1.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
2.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
3.
The Game (rapper)
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Jayceon Terrell Taylor, better known by his stage name The Game, is an American rapper and actor. The Game is best known as a rapper in the West Coast hip hop scene and for being one of Dr. Dres signers under Aftermath Records. Born in Los Angeles, California, he released his first mixtape You Know What It Is Vol.1 in 2002, shortly after, he was signed to Dr. Dres Aftermath Entertainment label. He rose to fame in 2005 with the success of his debut album The Documentary. The Recording Industry Association of America certified The Documentary double platinum in March 2005. A rising artist in the 2000s, The Game was considered to be a force in bringing back the West Coast hip hop scene into the mainstream. The Game was placed into G-Unit by Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine, the Games second major label album Doctors Advocate was released on November 14,2006 and it became his second straight album to debut at number one on the U. S. Billboard 200 chart. Doctors Advocate did not feature any production from Dr. Dre, Pitchfork Media placed The Documentary at number 35 on their list of Top 50 Albums of 2005. The Game was nominated with a total of two nominations, including Grammy Award for Best Rap Song and Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the smash single Hate It or Love It. The New York Times named Doctors Advocate best hip-hop album of 2006 and his next album LAX was released in 2008. With his eighth studio album The R. E. D, album, The Game again debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. In addition to music, The Game has starred in motion pictures, in September 2011, The Game started working on his ninth studio album, Jesus Piece, which was released on December 11,2012, his final album released by Interscope. After releasing a mixtape OKE, on October 12,2013, Birdman announced The Game had signed to Cash Money Records, however, The Game later refuted this claim. His latest album 1992 was released on October 14,2016, the Game was born Jayceon Terrell Taylor on November 29,1979, in Los Angeles, California. He grew up in Compton, a low-income crime-ridden city in Los Angeles County, in a primarily Crip gang neighborhood known as Santana Blocc, in an October 2006 interview with MTV News correspondent Sway Calloway, The Game described his family as dysfunctional. Taylor endured many hardships in his adolescence, at the age of 7, he was placed in foster care. At 13, one of his brothers, Jevon, was shot at a gas station. When he was 15, Taylor was removed from the care system and moved in with his mother
4.
Kanye West
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Kanye Omari West is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, fashion designer, and entrepreneur. Intent on pursuing a career as a rapper, West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success. He went on to pursue a variety of different styles on subsequent albums Late Registration, Graduation, and 808s & Heartbreak. In 2010, he released his fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy to rave reviews from critics, West released his abrasive sixth album, Yeezus, to further critical praise in 2013. His seventh album, The Life of Pablo, was released in 2016, Wests outspoken views and life outside of music have received significant mainstream attention. He has been a frequent source of controversy for his conduct at award shows, on social media and he is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. His 2014 marriage to television personality Kim Kardashian has also been subject to media coverage. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time, three of his albums have been included and ranked on Rolling Stones 2012 update of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list. He has also included in a number of Forbes annual lists. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015, West was born on June 8,1977 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents divorced when he was three years old, after the divorce, he and his mother moved to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Café in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China, according to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in school, West replied, I got As. West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age and his mother recalled that she first took notice of Wests passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade. Growing up in Chicago, West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene and he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists
5.
Travis Barker
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Travis Landon Barker is an American musician and producer, and the drummer for the rock band Blink-182. He was a frequent collaborator with the late DJ AM, after the split of his first band, Feeble, Barker began playing for the Aquabats in 1996 as the Baron Von Tito. He recorded one album with them, The Fury of The Aquabats. in 1997 and his career rose when he joined Blink-182 in 1998. Barker has since established himself as a drummer, producing and making guest appearances in music projects of numerous music genres including hip hop, alternative rock, pop. He has gained significant acceptance within the community in particular. Barker collaborated with artists for his debut album, Give the Drummer Some. In 2011, he worked with Steve Aoki and Kid Cudi in Aokis hit single Cudi the Kid, as part of his album Wonderland, aside from drumming, he founded clothing company Famous Stars and Straps in 1999 and LaSalle Records in 2004. Companies such as DC Shoes and Zildjian cymbals have co-designed products in his name, Rolling Stone referred to him as punks first superstar drummer. Barker was born to Randy and Gloria Barker in Fontana, California on November 14,1975 and his father worked as a mechanic and his mother babysat. He is of English, Irish, and Italian descent, when Barker was four, his mother gave him his first kit, which was the only one he would have until he was fifteen. Barker began taking lessons at age five with a drummer named Michael Mai. At this time, he began taking trumpet lessons. In junior high, Barker learned to play the piano and briefly tried singing, joining the madrigals men, in addition, Barker had non-musical aspirations, he also was interested in becoming a professional surfer and skateboarder. However, Barker states that I always migrated back to drums and that was the one direction that kind of felt like I was connected to and I could kind of understand. I could express myself better through my drums than I could anything else, Barker has described himself as a stoner during his tenure at the largely Hispanic-based Fontana High School. His mother, who had been diagnosed with three months earlier, died the day before he started going to high school. She told him to playing music and to follow his dreams. Barker attended Fontana High School, where he played in the jazz ensemble, while attending Fohi, he and his best friend Manuel Solorzano decided to enter the school talent show in a drum-off battle between the two of them, Travis won
6.
Lil Wayne
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Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. known professionally as Lil Wayne, is an American hip hop recording artist and author from New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1991, at the age of nine, Lil Wayne joined Cash Money Records as the youngest member of the label, in 1996, Lil Wayne joined the southern hip hop group Hot Boys, with his Cash Money label-mates Juvenile, Young Turk and Lil Doogie. Hot Boys debuted with Get It How U Live. that same year, Most of the groups success came with their platinum-selling album Guerrilla Warfare and the 1999 single Bling Bling. Along with being the flagship artist of Cash Money Records, Lil Wayne is also the Chief Executive Officer of his own imprint, Young Money Entertainment. Lil Waynes solo debut album Tha Block Is Hot, was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and his subsequent albums, Lights Out and 500 Degreez, went on to be certified gold. Wayne reached higher popularity with his fourth album Tha Carter, which was led by the single Go D. J. and his appearance on Destinys Childs Top 10 single Soldier, that same year. The album was followed by Tha Carter II, as well as several mixtapes, Wayne gained more prominence with his sixth album Tha Carter III, which became his most successful album to date, with first-week sales of over one million copies in the United States. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and includes the hit singles Lollipop, A Milli, following the success of Tha Carter III, Wayne decided to record a rock-esque album titled Rebirth. The album, released in 2010, was certified gold by the RIAA, in March 2010, Lil Wayne began serving an 8-month jail sentence in New York after being convicted of criminal possession of a weapon stemming from an incident in July 2007. Waynes eighth album I Am Not a Human Being, was released during his incarceration and his 2011 album and first following his release, Tha Carter IV, sold 964,000 copies in its first week of availability in the United States. It includes the singles 6 Foot 7 Foot, How to Love, on September 27,2012, Lil Wayne passed Elvis Presley as the male with the most entries on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with 109 songs. The record has since passed by other artists. Lil Waynes thirteenth studio album, Tha Carter V has been delayed multiple times and has no scheduled release date, Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. was born on September 27,1982, and grew up in the Hollygrove neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana. His mother, a cook, gave birth to him when she was 19 years old and his parents divorced when he was 2, and his father permanently abandoned the family. Although Wayne and Birdman have a relationship and Birdman calls Carter his son, Waynes biological father. Lil Wayne has also spoken about his stepfather, Rabbit. Carter has a dedicated to Rabbit, who was murdered before Carter became a star. Carter enrolled in the program of Lafayette Elementary School and in the drama club of Eleanor McMain Secondary School
7.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
8.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
9.
Keri Hilson
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Keri Lynn Hilson is an American singer, songwriter, actress and record producer. She was born and raised in Decatur, Georgia, and spent most of her working with producer Anthony Dent, as a songwriter and background vocalist for several R&B. By the age of 14, Hilson had secured a deal with the girl group DSigne. In 2006, Hilson signed with American rapper and producer Timbalands record label and her breakthrough came the following year after appearing on Timbalands single The Way I Are, which topped charts around the world. Hilsons music style is generally R&B, hip hop and pop, womanhood, sexual intimacy and her musical influences come from her fathers side of the family. Hilsons debut studio album, In a Perfect World, was released in 2009, and debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart, eventually being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album spawned the hit singles, Knock You Down, Turnin Me On and it also earned Hilson two Grammy Award nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for Knock You Down. Her second studio album, No Boys Allowed, was released in 2010 and was less successful than its predecessor, however, it included the platinum single. Besides her music career, Hilson has also contributed to charities and pursued a career in acting. She has contributed in the fight against HIV and AIDS, helped various relief efforts for natural disasters, in 2012, Hilson made her acting debut in the romantic comedy film, Think Like a Man. Her achievements include a BET Award, MOBO Award, NAACP Image Award, keri Lynn Hilson was born on December 5,1982, in Decatur, Georgia. Hilsons mother owns and runs a day care center and her father is a developer who served in the army and she was raised in an African-American neighborhood and came from a middle class family. Her brother is Kip and her sisters are Kelsee, Kye, Hilson and her siblings did not attend a school within the neighborhood, stating that they shipped us off for an hour to get to school every day. It was just that important for us to maintain the life that they had created, from the age of 12, Hilson wanted to pursue a musical career, after watching television talent shows, Star Search and Showtime at the Apollo. By the age of 14, Hilson had secured a deal with the girl group DSigne. After graduating from school, Hilson attended Oxford College of Emory University. She continued working as a songwriter and background vocalist during her schooling years, Hilson eventually stopped working with Dent, and began working more with Polow da Don. She also became a member of the songwriting and production team, together, they wrote Mary J. Bliges Take Me as I Am, Omarions Ice Box, Ciaras Like a Boy, The Pussycat Dolls Wait a Minute and Britney Spears Gimme More
10.
Nelly
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Cornell Iral Haynes, Jr. known professionally as Nelly, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, entrepreneur, investor, and occasional actor from St. Louis, Missouri. Nelly embarked on his career with Midwest hip hop group St. Lunatics, in 1993. Under Universal, Nelly began his career in the year 2000, with his debut album Country Grammar. The album debuted at three on the Billboard 200 and went on to peak at number one. Country Grammar is Nellys best-selling album to date, selling over 8.4 million copies in the United States and his following album Nellyville, produced the number-one hits Hot in Herre and Dilemma. Other singles included Work It, Air Force Ones, Pimp Juice, with the same-day dual release of Sweat, Suit and the compilation Sweatsuit, Nelly continued to generate many chart-topping hits. Sweat debuted at two on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 342,000 copies in its first week. On the same week of release, Suit debuted at number one, Nellys fifth studio album, Brass Knuckles, was released on September 16,2008, after several delays. It produced the singles Party People, Stepped on My Jz, in 2010, Nelly released the album 5.0. The lead single, Just a Dream, was certified platinum in the United States. It also included the singles Move That Body and Gone, Nelly won Grammy Awards in 2003 and 2004 and had a supporting role in the 2005 remake film The Longest Yard with Adam Sandler and Chris Rock. He has two clothing lines, Vokal and Apple Bottoms, on December 11,2009, Billboard ranked Nelly the number three Top Artist of the Decade. Nelly was born in Austin, Texas, where his father was serving in the military, when he was seven, his parents divorced. Nelly moved with his mother from St. Louis to University City, while still in high school, Nelly formed the St. Lunatics, a hip hop group who enjoyed local popularity with their single Gimme What Ya Got. Nelly decided to go solo, after a record deal failed to appear. He was signed to Universal Music Group by A&R Kevin Law, Nelly was unusual for being a rapper from the Midwest at a time when the hip-hop scenes were centered around the East Coast, West Coast and the South. The label used this to their advantage by branding Nelly as a star of the Midwest, hoping to inspire pride in the people of St Louis, Nelly was signed with St. Lunatics. Kevin Law and Country from FoReel Entertainment decided to do a record with Nelly first
11.
Girl Talk (musician)
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Girl Talk is the stage name of Gregg Michael Gillis, an American disc jockey specializing in mashups and digital sampling. Gillis has released five LPs on the record label Illegal Art and he is trained as an engineer but left his job to pursue his music. Gillis began experimenting with music and sampling while a student at Chartiers Valley High School in the Pittsburgh. After a few efforts, he started the solo Girl Talk project while studying biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. In school, Gillis focused on tissue engineering, Gillis states his musical inspirations to have been Squarepusher and Aphex Twin. He has also stated interest in rock, as well as noise music artist Merzbow. Gillis has also stated that he was always into hip-hop and pop music, as he aged, he started to like older artists such as The Beatles. He stated that he was first introduced to the genre by John Oswald, Gillis worked as an engineer, but he quit in May 2007 to focus solely on music. He produces mashup-style remixes, in which he uses often a dozen or more unauthorized samples from different songs to create a mashup, the name Girl Talk is taken from the late 80s and early 90s board game of the same name. Gillis has given his own different explanations for the origin of his name, once saying that it alluded to a Jim Morrison poem. In 2009, he attributed the name to Tad, the early 1990s SubPop band, Gillis has said the name sounded like a Disney music teen girl group. In a 2009 interview with FMLY, Gillis stated, The name Girl Talk is a reference to things, products, magazines. The whole point of choosing the name early on was basically to just stir things up a little within the small scene I was operating from, I came from a more experimental background and there were some very overly serious, borderline academic type electronic musicians. I wanted to pick a name that they would be embarrassed to play with and you know Girl Talk sounded exactly the opposite of a man playing a laptop, so thats what I chose. Gillis is featured heavily in the 2008 open source documentary RiP, for possible future projects, Gillis is considering creating an original song rather than full-length albums featuring songs by other musicians tied together. Girl Talk released his fifth LP All Day on November 15,2010 – free through the Illegal Art website, a U. S. tour in support of All Day began in Gilliss hometown of Pittsburgh with two sold-out shows at the new Stage AE concert hall. Since Gillis releases his music under Creative Commons licenses, fans may use it in derivative works. Many create mashup video collages using the original music videos
12.
Sampling (music)
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In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, by the late 1960s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the development of minimalist music and the production of psychedelic rock and jazz fusion. Hip hop music was the first popular music based on the art of sampling – being born from 1970s DJs who experimented with manipulating vinyl on two turntables and an audio mixer. Historically, sampling was most often done with a sampler — a specialized piece of hardware — but today, however, vinyl emulation software may also be used, and turntablists continue to sample using traditional methods. Often samples consist of one part of a song, such as a rhythm break, for instance, hip hop music developed from DJs looping the breaks from songs to enable continuous dancing. Samples can also consist of words and phrases, including those in non-musical media such as movies, TV shows. Sampling does not necessarily mean using pre-existing recordings, a number of composers and musicians have constructed pieces or songs by sampling field recordings they made themselves, and others have sampled their own original recordings. The use of sampling is controversial legally and musically, in the 1970s, when hip hop was confined to local dance parties, it was unnecessary to obtain copyright clearance in order to sample recorded music at these parties. Aside from legal issues, sampling has been championed and criticized. Hip-hop DJs today take different approaches to sampling, with critical of its obvious use. Some critics, particularly those with a rockist outlook, have expressed the belief all sampling is lacking in creativity, while others say sampling has been innovative and revolutionary. Those whose own work has been sampled have also voiced a variety of opinions about the practice. Once recorded, samples can be edited, played back, or looped, types of samples include, The drums and percussion parts of many modern recordings are really a variety of short samples of beats strung together. Many libraries of such beats exist and are licensed so that the user incorporating the samples can distribute their recording without paying royalties, such libraries can be loaded into samplers. Though percussion is an application of looping, many kinds of samples can be looped. A piece of music may have an ostinato which is created by sampling a phrase played on any kind of instrument, there is software which specializes in creating loops. Whereas loops are usually a phrase played on a musical instrument, Music workstations and samplers use samples of musical instruments as the basis of their own sounds, and are capable of playing a sample back at any pitch. Many modern synthesizers and drum machines also use samples as the basis of their sounds, most such samples are created in professional recording studios using world-class instruments played by accomplished musicians
