1.
Copenhagen
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Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
2.
Denmark
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The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government
3.
Art
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In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art. The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, during the Romantic period, art came to be seen as a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science. Though the definition of what art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency. The nature of art, and related such as creativity. One early sense of the definition of art is related to the older Latin meaning. English words derived from this meaning include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, however, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its etymology. Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art, Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the muses, and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness in the Phaedrus, and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homers great poetic art, in Ion, Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic. For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, the forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is an imitation of men worse than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankinds advantages over animals. The second, and more recent, sense of the art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th century. The creative arts are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks that are compelled by a drive and convey a message, mood. Art is something that stimulates an individuals thoughts, emotions, beliefs, works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are considered applied art
4.
Neoclassicism
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The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, laterally competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th, European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began c.1760 in opposition to the then-dominant Baroque and Rococo styles. Each neo-classicism selects some models among the range of classics that are available to it. They ignored both Archaic Greek art and the works of Late Antiquity, the Rococo art of ancient Palmyra came as a revelation, through engravings in Woods The Ruins of Palmyra. While the movement is described as the opposed counterpart of Romanticism. The case of the main champion of late Neoclassicism, Ingres, demonstrates this especially well. The revival can be traced to the establishment of formal archaeology, the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann were important in shaping this movement in both architecture and the visual arts. With the advent of the Grand Tour, a fad of collecting antiquities began that laid the foundations of many great collections spreading a Neoclassical revival throughout Europe, Neoclassicism in each art implies a particular canon of a classical model. In English, the term Neoclassicism is used primarily of the arts, the similar movement in English literature. This, which had been dominant for decades, was beginning to decline by the time Neoclassicism in the visual arts became fashionable. Though terms differ, the situation in French literature was similar, in music, the period saw the rise of classical music, and Neoclassicism is used of 20th-century developments. Ingress coronation portrait of Napoleon even borrowed from Late Antique consular diptychs and their Carolingian revival, much Neoclassical painting is more classicizing in subject matter than in anything else. A fierce, but often very badly informed, dispute raged for decades over the merits of Greek and Roman art, with Winckelmann. The work of artists, who could not easily be described as insipid, combined aspects of Romanticism with a generally Neoclassical style. Unlike Carstens unrealized schemes, the etchings of Giovanni Battista Piranesi were numerous and profitable and his main subject matter was the buildings and ruins of Rome, and he was more stimulated by the ancient than the modern. Neoclassicism in painting gained a new sense of direction with the success of Jacques-Louis Davids Oath of the Horatii at the Paris Salon of 1785. Despite its evocation of republican virtues, this was a commission by the royal government, David managed to combine an idealist style with drama and forcefulness. David rapidly became the leader of French art, and after the French Revolution became a politician with control of government patronage in art
5.
Bertel Thorvaldsen
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Bertel Thorvaldsen was a Danish/Icelandic sculptor of international fame, who spent most of his life in Italy. Thorvaldsen was born in Copenhagen into a Danish/Icelandic family of humble means, working part-time with his father, who was a wood carver, Thorvaldsen won many honors and medals at the academy. He was awarded a stipend to travel to Rome and continue his education, in Rome, Thorvaldsen quickly made a name for himself as a sculptor. Maintaining a large workshop in the city, he worked in a heroic neo-classicist style and his patrons resided all over Europe. Upon his return to Denmark in 1838, Thorvaldsen was received as a national hero, the Thorvaldsen Museum was erected to house his works next to Christiansborg Palace. Thorvaldsen is buried within the courtyard of the museum, in his time, he was seen as the successor of master sculptor Antonio Canova. His strict adherence to classical norms has tended to estrange modern audiences, Thorvaldsen was born in Copenhagen in 1770, the son of Gottskálk Þorvaldsson, an Icelander who had settled in Denmark. Thorvaldsens mother was Karen Dagnes, a Jutlandic peasant girl and his birth certificate and baptismal records have never been found, and the only record is of his confirmation in 1787. Thorvaldsen had claimed descent from Snorri Thorfinnsson, the first European born in America, Thorvaldsens childhood in Copenhagen was humble. His father had a habit that slowed his career. Nothing is known of Thorvaldsens early schooling, and he may have been schooled entirely at home and he never became good at writing, and he never acquired much of the knowledge of fine culture that was expected from an artist. In 1781, by the help of friends, eleven-year-old Thorvaldsen was admitted to Copenhagens Royal Danish Academy of Art first as a draftsman. At night he would help his father in the wood carving, among his professors were Nicolai Abildgaard and Johannes Wiedewelt, who are both likely influences for his later neo-classicist style. At the Academy he was praised for his works and won all the prizes from the small Silver Medal to the large Gold Medal for a relief of St. Peter healing the crippled beggar in 1793. As a consequence, he was granted a Royal stipend, enabling him to complete his studies in Rome. Leaving Copenhagen on August 30 on the frigate Thetis, he landed in Palermo in January 1797 traveled to Naples where he studied for a month before making his entry to Rome on 8 March 1797. Since the date of his birth had never recorded, he celebrated this day as his Roman birthday for the rest of his life. In Rome he lived at Via Sistina in front of the Spanish Steps and had his workshop in the stables of the Palazzo Barberini and he was taken under the wing of Georg Zoëga a Danish archeologist and numismatist living in Rome
6.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
7.
Slotsholmen
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Slotsholmen is an island in the harbour of Copenhagen, Denmark, and part of Copenhagen Inner City. The island is dominated by the vast Christiansborg Palace which houses the Danish Parliament, the Supreme Court of Denmark, the Prime Ministers Office, the site used to consist of several small natural islands in the sound between the islands of Zealand and Amager. On the largest of these, Strandholmen, Bishop Absalon of Roskilde constructed a castle in 1167. In 1250 the castle was extended with two towers to get the appearance that is now depicted on Copenhagens Coat of Arms. The castle was conquered by the Hanseatic League 1368 and pulled down the year as part of peace terms. Shortly after Copenhagen Castle was built on the site and it became the residence for the Danish king in 1443. However, the took place in a rather haphazard way and continued during the reign of the following kings. Probably during the reign of Christian III a building was constructed on the quay of the canal in front of the castle to house the Chancellery. During the reign of Christian III and Frederick II an arsenal was constructed by the south of the castle. Under King Christian IV Slotsholmen saw considerable development, especially in the part of the island. Here a new harbour was established, surrounded on one side by an Arsenal. Other new buildings constructed were the Stock Exchange and the Brewhouse, all four of these historic buildings are still there today. By the time of the introduction of the monarchy in 1660. During the reign of King Frederick III, further lack of space in the led to the construction in 1665-1673 of an additional building between the Supply Depot and the Arsenal. This building, also still visible today, was to house the Cabinet of curiosities of the king, founded about 1650, during the reign of King Frederick IV, a magnificent administration building was constructed in 1716-21 next to the palace adjacent to the Supply Depot. This new building was to house the chancelleries, thus replacing the previous chancellery building situated by the canal, the new chancellery building was connected to the castle by an arched passageway, thus allowing the king to stay in close contact with his government. The Chancellery Building has functioned as the heart of the administration for almost 300 years. Several renovations were made, most notably by Frederick IV in 1721-29 and this rebuilding thoroughly changed the irregular appearance of the castle to a more regular shape
8.
Christiansborg Palace
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Christiansborg Palace is a palace and government building on the islet of Slotsholmen in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It is the seat of the Danish Parliament, the Danish Prime Ministers Office, also, several parts of the palace are used by the Danish monarch, including the Royal Reception Rooms, the Palace Chapel and the Royal Stables. The palace is home to the three supreme powers, the executive power, the legislative power, and the judicial power. It is the building in the world that houses all three of a countrys branches of government. The name Christiansborg is thus also used as a metonym for the Danish political system. The present building, the third with this name, is the last in a series of castles and palaces constructed on the same site since the erection of the first castle in 1167. The palace today bears witness to three eras of Danish architecture, as the result of two serious fires, the first fire occurred in 1794 and the second in 1884. The main part of the current palace, finished in 1928, is in the historicist Neo-baroque style, the chapel dates to 1826 and is in a neoclassical style. The showgrounds were built 1738-46, in a baroque style, Christiansborg Palace is owned by the Danish state, and is run by the Palaces and Properties Agency. Several parts of the palace are open to the public, the first castle on the site was Absalons Castle. According to the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus, Bishop Absalon of Roskilde built a castle in 1167 on an island outside Copenhagen Harbour. The castle was made up by a wall, encircling an enclosed courtyard with several buildings, such as the bishops palace. At the death of Absalon in 1201, possession of the castle, a few decades later, however, a bitter feud erupted between crown and church, and for almost two centuries the ownership of the castle and city was contested between kings and bishops. Furthermore, the castle was frequently under attack, for example by Wend pirates and the Hanseatic cities, in 1369, following a conflict with king Valdemar IV of Denmark, the Hanseatic League sent 40 stonemasons to demolish the castle stone by stone. The castle had long been a nuisance to the Hanseatic cities trade in the Sound. The castle had a wall and was surrounded by a moat and with a large. The castle was still the property of the Bishop of Roskilde until King Eric VII usurped the rights to the castle in 1417, from then on the castle in Copenhagen was occupied by the king. In the middle of the 15th century, the became the principal residence of the Danish kings
9.
Attic Greek
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Attic Greek is the Greek dialect of ancient Attica, including of the city of Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek and is the form of the language that is studied in ancient Greek language courses. Attic Greek is sometimes included in the Ionic dialect, together, Attic and Ionic are the primary influences on Modern Greek. Greek is the member of the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European language family. In ancient times, Greek had already come to exist in several dialects, mycenaean Greek represents an early form of Eastern Greek, the group to which Attic also belongs. Later Greek literature wrote about three main dialects, Aeolic, Doric, and Ionic, Attic was part of the Ionic dialect group, ruling from Alexandria, Ptolemy launched the Alexandrian period, during which the city of Alexandria and its expatriate Greek-medium scholars flourished. The earliest Greek literature, which is attributed to Homer and is dated to the 8th or 7th centuries BC, is written in Old Ionic rather than Attic. The first extensive works of literature in Attic are the plays of the dramatists Aeschylus, the military exploits of the Athenians led to some universally read and admired history, as found in the works of Thucydides and Xenophon. Slightly less known because they are technical and legal are the orations by Antiphon, Demosthenes, Lysias, Isocrates. The Attic Greek of the philosophers Plato and his student Aristotle dates to the period of transition between Classical Attic and Koine, Attic Greek, like other dialects, was originally written in a local variant of the Greek alphabet. In other respects, Old Attic shares many features with the neighbouring Euboean alphabet, like the latter, it used an L-shaped variant of lambda and an S-shaped variant of sigma. It lacked the consonant symbols xi for /ks/ and psi for /ps/, expressing these sound combinations with ΧΣ, moreover, like most other mainland Greek dialects, Attic did not yet use omega and eta for the long vowels /ɔ, / and /ɛ, /. Instead, it expressed the vowel phonemes /o, oː, ɔː/ with the letter Ο and /e, eː, moreover, the letter Η was used as heta, with the consonantal value of /h/ rather than the vocalic value of /ɛː/. In the 5th century, Athenian writing gradually switched from this system to the more widely used Ionic alphabet, native to the eastern Aegean islands. This new system, also called the Eucleidian alphabet, after the name of the archon Eucleides, the classical works of Attic literature were subsequently handed down to posterity in the new Ionic spelling, and it is the classical orthography in which they are read today. Proto-Greek long ā → Attic long ē, but ā after e, i, r, ⁓ Ionic ē in all positions. ⁓ Doric and Aeolic ā in all positions, Proto-Greek and Doric mātēr → Attic mētēr mother Attic chōrā ⁓ Ionic chōrē place, country However, Proto-Greek ā → Attic ē after w, deleted by the Classical Period. Proto-Greek korwā → early Attic-Ionic *korwē → Attic korē Proto-Greek ă → Attic ě, Doric Artamis ⁓ Attic Artemis Compensatory lengthening of vowel before cluster of sonorant and s, after deletion of s
10.
Amphitheatre of Pompeii
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The Amphitheatre of Pompeii is the oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre. It is located in the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, and was buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, that also buried Pompeii itself and the neighboring town of Herculaneum. Built around 70 BC, the current amphitheatre is the earliest Roman amphitheatre known to have been built of stone, previously, the next Roman amphitheatre known to be built from stone is the Colosseum in Rome, which postdates it by over a century. Contemporarily, it was known as a rather than an amphitheatrum. It was built with the funds of Quinctius Valgus and Marcius Porcius. The amphitheatres design is seen by some modern crowd control specialists as near optimal and its washroom, located in the neighboring palaestra has also been cited as an inspiration for better bathroom design in modern stadiums. The famed preservation of Pompeii and its amphitheatre have given insights into the culture of Rome. Around 59 AD, a brawl occurred between Pompeiians and residents of Nuceria during games in the amphitheatre, resulting in a 10-year ban on such events. Aside from being a landmark and an object of archaeological study. In October 1971, over a 4-day period Pink Floyd made a film at the amphitheatre, titled Pink Floyd. David Gilmour, the Pink Floyd guitarist, performed two concerts at the amphitheatre in July 2016 as part of his Rattle That Lock Tour and it was his first performance in the amphitheatre since recording Live at Pompeii in 1971. Gilmours 2016 concerts saw the first public performances in the amphitheatre since 79 A. D
11.
Grotesque
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In art, performance, and literature, however, grotesque may also refer to something that simultaneously invokes in an audience a feeling of uncomfortable bizarreness as well as sympathetic pity. More specifically, the forms on Gothic buildings, when not used as drain-spouts, should not be called gargoyles. The word first was used of paintings found on the walls of basements of Roman ruins that were called at that time Le Grotte due to their appearance. Spreading from Italian to the other European languages, the term was used largely interchangeably with arabesque and moresque for types of decorative patterns using curving foliage elements. Rémi Astruc has argued that there is an immense variety of motifs and figures. Beyond the current understanding of the grotesque as an aesthetic category, moreover, Astruc identifies the grotesque as a crucial, and potentially universal, anthropological device that societies have used to conceptualize alterity and change. Such designs were fashionable in ancient Rome, as fresco wall decoration, floor mosaics, the Roman wall decorations in fresco and delicate stucco were a revelation. The first appearance of the word appears in a contract of 1502 for the Piccolomini Library attached to the duomo of Siena. Light scrolling grotesques could be ordered by confining them within the framing of a pilaster to give them more structure, giovanni da Udine took up the theme of grotesques in decorating the Villa Madama, the most influential of the new Roman villas. In the 16th century, such artistic license and irrationality was controversial matter, more familiar material for grotesques could be drawn from Ovids Metamorphoses. This large array provided a repertoire of elements that were the basis for later artists across Europe, counter Reformation writers on the arts, notably Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, bishop of Bologna, turned upon grottesche with a righteous vengeance. Vasari, echoing Vitruvius, described the style as follows, Grotesques are a type of extremely licentious, other 16th-century writers on grottesche included Daniele Barbaro, Pirro Ligorio and Gian Paolo Lomazzo. In the meantime, through the medium of engravings the grotesque mode of surface ornament passed into the European artistic repertory of the 16th century, from Spain to Poland. Later Mannerist versions, especially in engraving, tended to lose that initial lightness and be more densely filled than the airy well-spaced style used by the Romans. Soon grottesche appeared in marquetry, in maiolica produced above all at Urbino from the late 1520s, then in book illustration, in the 17th and 18th centuries the grotesque encompasses a wide field of teratology and artistic experimentation. The monstrous, for instance, often occurs as the notion of play, the sportiveness of the grotesque category can be seen in the notion of the preternatural category of the lusus naturae, in natural history writings and in cabinets of curiosities. The last vestiges of romance, such as the marvellous also provide opportunities for the presentation of the grotesque in, for instance, the mixed form of the novel was commonly described as grotesque - see for instance Fieldings comic epic poem in prose. Grotesque ornament received an impetus from new discoveries of original Roman frescoes and stucchi at Pompeii
12.
Frieze
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In architecture the frieze /ˈfriːz/ is the wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs. Even when neither columns nor pilasters are expressed, on a wall it lies upon the architrave and is capped by the moldings of the cornice. A frieze can be found on many Greek and Roman buildings, the Parthenon Frieze being the most famous and this style is typical for the Persians. In interiors, the frieze of a room is the section of wall above the picture rail, by extension, a frieze is a long stretch of painted, sculpted or even calligraphic decoration in such a position, normally above eye-level. Frieze decorations may depict scenes in a sequence of discrete panels, the material of which the frieze is made of may be plasterwork, carved wood or other decorative medium. In an example of a frieze on the façade of a building. A pulvinated frieze is convex in section, such friezes were features of 17th-century Northern Mannerism, especially in subsidiary friezes, and much employed in interior architecture and in furniture. The concept of a frieze has been generalized in the construction of frieze patterns. Media related to Friezes at Wikimedia Commons Frieze
13.
Adonis
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Adonis, in Greek mythology, is a central figure in various mystery religions. There has been much scholarship over the centuries concerning the roles of Adonis, if any. Modern scholarship sometimes describes him as a renewed, ever-youthful vegetation god. His name is applied in modern times to handsome youths. Syrian Adonis is Gauas or Aos, akin to Egyptian Osiris, the Semitic Tammuz and Baal Hadad, the Etruscan Atunis and the Phrygian Attis, all of whom are deities of rebirth and vegetation. Circa the sixth century BC, the appearance of the cult of Adonis is reported in Jerusalem by the biblical Book of Ezekiel, the most detailed and literary version of the story of Adonis is a late one, in Book X of Ovids Metamorphoses. The central myth in its Greek telling, Smyrna, daughter of Theias, king of Assyria, Theias finds out and is determined to kill her, when the gods intervene and turn her into a myrrh tree. Nine months later the baby Adonis comes out of the tree, Aphrodite fell in love with the beautiful youth. Aphrodite sheltered Adonis as a baby and entrusted him to Persephone. Persephone was also taken by Adonis beauty and refused to him back to Aphrodite. The dispute between the two goddesses was settled by Zeus, Adonis was to spend one-third of every year with each goddess and he chose to spend two-thirds of the year with Aphrodite. Adonis died in Aphrodites arms, who came to him when she heard his groans, when he died she sprinkled the blood with nectar, from which sprang the short-lived anemone, which takes its name from the wind which so easily makes its petals fall. And so it is the blood of Adonis that each spring turns to red the torrential river, Afqa is the sacred source where the waters of the river emerge from a huge grotto in a cliff 200 metres high. It is there that the myth of Astarte and Adonis was born, adoniss birth is shrouded in confusion for those who require a single, authoritative version, for various peripheral stories circulated concerning Adonis parentage. The most widely accepted version is recounted in Ovids Metamorphoses, where Adonis is the son of Myrrha, Myrrha turned into a myrrh tree and Lucina helped the tree to give birth to Adonis. The patriarchal Hellenes sought a father for the god, and found him in Byblos and Cyprus, pseudo-Apollodorus, considered Adonis to be the son of Cinyras, of Paphos on Cyprus, and Metharme. According to pseudo-Apollodorus Bibliotheke, Hesiod, in a work that does not survive, made of him the son of Phoenix. In Cyprus, the cult of Adonis gradually superseded that of Cinyras, Hesiod made him the son of Phoenix, eponym of the Phoenicians, thus a figure of Phoenician origin, his association with Cyprus is not attested before the classical era
14.
Arken Museum of Modern Art
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ARKEN Museum of Modern Art is a private non-for-profit charity, state authorized, contemporary art museum in Ishøj near Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The museum was conceived and created by Copenhagen County, the museum is located in the suburb-city Ishøj, close to the bay of Køge,20 kilometres south of Copenhagen. ARKEN was designed by the Danish architect Søren Robert Lund, in an architectural form. It was opened on 15 March 1996 by her majesty of Denmark, the museum re-opened in January 2008 after major refurbishing, which included an expansion providing an additional 50% of gallery-space. The ARKEN museum features works by Danish, Scandinavian and international painters. The museum also has amassed a collection of around 400 post-war contemporary art pieces and these include works by artist such as Damien Hirst, Olafur Eliasson, Sherin Neshat Shirin Neshat, Wolfgang Tillmans, and Danish / Norwegian duo Ingar Dragset and Michael Elmgreen. Each year ARKEN awards the ARKENs kunstpris prize of 100,000 Danish kroner to a contemporary artist, - in Arkitektur DK,2008, vol. ARKEN, The place and the art / edited by Christian Gether, - Denmark, Arken Museum of Modern Art,2016
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Cisternerne
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The Cisterns is a museum in Copenhagen, Denmark. The Cisterns, A Cave within a City Located under Frederiksberg Hill in the heart of Søndermarken Park, the natural formation of stalactites and stalagmites are not uncommon for concrete structures, yet none anywhere can offer the sheer magnitude and diversity of those found here. In February 2009 Forbes listed Cisternerne as one of the more unusual exhibition spaces in Europe, the Cisterns, a long forgotten subterranean reservoir, once contained the supply of drinking water for the Danish capital and could hold as much as 16 million liters of clean water
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National Gallery of Denmark
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National Gallery of Denmark is the Danish national gallery located in the centre of Copenhagen. The museum collects, registers, maintains, researches and handles Danish, the major part of the museums older collections comes from the art chambers of Danish kings. The display of European Art 1300–1800 is a collection of art over the 500-year period, featuring works by Mantegna, Cranach, Titian, Rubens. The art is spread over thirteen rooms, and is the oldest art collection in Denmark, with a emphasis on Danish, Dutch, Flemish, Italian, French, Spanish. Danish and Nordic Art 1750-1900 charts Scandinavian art from the beginnings of Danish painting through the ‘Golden Age’ to the birth of Modernism and it displays over 400 works through 24 galleries. It features work by Abildgaard, Eckersberg, Købke, Ring, SMK gained its modern French art collection in 1928 when it was donated by the late collector Johannes Rump. This collection features some of the museum’s most famous pieces from artists such as Matisse, Picasso, Derain and Braque. The collection was first offered to the SMK by Rump in 1923, housed in the museum’s 1993 extension, this 20th and 21st century collection is predominantly focused on the most important examples of modern Danish art. A long corridor of paintings looking onto Østre Anlæg park works as an overview of the work from this period. The beginnings of this collection were made around the time of Christian II, in his diary from 1521 the German painter Albrecht Dürer says he has given the King the best pieces of all my prints. In 1843 the various works, which had so far been the private collection, were displayed to the public. It was then moved into the Statens Museum for Kunst when the first building was completed in 1896, along with The Royal Collection of Paintings, although the papers contain a great number of foreign works, Danish art constitutes the main part of the collection. This collection is open to the public through the Print Room, the Royal Cast Collection is held at the West India Warehouse, Toldbodgade 40, between The Little Mermaid and Nyhavn in Copenhagen. It consists of over 2,000 naked plaster casts of statues and reliefs from collections, museums, temples, churches, the Royal Cast Collection is only open for special events. At the start of the Second World War the art of antiquity became increasingly unfashionable, associated with an archaic artistic tradition. In 1966, as abstract art became popular, the Royal Cast Collection was removed to a barn outside Copenhagen for storage. The collections of the Danish National Gallery originate in the Art Chamber of the Danish monarchs, when the German Gerhard Morell became Keeper of Frederick Vs Art Chamber about 1750, he suggested that the king create a separate collection of paintings. To ensure that the collection was not inferior to those of other European royal houses and local counts, the collection became particularly well provided with Flemish and Dutch art
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The David Collection
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The David Collection is a museum of fine and applied art in Copenhagen, Denmark, built around the private collections of lawyer, businessman and art collector C. L. David. The museum is noted for its collection of Islamic art from the 8th to the 19th century. The museum also holds fine and applied art from Europe in the 18th century, all the works of art in the collection of Danish early modern art were acquired by C. L. David himself. The museum is located in a building in 30 Kronprinsessegade in central Copenhagen. From 2006 to 2009 the collection was closed to the public while the premises underwent a refurbishment and rearrangement. When it reopened on 15 May 2009, it was described as the most exclusive museum in Denmark in national Danish newspaper Politiken, the museum is built around the private collection of C. L. David, a barrister of the Danish Supreme Court. The building in Kronprinsessegade which houses the museum used to be the home of the founder and was originally bought in 1810 by his great-grandfather, C. N. David. In 1917 it was re-acquired by C. L. David, on 12 December 1945, the collection, along with the building which houses it, became the independent institution, the C. L. David Foundation and Collection, and the museum opened in 1948. Over the years, the space was continuously expanded and rebuilt as the collections grew. In 1960, on the death of its founder, the Foundation became the heir to his fortune. Further rebuildings have gradually included more rooms and improved facilities, in 2006 the museum was temporarily closed to the public when it embarked on a major refirbishment and rearrangement of the collections. It reopened on 15 May 2009, following the Copenhagen Fire of 1795 the king granted the city a strip of land which had been part of the Rosenborg Castle Gardens. It was on land that Kronprinsessegade 30 was built in the years 1806–07 together with other houses in the street. The building was constructed in the prevailing style for Captain J. C. Krieger by his brother-in-law, the city surveyor, J. H. Rawert, the side building is further extended by means of a side annex of five storeys which originally included the kitchens and servants’ quarters. The architect Carl Petersen was responsible for the first rebuilding of the top floor and this rebuilding was completed around 1920. Part of the top floor were made into three rooms, finished in style with partly coffered ceilings, tall panels, and patterned parquet floors. Two of the also had skylights since these rooms were used as galleries
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Frederiksborg Castle
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Frederiksborg Castle is a palatial complex in Hillerød, Denmark. Situated on three islets in the Slotssøen, it is adjoined by a formal garden in the Baroque style. After a serious fire in 1859, the castle was rebuilt on the basis of old plans, thanks to public support and the brewer J. C. Jacobsen, the building and its apartments were fully restored by 1882 when it was reopened to the public as the Danish Museum of National History, open throughout the year, the museum contains the largest collection of portrait paintings in Denmark. The estate originally known as Hillerødsholm near Hillerød had traditionally belonged to the Gøyes, in the 1520s and 1530s, Mogens Gøye, Steward of the Realm, had been instrumental in introducing the Danish Reformation. He lived in a building on the most northerly of three adjoining islets on the estates lake. The property was known as Hillerødsholm, after his daughter, Birgitte, married the courtier and naval hero Herluf Trolle in 1544, the couple became its proprietors. In the 1540s, Trolle replaced the old building with a manor house. As the old building with towers was too small for the king. At the kings request, Trolle remained on the premises until the work was completed, the king then renamed the estate Frederiksborg. Interested in deer hunting, he used the castle with the neighbouring Bath House as a hunting lodge, centred as it was in the fields. The additions included a wall to the south, separating the estate from the town. Still standing today is the quadrangular red-brick, tip-roofed house on Staldgade known as Herluf Trolles Tower, adjoining this are two long, narrow red-brick stable buildings, the Kings Stables to the west and the Hussars Stables to the east. These in turn lead to a wall along the lake with two round towers completed in 1562 bearing the arms of Frederick II and his motto Mein Hoffnung zu Gott allein, on the central islet, the long pantry house with stepped gables can also be seen today. The most important building from Frederick IIs times is the Bath House in the park northwest of the islets, completed in 1581 in the Renaissance style with three protruding step-gabled wings, it served the king as a hunting lodge during the summer months. Frederiksborg Castle was the first Danish castle to be built inland, all previous castles had been on the coast or close to ports as the sea had traditionally been the principal means of travel. It was also the first to be built for recreational purposes rather than for defence. Its location in Hillerød led to the development of improved roads
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Hirschsprung Collection
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The Hirschsprung Collection is an art museum located on Stockholmsgade in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is located in a setting in Østre Anlæg, near the Danish National Gallery. The emphasis is on the Danish Golden Age, from 1800 to 1850, the museum is built around the personal art collection of Heinrich Hirschsprung, a tobacco manufacturer and patron of the arts who founded his art collection in 1865. Almost four decades later, in 1902, he donated it to the Danish state and it is displayed in a purpose-built Neoclassical museum building designed by Hermann Baagøe Storck and completed in 1911. Heinrich Hirschsprung was a tobacco manufacturer, over a period of four decades, beginning in 1866, Hirschsprung built an extensive collection of Danish art from the beginning of the 18th century and up to their own day. The collection was shown to the public for the first time in 1888 at Charlottenborg and this happened in connection with the Nordic exhibition of Industry, Agriculture, and Art which was expected to draw many foreign visitors to Copenhagen. The exhibition catalogue included 313 items, representing some 60 Danish artists, about half were paintings while the rest were drawings, watercolours, pastels and some sculptures. In 1900, Pauline and Heinrich Hirschsprung decided to donate their art collection to the Danish state and they had a deed of gift drawn up, which was deposited with the Danish Ministry of Cultural Affairs. However, the donation was not made public two years later, in 1902, when the collection was once again exhibited at Charlottenborg. At the same event, the art historian Emil Hannover was put in charge of cataloging the collection, the exhibition at Charlottenborg also included renderings of the planned museum building, which had been designed by the architect Hermann Baagøe Storck. Under the terms of the deed of gift, the Danish state and the City of Copenhagen, on their side, were required to make a site and a building available for its exhibition. This scheme was similar to the one which had agreed upon in connection with Carl Jacobsens foundation of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Still Hirschsprungs demand for an independent building gave rise to a debate on arts politics which went on for several years. A number of individuals also promised to donate works to the collection once it passed into public ownership while others were purchased by Hirschsprung conditional on the same event. In less than a year, Hirschsprung managed to collect the majority of the 180 sculptures included in the 1902 catalogue. The collection represents 20 Danish sculptors,1907 finally saw a successful conclusion to negotiations and a start could be made on building Storcks project from 1902. The site which was chosen was in Østre Anlæg, a park which had been laid out on the grounds of the citys former fortifications. Heinrich Hirschsprung died the year, in 1908, and thus never saw his museum materialize
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Kunstforeningen
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Kunstforeningen, now officially called Gammel Strand after its address, is an exhibition space and non-profit membership organization located at Gammel Strand in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was founded in 1825 to promote and support art through exhibitions, lectures, acquisitions of art works for distribution among the members, support of artists. Kunstforeningen was founded as a society in 1825 by a circle of the most influential figures of the Danish art world during the Danish Golden Age. In 1827 it became a more well-defined and active organization but by 1829 still had only 71 members, the purpose was to broaden the knowledge of art and to bridge the gap between the elite and a wider public. From the beginning, it aimed to influence and not just support the Danish scene. This was achieved by commissioning artworks, rather than just buying finished works, after opposition among members in 1835, this activist practice was toned down in 1835 and more focus was directed at the acquisition and redistribution among members. The society also funded various public artworks, the first public art exhibition was held in 1828 and featured 117 paintings by Jens Juel. In 1835 the society had grown to 1,100 and in the early 1860s it had reached 1,700 members, weekly sessions were held at Hotel Du Nord, then from 1826 at the Freemasons Hall, while the exhibitions were held at the City Hall. Later the societys activities relocated several times before finding their current base at Gammel Strand in 1952. Ever since, the focus has increasingly been on art exhibitions, on 26 September 2010 the building reopened after a major renovation. Kunstforeningens building at Gammel Strand is a house from 1750. It was designed by Philip de Lange, Kunstforeningen hosts five exhibitions every year. The emphasis is on Danish and international contemporary art, one of the annual exhibitions is of works by the years graduates from the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. The building has an entrance at the rear, at Læderstræde 15. Danish Golden Age Official website Kunstforeningen at arkitekturbilleder. dk
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Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
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The Louisiana Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located directly on the shore of the Øresund Sound in Humlebæk,35 km north of Copenhagen, Denmark. The museum is also acknowledged as a milestone in modern Danish architecture, noted for the synthesis it creates of art, architecture, the museum has at occasions also exhibitions with works of the great impressionists and expressionists, like the large Claude Monet impressionist exhibition in 1994. The museum is included in the Patricia Schultz book 1,000 Places to See Before You Die, the name of the museum derives from the first owner of the property, Alexander Brun, who named the villa after his three wives, all named Louise. The museum was created in 1958 by Knud W. Jensen and he contacted architects Vilhelm Wohlert and Jørgen Bo who spent a few months walking around the property before deciding how a new construction would best fit into the landscape. This study resulted in the first version of the museum consisting of three connected by glass corridors. Since then it has been extended several times until it reached its present circular shape in 1991, in late November 2012 Louisiana Museum of Modern Art launched Louisiana Channel, a web-TV channel contributing to the continual development of the museum as a cultural platform. In 2013 the music department of the museum launch Louisiana Music, the videos are often housed in room settings where the viewer is made to feel part of the scene being portrayed. Perched above the sea, there is a garden between the museums two wings with works by artists including Henry Moore, Alexander Calder, and Jean Arp. Besides the collection of art, Louisiana also displays a collection of Pre-Columbian art. Consisting of more than 400 objects, the collection was a donation from the Wessel-Bagge Foundation in 2001 and it is the personal collection left by Niels-Wessel Bagge, who was a Danish dancer, choreographer and art collector living in California and who died in 1990. The Concert Hall was built in 1976 in connection with the West Wing which had built in 1966 and 1971. Its acoustics make it fit for chamber music but it is also used for other musical genres as well as a wide array of others events and activities such as debates, lectures. The chairs are designed by Poul Kjærholm and the wall is decorated with paintings created for the site by Sam Francis. In 2007 began a project to produce concerts filming and musical clips directed by Stéphan Aubé, all the movies are available for free on the Louisiana Music website. The grounds around the museum contain a sculpture garden. It is made up by a plateau and the sloping terrain towards Øresund and is dominated by huge, ancient specimen trees and sweeping vistas of the sea. It contains works by artists as Jean Arp, Max Ernst, Max Bill, Alexander Calder, Henri Laurens, Louise Bourgeois, Joan Miró. The sculptures are placed so that they can be viewed from within, in special sculpture yards or independently around the gardens, forming a synthesis with the lawns, the trees
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Nivaagaard
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Nivaagaard is a historic property in Nivå in the northern outskirts of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is now home to an art gallery and the park is open to the public, the estate was founded in 1767 by Adam von Lüttichau when he purchased Nivaa Havnegård from the Crown. The property was from the associated with the Galley Harbour at Nivaa which was planned in 1753. The name Nivaagaard was introduced in 1793, the estate was acquired by Alfred Hage in 1862. The main building was damaged in a fire in 1873. The architect Ferdinand Vilhelm Jensen designed a new house which was completed in 1881, Nivaagaard was a dominating factor in Nivaas development over the next decades. The first brickyard on the estate was established by Queen Louise in 1701, by 1720 it produced brick for the royal buildings in Copenhagen and the northern part of Zealand. These activities increased and were modernized in the 1840s, in 1857 the brickyard was one of the first in Denmark to introduce a steam engine in the production chain. In 1870, eight years after Alfred Hage had acquired the estate, the oven remained in use for 97 years up until 1967. The brickyard closed in 1980 and then re-opened as a museum, the ring oven, which is now listed, is the earliest of Hoffmanns designs which still exist today. The art collection was founded by Johannes Hage between 1895 and 1905 and it covered European Renaissance and Baroque painting and Danish Golden Age art. A small museum building in temple style designed by Johan Schrøder was built near the house in 1903. On 30 September 1908 Hage turned his collection into an institution which made it available to the public. He chaired the board until his death in 1923, the management of the museum was professionalized in 1981 and it arranged its first special exhibition in 1983. In 1988 the museum building was expanded with support from the Velux Foundation, the new wing was designed by royal building inspector David Bretton-Meyer. The European collection contains works by Giovanni Bellini, Claude Lorrain, the Danish collection contains works by some of the leading artists of the Danish Golden Age, including C. W. Eckersberg, Christen Købke, Johan Lundbye, Wilhelm Marstrand, Martinus Rørbye and P. C. The original park was designed by Edvard Glæsel and laid out in 1901–02, a large rhododendron garden was established in 2007. Official website Calendar, events and exhibitions at Nivaagaard
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Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
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The Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek is an art museum in Copenhagen, Denmark. The collection is built around the collection of Carl Jacobsen. However, the museum is noted for its collection of painting that includes an extensive collection of French impressionists and Post-impressionists as well as Danish Golden Age paintings. The museums collection includes all the sculptures of Degas, including the series of dancers. Numerous works by Norwegian-Danish sculptor Stephan Sinding are featured prominently in various sections of the museum, Carl Jacobsen was a dedicated art collector. He was particularly interested in art, but over the years he also acquired a considerable collection of French. When his private villa in 1882 was extended with a winter garden, the same year the collection was opened to the public. In the following years the museum was expanded on a number of occasions to meet the need for space for his steadily growing collections. In spite of the extensions, it was finally clear the existing premises were inadequate. On 8 March 1888 Carl Jacobsen donated his collection to the Danish State, Jacobsen was displeased with the location which he found to be too far from the city centre and he had also reservations about the proximity of Tivoli which he found common. Instead he wanted a building on the new city hall square. It was Carl Jacobsen who chose the name for the museum, with inspiration from Ludwig Is Glyptothek in Munich, the moat around the radan was filled and the new museum opened first on 1 May 1897. At first it only included Jacobsens modern collection with French and Danish works from the 18th century, in January 1899 Carl Jacobsen donated his collection of Antique art to the museum which made an expansion necessary. It was designed by Hack Kampmann while Dahlerup designed a garden which connected the new wing to the old building. In 1996 the museum was again extended, this time with an infill constructed in one of its courtyards to the design of Henning Larsen. In 2006, the building underwent a major renovation programme under the direction of Danish architects Dissing + Weitling. the building is often noted for its elegance in its own right and the synthesis it creates with the works of art. The Dahlerup Wing, the oldest part of the museum, is a lavish historicist building, the façade is in red brick with polished granite columns in a Venetian renaissance style. It houses the French and Danish collections, the Kampmann Wing is a more simple, neo-classical building, built as a series of galleries around a central auditorium used for lectures, small concerts, symposiums and poetry readings
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Ordrupgaard
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Ordrupgaard is a state-owned art museum situated near Jægersborg Dyrehave, north of Copenhagen, Denmark. The museum houses one of Northern Europe’s most considerable collections of Danish and French art from the 19th, Ordrupgaard was founded 1916–1918 by former Hafnia managing director, titular Councillor of State Wilhelm Hansen and his wife Henny Hansen. Wilhelm Hansen established his collection of Danish art covering the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century during the period of 1892 to 1916. The Danish Golden Age is comprehensively represented by works by, amongst others, Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, Christen Købke, Johan Thomas Lundbye, during World War I, Wilhelm Hansen focused his interest on French art. From 1916 to 1918 he purchased French paintings, pastels, drawings and sculptures and it was Wilhelm Hansen’s great wish to acquaint the Danes with French 19th-century art. His first purchases were paintings by Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet, Wilhelm Hansen’s main focus was on French Impressionism. In order, however, to put Impressionism into perspective, his collection also comprised the genres immediately preceding and following, thus, Ordrupgaard is able to show Eugène Delacroix, representing Romanticism, Théodore Rousseau, Gustave Courbet, Édouard Manet, and Paul Gauguin. When purchasing French art, Wilhelm Hansen often took advice from the French art critic Théodore Duret, parallel to Wilhelm Hansen’s interest in Danish and French art was his interest for furniture and handicrafts. He was especially interested in ceramics, chandeliers and furniture executed by Thorvald Bindesbøll and this consortium, founded in 1918 by Wilhelm Hansen together with the collector Herman Heilbuth and art dealers Winkel & Magnussen, was of great importance to the French purchases. Their declared goal was Buying and selling works of art with the purpose of bringing good, for this reason they bought several collections en bloc in Paris. Wilhelm and Henny Hansen bought a piece of land by Ordrup Krat, near Jægersborg Dyrehave, north of Copenhagen. Between 1916 and 1918 they built their stately home Ordrupgaard, designed by architect Gotfred Tvede, at the same time an extensive park was laid out by landscape gardener Valdemar Fabricius Hansen. Ordrupgaard was inaugurated on 14 September 1918, in his opening speech Wilhelm Hansen declared that the collection would be left to the Danish State. Ordrupgaard was originally built as a three-winged trellised country mansion in the neo-classical style, the gallery which houses the French collection is connected to the main building by a small conservatory. Additionally a porter’s lodge, a residence and a coach house were erected. A shed and a small half-timbered summerhouse comprise the rest of the buildings on the estate. The Park at Ordrupgaard is laid out in the English style with a smaller French-inspired rose garden, the Park at Ordrupgaard originally functioned as a kitchen garden as well as a flower garden. The extensive produce and the fruit trees sustained the family with fresh fruit and vegetables throughout the year while the rest of the grounds were used for leisure
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Vestindisk Pakhus
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Vestindisk Pakhus, located on Tolbodgade on the waterfront between Amalienborg Palace and Langelinie, is a former 18th-century warehouse in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was designed by Caspar Frederik Harsdorff and built from 1780 to 1781 for the Danish West India Company, today it houses the Royal Cast Collection, part of the Danish National Gallery, and a display of costumes from the Royal Danish Theatre. The Kings Room is located on the floor of the warehouse and is the former meeting room of the trade commission which managed the West India Company. The wallpaper depicts guava leaves and fruits which were imported from the West Indies, the room also contain a set of 12 original chairs, believed to have been designed by Harsdorff for the room. The name of the room originates from a story which has it that on 2 April 1801 King Frederick VI followed the Battle of Copenhagen from the room, however, no documentation exists and it would have been impossible to see anything but smoke from the position. The upper floors display costumes from the Royal Danish Theatre, admission to the building is free
26.
Rudolph Tegner Museum
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Rudolph Tegner acquired the central portion of the area in 1916. He initially mounted the group sculpture King Oedipus and Antigone and later, in 1924, followed the group sculpture The Enigma of Lone, the museum building was built to Tegners own design with the assistance of the architect Mogens Lassen. Construction began in 1937 and it was inaugurated in 1938, a renovation was completed in 2003. The museum is built in concrete to an unusual bunker-like Modernist design, the building needed large dimensions to embrace Tegners works many of which are of very large proportions. The core of the museum is a large gallery with ceilings 11 metres high. The original intention was to build lower galleries on all of its sides, the museum has been built without picture windows to avoid distracting the visitor with views of the scenic surroundings. Except for a window in the gable, all natural light comes from skylights. Concrete as a material was chosen for reasons of fire safety, the difference in scale between the entrance section and the main gallery is designed to create an overwhelming experience for those entering the museum and to enhance its character of a treasury. The facade bears reference to Antique architecture, the museum exhibits some 250 of Tegners sculptures as well as models in plaster, clay, bronze and marble. It consists of undulating heath with scattered trees and juniper vegetation
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Copenhagen Amber Museum
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Copenhagen Amber Museum is a museum on Kongens Nytorv in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It is owned by House of Amber, Copenhagen Amber Museum is one of the most recognised amber museums in the world. The museum is located in the Kanneworff House, a listed townhouse dating back to 1606, the museum holds an extensive collection of amber antiques and artifacts, including a wide array of entombed insects from prehistoric times. The collection comprises the largest piece of amber in the world, the piece became enlisted in Guinness World of Records on 1 June 2015 and weighs 104.72 pounds. It was found in the Dharmasraya region in West Sumatra in 2014 and is around 15-25 million years old, the museum is located in one of Copenhagen’s oldest and most charming houses. It is placed at the beautiful square Kongens Nytorv right at the entrance of Nyhavn, kanneworffs House was built in 1606, even before Kongens Nytorv was founded and the channel of Nyhavn was dug. At that time the population of Copenhagen was only 12,000 people and its current appearance is largely due to an adaptation in the 1780s which added an extra floor and the Mansard roof. The building consists of three bays on Bredgade, four bays on Kongens Nytorv and two bays on Store Strandstræde, another adaptation in 1904 moved the entrance to Bredgade. Through the years the house has been inhabited by all kinds of people from barbers, tobacco spinners, carpenters, grocers, in 1836 wool and cloth grocer Lars Kanneworff bought the house and during the next century it housed one of Copenhagen’s most exclusive and modern tailor establishments. At the museum one can learn about how amber was formed more than 30 million years ago, in the exhibition stands one can see different types of amber from all over the world and see how the amber is used. One will also have the opportunity to get an insight into the significance of amber at different stages throughout history, the fishermans collection, Denmark’s biggest amber find in modern times can be found in the Copenhagen Amber Museum. In June 2010, a Danish fisherman caught one of Denmark’s largest pieces of amber ever found and he caught the piece in his net on a fishing trip far out to sea. He found it hard to believe his own eyes when he pulled in his net that June morning, the amber rock weighed 4,125 gr. and was the largest piece of amber found in Denmark since 1767. One of the attractions of the museum is the collection of more than 100 pieces of amber with inclusions of insects and plants. Magnifying glasses, enables the visitor to observe the more than 30 million year-old insects and plants closely, Copenhagen Amber Museum also presents its visitors to the worlds largest piece of amber, which weighs 47.5 kg. House of Amber House of Amber Source
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Amalienborg
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For its Antillian namesake, see Charlotte Amalie, U. S. Virgin Islands Amalienborg is the home of the Danish royal family, and is located in Copenhagen, Denmark. Amalienborg was originally built for four families, however, when Christiansborg Palace burned on 26 February 1794. Over the years various kings and their families have resided in the four different palaces, the Frederiksstaden district was built on the former grounds of two other palaces. The first palace was called Sophie Amalienborg, other parts of the land were used for Rosenborg Castle, Nyboder, and the new Eastern fortified wall around the old city. Work on the began in 1664, and the castle was built 1669-1673. The King died in 1670, and the Queen Dowager lived there until her death on 20 February 1685, the presentation was a great success, and it was repeated a few days later on 19 April. However, immediately after the start of the performance a stage decoration caught fire, causing the theatre and the palace to burn to the ground. The King planned to rebuild the palace, whose church, Royal Household, ole Rømer headed the preparatory work for the rebuilding of Amalienborg in the early 1690s. In 1694, the King negotiated a deal with the Swedish building master Nicodemus Tessin the Younger and his drawing and model were completed in 1697. The King, however, found the plans too ambitious, and instead began tearing down the buildings that same year. The second Amalienborg was built by Frederick IV at the beginning of his reign, the second Amalienborg consisted of a summerhouse, a central pavilion with orangeries, and arcades on both side of the pavilion. On one side of the buildings was a French-style garden, the pavilion had a dining room on the groundfloor. On the upper floor was a salon with an out to the harbour, the garden. This development is thought to have been the brainchild of Danish Ambassador Plenipotentiary in Paris. Heading the project was Lord High Steward Adam Gottlob Moltke, one of the most powerful and influential men in the land, with Nicolai Eigtved as royal architect and supervisor. The project consisted of four identical mansions, built to house four distinguished families of nobility from the royal circles and these mansions form the modern palace of Amalienborg, albeit much modified over the years. The noblemen who owned them were willing to part with their mansions for promotion and money, and the Moltke and Schack Palaces were acquired in the course of a few days. A colonnade, designed by royal architect Caspar Frederik Harsdorff, was added 1794-1795 to connect the recently occupied King’s palace, Moltke Palace, with that of the Crown Prince, Schack’s Palace
29.
Bakkehuset
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Bakkehuset is a historic house museum on Rahbeks Allé in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. Dating from the 1520s, it has served a number of functions over the years, including as a farmhouse, inn, private home, psychiatric hospital and orphanage. It is particularly associated with the Danish Golden Age when it was owned by Knud Lyne Rahbek and his wife, Kamma Rahbek, Bakkehuset can be traced back to the 1520s. Strategically located on the road from Copenhagen to Roskilde, it long served as an inn. When Claus Wendorff died in 1649, his widow tried to get an extension of the license to operate the inn. A new owner, captain Claus Wendorff, obtained a new license in 1755, former prime minister Count Johan Ludvig Holstein acquired the property in 1756. The land was situated close to Frederiksberg Palace and his intention was to build a new country house at the site. Instead the property was taken over by his master, Johan Christian Conradi. When Conradi went bankrupt in 1777 the estate again changed owners. Knud Lyne Rahbek was a permanent guest from 1787 until 1802 when he acquired the property, after the Rahbeks took over Bakkehuset, it quickly became a popular social venue for the citys literary and intellectual establishment. The maintenance of a social life was expensive and neither Rahbek. They rented out rooms to supplement their incomes, and Kamma managed to make the most out of their meagre means, later the house has served as a summer residence for people such as Johan Ludvig Heiberg, Johanne Luise Heiberg and N. F. S. Grundtvig. The Bakkehuset estate included 3.5 hectares of land, Kamma enthustically, almost scientifically, established a garden with a small pond, lawns, flowers and many rare plants on the premises. It was one of the first private English style gardens to be out in Denmark. One of the three wings was allowed to fall into despair and was ultimately demolished. For a while the building was used as a hospital before it moved to Ebberødgård outside Birkerød. The museum at Bakkehuset opened in 1925, the museum consists of a series of memorial rooms dedicated to some of the notabilities who have lived in the building over the years. The building is located next to the Carlsberg area, the industrial site of the Carlsberg Breweries
30.
Brede House
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Brede House is a late 18th-century country house in Kongens Lyngby north of Copenhagen, Denmark. Originally built for the owner of the adjacent Brede Works, it is now owned by the National Museum of Denmark, Brede House was built for Peter van Hemert, the owner of Brede Works. It is believed that the architect was Andreas Kirkerup while Interior Designer to the Danish Court, joseph Christian Lillie was entrusted with interior designs and probably also furnishing the house. Peter van Hemert went bankrupt in 1805 and both his house and industrial plant were sold by auction, the National Museum acquired the house in 1959 and put it through a comprehensive restoration which was not completed until 1974. The Neoclassical house now serves as a house museum which showcases a typical upper-class home of the 1790s. The house is now furnished with period furniture based on the detailed inventory lists which were prepared for each room in connection with the 1805 auction. The park at Brede House is situated to the rear of the building, with Brede Works to the right and a terraced slope with fruit trees to the left as seen from the main building. It was laid out in the English romantic style in connection with the construction of the house, the pavilion in Chinese style which is today seen in the garden is not native to the site but gifted to the National Museum in 1971. It may originally have stood in Frédéric de Conincks romantic garden at Dronninggård and it is likely that it was designed by Kirkerup since he is the architect behind several other pavilions in Chinese style from the time, including the one in Frederiksberg Gardens. A vegetable garden and nursery used to supply the household with fresh produce, a vegetable garden with original crops is still maintained at the far end of the park. It is situated next to the house and a small cluster of outbuildings and glasshouses, including the Grape House, the Tomato House, the Apple Celler, the Orangery
31.
Brede Works
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The National Museum of Denmarks new museum, Brede Works, lies in the countryside just north of Copenhagen in Denmarks largest, protected industrial plants. The exhibitions show the development which has changed the everyday lives of the Danes over the past few centuries. Along the millstream Mølleåen there have been watermills since the Middle Ages, over time they have helped to process copper, grain, gunpowder etc. From 1832 until it was closed down in 1956 textiles were produced at Brede Works, today the buildings house the museum and the National Museum of Denmarks Conservation Department. At the Factory you can experience the greatest female job of the 1800s which was the mill with big machines. In the exhibition The Machinery the visitors can work together along two lines, which can produce ball bearings to the world market. The exhibition Industrial beginnings show the story of the factories and the communities along the millstream. Brede Works produced gunpowder, copper and textiles, around 1900 the textile factory had grown to a small community with homes, a crèche, school, shop and dining house. The last exhibitions Dressed in Time show the history of fashion from top to toe, almost 200 garments show how the Danes have looked on everyday and festive occasions from the 1700s to the present day. The visitor can choose a guide who will appear among the machines. Usserød Textile Factory Official website of Brede Works Official website of the National Museum of Denmark
32.
Carlsberg Group
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The Carlsberg Group is a brewing company founded in 1847 by J. C. The companys first headquarters were located in Copenhagen, Denmark, since Jacobsens death in 1887, the majority owner of the company has been the Carlsberg Foundation. The companys flagship brand is Carlsberg Beer but it also brews Tuborg, Kronenbourg, Somersby cider, Russias best-selling beer Baltika, Belgian Grimbergen abbey beers, and more than 500 local beers. After merging with the assets of Norwegian conglomerate Orkla ASA in January 2001. After a failed attempt by Orkla, Carlsberg became the sole owner after purchasing Orklas share in the brewery in 2004. It is the leading beer seller in Russia with about a 40 percent share of the market, in 2009 Carlsberg ranked fourth worldwide, and employed around 45,000 people. Carlsberg was founded by J. C, Jacobsen, a philanthropist and avid art collector. With his fortune he amassed an art collection which is now housed in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in central Copenhagen. The first brew was finished on 10 November 1847, and the export of Carlsberg beer began in 1868 with the export of one barrel to Edinburgh, Jacobsens son Carl opened a brewery in 1882 named Ny Carlsberg forcing him to rename his brewery Gamle Carlsberg. The companies were merged and run under Carls direction in 1906, Jacobsen set up the Carlsberg Laboratory in 1875, which worked on scientific problems related to brewing. It featured a Department of Chemistry and a Department of Physiology, the species of yeast used to make pale lager, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, was isolated by Emil Christian Hansen at the laboratory in 1883 and bears its name, this was shared freely by Carlsberg. The Carlsberg Laboratory also developed the concept of pH and made advances in protein chemistry, in 1972, the Carlsberg Research Centre was established and the Carlsberg Laboratory is now an independent unit of the Centre. Because of a conflict with his son Carl, Jacobsens brewery was left to the Foundation upon his death in 1887, the first brewery to be built outside Denmark was in Blantyre, Malawi in 1968. Carlsberg merged with Tuborg breweries in 1970 forming the United Breweries AS, Carlsberg became the sole owner of Carlsberg-Tetley in 1997. In 2008 Carlsberg Group, together with Heineken, bought Scottish & Newcastle, in 2013 the company joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers commitments to reducing harmful drinking. The old brewery in Copenhagen is currently open for tours, famous visitors have included Winston Churchill in 1950, Queen Elizabeth II in 1957, and Yuri Gagarin in 1962. The Carlsberg Group divides their operations into three areas, Northern & Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Asia. Baltic Beverages Holding is currently owned by Carlsberg, previously, it was a joint venture between Carlsberg and Scottish & Newcastle in Russia
33.
Museum of Copenhagen
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The Museum of Copenhagen, founded in 1891, is the official museum of Copenhagen, Denmark, documenting the citys history from the 12th century to the present. The museum is located in a close to the Central Station at Vesterbrogade. From 1787, the mansion housed the Royal Copenhagen Shooting Society, outside the museums entrance is a large-scale model of medieval Copenhagen. Part of the adjacent street, Absalongade, serves as a museum street, starting in 1925, the museum had a permanent exhibition in the attic of Copenhagen City Hall. As the collections grew, the attic became too small and in 1956 the museum moved to the building of the Royal Shooting Society. The former shooting range became a park, still known as Skydebanehaven. In 1984, the took over the former Maria Kruuse School in the adjacent Absalongade. It is now used for administration as well as the museums archives, part of the street was turned into a museum street featuring historic street furniture. The mansion in which the museum is located today is the premises of the Royal Copenhagen Shooting Society. Originally it trained citizens as part of the defense of the city, by the 18th century, the nature of its activities had become purely ceremonial and social. The society was based in the street Kompagnistræde, which was named after it, in 1782, the society acquired a 3.5 hectare piece of land, stretching from present day Vesterbrogade to the beach. The foundation stone was laid for the current building the year, but due to shortage of funds construction came to a standstill several times. The wall was built to the design of architect Ludvig Knudsen in a neo-Gothic style, Ludvig Knudsen also modernized the interior of the Shooting Societys mansion in the 1890s and added a small new wing towards the gardens. After World War II, the Society moved to Sølyst Manor close to Klampenborg north of Copenhagen, while Copenhagen Municipality acquired the property at Vesterbro
34.
Danish Architecture Centre
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Danish Architecture Centre, DAC, is a communication and development centre for architecture in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was founded in 1985 as a collaboration between the Danish Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs and the Realdania foundation. Danish Architecture Centre was founded in 1985 through a collaboration between the Danish Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs and the Realdania foundation. It moved into the Gammel Dok building after renovation and conversion work carried out by Erik Møllers Tegnestue had been completed in 1986. The plaza in front of it was out in 1997 following the completion of neighbouring Arkitekternes Hus. The project has been designed by Rem Koolhaas with the collaboration of dUCKS scéno for scenography, DHV for acoustics studies, by means of temporary exhibitions and events, it seeks to communicate knowledge of architecture and urban planning, promoting interest by the general public. The DAC also develops projects and operates various programmes promoting cooperation across the boundaries of the construction. DACs role is to develop projects and set up, ensure financing of, the Danish Architecture Centre operates an exhibition space in its historic building and also has conference and meeting rooms. Facilities also include a well-stacked bookshop and a restaurant, Architecture of Denmark Danish Design Centre Official website PDF about Danish Architecture Centre
35.
Danish Jewish Museum
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The Danish Jewish Museum, in Copenhagen, Denmark, sits inside the Danish Royal Library’s old Galley House and exhibits Danish Jewish historical artifacts and art. Designed by world-renowned architect Daniel Libeskind, the building memorializes the story of Danish Jews who were saved from Nazi persecution by their fellow Danes in October 1943, construction of the Museum began in March 2003 and the museum opened in June 2004. At the turn of the century, King Christian IV built Denmark’s Royal Boat House. In 1985, the Society for Danish Jewish History decided to establish a museum in Copenhagen dedicated to its namesake and it wasn’t until the 1990s, however, that the organization met with Daniel Libeskind and the Royal Library site underwent another transformation. The renovation of the Boat House, executed by Fogh & Følner architects, began in July 2002, in June 2004, the museum opened. The Museum is the first official museum in Denmark dedicated to a minority or immigrant group, in particular, they had to find a balance between celebrated events, such as the Rescue of the Danish Jews in October 1943, and less familiar ones. The space’s evolving function influenced Libeskind’s design, the museum’s layout incorporates a pedestrian walk between the new and old libraries, outdoor summer seating for a café, and intimate conversation spaces at the ground level of the entrance. The whole building is organized as a series of planes, each corresponding to a field of religious discourse. Together, the planes, named Exodus, Wilderness, The Giving of the Law and these corridors comprise the museum’s exhibition spaces and, as they wind, they form the letters for the Hebrew word Mitzvah, meaning “good deed. Libeskind describes the space as a “sort of text running within a frame made up of other surfaces – walls, inner spaces, showcases, virtual perspectives. ”Most of the items on display come from either the Royal Library’s Judaica collection or are on loan from the Jewish Community in Copenhagen. American Architect Award,2005 Danish Jewish Museum, Website
36.
M/S Maritime Museum of Denmark
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The M/S Maritime Museum of Denmark, operated by a private foundation since 1915, was for the first 97 years located at Kronborg Castle in Helsingør, Denmark. Its collections cover Danish trade and shipping from 1400 to the present day, in 2013, the museum moved into new underground premises designed by Bjarke Ingels Group around a former dry dock. Model ships, paintings, photographs and related artifacts illustrate the Napoleonic Wars as well as Danish trade with China, special exhibitions are devoted to navigation, the Danish lifeboat service, lighthouses, shipbuilding, and the sailors life since the 16th century. The museum also has several paintings, a collection of over 33,000 photographs illustrating virtually all Danish ships since 1880. A new museum designed by Bjarke Ingels Group opened in October 2013, located in a former Helsingør dry dock, it is placed in an underground area of 7,600 square metres with an interior designed by Dutch architects Kossmann. dejong. Equipped with teaching facilities, workshops and a café, the museum also hosts conferences, Ingels decision to build underground was the result of height restrictions imposed on the design in order to safeguard views of nearby Kronborg. The dock itself will remain an empty space crossed by ramps and bridges providing access to the museum, the overall intention is to give the museum the feel of a ships deck. The competition jury welcomed the proposal, believing it would create a maritime museum for Denmark. Financed by 11 foundations, construction began in September 2008. Architizer A+ Award 2014 RIBA EU Award 2014 WAF Award The design magazine Frame, has ranked the exhibition #2 on a list of the 10 Best New Exhibition Designs, kulturhavn Kronborg is an effort of 2013 to offer a variety of culture experiences to resistance and visitors to Helsingør. Kulturhavn Kronborg is a joint initiative by Kronborg Castle, Danish Maritime Museum, kulturværftet and Helsingør harbour
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Danish Museum of Hunting and Forestry
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The Danish Museum of Hunting and Forestry is a state-owned museum in Hørsholm exhibiting objects connected with the history of hunting and forestry in Denmark. It is now associated with the UNESCO-listed Par force hunting landscape in North Zealand. The museum was established in 1942 and it is based in the former farm buildings of Hirschholm Palace. The Par force hunting landscape in North Zealand was inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites on 4 July 2015, the museum is expected to be the site manager and principal coordinator of information and news about the Par Force heritage site. The exhibitions consist of three collections, The Hunting collection illustrate the history of hunting in Denmark from ancient times until the present day, the forestry collections focus on tools and used in forestry before c. An exhibition about modern forestry with machines used in recent times, children can try it on and enter the machines. Hørsholm Local History Museum Official website
38.
Danish Police Museum
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The Danish Police Museum is dedicated to the history of law enforcement in Denmark. It is based in a police station on Fælledvej, off Sankt Hans Torv, in the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen. The museum traces its history back to 1904 when a collection of artefacts was founded in the celler under Copenhagen Court House, the current museum was inaugurated in 1993. It underwent a refurbishment in 2004. Fælledvej Police Station, or Station 6, opened on 21 October 1884 and it maintained a staff of 64 policemen, One chief police officer, four superior police officers,11 inspectors and 46 ordinary policemen. The top floor contained a residence for the head of the police station, first floor contained accommodation for 16 unmarried policemen. The police station closed on 25 May 1977, the ground floor contains an exhibition about the history of the Danish Police Corps from its foundation in 1682 until the present day. First floor contains an exhibition about an exhibition, featuring different forms of crimes as well as police investigation. The museum also hosts a special exhibitions
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Danish Revue Museum
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The Danish Revue Museum is based in a former country house on Allégade in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is dedicated to the Danish Revue tradition as well as more generally to the history of entertainment in Denmark. The museum is based on the collection of Ida and Bent From. Originally named Morskabs-museet, it opened in 1993 in the Kavalérfløjen and it changed its name and moved to the current location in 2004. The logo was introduced by Bent From and is based on an engraving depicting the Italian Commedia dellarte character Scaramouche, a bronze statue of the figure was placed in the front garden of the museum. It is based on a statuette which had previously created by an employee. Known as Riises Landsted, the building is a Neoclassical country house built for August Jacob Christian Riise in 1860 and it is typical for the building style favoured in Frederiksberg during the 19th century. The building is seven bays wide and has a central projection on both the front and rear. The facade is decorated with reliefs, the interior is notable for its rich stucco decorations and fine, original ceilings. The building is now owned by Realdania Byg, the museums collections cover the time period from the first Danish revues in 1849 until the present day. They include artefacts, pictures, scrap books, manuscripts as well as collections of film. Previous special exhibitions have featured such names as Marguerite Viby, Ib Schønberg, Osvald Helmuth, Ulf Pilgaard, Liva Weel as well as such as Apolloteatret. The museum also has a permanent exhibition, short video about the building from Realdania Byg
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