Madison served as a center of the Union Army in Wisconsin. Camp Randall, on the west side of Madison, was built and used as a camp, a military hospital. After the war ended, the Camp Randall site was absorbed into the University of Wisconsin, in 2004 the last vestige of active military training on the site was removed when the stadium renovation replaced a firing range used for ROTC training. The City of Madison continued annexations from the Town of Madison almost from the date of the citys incorporation, Madison is located in the center of Dane County in south-central Wisconsin,77 miles west of Milwaukee and 122 miles northwest of Chicago. The city completely surrounds the smaller Town of Madison, the City of Monona, Madison shares borders with its largest suburb, Sun Prairie, and three other suburbs, Middleton, McFarland and Fitchburg. The citys boundaries also approach the city of Verona, and the villages of Cottage Grove, DeForest, and Waunakee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 94.03 square miles
2.
Hamden, Connecticut
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Hamden is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The towns nickname is The Land of the Sleeping Giant, the population was 60,960 at the 2010 census. Hamden is a suburb of the city of New Haven, the town of Hamden ranked #53 in the CNN Money list of Americas best small cities in 2012. In 2008, Fortune Magazine and CNN Money picked Hamden as #33 on their Best Place to Live and Launch list, the article also pointed out Hamdens exceptional education system as well as its New England Charm. It remained a part of New Haven until 1786 when 1,400 local residents incorporated the area as a separate town, naming it after the English statesman John Hampden. Largely developed as a collection of village-like settlements, including Mount Carmel, Whitneyville, Spring Glen, West Woods. In 1798, four years after Eli Whitney began manufacturing the cotton gin in New Haven, he made arms for the U. S. government at a site in Hamden. At that site, Whitney introduced the era of mass production with the concept of interchangeable parts. The major thoroughfare through Hamden is named Whitney Avenue in honor of Eli Whitney, and it runs past Whitneys old factory, now the Eli Whitney Museum. Whitney constructed stone houses for his employees in the area, which is still referred to as Whitneyville. In 1806, the dam that Eli Whitney built at the site was enlarged to create a reservoir. The first truss bridge in the United States was erected nearby over the Mill River in Whitneyville in 1823, the Farmington Canal, which ships traveled from New Haven northward, passed through Hamden between 1825 and 1848 until it was supplanted by railroad travel. The canal right-of-way has become, in recent years, a walking and bicycling trail, passing by some of the well-preserved locks of the canal. Before its use as a walking and bicycling trail, many local residents rode their motocross bikes on the Farmington Canal, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, Hamden received a steady influx of immigrants, most notably from Italy and Ireland. To this day, a part of Greater New Havens Italian-American community resides in Hamden. During the post-war period, Hamden underwent significant suburban development, much of the southern section of town is urbanized and is difficult to distinguish from neighboring New Haven. The northern section of town, however, retains a rural character. This area of town is the location of the unique Sleeping Giant hill formation that is the source of the towns nickname
3.
The Bridge of San Luis Rey
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The Bridge of San Luis Rey is American author Thornton Wilders second novel, first published in 1927 to worldwide acclaim. It tells the story of several interrelated people who die in the collapse of an Inca rope bridge in Peru, and the events that lead up to their being on the bridge. A friar who has witnessed the accident then goes about inquiring into the lives of the victims, the novel won the Pulitzer Prize in 1928. A bridge woven by the Incas a century earlier collapsed at that particular moment, the collapse was witnessed by Brother Juniper, a Franciscan monk who was on his way to cross it. Wanting to show the world Gods Divine Providence, he out to interview everyone he can find who knew the five victims. Over the course of six years, he compiles a huge book of all of the evidence he gathers to show that the beginning, the second section focuses on one of the victims of the collapse, Doña María, the Marquesa de Montemayor. She was the daughter of a cloth merchant, an ugly child who eventually entered into an arranged marriage and bore a daughter, Clara. Clara was indifferent to her mother, though, and became engaged to a Spanish man, Doña María visits her daughter, but when they cannot get along, she returns to Lima. Doña María takes as her companion Pepita, a girl raised at the Convent of Santa María Rosa de la Rosas, when she learns that her daughter in Spain is pregnant, Doña María decides to make a pilgrimage to the shrine of Santa María de Cluxambuqua. Pepita goes along as company and to supervise the staff, when Doña María is out at the shrine, Pepita stays at the inn and writes a letter to her patron, the Abbess, complaining about her misery and loneliness. Doña María sees the letter on the table when she gets back, later, she asks Pepita about the letter, and Pepita says she tore it up because the letter was not brave. Doña María has new insight into the ways in which her own life and she writes her first letter of courageous love to her daughter, but two days later, returning to Lima, she and Pepita are on the bridge when it collapses. Esteban and Manuel are twins who were left at the Convent of Santa María Rosa de la Rosas as infants, the Abbess of the convent, Madre María del Pilar, developed a fondness for them as they grew up. When they became older, they decided to be scribes and they are so close that they have developed a secret language that only they understand. Their closeness becomes strained when Manuel falls in love with Camila Perichole, Perichole flirts with Manuel and swears him to secrecy when she retains him to write letters to her lover, the Viceroy. Esteban has no idea of their relationship until she turns up at the room one night in a hurry and has Manuel write to a bullfighter with whom she is having an affair. Esteban encourages his brother to follow her, but instead Manuel swears that he never see her again. Manuel cuts his knee on a piece of metal and it becomes infected, the surgeon instructs Esteban to put cold compresses on the injury, the compresses are so painful that Manuel curses Esteban, though he later remembers nothing of his curses
4.
Our Town
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Our Town is a 1938 metatheatrical three-act play by American playwright Thornton Wilder. It tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grovers Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the lives of its citizens. Throughout, Wilder uses metatheatrical devices, setting the play in the theatre where it is being performed. The main character is the manager of the theatre who directly addresses the audience, brings in guest lecturers, fields questions from the audience. The play is performed without a set on a bare stage. With a few exceptions, the actors mime actions without the use of props and our Town was first performed at McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey in 1938. It later went on to success on Broadway and won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and it remains popular today and revivals are frequent. The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the town of Grovers Corners, New Hampshire. Professor Willard speaks to the audience about the history of the town, Joe Crowell delivers the paper to Doc Gibbs, Howie Newsome delivers the milk, and the Webb and Gibbs households send their children off to school on this beautifully simple morning. Three years have passed, and George and Emily prepare to wed, the day is filled with stress. Howie Newsome is delivering milk in the rain while Si Crowell, younger brother of Joe. George pays a visit to his soon-to-be in-laws. Here, the Stage Manager interrupts the scene and takes the back a year, to the end of Emily. Emily confronts George about his pride, and over an ice cream soda, they discuss the future, George resolves not to go to college, as he had planned, but to work and eventually take over his uncles farm. In the present, George and Emily say that they are not ready to marry—George to his mother, Gibbs, Wally Webb, Mrs. Soames, and Simon Stimson. Town undertaker Joe Stoddard is introduced, as is a man named Sam Craig who has returned to Grovers Corners for his cousins funeral. That cousin is Emily, who died giving birth to her, once the funeral ends, Emily emerges to join the dead, Mrs. Gibbs urges her to forget her life, but she refuses. Ignoring the warnings of Simon, Mrs. Soames, and Mrs. Gibbs, Emily returns to Earth to relive one day, the memory proves too painful for her, and she realizes that every moment of life should be treasured
5.
The Skin of Our Teeth
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The Skin of Our Teeth is a play by Thornton Wilder which won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It opened on October 15,1942 at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut and it was produced by Michael Myerberg and directed by Elia Kazan. The play is an allegory about the life of mankind, centering on the Antrobus family of the fictional town of Excelsior. The original production starred Tallulah Bankhead, Fredric March, Florence Eldridge, Bankhead won a Variety Award for Best Actress and the New York Drama Critics Award for Best Actress of the Year for her role as Sabina. When she left the production in March 1943, she was replaced by Miriam Hopkins, Hopkins was in turn replaced by Gladys George. For two performances, while George was ill, Lizabeth Scott, who had been Bankheads understudy, was called in to play the role, Scott then played the role for the productions run in Boston. Originally billed in New York as Elizabeth Scott, she dropped the E before taking the part in Boston, the epic comedy-drama is noted as among the most heterodox of classic American comedies — it broke nearly every established theatrical convention. The phrase used as the title comes from the King James Bible, Job 19,20, My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, the plays action takes place in a modern setting, but is full of anachronisms reaching back to prehistoric times. The characters roles as archetypes are emphasized by their identification with Biblical and classical personalities, for example, the name Lilly Sabina is a reference to the myth of Lilith and to the historical rape of the Sabine women, identifications made relatively explicit in the plays text. Henry Antrobuss name was changed from Cain, following his murder of his brother Abel and this is a story from the Bible, in which Cain, the son of Adam, murders his brother Abel after God favors Abel over Cain regarding gifts. The murder of Abel is a theme in the play. Mr. Antrobus pays far more attention to his third child Gladys than he does Henry. As this treatment of Henry continues, throughout the acts is seen progression of Henry slowly becoming more angry with his family, while the Antrobus family remains constant throughout the play, the three acts do not form a continuous narrative. An additional layer of complexity is added by the occasional interruption of the narrative scene by actors directly addressing the audience. Antrobus interrupts to announce that several actors have taken ill, sabinas stock-maid monologue begins and ends the play in the same way, this stage-play goes on and on. In her role as resident pessimist, lacking vision, Sabina says, after each disaster, they just rebuild the world again. She also says, Dont forget that a few years ago we came through the depression by the skin of our teeth, one more tight squeeze like that and where will we be. And later she says. My nerves cant stand it, but if you have any ideas about improving this crazy old world, Im really with you
6.
Pulitzer Prize for the Novel
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The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily a total of three, in 31 years under the Novel name, the prize was awarded 27 times, in its first 69 years to 2016 under the Fiction name,62 times. In 11 years, no novel received the award and it has never been shared by two authors. Three writers have won two each in the Fiction category, Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, and John Updike. Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned and no 1941 award was given
7.
Pulitzer Prize for Drama
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The Pulitzer Prize for Drama is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes and it recognizes a theatrical work staged in the U. S. during the preceding calendar year. The drama jury, which consists of one academic and four critics, attends plays in New York, in 1955 Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. was selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for Drama by that awards committee. However, the selection was overruled by the awards advisory board. Had Albee been awarded, he would be tied with Eugene ONeill for the most Pulitzer Prizes for Drama, in its first 98 years to 2013, the Drama Pulitzer was awarded 82 times, none were given in 15 years and it was never split. Many of the prizes were won by people for their collaboration. * Star marks winners of the annual Tony Award for Best Play or Best Musical,1917, no award 1918, Why Marry. – Jesse Lynch Williams 1919, no award Nine musicals have won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and they are, George and Ira Gershwins Of Thee I Sing, Rodgers and Hammersteins South Pacific, Bock & Harnicks Fiorello. Of Thee I Sing, Sunday in the Park with George, however, Of Thee I Sing opened when the Tony Awards did not exist, and Next to Normal won the Tony Award for Best Original Score and the Tony Award for Best Orchestrations. The award goes to the playwright, although production of the play is taken into account. In the case of a musical being awarded the prize, the composer, lyricist, the reason given was that the Pulitzer Prize for Drama is a dramatic award, and not a musical one. Additionally, since 1983, when the identity of finalists was first disclosed and they are, Lee Breuer and Bob Telsons The Gospel at Colonus, Lin-Manuel Miranda and Quiara Alegría Hudes In the Heights, and Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Krons Fun Home. The latter two shows, however, each won the Tony Award for Best Musical, ¹All listed dates are Prize years. Generally, the musical in question opened in New York during either the preceding year or the preceding Broadway season. Eugene ONeill won the Pulitzer for Drama four times, three in the 1920s, several people have won two or three. Media related to Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
9.
The Eighth Day (novel)
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The Eighth Day is a 1967 novel by Thornton Wilder. Set in a town in southern Illinois, the plot revolved around John Barrington Ashley. The novel was written over the course of twenty months while Wilder was living alone in Douglas, the Eighth Day was the 1968 winner of the National Book Award. During a weekend gathering of the Ashley and Lansing families, Breckenridge Lansing is shot while the men are practicing shooting, townsfolk suspect that Eustacia Lansing and John Ashley were having an affair. Ashley is tried, convicted, and sentenced to execution, miraculously, days before the scheduled execution, he is rescued by mysterious masked men. He then escapes to Chile, where he assumes the identity of a Canadian named James Tolland and finds work in the copper mining industry
10.
Maple Bluff, Wisconsin
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Maple Bluff is a village in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,313 at the 2010 census, a suburb of Madison, it is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area. Maple Bluff is the site of the Wisconsin Governors Mansion, the residence of the governor of Wisconsin, la Follette House is also in Maple Bluff. Maple Bluff is served by the Maple Bluff Police Department, the Maple Bluff Fire Department provides fire protection service and non-transporting emergency medical service to the village. Ambulance transport services are contracted to a private ambulance provider, Maple Bluff is located at 43°6′39″N 89°22′6″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.69 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,313 people,547 households, the population density was 1,902.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 592 housing units at a density of 858.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 95. 9% White,1. 1% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 8% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 4% of the population. 20. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age in the village was 48 years. 22. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,3. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 3% were from 25 to 44,38. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 16. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49. 4% male and 50. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,358 people,541 households, and 407 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,944.1 people per square mile, there were 557 housing units at an average density of 797.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 97. 13% White,1. 33% African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 37% Asian,0. 29% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 66% of the population. 19. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.88. In the village, the population was out with 24. 0% under the age of 18,4. 3% from 18 to 24,22. 2% from 25 to 44,31. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 93.2 males
11.
Harvard Divinity School
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Harvard Divinity School is one of the constituent schools of Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. As of June 2015, the Schools mission is to train and educate its students either in the study of religion. It also caters to students from other Harvard schools that are interested in the former field, Harvard Divinity School is among a small group of university-based, non-denominational divinity schools in the United States. Harvard College was founded in 1636 as a Puritan/Congregationalist institution and trained ministers for many years, the separate institution of the Divinity School, however, dates from 1816, when it was established as the first non-denominational divinity school in the United States. During its first century, Harvard Divinity School was unofficially associated with American Unitarianism, however, it also retains a historical tie to one of the successor denominations of American Congregationalism, the United Church of Christ. Today, students and faculty come from a variety of backgrounds, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh. Its academic programs attempt to balance theology and religious studies—that is and this is in contrast to many other divinity schools where one or the other is given primacy. In April 2014, the Faculty of HDS voted to unify the ThD and PhD in the study of religion in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, suspending admission to the ThD starting in fall 2015. Those previously admitted to the ThD program continue to be candidates for the ThD, since its founding, it has supported more than 100 scholars, representing over 50 institutions of higher learning in the United States and around the world. The WSRP promotes critical inquiry into the interaction between religion and gender, and every year the program brings five postdoctoral scholars to HDS, the research associates each work on a book-length research project and teach courses related to their research. The Center focuses on the understanding of religions globally through its research, publications, funding and it welcomes scholars and practitioners, and highlights the intellectual and historical dimensions of religious dialogue. Its current director is Francis X. Clooney, SJ, a scholar of Hinduism and comparative theologian focusing on the Hindu, the Center’s Meditation Room is used regularly by individuals and groups. The building that houses the Center was designed by Josep Lluís Sert, as a full-time residential program, holding classes five days a week, the educational focus lies on faith-based case studies of corporations and communities. Since the SLIs inauguration in 1998, more than 450 participants have completed the program, participants also developed individual plans of action, on a case-study model, applicable to the local work in their communities. The Program in Religion and Secondary Education is an education program that prepares students to teach about religion in public schools from a non-sectarian perspective. Beginning with the 2009-10 academic year, no new students will be admitted to the program for at least the two years. Students who are already in the PRSE will continue and be able to finish their degree in normal fashion, andover-Harvard Theological Library was founded in 1836 and underwent expansion in 1911 when the collections of HDS and Andover Theological Seminary were combined. The Library is part of the larger Harvard University library system, which is available to all faculty, staff, in September 2001, the library completed a $12-million renovation that enhanced its technology facilities and improved its information systems
12.
Mount Holyoke College
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Mount Holyoke College is a liberal arts college for women in South Hadley, Massachusetts, United States. It was the first member of the Seven Sisters colleges, Mount Holyoke is part of the Pioneer Valleys Five College Consortium, along with Amherst College, Smith College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The school was founded in 1837 by Mary Lyon as Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, Mary Lyon had previously founded Wheaton Female Seminary in Norton, Massachusetts, in 1834. Mount Holyoke received its charter in 1888 as Mount Holyoke Seminary and College. Mount Holyokes chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established in 1905, Mount Holyokes buildings were designed between 1896 and 1960. It has a Donald Ross-designed 18-hole golf course, The Orchards, U. S. News & World Report lists Mount Holyoke as the 35th best liberal arts college in the United States in its 2016 rankings. In 2011–2012, Mount Holyoke was one of the top producers of Fulbright Scholars. Mount Holyokes founder, Mary Lyon, is considered by scholars to have been an innovator in the area of womens education. Her establishment of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was part of a movement to create institutions of higher education for young women during the first half of the 19th century. Lyons contemporaries include Sarah Pierce, Catharine Beecher, Zilpah P. Grant Banister, prior to founding Mount Holyoke, Lyon contributed to the development of both Hartford Female Seminary and Ipswich Female Seminary. She was also involved in the creation of Wheaton Female Seminary in 1834, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was originally chartered as a teaching seminary in 1836 and opened its doors to students on 8 November 1837. Both Vassar College and Wellesley College were patterned after Mount Holyoke, from its founding in 1837, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary had no religious affiliation. However, students were required to attend services, chapel talks, prayer meetings. Twice a day teachers and students spent time in private devotions, every dorm room had two large lighted closets to give roommates privacy during their devotions. Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was the school to Andover Seminary. Mount Holyoke Female Seminary received its charter in 1888, becoming Mount Holyoke Seminary. In 1893 it became Mount Holyoke College, Mount Holyokes chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established in 1905. It has been a school to Womens Christian College in Chennai, Tamil Nadu
13.
Yale College
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Yale College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Yale University. Founded in 1701, it is the school of the university. Originally established to train Congregationalist ministers, the college began teaching humanities, at the same time, students began organizing extracurricular organizations, first literary societies, and later publications, sports teams, and singing groups. By the mid-19th century, it was the largest college in the United States, in 1847, it was joined by another undergraduate degree-granting school at Yale, the Sheffield Scientific School, which was absorbed into the college in the mid-20th century. The most distinctive feature of life is the schools system of residential colleges, established in 1932. All undergraduates live in these colleges after their year, when most live on the schools Old Campus. The Collegiate School was founded in 1701 by a charter drawn by ten congregationalist ministers led by James Pierpont, originally situated in Abraham Piersons home in Killingworth, Connecticut, the college moved to New Haven in 1718 and was renamed for Elihu Yale, an early benefactor. Founded as a school to train ministers, original curriculum included only coursework in theology, later in the century, William Graham Sumner, the first professor of sociology in the United States, introduced studies in the social sciences. The relaxation of curriculum came in tandem with expansion in the extracurriculum, participation and leadership in these groups was an important social signifier and a route to induction into prestigious senior societies. Thus extracurricular participation became central to student life and social advancement, by 1870, Yale was the largest undergraduate institution in the country. Two additional colleges were built by 1940, and two more in the 1960s, for most of its history, study at Yale was almost exclusively restricted to white Protestant men, often the children of alumni. Documented exceptions to this paradigm include Hawaiian native Henry ʻŌpūkahaʻia, who became a student of Yale President Timothy Dwight in 1809, pennington, who was allowed to audit theology courses in 1837. Moses Simons, a descendent of a slave-holding South Carolinian family, has suggested to be the first Jew to graduate from Yale. Though his maternal ancestry is disputed, he may have also been the first person of African American descent to graduate from any American college. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified. Enrollment at Yale only became competitive in the early 20th century, as late as the 1950s, tests and demographic questionnaires for admission to the college worked to exclude non-Christian men, especially Jews, as well as non-white men. By the mid-1960s these processes were becoming more meritocratic, focusing on recruitment of a racially, economically and geographically diverse student body and this meritocratic transition encouraged the university to establish the first need-blind admissions policy in the United States. After several decades of debate about coeducation, Yale College admitted its first class of women in 1969, in recent years, the college has focused on international recruitment, quadrupling the fraction of international students admitted between 1993 and 2013
14.
Photograph
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A photograph or photo is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic medium such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are created using a camera, which uses a lens to focus the scenes visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the eye would see. The process and practice of creating photographs is called photography, the word photograph was coined in 1839 by Sir John Herschel and is based on the Greek φῶς, meaning light, and γραφή, meaning drawing, writing, together meaning drawing with light. The first permanent photograph, a copy of an engraving, was made in 1822 using the bitumen-based heliography process developed by Nicéphore Niépce. In 1829 Niépce entered into a partnership with Louis Daguerre and the two collaborated to work out a similar but more sensitive and otherwise improved process, after Niépces death in 1833, Daguerre concentrated on silver halide-based alternatives. He named this first practical process for making photographs with a camera the daguerreotype and its existence was announced to the world on 7 January 1839 but working details were not made public until 19 August. Other inventors soon made improvements which reduced the exposure time from a few minutes to a few seconds, making portrait photography truly practical. The daguerreotype had shortcomings, notably the fragility of the image surface. Each was a unique opaque positive that could only be duplicated by copying it with a camera, inventors set about working out improved processes that would be more practical. By the end of the 1850s the daguerreotype had been replaced by the expensive and more easily viewed ambrotype and tintype. The mid-1930s saw the introduction of Kodachrome and Agfacolor Neu, the first easy-to-use color films of the modern multi-layer chromogenic type, the needs of the motion picture industry generated a number of special processes and systems, perhaps the best-known being the now-obsolete three-strip Technicolor process. Non-digital photographs are produced with a chemical process. In the two-step process the film captures a negative image. To produce an image, the negative is most commonly transferred onto photographic paper. Printing the negative onto transparent film stock is used to motion picture films. Alternatively, the film is processed to invert the negative image, such positive images are usually mounted in frames, called slides. Before recent advances in photography, transparencies were widely used by professionals because of their sharpness. Most photographs published in magazines were taken on color transparency film, originally, all photographs were monochromatic or hand-painted in color
15.
The Thacher School
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The Thacher School is a highly selective, co-educational, independent boarding school located on 427 acres of hillside overlooking the Ojai Valley in Ojai, California, United States. Founded in 1889 as a school, it is now the oldest co-ed boarding school in California. Girls were first admitted in 1977, the first co-ed graduating class was the class of 1978. The student body numbers 235, and it boasts a 12% acceptance rate, at the heart of Thacher’s founding philosophy is a belief that students benefit from taking on real responsibility and positive risks. This philosophy is evident in equestrian and outdoor programs that set Thacher apart from other boarding schools, all students are required to ride and care for a horse during their first year. An annual gymkhana event gives students an opportunity to demonstrate their horsemanship in competition with each other, throughout the year, students are encouraged to take weekend camping trips into the local mountains. On November 8,2004, the San Jose Mercury News reported that the received its largest alumni donation ever from Owen Jameson. The $10 million gift was part of the $82 million Campaign For Thacher, concluded in 2007, that sought to improve Thachers financial aid program, facilities, jamesons donation was specifically directed towards expanding Thachers scholarship opportunities for youths from minority or low-income families. Sherman Day Thacher did not arrive on the Casa de Piedra ranch with the intent of creating a school, the son of Yale professor Thomas and Elizabeth Thacher, he elected to move to California to care for his brother who needed the fresh air cure for his tuberculosis. While spending time on the ranch, Thacher was contacted by an old Yale colleague who had a son that desperately wanted to go to Yale but needed tutoring before he would be prepared to attend. Thacher accepted the offer and tutored his colleagues son in both academics and maturity with his method of blending studies with outdoor living and horsemanship. Soon other friends were sending their sons out to California to receive Thachers instruction, the campus, nestled in the foothills in the northeast corner of the Ojai Valley, about 85 miles north of Los Angeles, was originally the Casa de Piedra ranch. Buildings reflect a variety of styles, including California Craftsman. Residential areas are organized to support a campus community where faculty members and their families live. Despite the recent campus developments, Thacher still retains its casual ranch appearance with its style of architecture. The school also maintains base camps in the Sespe Wilderness and the Eastern Sierras Golden Trout Wilderness, while The Thacher Schools symbol has always been that of the Pegasus, its mascot is the toad. In 1962 Nick Thacher, CdeP1963, and grandson of Sherman Day Thacher, instead Toads seemed appropriate because the nature of such beasts is one of humility and quiet persistence. In an older video, a Thacher student was quoted as saying, They may be toads
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Ojai, California
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Ojai is a city in Ventura County in the U. S. state of California. Located in the Ojai Valley, it is northwest of Los Angeles, the valley is about 10 miles long by 3 miles wide, surrounded by hills and mountains. The population was 7,461 at the 2010 census, down from 7,862 at the 2000 census. Ojai is a destination with boutique hotels and recreation opportunities including hiking. It also has small businesses specializing in local and ecologically friendly art, design, and home improvement—such as galleries, chain stores are prohibited by Ojai city law to encourage local small business development and keep the town unique. The origin of the name Ojai has historically been known as derived from a Native American word meaning nest, the citys self-styled nickname is Shangri-La referencing the natural beauty of this health-and-spirituality-focused region. Chumash Indians were the inhabitants of the valley. They called it Ojai, which derives from the Ventureño Chumash word ʼawhaý meaning moon, the area became part of the Rancho Ojai Mexican land grant made to Fernando Tico in 1837, and he established a cattle ranch. Tico sold it in 1853 without much success to prospectors searching for oil, by 1864, the area was settled. The town was out in 1874 by real estate developer R. G. Surdam and named Nordhoff, California, in honor of the writer Charles Nordhoff, leading up to and during World War I, American sentiment became increasingly anti-German. Across the United States, German and German-sounding place names were changed, as part of this trend, Nordhoff was renamed Ojai in 1917. The public high school in Ojai is still named Nordhoff High School, the public junior high school, named Matilija, formerly served as Nordhoff Union High School and still features large tiles with the initials NUHS on the steps of the athletic field. The main turning point in the development of the city was the coming of Edward Libbey and he saw the valley and fell in love, thinking up many plans for expansion and beautification of the existing rustic town. A fire destroyed much of the original western-style downtown Nordhoff—Ojai in 1917, afterwards Libbey helped design, finance, and build a new downtown more in line with the then contemporary taste for Spanish Colonial Revival style architecture. To thank Libbey for his gifts to the town, the proposed a celebration to take place on March 2 of each year. Libbey declined their offer to call it Libbey Day, and instead suggested Ojai Day, the celebration still takes place each year in October. The arcade and bell tower still stand, and have come to serve as symbols of the city, libbeys pergola was destroyed in 1971, after being damaged in an explosion
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Intellectual
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Socially, intellectuals constitute the intelligentsia, a status class organised either by ideology, or by nationality. Man of Letters The English term Man of Letters derives from the French term belletrist, the term Man of Letters distinguished the literate man from the illiterate man, in a time when literacy was a rare form of cultural capital. In late 19th century, the term became common usage to denote the defenders of the falsely accused artillery officer Alfred Dreyfus. Likewise, in Tsarist Russia, there arose the intelligentsia, who were the class of white-collar workers. As such, politically radical thinkers already had participated in the French Revolution, Robert Darnton said that they were not societal outsiders, but respectable, domesticated, moreover, some intellectuals were anti-academic, despite universities being synonymous with intellectualism. Habermas Structural Transformation of Public Sphere made significant contribution to the notion of public intellectual by historically and conceptually delineating the idea of private, such civil servants earned academic degrees by means of imperial examination, and also were skilled calligraphers, and knew Confucian philosophy. Historian Wing-Tsit Chan concludes that, Generally speaking, the record of these scholar-gentlemen has been a worthy one and it was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe. Nevertheless, it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law, and personal considerations in Chinese government have been a curse. In Joseon Korea, the intellectuals were the literati, who knew how to read and write, socially, they constituted the petite bourgeoisie, composed of scholar-bureaucrats who administered the dynastic rule of the Joseon dynasty. The Italian Communist theoretician Antonio Gramsci developed Karl Marx’s conception of the intelligentsia to include political leadership in the public sphere and that, because all knowledge is existentially-based, the intellectuals, who create and preserve knowledge, are spokesmen for different social groups, and articulate particular social interests. That intellectuals occur in social class and throughout the right wing, the centre. That, as a class, the intellectuals view themselves as autonomous from the ruling class of their society. Therefore, the leadership of intellectuals is required for effecting and realizing social change, because, in the formal codification of Leninism, the Hungarian Marxist philosopher, György Lukács identified the intelligentsia as the privileged social class who provide revolutionary leadership. By means of intelligible and accessible interpretation, the intellectuals explain to the workers, the How. and the Why. of the social, economic, and political status quo—the ideological totality of society—and its practical, revolutionary application to the transformation of their society. The term public intellectual describes the intellectual participating in the discourse of society. In Representations of the Intellectual, Edward Saïd said that the … true intellectual is, therefore, always an outsider, living in self-imposed exile, and on the margins of society. An intellectual usually is associated with an ideology or with a philosophy and that intellectuals be mindful of the social and cultural ties created with their words, insights, and ideas, and should be heard as social critics of politics and power. In journalism, the term usually connotes a university academic of the humanities—especially a philosopher—who addresses important social and political matters of the day
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OMF International
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OMF International is an international and interdenominational Protestant Christian missionary society with an international centre in Singapore. It was founded in Britain by Hudson Taylor on 25 June 1865, the non-sectarian China Inland Mission was founded on principles of faith and prayer. From the beginning it recruited missionaries from the class as well as single women. Even today, no appeals for funds are made, instead a reliance upon God is practiced to move people through prayer alone, the name was officially changed to Overseas Missionary Fellowship in 1964 and to OMF International in the 1990s. Like his missionary forebear Karl Gützlaff and contemporary William Chalmers Burns, on 3 October 1865, Taylor sent John and Anne Stevenson and George Stott to China, where they arrived on February 6,1866. On 26 May of that year, Taylor accompanied the largest group of missionaries that had sailed to China on the Lammermuir. There were 16 missionaries as well as Hudson, his wife, Maria, in 1872, the China Inland Missions London council was formed. In 1875, it began to evangelise China systematically, Taylor requested 18 missionaries from God for the nine provinces which were still unreached. In 1881, he requested a further 70 missionaries, and, in 1887 The Hundred missionaries were sent to China. Taylor travelled across several continents to recruit for the China Inland Mission, by the end of the nineteenth century, the CIM was well known around the world. Richard Lovett wrote about the practices of the missionaries in 1899, In 1900, attacks took place across China in connection with the Boxer Rebellion which targeted Christians, the China Inland Mission lost more members than any other agency,58 adults and 21 children were killed. In the same year, Dixon Edward Hoste was appointed to the directorship of the mission, the early 1900s saw great expansion of missionary activity in China following the Boxer Rebellion and during the Revolution of 1912 and the establishment of the Chinese Republic. He died in Egypt while still in training, a musician and an engineer named James O. Fraser was the first to bring the Gospel message to the Lisu tribes of Yunnan in southwest China. This resulted in phenomenal church growth among the tribes in the area that endured to the 21st century. The Warlord period brought widespread lawlessness to China and missionary work was often dangerous or deadly, John and Betty Stam were a young couple who were murdered in 1934 by Communist soldiers. The Japanese invasion further complicated efforts as the Japanese distrusted anyone with British or American Nationalities, when the Japanese invaded China in World War II, the China Inland Mission moved its headquarters up the Yangzi River to Chongqing. Many missionaries were put into concentration camps until the end of the war, one such camp was at Weifang. The entire Chefoo School run by the mission at Yantai was imprisoned at a concentration camp, as the children and teachers were marched off they sang, The students were separated from their parents for more than 5 years
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Chefoo School
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Its purpose was to provide an education for the children of foreign missionaries and the foreign business and diplomatic communities in China. Chefoo School was operated as a part of the China Inland Mission agency, staff of the school were required to be full members of the C. I. M. The curriculum was based on the British education system, heavily emphasizing classical courses designed to prepare students for entrance to British universities such as Oxford, Christian education was also a focus. The Principal led prayers daily, and there were two services each Sunday, the school year had four terms beginning in February, April, August and October. The school also competed in such as soccer and rowing. School magazines included Lux Tenebris in 1887, and The Magnet in the 1920s, and The Chefusian begun in 1928, the school was connected to a sanatorium for missionaries when it began, but eventually became larger than the hospital itself. Mr W L Elliston began to teach the first three pupils in 1881 and this included two sons of pioneer missionary Charles Henry Judd. Elliston was also the first Head Master, by 1886, the number of pupils grew to over 100, and there were three departments—the Boys, Girls and Preparatory School. In 1886 the Boys and Girls schools were separated, the children of China Inland Mission workers alone numbered over 200 children by 1894. In 1895 a Preparatory School for children aged 5–10 was opened in premises owned by the Mission at Tong-Hsin, in 1896 a new Boys School was built at Chefoo, and enlargements made to the Girls School, which was opened in 1898. By early 1900, the Preparatory school had moved closer to the school once more. From 1909-1915, another Preparatory school operated in Lushan, Jiangxi, in 1936, Chefoo School adopted the Chinese dolphin as its crest. In 1937 Japan invaded China and Japanese Army entered Chefoo in February 1938, British and American citizens were considered as neutrals at first. The school routine was not disrupted very much, then came December 7,1941, with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Bruce was soon arrested and the Japanese Army took control of the school property, in November 1942, staff and remaining students were interned at the Temple Hill Japanese Internment Camp. In summer 1943, they were moved to Weihsien Internment Camp and their fellow internee, Eric Liddell died there before the end of the war. The Americans landed on August 17,1945, just outside the gates of the “Weihsien Civilian Assembly Center”, three days before, the Japanese had announced their surrender, but another two weeks would pass before the surrender papers were signed. The paratroopers were sent by the Office of Strategic Services the forerunner of the CIA, unable to land at the camp because of the guards, they made a low drop from a B-24 into a nearby cornfield
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Yantai
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Yantai, formerly known as Zhifu or Chefoo, is a prefecture-level city on the Bohai Strait in northeastern Shandong Province, China. Lying on the southern coast of the Korea Bay, Yantai borders Qingdao on the southwest and it is the largest fishing seaport in Shandong. Its population was 6,968,202 during the 2010 census, of whom 2,227,733 lived in the area made up of the 4 urban districts of Zhifu, Muping, Fushan. The name Yantai derives from the watchtowers constructed on Mount Qi in 1398 under the reign of the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty, the towers were used to light signal fires and send smoke signals, called langyan from their supposed use of wolf dung for fuel. At the time, the area was troubled by the Dwarf Pirates, initially raiders from the states in Japan. It was also formerly romanized as Yen-tai, the major district of Yantai is Zhifu, which used to be the largest independent city in the area. It was variously romanized as Chefoo, Che-foo, Chi-fu, although this name was used for the city by foreigners prior to the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, the locals referred to the settlement as Yantai throughout. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, the region was inhabited by indigenous peoples known to the Chinese as the Eastern Barbarians. Under the Zhou, they were colonized and sinicized as the state of Lai. Lai was annexed by Qi in 567 BC, under the First Emperor, the area was administered as the Qi Commandery. Under the Han, this was renamed as the Donglai Commandery, following the Three Kingdoms Period, the area was organized by the Jin as the Donglai Kingdom or Principality, later returning to prefecture status as a jùn and then zhōu. Under the Tang and during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, it was known as Deng Prefecture and it was then organized as the Laizhou and then, under the Qing, Dengzhou Commandery. Up to the 19th century, however, the Zhifu area consisted of nothing, following the Second Opium War, the Qing Empire was obliged to open more treaty ports by the unequal 1858 Treaty of Tianjin, including Tengchow. Its port being found inadequate, Zhifu—about 30 miles away—was selected to act as the seat of the foreign commerce. The mooring was at considerable distance from shore, necessitating more time and expense in loading and unloading, the harbor opened in May 1861, with its status as an international port affirmed on 22 August. The official decree was accompanied by the construction of the Donghai Pass and it quickly became the residence of a circuit intendant, customs house, and a considerable foreign settlement located between the old native town and the harbor. Britain and sixteen other nations established consulates in the town, the principal traders were the British and Americans, followed by the Germans and Thais. The town also traded Chinese liquors and sundries for the seaweed grown in the shallows of the Russian settlements around Port Arthur. In 1875, the murder of the British diplomat Augustus Margary in Tengchong, Yunnan, led to a crisis that was resolved in Zhifu by Thomas Wade
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Retrieved on 18 May 2009