1.
ICAO airport code
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The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating aerodromes around the world. ICAO codes are used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers. Flight information regions are identified by a unique ICAO-code. Code selections in North America were based on existing radio station identifiers, for example, radio stations in Canada were already starting with C, so it seemed logical to begin Canadian airport identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes and their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world was classified in a more planned top-down manner, thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe. The second letter was more specific, EGxx was the United Kingdom, EDxx was West Germany, ETxx was East Germany, LExx was Spain, LAxx was Albania, France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart EFxx was the unambiguously northern Finland. ICAO codes are separate and different from IATA codes, which are used for airline timetables, reservations. For example, the IATA code for Londons Heathrow Airport is LHR, in general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. Far more aerodromes have ICAO codes than IATA codes, and to add to the confusion IATA codes are assigned to railway stations. Unlike the IATA codes, the ICAO codes generally have a structure and are comprehensive. In general, the first letter is allocated by continent and represents a country or group of countries within that continent, the second letter generally represents a country within that region, and the remaining two are used to identify each airport. The exception to rule is larger countries that have single-letter country codes. In either case, ICAO codes generally provide geographical context unlike IATA codes, for example, if one knows that the ICAO code for Heathrow is EGLL, then one can deduce that the airport EGGP is somewhere in the UK. On the other hand, knowing that the IATA code for Heathrow is LHR does not enable one to deduce the location of the airport LHV with any greater certainty, there are a few exceptions to the regional structure of the ICAO code made for political or administrative reasons. Similarly Saint Pierre and Miquelon is controlled by France, and airports there are assigned LFxx as though they were in Europe, further, in region L, all available 2-letter prefixes have been exhausted and thus no additional countries can be added
2.
Transport Canada
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Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing regulations, policies and services of transportation in Canada. It is part of the Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities portfolio, the current Minister of Transport is Marc Garneau. Transport Canada has its offices in Ottawa, Ontario, the Department of Transport was created in 1935 by the government of William Lyon Mackenzie King in recognition of the changing transportation environment in Canada at the time. He created a National Harbours Board and Trans-Canada Air Lines, the Department of Transport Act came into force November 2,1936. Transport Canada emerged from this process as a department focused on policy, in 2004, Transport Canada introduced non-passenger screening to enhance both airport and civil aviation security. Transport Canadas headquarters are located in Ottawa, at Place de Ville, each inspector with delegated power from the Minister of Transport receives official credentials to exercise their power, as shown on the right. These inspectors are public officers identified within the Criminal Code of Canada, the Motor Vehicle Safety Act was established in 1971 in order to create safety standards for cars in Canada. The department also acts as the governments funding partner with provincial transport ministries on jointly-funded provincial transportation infrastructure projects for new highways. On June 26,2013, the Fair Rail Freight Service Act became law which was a response to the Rail Freight Service Review’s Final Report, Transport Canada is responsible for the waterways inside and surrounding Canada. As was certain regulatory aspects of Emergency Response Transport Canadas role in aviation seems to be the most detailed, until 1996, Transport Canada was responsible for both regulation of aviation and the operation of air traffic services, as well as the operation of most major airports. This change was controversial because NAV CANADA began charging for services that were funded through general tax revenue. In 2005, the United States was discussing a similar delegation of the FAAs air traffic services to a government corporation. During the 1990s, Transport Canada also began privatizing the operation of large airports, in 2003, Transport Canada launched its Electronic Collection of Air Transportation Statistics program to collect passenger and cargo data in real-time from air carriers flying in Canada. ECATS will expand into the field of aviation during 2008. Transport Canada also collects data on all accidents and incidents, no matter how minor, Transport Canada continues to be responsible for licensing pilots and other aviation specialists as well as registering and inspecting aircraft. It is also responsible for the safety certification and continuous safety oversight of most forms of commercial operations, the Canadian Aviation Regulations are also under Transport Canada control. Transport Canadas Civil Aviation Directorate or is Canadas civil aviation authority and it existed since 1936 when civil aviation was transferred from the Civil Aviation Branch of the Department of National Defence. de Havilland Canada Dash 7-150IR. In September 2009, the CBCs Fifth Estate produced a report Riding on Risk, the story was sparked by a lost memory stick which was found by a journalism student
3.
Thunder Bay
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Thunder Bay is a city in, and the seat of, Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. It is the most populous municipality in Northwestern Ontario with a population of 108,359 as of the Canada 2011 Census, European settlement in the region began in the late 17th century with a French fur trading outpost on the banks of the Kaministiquia River. Forestry and manufacturing played important roles in the citys economy and they have declined in recent years, but have been replaced by a knowledge economy based on medical research and education. Thunder Bay is the site of the Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, the city takes its name from the immense Thunder Bay at the head of Lake Superior, known on 18th-century French maps as Baie du Tonnerre. The city is referred to as the Lakehead, or Canadian Lakehead. European settlement at Thunder Bay began with two French fur trading posts which were subsequently abandoned, in 1803, the Montreal-based North West Company established Fort William as its mid-continent entrepôt. The fort thrived until 1821 when the North West Company merged with the Hudsons Bay Company, by the 1850s, the Province of Canada began to take an interest in its western extremity. Discovery of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan had prompted a demand for mining locations on the Canadian shores of Lake Superior. In 1849, French-speaking Jesuits established the Mission de lImmaculée-Conception on the Kaministiquia to evangelize the Ojibwe, the Province of Canada negotiated the Robinson Treaty in 1850 with the Ojibwa of Lake Superior. As a result, an Indian reserve was set aside for them south of the Kaministiquia River, in 1859–60, the Department of Crown Lands surveyed two townships and the Town Plot of Fort William for European-Canadian settlement. Another settlement developed a few miles to the north of Fort William after construction by the federal Department of Public Works of a road connecting Lake Superior with the Red River Colony, the work was directed by Simon James Dawson. This public works depot or construction headquarters acquired its first name in May 1870 when Colonel Garnet Wolseley named it Prince Arthurs Landing and it was renamed Port Arthur by the Canadian Pacific Railway in May 1883. The arrival of the CPR in 1875 sparked a rivalry between the towns, which did not end until the amalgamation of 1970. Until the 1880s, Port Arthur was a larger and dynamic community. The CPR, in collaboration with the Hudsons Bay Company, preferred east Fort William, provoked by a prolonged tax dispute with Port Arthur and its seizure of a locomotive in 1889, the CPR relocated all its employees and facilities to Fort William. The collapse of silver mining after 1890 undermined the economy of Port Arthur and it had an economic depression, while Fort William thrived. In the era of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Thunder Bay began a period of growth, based on improved access to markets via the transcontinental railway. The CPR double-tracked its Winnipeg–Thunder Bay line, the Canadian Northern Railway established facilities at Port Arthur
4.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
5.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
6.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
9.
Canada Flight Supplement
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The Canada Flight Supplement is a joint civil/military publication and is a supplement of the Aeronautical Information Publication. It is the official airport directory. It contains information on all registered Canadian and certain Atlantic aerodromes, the CFS is published, separately in English and French, as a paper book by Nav Canada and is issued once every 56 days on the ICAO AIRAC schedule. The CFS was published by Natural Resources Canada on behalf of Transport Canada, the CFS presents runway data, arrival and departure procedures, air traffic control and other radio frequencies and services such as fuel, hangarage that are available at each listed aerodrome. As well, the CFS contains useful reference pages, including instructions for civil aircraft, chart updating data and search. Most pilots flying in Canada carry a copy of the CFS in case a weather or mechanical diversion to another airport becomes necessary, the Canada Flight Supplement is made up of seven sections, Special Notices — list of new or amended procedures. General Section — glossary, legends, airport code listing, list of abandoned aerodromes, Aerodrome/Facility Directory — list all aerodromes alphabetically by the community in which they are located. A sketch of the airport is included showing runway layout, taxiways, locations of buildings, also included in the sketch is an obstacle clearance circle. Radio Navigation and Communications — listing of radio navigation aids and communication outlets, together all known commercial AM broadcasters and their locations. Military Flight Data and Procedures — military flight and reporting procedures for Canada, emergency — emergency procedures and guidelines for hijacks, fuel dumping, search and rescue, etc. This Canadian Aviation Regulation does not specifically require carriage of a copy of the CFS, because information in the CFS may be out of date, particularly with regard to such issues as runway closures and fuel availability, pilots should check NOTAMs before each flight. NOTAM information in Canada can be obtained from the Nav Canada Aviation Weather Website or by contacting the appropriate regional Nav Canada Flight Information Centre, Nav Canada also publishes the Water Aerodrome Supplement, as a single volume in English and French. This contains information on all Canadian water aerodromes as shown on visual flight rules charts, the WAS is published on an annual basis. Airport/Facility Directory – U. S. publications roughly equivalent to the Aerodrome/Facility and Planning chapters of the CFS, but divided into several volumes covering different regions
10.
Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Its ministerial headquarters is located in les Terrasses de la Chaudière, Gatineau, Quebec. The department is responsible for international environmental issues. CEPA was the piece of Canadas environmental legislation but was replaced when budget implementation bill entered into effect in June 2012. Under the Constitution of Canada, responsibility for management in Canada is a shared responsibility between the federal government and provincial/territorial governments. For example, provincial governments have primary authority for resource management including permitting industrial waste discharges, the federal government is responsible for the management of toxic substances in the country. Environment Canada continues to undergo a transformation to centralize authority and decision-making. In 2003, responsibility for Parks Canada was returned to the Minister of the Environment, Environment Canada Enforcement Branch is responsible for ensuring compliance with several federal statues. The Governor-in-Council appoints enforcement officers and pursuant to section 217 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, there are two designations of enforcement officers, Environmental Enforcement and Wildlife Enforcement. The former administers the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and pollution provisions of the Fisheries Act, the latter enforces Migratory Birds Convention Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Species at Risk Act and The Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act. All officers wear green uniform with black ties and a badge. Environmental Enforcement Officers only carry baton and OC spray whereas Wildlife Enforcement Officers are also equipped with firearm, on March 4,2009, a bill to increase the enforcement capabilities of Environment Canada was introduced into the House of Commons. The various annexes define hazardous waste in Canada, and also deem any waste that is, the loophole in the regulations that allows tons of e-waste to be exported from Canada is the use of the definition of intact vs functional. A non-functioning electronic device that is intact can be exported under the current legislation, what cant be exported without prior informed consent is a non-functioning but no longer intact electronic device. The principal problem being, the non-functioning but intact electronic device is at risk of being disassembled in some far away e-waste dumping ground. The Canadian governments use of an interpretation of the Basel Convention obligations intact. See Canadian fact sheet and associated links, there have been 19 prosecutions undertaken for non-compliance with the provisions of the EIHWHRMR some of which are still before the courts. Electronic waste by country Bill C-38, replaced the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act,2012, by placing the emphasis on jobs, growth and prosperity significant changes have been made to the federal environmental assessment regime and environmental regulatory framework. The Durban talks were leading to a new binding treaty with targets for all countries to take effect in 2020, Environment minister Peter Kent argued that, The Kyoto protocol does not cover the worlds largest two emitters, the United States and China, and therefore cannot work
11.
Airport apron
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The airport apron is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, or boarded. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, however, the apron is not usually open to the general public and a license may be required to gain access. The use of the apron may be controlled by the management service to provide coordination between the users. The apron is designated by the ICAO as not being part of the maneuvering area, all vehicles, aircraft and people using the apron are referred to as apron traffic. The term tarmac was used during an early aircraft hijack episode in the Middle East, the reporter with a British accent reported that the aircraft was parked on the tarmac and it stuck as a descriptive area. In the United States, the ramp is an older term for an area where pre-flight activities were done. Passenger gates are the feature of a terminal ramp. The word apron is the ICAO and FAA terminology, so the ramp is not used with this meaning outside the US, Canada, Maldives. Pavement Classification Number Hardstand Media related to Airport aprons at Wikimedia Commons Challenges to airport ramp and runway debris control
12.
Port of entry
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In general, a port of entry is a place where one may lawfully enter a country. It typically has a staff of people who check passports and visas, International airports are usually ports of entry, as are road and rail crossings on a land border. Seaports can be used as ports of entry only if a dedicated customs presence is posted there, the choice of whether to become a port of entry is up to the civil authority controlling the port. An airport of entry is an airport that provides customs and immigration services for incoming flights and these services allow the airport to serve as an initial port of entry for foreign visitors arriving in a country. The word international in a name usually means that it is an airport of entry. Airports of entry can range from large urban airports with scheduled passenger service, like John F. Kennedy International Airport. Often, smaller airports of entry are located near a port of entry such as a bridge or seaport. On the other hand, however, some former airports of entry chose to leave their name with the word international in it, one example is Osaka International Airport. Many airports in the region have the same situation, like Taipei Songshan Airport. Songshan retained its official Chinese name, Taipei International Airport, after Chiang Kai-shek International Airport opened, similar cases of transitions of international airports such as Seoul, Tokyo, Nagoya, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Tehran, etc. For the European Union, flights between countries in the Schengen Area are considered domestic regarding passport and immigration check, several international airports have only intra Schengen-flights. Several of these have occasional charter flights to foreign countries, some cases of statelessness have occurred in airports of entry, forcing people to stay there for an extended period. A famous case was of Mehran Karimi Nasseri, an expelled Iranian who lived in the Charles de Gaulle Airport in France for approximately eighteen years after being denied entry to the country, there are two films about his story, Tombés du ciel and The Terminal. Another case is Zahra Kamalfar who lived in the Sheremetyevo International Airport for many months before getting refugee status in Canada, the formal definition of a port of entry in the United States is something entirely different. According to the Code of Federal Regulations, the port and port of entry incorporate the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a port director. In other words, a port of entry may encompass an area that includes several border crossings, as well as some air and this also means that not every border crossing is a port of entry. There are two reasons for this, Every port of entry must have a Port Director, which is a pay grade than a typical border inspector. The U. S. government has determined that some small border crossings do not need their own Port Directors, as a result, border stations like Churubusco, Chateaugay and Fort Covington, New York are considered stations within the Trout River Port of Entry
13.
Nav Canada
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Nav Canada is a privately run, not-for-profit corporation that owns and operates Canadas civil air navigation system. It was established in accordance with the Civil Air Navigation Services Commercialization Act, the company employs approximately 1,900 air traffic controllers,650 flight service specialists and 700 technologists. As part of the transfer, or privatization, Nav Canada paid the government CA$1.5 billion, Nav Canada, which operates independently of any government funding, is headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario. It is only allowed to be funded by publicly traded debt, Nav Canadas operations consist of various sites across the country. The company is governed by a 15-member board of representing the four stakeholder groups that founded Nav Canada. The four stakeholders elect 10 members as follows, These 10 directors then elect four independent directors and those 14 directors then appoint the president and chief executive officer who becomes the 15th board member. This structure ensures that the interests of individual stakeholders do not predominate, to further ensure that the interests of Nav Canada are served, these board members cannot be active employees or members of airlines, unions, or government. The company was formed on November 1,1996 when the government sold the air navigation services from Transport Canada to the new not-for-profit private entity for CAD$1.5 billion. The company was formed in response to a number of issues with Transport Canadas operation of air traffic control, while TCs safety record and operational staff were rated highly, its infrastructure was old and in need of serious updating at a time of government restraint. This resulted in delays for airlines and costs that were exceeding the airline ticket tax. The climate of government wage freezes resulted in shortages of air traffic controllers that were hard to address within a government department. Having TC as the provider, the regulator and inspector was a conflict of interest. Pressure from the airlines on the government mounted for a solution to the problem that was hurting the air industrys bottom line, the companys revenue is predominately from service fees charged to aircraft operators which amount to about CAD$1. 2B annually. Nav Canada also raises revenues from developing and selling technology and related services to air navigation service providers around the world. It also has some sources of income, such as conducting maintenance work for other ANS providers and rentals from the Nav Centre in Cornwall. In the summer of 2007 the company held $368 million in ABCP which had become illiquid, on 12 January 2009 final Ontario Superior Court of Justice approval was granted to restructure the third party ABCP notes. The company expects that the non-credit related fair value variances from face value on restructured and non-restructured ABCP will be recovered by the time the notes mature in fiscal year 2017. By fiscal year end 2013, the company’s revenues reached $1,231 million, during the period 2005-15 the company held service charge rates steady
14.
Canada Border Services Agency
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The Canada Border Services Agency is a federal agency that is responsible for border enforcement, immigration enforcement and customs services. The Agencys creation was formalized by the Canada Border Services Agency Act, since the September 11 attacks against the United States, Canadas border operations have placed an enhanced emphasis on national security and public safety. The CBSA oversees approximately 1,200 service locations across Canada and it employs over 12,000 public servants, and offers around-the-clock service at 119 land border crossings and thirteen international airports. The Agency oversees operations at three major sea ports and three centres, and operates detention facilities in Laval, Toronto, Kingston and Vancouver. The CBSA operates an Inland Enforcement branch, which tracks down, Inland Enforcement Officers are plain-clothes units, and are armed with the same sidearm pistol as port of entry Border Services Officers. The coat of arms was granted on June 15,2010 and presented by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on July 6,2010, also in attendance were Governor General Michaëlle Jean and Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Use of the coat of arms is reserved for special occasions, the Heraldic Badge was approved for use at the same time as the coat of arms. It portrays a gold tressure which symbolizes the agencys security focus, the portcullis represents Her Majesty’s agents responsible for border services. The motto Protectio, Servitium, Integritas, translates “Protection, Service, the badge figures prominently in the television series Border Security, Canadas Front Line. A flag was approved for use on December 20,2012 and it is meant to resemble Canadas Blue Ensign, which was flown on government vessels prior to 1965. Not only has the structure of the organization changed, but the range of duties, substantial changes began before the 2001 terrorist attacks in the US. These new responsibilities led to the implementation of use of force policies, Border Services Officers across Canada started to carry collapsible batons, OC spray and handcuffs. The 2006 Canadian federal budget introduced $101 million to equip CBSA officers with side arms, in August 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that arming BSOs would begin in early 2007 and would continue through 2016. Some of the first officers to be armed were those working at the Windsor, Ontario port of entry, arming at the other Ports of Entry across Canada is being conducted systematically with those Ports considered the busiest and/or most dangerous to be completed first. Ports of Entry for all modes now have armed officers, including those at airports, Border Services Officers are equipped with handcuffs, oleoresin capsicum spray, batons, and are currently armed with Beretta PX4 Storm pistols. The arming initiative began in 2007 and officially concluded in 2016, Border Services Officers are trained at the CBSA College, located in Rigaud, Quebec. The attacker was an American man who shot the CBSA officer then killed himself, the CBSA officer, Lori Bowcock, was shot in the neck but she survived. This is the first time since CBSAs inception that an officer was shot on duty, in March 2015, Alain Philippon, a man from Ste-Anne-des-Plaines, Quebec, was referred to secondary inspection after returning from a trip to the Dominican Republic
15.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
16.
British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
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Under a parallel agreement, the Joint Air Training Scheme, South Africa trained 33,347 aircrew for the South African Air Force and other Allied air forces. This number was exceeded only by Canada, which trained 131,500 personnel, negotiations regarding joint training, between the four governments concerned, took place in Ottawa during the first few months of the war. On 17 December 1939, they signed the Air Training Agreement – often referred to as the Riverdale Agreement, after the UK representative at the negotiations, the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan was viewed as an incredibly ambitious programme. Under the agreement, air crews received training in various Commonwealth countries before travelling to Canada for advanced courses. Training costs were to be divided between the four governments and these units later became known as Article XV squadrons. Articles XVI and XVII stipulated that the UK government would be responsible for the pay and entitlements of graduates. On 29 April 1940, the first Canadian training course commenced, with 221 recruits, at No.1 Initial Training School RCAF, located initially at the Eglinton Hunt Club. From this intake,39 received their wings as aircrew on 30 September 1940, all of these graduates, however, were retained by the BCATP in Canada, as instructors, staff pilots or in similar flying assignments. The first BCATP personnel sent to the UK were 37 Canadian observers, the first BCATP-trained pilots posted to Europe as a group were 37 RAAF personnel who graduated in November 1941, from No.2 Service Flying Training School, RCAF Uplands, Ottawa. Prior to the inception of the Empire Air Training Scheme, the RAAF trained only about 50 pilots per year, under the Air Training Agreement, Australia undertook to provide 28,000 aircrew over three years, representing 36% of the total number trained by the BCATP. By 1945, more than 37,500 Australian aircrew had been trained in Australia, the first flying course started on 29 April 1940. Keith Chisholm was the first Australian to be trained under EATS, for a period, most RAAF aircrews received advanced training in Canada. During mid-1940, however, some RAAF trainees began to advanced training at RAF facilities in Southern Rhodesia. In addition, a number of Australian personnel were transferred from Europe. Some Article XV squadrons were transferred to RAAF or RAF formations involved in the Pacific War. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of RAAF personnel remained in Europe, by early 1944, the flow of RAAF replacement personnel to Europe had begun to outstrip demand and – following a request by British government – was wound back significantly. Australian involvement was terminated in October 1944. The government agreed in December 1939 to join the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, operate its bases in Canada, and pick up a large proportion of the costs
17.
Canadian Car and Foundry
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Canadian Car and Foundry also variously known as Canadian Car & Foundry, or more familiarly as Can Car, manufactured buses, railroad rolling stock and later aircraft for the Canadian market. CC&F history goes back to 1897, but the company was established in 1909 from an amalgamation of several companies. Today the remaining factories are part of Bombardier Transportation Canada, buses were produced at Fort William, Ontario and railcars in Montreal and Amherst. Streetcars were manufactured between 1897 and 1913, however the company focused exclusively on rebuilding existing streetcars after 1913, a few years later, CC&F acquired the assets of Pratt & Letchworth, a Brantford, ON, rail car manufacturer. During World War I, CC&F had signed contracts with Russia. An enormous factory was constructed in the Kingsland to assemble, package, on January 11,1917, a fire started in one of the buildings. In four hours, the spread to the approximately 500,000 pieces of 76.2 mm -high explosive shells stored there, causing several explosions. The explosion launched artillery shells and building debris across the area, destroying homes and businesses in the nearby towns of Haskell, Pompton Lakes. The total loss, including the ordnance, was estimated at $16,750,000, by 1939, with war on the horizon, Canadian Car & Foundry and its Chief Engineer, Elsie MacGill, were contracted by the Royal Air Force to produce the Hawker Hurricanes. Refinements introduced by MacGill on the Hurricane included skis and de-icing gear, when the production of the Hurricane was complete in 1943, CC&Fs workforce of 4,500 had built over 1,400 aircraft, about 10% of all Hurricanes built. Following the success of the Hurricane contract, CC&F sought out, eventually,834 Helldivers were produced by CC&F in various versions from SBW-1, SBW-1B, SBW-3, SBW-4E and SBW-5. Some of the Curtiss divebombers were sent directly to the Royal Navy under Lend-Lease arrangements, CC&F also built the North American AT-6 Texan/Harvard under licence, many of the aircraft being supplied to European air forces to train post war military pilots. In 1944, the Canadian Car & Foundry built a new aircraft in its Montreal shops - the Burnelli CBY-3. There were two examples built of a design originally developed by Vincent J. Burnelli. The CBY-3 was never to enter production and was cancelled less than one year later. The work of Canadian women building fighter and bomber aircraft at the plant during the Second World War is documented in the 1999 National Film Board of Canada documentary film Rosies of the North. After the Second World War, the CC&F returned to its roots as a car manufacturer. CC&F built 1,114 trolley buses and a few thousand buses under the name, trolleybus production ended in 1954, Edmonton Transit Systems No
18.
Airport terminal
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An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft. Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, the buildings that provide access to the airplanes are typically called concourses. However, the terminal and concourse are sometimes used interchangeably. Smaller airports have one terminal while larger airports have several terminals and/or concourses, at small airports, the single terminal building typically serves all of the functions of a terminal and a concourse. Some larger airports have one terminal that is connected to multiple concourses via walkways, sky-bridges, some larger airports have more than one terminal, each with one or more concourses. Still other larger airports have multiple terminals each of which incorporate the functions of a concourse, due to the rapid rise in popularity of passenger flight, many early terminals were built in the 1930s–1940s and reflected the popular art deco style architecture of the time. One such surviving example from 1940 is the Houston Municipal Airport Terminal, early airport terminals opened directly onto the tarmac, passengers would walk or take a bus to their aircraft. This design is common among smaller airports, and even many larger airports have bus gates to accommodate aircraft beyond the main terminal. A pier design uses a small, narrow building with aircraft parked on both sides, one end connects to a ticketing and baggage claim area. Piers offer high capacity and simplicity of design, but often result in a long distance from the check-in counter to the gate. A satellite terminal is a building detached from other airport buildings, the first airport to use a satellite terminal was London Gatwick Airport. It used a pedestrian tunnel to connect the satellite to the main terminal. This was also the first setup at Los Angeles International Airport, the first airport to use an automatic people mover to connect the main terminal with a satellite was Tampa International Airport, which is the standard today. Other examples include the following, Pariss Charles de Gaulle Airport, Geneva International Airport and London Gatwick Airport have circular satellite terminals, lisbon Internacional Airport has a small rectangular satellite terminal, connect by a free shuttle service. Orlando International Airport and Pittsburgh International Airport have multi-pier satellite terminals, brussels Airports Pier A is connected to the main building via underground tunnels and walkways. Zurich Airports Midfield Terminal is connected to the terminal via an underground Skymetro. At Logan International Airport in Boston, Terminal A has two sections of gates, one of which is a terminal connected by an underground walkway. Denver International Airport, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, and Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport have linear satellite terminals connected by central passages, the linear satellite terminals are connected by automatic people movers
19.
Air Canada
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Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada. The airline, founded in 1937, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and it is the worlds eighth-largest passenger airline by fleet size, and is a founding member of the Star Alliance. Air Canadas corporate headquarters are located in Montréal, Quebec, while its largest hub is at Toronto Pearson International Airport, Air Canada had passenger revenues of CA$13.8 billion in 2015. The airlines regional service is Air Canada Express, Canadas national airline originated from the Canadian federal governments 1936 creation of Trans-Canada Airlines, which began operating their first transcontinental flight routes in 1938. In 1965, TCA was renamed Air Canada following government approval, after the deregulation of the Canadian airline market in the 1980s, the airline was privatized in 1988. On 4 January 2000, Air Canada acquired their largest rival, in 2003, the airline filed for bankruptcy protection and in the following year emerged and reorganized under the holding company ACE Aviation Holdings Inc. In 2007,34 million people flew with Air Canada as the celebrated their 70th anniversary. The carriers operating divisions include Air Canada Cargo, Air Canada Express and their subsidiary, Air Canada Vacations, provides vacation packages to over 90 destinations. Together with their partners, the airline operates on average more than 1,530 scheduled flights daily. Air Canadas predecessor, Trans-Canada Airlines, was created by legislation as a subsidiary of Canadian National Railway on 11 April 1937. The newly created Department of Transport under Minister C. D, howe desired an airline under government control to link cities on the Atlantic coast to those on the Pacific coast. Transcontinental routes from Montreal to Vancouver began on 1 April 1939, using 12 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electras, by January 1940, the airline had grown to about 500 employees. Canadian Pacific Airlines suggested in 1942 a merger with TCA, prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King rejected the proposal and introduced legislation regulating TCA as the only airline in Canada allowed to provide transcontinental flights. With the increase in air travel after World War II, CP Air was granted one coast-to-coast flight, with the development of the ReserVec in 1953, TCA became the first airline in the world to use a computer reservation system with remote terminals. This bill failed but it was resubmitted and passed, with the name change taking effect on 1 January 1965. During the 1970s government regulations ensured Air Canadas dominance over domestic regional carriers, short-haul carriers were each restricted to one of five regions, and could not compete directly with Air Canada and CP Air. CP Air was subject to capacity limits on flights. Air Canadas fares were also subject to regulation by the government, in the late 1970s, with reorganization at CNR, Air Canada became an independent Crown corporation
20.
Airbus A319
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The Airbus A319 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin-engine jet airliners manufactured by Airbus. The A319 carries up to 160 passengers and has a range of 3,700 nmi. Final assembly of the takes place in Hamburg, Germany and Tianjin. The A319 is a variant of the Airbus A320 and entered service in April 1996 with Swissair. The aircraft shares a type rating with all other Airbus A320 family variants. As of 28 February 2017, a total of 1,457 Airbus A319 aircraft have been delivered, in addition, another 21 airliners are on firm order. As of 28 February 2017, EasyJet was the largest operator of the Airbus A319, in December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo. The similarly shortened fuselage A319neo variant offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements, the aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%. The first member of the A320 family was the A320 which was launched in March 1984, the family was extended to include the stretched A321, the shortened A319, and the further shortened A318. The A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire flight control systems, as well as side stick controls, the A319 was developed at the request of Steven Udvar-Hazy, the former president and CEO of ILFC according to The New York Times. The A319 design is a shortened fuselage, minimum change derivative of the A320 with its origins in the 130- to 140-seat SA1, the SA1 was shelved as the consortium concentrated on its bigger siblings. After healthy sales of the A320/A321, Airbus re-focused on what was known as the A320M-7. It would provide competition for the 737–300/-700. The shrink was achieved through the removal of four frames fore. Consequently, the number of overwing exits was reduced from four to two, the bulk-cargo door was replaced by an aft container door, which can take in reduced height LD3-45 containers. Minor software changes were made to accommodate the different handling characteristics, power is provided by the CFM56-5A or V2500-A5, derated to 98 kN, with option for 105 kN thrust. With virtually the same capacity as the A320-200, and fewer passengers. The A319s wingspan is longer than the overall length
21.
Boeing 727
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The Boeing 727 is a midsized, narrow-body three-engined jet aircraft built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from the early 1960s to 1984. It can carry 149 to 189 passengers and later models can fly up to 2,700 nautical miles nonstop, intended for short and medium-length flights, the 727 can use relatively short runways at smaller airports. It has three Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines below the T-tail, one on side of the rear fuselage with a center engine that connects through an S-duct to an inlet at the base of the fin. The 727 is Boeings only trijet aircraft, the 727 followed the 707, a quad-jet airliner, with which it shares its upper fuselage cross-section and cockpit design. The 727-100 first flew in February 1963 and entered service with Eastern Air Lines in February 1964, the 727 became a mainstay of airlines domestic route networks and was also used on short- and medium-range international routes. Passenger, freighter, and convertible versions of the 727 were built, the 727 was heavily produced into the 1970s, the last 727 was completed in 1984. As of July 2016, a total of 64 Boeing 727s were in service with 26 airlines, plus a few more in government. Airport noise regulations have led to 727s being equipped with hush kits, United Airlines requested a four-engine aircraft for its flights to high-altitude airports, especially its hub at Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado. American Airlines, which was operating the four-engined Boeing 707 and Boeing 720, eventually, the three airlines agreed on a trijet design for the new aircraft. In 1959, Lord Douglas, chairman of British European Airways, suggested that Boeing and de Havilland Aircraft Company work together on their trijet designs, the two designs had a similar layout, the 727 being slightly larger. At that time Boeing intended to use three Allison AR963 turbofan engines, license-built versions of the Rolls-Royce RB163 Spey used by the Trident, Boeing and de Havilland each sent engineers to the other companys locations to evaluate each others designs, but Boeing eventually decided against the joint venture. Once Pratt & Whitney agreed to go ahead with development of the JT8D, Eddie Rickenbacker, chairman of the board of Eastern, told Boeing that the airline preferred the JT8D for its 727s. Boeing had not offered the JT8D, as it was about 1,000 lb heavier than the RB163, though more powerful. Boeing reluctantly agreed to offer the JT8D as an option on the 727, with high-lift devices on its wing, the 727 could use shorter runways than most earlier jets. The airliners middle engine at the rear of the fuselage gets air from an inlet ahead of the vertical fin through an S-shaped duct. This S-duct proved to be troublesome in that flow distortion in the duct induced a surge in the engine on the take-off of the first flight of the 727-100. This was fixed by the addition of several large vortex generators in the inside of the first bend of the duct, the 727 was designed for smaller airports, so independence from ground facilities was an important requirement. This led to one of the 727s most distinctive features, the built-in airstair that opens from the underbelly of the fuselage
22.
McDonnell Douglas DC-9
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The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 is a twin-engine, single-aisle jet airliner. It was first manufactured in 1965 with its maiden flight later that year, the DC-9 was designed for frequent, short flights. The final DC-9 was delivered in October 1982, the DC-9-based airliners, MD-80, MD-90 and Boeing 717 later followed in production. With the final deliveries of the 717 in 2006, production of the DC-9/MD-80/90/717 aircraft family ceased after 41 years, during the 1950s Douglas Aircraft studied a short- to medium-range airliner to complement their higher capacity, long range DC-8. A medium-range four-engine Model 2067 was studied but it did not receive enough interest from airlines, in 1960, Douglas signed a two-year contract with Sud Aviation for technical cooperation. Douglas would market and support the Sud Aviation Caravelle and produce a licensed version if airlines ordered large numbers, none were ordered and Douglas returned to its design studies after the cooperation deal expired. In 1962, design studies were underway, the first version seated 63 passengers and had a gross weight of 69,000 lb. This design was changed into what would be initial DC-9 variant, Douglas gave approval to produce the DC-9 on April 8,1963. Unlike the competing but larger Boeing 727 trijet, which used as many 707 components as possible, the DC-9 has two rear-mounted Pratt & Whitney JT8D turbofan engines, relatively small, efficient wings, and a T-tail. The DC-9s takeoff weight was limited to 80,000 lb for a flight crew by Federal Aviation Agency regulations at the time. DC-9 aircraft have five seats across for economy seating, the airplane seats 80 to 135 passengers depending on version and seating arrangement. Accessibility and short field characteristics were called for, turnarounds were simplified by built-in airstairs, including one in the tail, which shortened boarding and deplaning times. The tail-mounted engine design facilitated a clean wing without engine pods, for example, flaps could be longer, unimpeded by pods on the leading edge and engine blast concerns on the trailing edge. This simplified design improved airflow at low speeds and enabled lower takeoff and approach speeds, thus lowering field length requirements, the second advantage of the tail-mounted engines was the reduction in foreign object damage from ingested debris from runways and aprons. With this position, the engines could ingest ice streaming off the wing roots, third, the absence of engines in underslung pods allowed a reduction in ground clearance, making the aircraft more accessible to baggage handlers and passengers. The first DC-9, a model, flew on February 25,1965. The second DC-9 flew a few later, with a test fleet of five aircraft flying by July. This allowed the initial Series 10 to gain airworthiness certification on November 23,1965, the initial Series 10 would be followed by the improved -20, -30, and -40 variants
23.
Air Ontario
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Air Ontario Inc. was a regional Canadian airline headquartered in London, Ontario. In 2002 Air Ontario became Air Canada Jazz, Great Lakes Airlines was formed in 1958, becoming Air Ontario Ltd. in 1983 and Air Ontario Inc. in June 1987 when James Plaxton purchased Great Lakes Airlines prior to its bankruptcy. Route expansion from Toronto Island Airport nonstop to both Montreal and Ottawa soon followed, along with the addition of new routes into the United States, in January 2001, a newly merged carrier called Air Canada Regional Inc. was established. A wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada, this combined the individual strengths of four regional airlines—Air BC, Air Nova, Air Ontario. Consolidation of these four companies was completed in 2002 and was marked by the launch of a new name and brand—Air Canada Jazz. The Convair 580 was initially operated in Air Canada Connector service along with the Dash 8 while the F28 was the jet aircraft type ever flown by Air Ontario. S. On 1 November 1988, Douglas C-47A C-FBJE crashed into Pikangikum Lake on a cargo flight from Red Lake Airport to Pikangikum Airport. Two of the three people on board were killed, some of the survivors were able to escape from the plane on their own but the others were carried to safety. The accident happened because the APU did not work, so the crew had to keep one of the running at Dryden. Air Ontario Air Ontario history page at Air Canada Jazz
24.
Fokker F28 Fellowship
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The Fokker F28 Fellowship is a short range jet airliner designed and built by Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. Announced by Fokker in April 1962, production was a collaboration between a number of European companies, namely Fokker, MBB of West Germany, Fokker-VFW, and Short Brothers of Northern Ireland. There was also government money invested in the project, with the Dutch government providing 50% of Fokkers stake, projected at first to transport 50 passengers to 1,650 km, the plane was later designed to have 60–65 seats. On the design sheet, the F28 was originally to mount Bristol Siddeley BS.75 turbofans, but the prototype flew with the lighter Rolls-Royce Spey Junior, a simplified version of the Rolls-Royce Spey. The F28 was similar in design to the British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven and Douglas DC-9, as it had a T-tail and engines mounted at the rear of the fuselage. The aircraft had wings with a slight crescent angle of sweep with ailerons at the tip, simple flaps and these were employed rather than reverse thrust as the designers felt that doing so not only reduced weight, but maintenance also. Having no reversers also meant that on unpaved airstrips there was chance of the engines ingesting debris. The leading edge was fixed and was anti-iced by bleed air from the engines, the tail cone could split and be hydraulically opened to the sides to act as a variable air brake – also used on the contemporaneous Blackburn Buccaneer. This design was used on the HS-146, which became the BAe-146. This means the engines respond faster if needed for sudden speed increases or go-arounds on the approach to landing, the Fellowship had a retractable tricycle landing gear which used large low pressure tyres enabling the use of unpaved airstrips. Large wheel brakes also helped in shortening the landing run, final assembly of the Fokker F28 was at Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands. The F28-1000 prototype, registered PH-JHG, first flew on 9 May 1967, flown by Chief Test Pilot Jas Moll, Test Pilot Abe van der Schraaf, German certification was achieved on 24 February 1969. The first order was from German airline LTU, but the first revenue-earning flight was by Braathens on 28 March 1969, the F28 with an extended fuselage was named F28-2000 and could seat up to 79 passengers instead of the 65 seats on the F28-1000. The prototype for this model was a converted F28-1000 prototype, the models F28-6000 and F28-5000 were modified F28-2000 and F28-1000 respectively, with slats, greater wingspan, and more powerful and quieter engines as the main features. The F28-6000 and F28-5000 were not a success, only two F28-6000 and no F28-5000 were built. After being used by Fokker for a time, the F28-6000 were sold to Air Mauritanie, the most successful F28 was the F28-4000, which debuted on 20 October 1976 with one of the worlds largest Fokker operators, Linjeflyg. The F28-3000, the successor to the F28-1000, featured the improvements as the F28-4000. This was also the worlds longest twin-jet route at the time, mMAa F28s also had the highest utilisation rates at the time, flying over 8 hours per day
25.
Canadian Airlines
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Canadian Airlines International Ltd. was a Canadian airline that operated from 1987 until 2001. The airline was Canadas second largest airline after Air Canada, Canadian Airlines served 105 destinations in Canada, more than any other airline. Canadian Airlines was also a member of the Oneworld airline alliance. Canadian Airlines was headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, and had revenue of approximately $3 billion at the end of 1999, the airline and its aircraft were acquired by Air Canada in 2001. Canadian Airlines International was the subsidiary of its parent company Canadian Airlines Corporation. The new airline was formed on March 27,1987, when Pacific Western Airlines purchased Canadian Pacific Air Lines, in 1989, Canadian Airlines acquired Wardair, giving them access to new routes including long sought-after routes to the UK and Europe. Its major hubs were at Montréal-Dorval International Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport, Vancouver International Airport, Canadian Airlines streamlined its operations and went through the financial restructuring of over $700 million in debt, after the 1991 airline industry slump. On November 1,1996, Kevin Benson, then president and CEO, the operational restructuring plan was supposed to be phased in over a four-year period, addressing the main issues of cost control, revenue growth, capitalization and fleet renewal. It was also one of the members of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with Qantas, American Airlines. The plan started off well but with the Asian economic downturn in 1998, air traffic decreased, Canadian Plus was the largest frequent flyer program in Canada with more than 60 airline, hotel, car rental, and financial partners worldwide. The program had more than three million members, at that time Canadian Airlines had the distinction of flying to more places in Asia, more often, than any other Canadian carrier. Canadian Airlines core business focused on building its Vancouver hub into the leading gateway between North America and Asia. It leveraged its codesharing agreement with American Airlines in order to capture a greater share of U. S. -Asia traffic flows. After continued poor performance, Canadian Airlines was acquired by Air Canada in 2000, numerous other proposals for survival had been considered and rejected, including a competing bid led by American Airlines to purchase Canadian Airlines. American Airlines had already owned a 25% stake in Canadian Airlines, then-American CEO Donald J. American has since sold its shares in Air Canada, after unsuccessfully lobbying Canadian federal government to ease foreign ownership restrictions on Canadian airlines. Canadian Airlines has the distinction of being the first airline in the world to have a website on the Internet, the website was launched in April 1994 and is recognized in the Canadian Internet handbook 1994 and 1995 editions. It was given recognition for not only being the first airline website in the world, at the time, this fact was widely reported by Canadian media including CBC Venture and Macleans Magazine. The website was created and credited to Grant Fengstad who at the time was leading a strategy to demonstrate that the Internet was going to revolutionize the travel sector
26.
Boeing 737
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The Boeing 737 is an American short- to medium-range twinjet narrow-body airliner. The 737 is Boeings only narrow-body airliner in production, with the 737 Next Generation variants currently being built, production has also begun on the re-engined and redesigned 737 MAX, which is set to enter service in 2017. Originally envisioned in 1964, the initial 737-100 made its first flight in April 1967, Next, the lengthened 737-200 entered service in April 1968. In the 1980s Boeing launched the -300, -400, and -500 models, the 737 Classics added capacity and incorporated CFM56 turbofan engines along with wing improvements. In the 1990s, Boeing introduced the 737 Next Generation, with changes including a redesigned, increased span laminar flow wing, upgraded glass cockpit. The 737 Next Generation comprises the four -600, -700, -800, Boeing Business Jet versions of the 737 Next Generation are also produced. The 737 series is the best-selling jet commercial airliner in history, the 737 has been continuously manufactured by Boeing since 1967 with 9,401 aircraft delivered and 4,423 orders yet to be fulfilled as of February 2017. Assembly of the 737 is performed at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington, many 737s serve markets previously filled by 707,727,757, DC-9, and MD-80/MD-90 airliners, and the aircraft currently competes primarily with the Airbus A320 family. As of 2006, there were an average of 1,250 Boeing 737s airborne at any given time, Boeing had been studying short-haul jet aircraft designs and wanted to produce another aircraft to supplement the 727 on short and thin routes. Preliminary design work began on May 11,1964, and Boeings intense market research yielded plans for a 50- to 60-passenger airliner for routes 50 to 1,000 mi long, consultation with Lufthansa over the previous winter resulted in an increase in capacity to 100 seats. On April 5,1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s, United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original 737. So Boeing stretched the fuselage 91 centimeters ahead of, and 102 cm behind the wing, the longer version was designated 737-200, with the original short-body aircraft becoming the 737-100. Detailed design work continued on both variants at the same time, Boeing was far behind its competitors when the 737 was launched, as rival aircraft BAC-111, Douglas DC-9, and Fokker F28 were already into flight certification. To expedite development, Boeing used 60% of the structure and systems of the existing 727 and this fuselage permitted six-abreast seating compared to the rival BAC-111 and DC-9s five-abreast layout. Design engineers decided to mount the nacelles directly to the underside of the wings to reduce the landing gear length and kept the low to the ground for easy ramp inspection. Originally, the arrangement of the airfoil sections of the 737 wing was planned to be very similar to that of the 707 and 727. However, an improvement in drag at high Mach numbers was achieved by altering these sections near the nacelle. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-1 low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, with the wing-mounted engines, Boeing decided to mount the horizontal stabilizer on the fuselage rather than the T-tail style of the Boeing 727
27.
Canadian Regional Airlines
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Canadian Regional Airlines was an airline headquartered in Calgary International Airport in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is now part of Air Canada Jazz, IATA Code, KI ICAO Code, CDR Callsign, Canadian Regional The origins of Canadian Regional go back over 40 years to when Time Air was formed by Walter “Stub” Ross from Lethbridge in Alberta. Time Air acquired Southern Frontier Airlines and North Canada Air, in January 1991, Canadian Regional Airlines was formed as a holding company to hold and manage Canadian Airlines Corporation’s regional airline interests. At that time Canadian Airlines Corporation acquired 100% of both of Time Air and Ontario Express as well as 70% of Inter-Canadien, in April 1993, Canadian Regional Airlines brought the operations of Time Air and Ontario Express together to operate as Canadian Regional Airlines. The two carriers were legally amalgamated in July 1998 and by then, Inter-Canadien had become a wholly owned subsidiary of Canadian Regional Airlines, Canadian Regional Airlines was then the largest regional carrier in Canada. As well for a period of time, Calm Air was a Canadian Airlines partner. In September 1998, Canadian Regional sold Inter-Canadien, Canadian Regional was integrated into the Air Canada family during the year 2000. In January 2001, a newly merged carrier called Air Canada Regional Inc was established, a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada, this company combined the individual strengths of four regional airlines – Air BC, Air Nova, Air Ontario, and Canadian Regional Airlines. Consolidation of these four companies was completed in 2002 and was marked by the launch of a new name, Calm Air is still an airline operating within the prairies. Time Air operated Fokker F28 Fellowship twin jets as Canadian Regional flights, at one point, Time Air was the largest F28 operator in the world. Canadian Regional operated 7 ATR 42-300s turboprops between 1993 and 1998 when they were transferred to Inter-Canadien and those ATR42 came from Ontario Express who first operated them in 1988. This was the first airline to import and operate them in Canada, Ontario Express was also the first airline to import in Canada the Jetstream 31 in 1987, when the company first started its operations in Ontario. Both the Jetstream 31 and the ATR42 proved to be very successful aircraft in the regional airline environment, Canadian Regional also operated 13 de Havilland Canada DHC-8-100 Dash 8 and 15 stretched de Havilland Canada DHC-8-300 Dash 8 turboprops from 1994 until the consolidation. Many still operate as Air Canada Jazz planes
28.
CanJet
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CanJet was a Canadian low-cost charter airline headquartered in Enfield, Nova Scotia and based at Halifax International Airport. It operated charter flights using its own brand, and contract and ad hoc charters for tour operators and airlines throughout Canada. CanJet was wholly owned by IMP Group International and had 572 employees as of March 2007, the airline was established in 1999 and started operations on September 5,2000. It was launched as a division of IMP Group and merged with Canada 3000 in May 2001 shortly before Canada 3000s bankruptcy, CanJet was relaunched on June 20,2002 as an independent airline. The relaunched airline flew to three destinations, but quickly expanded, canjet operated a fleet of nine Boeing 737-500 — seven of which were previously operated by United Airlines, one by Sabena airlines — and one Boeing 737-300. These airframes date back to the early 1990s, there were plans to expand the airlines fleet of Boeing 737-500 aircraft to 20 by 2006, however, the plans were not realized. In April 2004, CanJet launched services at Hamilton/John C, munro International Airport, Hamilton to fill a void left after WestJet shifted its eastern Canada hub to Toronto Pearson International Airport. In May 2005, the company began to expand into the western Canadian market with a flight between Calgary and Toronto, with plans to expand to other western markets. In the wake of the bankruptcy of Jetsgo, the company hoped to some of that companys market share. In June 2005, two weeks after Air Canada Jazz announced new service to Hamilton/John C, munro International Airport from Montreal and Ottawa, CanJet announced it would end its service to Hamilton. In August 2005, CanJet announced new service to Fort Lauderdale, in May 2006, CanJet and Harmony Airways signed a marketing pact to allow greater cross country service. CanJet would end flights west of Toronto, and focus more on Atlantic flights and this pact allowed consumers to book flights with both companies and have their luggage transferred between the two airlines. CanJet stated that any passengers who had tickets for travel dates after September 10,2006 would be provided a full refund. Before the announcement, CanJet had been operating scheduled services and served 15 cities in Canada, on February 13,2009, CanJet announced a five-year partnership with Montreal based Transat AT. Since 1 May 2009, Transat Tours Canada has chartered CanJets Boeing 737 aircraft flying from Canadian cities to various destinations and this replaced an agreement with Calgary-based Westjet. In 2014, CanJet started to sell holiday packages branded CanJet Vacations in addition to its charter activities, on April 14,2015, the company laid off approximately half of its flight staff and eliminated its planned summer European operations. It also planned to park five of its six aircraft in the wake of the termination of the cooperation with Air Transat, a few weeks later the shut down of its CanJet Vacations holiday package operations was announced after 10 months of service due to much lower demand than expected. On September 1,2015, CanJet announced that it was ceasing flight operations indefinitely and its corporate website www. canjet. com now redirects automatically to the IMP Group corporate webpage and is no longer in operation
29.
Nordair
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Nordair was a Quebec-based regional airline founded in 1947 from the merger of Boreal Airways and Mont Laurier Aviation. The airline operated from the 1940s to the 1980s, initially, most of its business was international and transatlantic passenger and freight charters and other contracts. It also operated scheduled flights to a number of destinations in the Northwest Territories, nordair initially flew out of Montreals two airports, Dorval Airport and Montréal-Mirabel International Airport. Nordair was purchased by Canadian Pacific Air Lines, on March 27,1987, Pacific Western Airlines purchased Canadian Pacific Air Lines and emerged as Canadian Airlines, which was acquired by Air Canada in 2000. The jet operation was absorbed into Canadian Airlines, while the operations were absorbed into Inter-Canadien. Grand Bahama Island - from Hamilton select Caribbean locations Mexico, especially Cancun Orlando - from Toronto Fort Lauderdale - scheduled Miami, on 6 February 1973, the Douglas C-47B CF-HTH was damaged beyond economic repair when it was hit by a vehicle at an airport in Montreal. On 15 November 1975, Douglas C-47 C-FCSC was damaged beyond repair by a fire at La Grande Rivière Airport, Radisson. On 31 March 1977 L-188 CF-NAZ, while parked on the ramp at CFB Summerside, was damaged when a Canadian Forces CP-107 attempted a three-engine landing in weather. She was later rebuilt in Van Nuys and re-registered as C-GNDZ
30.
North Central Airlines
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North Central Airlines was a regional airline in the midwestern United States. Founded as Wisconsin Central Airlines in 1944 in Clintonville, Wisconsin and this is also when the Herman the duck logo was born on Wisconsin Centrals first Lockheed Electra 10A, NC14262, in 1948. North Centrals headquarters were moved to Minneapolis–St, following a merger with Southern Airways in 1979, North Central became Republic Airlines, which merged into Northwest Airlines in 1986. In 1944 company executives decided to start an airline, and service started between six Wisconsin cities in 1946 and this led the company to buy two Cessna UC-78 Bobcats, and, soon after, three Lockheed Electra 10As. Certificated flights started with Electras to 19 airports on 25 February 1948, in 1952 the airline moved their headquarters from Wisconsin to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and that December their name became North Central Airlines. Soon the airline ran into trouble when President Francis Higgins left. Carr quickly got the out of debt and made it more reliable. Over time the company expanded their fleet to 32 DC-3s, in October 1952 Wisconsin Central scheduled flights to 28 airports, all west of Lake Michigan, from Chicago to Fargo and Grand Forks. It added Detroit in 1953, Omaha and the Dakotas in 1959, Denver in 1969 and it added five Convair 340s from Continental Airlines to its fleet of DC-3s, the first entering service in 1959. In 1960 North Central hit the one million mark, in May 1968 they flew to 64 airports. Convair 440 aircraft were added to the fleet as well, like other Local Service airlines North Central was subsidized, in 1962 its revenue of $27.2 million included $8.5 million Pub. serv. rev. The airline even worked with the U. S. government to aid troubled airlines in South America, the first of five Douglas DC-9-31 jetliners entered service in 1967 while the piston engine Convair 340s and Convair 440s were all converted to turboprop Convair 580s. The airline then acquired additional DC-9 jets and was operating 29 Convair propjets, by 1969, the last DC-3 was retired from the fleet. It is now used by Delta Air Lines after their 2008 merger with Northwest, the Civil Aeronautics Board classified North Central as a local service carrier, flying to cities within one region and feeding passengers to larger trunk airlines that flew nationwide. North Central eventually was allowed a few routes outside the Midwest, to Washington, D. C. -National, New York-LaGuardia, Boston, Denver, North Central purchased Atlanta-based Southern Airways and the two airlines formed Republic Airlines in July 1979, the first merger following airline deregulation. Republic soon targeted San Francisco-based Hughes Airwest for acquisition, and the deal was finalized in October 1980 for $38.5 million. Saddled with debt from two acquisitions and new aircraft, the airline struggled in the early 1980s, and even introduced a human version of Herman the Duck. Republic kept North Centrals hubs at Minneapolis and Detroit, and Southerns hub at Memphis, Republic also quickly downsized North Centrals operations to and among smaller airports in the upper Midwest, concentrating their fleet at the Minneapolis and Detroit hubs
31.
Pacific Western Airlines
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Pacific Western Airlines Ltd was an airline that operated scheduled flights throughout western Canada and charter services around the world from the 1950s through the 1980s. Pacific Western Airlines was a pioneer in the history and known for its ability to profitably operate short haul air routes. The company raised profits and reserves and eventually formed Canadian Airlines in 1987, in 2001, Air Canada took over the entities that Pacific Western Airlines had created. Predecessor air carrier Central British Columbia Airlines was started by pilots Russ Baker and Walter Gilbert with financing supplied by Karl John Springer, Springer was a successful prospector, familiar with the importance of air transportation to prospecting and mine development. The company was based in Prince George and Fort St. James, bakers wife Madge paid the lawyers fees for incorporation. After Baker had secured a contract with BC Forest Service to patrol for forest fires, Springer advanced $150,000 at 6% interest, secured by aircraft, pilots provided air service to remote mining camps and logging operations in the North, delivering men and materials to isolated destinations. It was in 1949 that Central B. C, Airways was commissioned to do aerial surveys for the giant aluminium and power complexes at Kitimat and Kemano in the rugged mountainous backcountry of British Columbia. During the development of project, Central B. C. Airways handled 95% of the air support, consisting mainly of heavy industrial freight, between 1949 and 1952, the company acquired seven other smaller flying services. With each acquisition, the company expanded its base of operations, providing the much needed manpower and these companies included Associated Air Taxi, Kamloops Air Service, Skeena Air Transport, Whitehorse Flying Services and Port Alberni Airways. In 1953, the company adopted the name Pacific Western Airlines, a year later, in 1959, Pacific Western was part of the largest single transfer of scheduled services in Canadian aviation history. In that year, Canadian Pacific Airlines released licensed routes from Edmonton to 18 points in Northern Alberta, with this transfer, in addition to its existing routes, Pacific Western was licensed to provide scheduled air services over approximately 7,000 miles throughout Western and Northern Canada. At this point in time, the company acquired a reputation for innovation, the Calgary-Edmonton Chieftain Airbus shuttle service was inaugurated in 1963, with passengers carrying their luggage to the aircraft and depositing it on the ramp for loading. A ticket agent on board a 66-seat Douglas DC-4 propliner would then collect the fare during the 55-minute flight, the airline operated the service from the close-in Edmonton City Centre Airport. When the Chieftain Airbus service first started, it was estimated that it would take ten years to one million passengers. That goal was reached in less than eight years,1964 marked the introduction of another unique service known as Inclusive Tour Charter programs. This was another first for Canada, with flights from Vancouver to Grand Cayman Islands. Later in the year, Pacific Western pioneered group charters across the Atlantic
32.
Transair (Canada)
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Transair was an airline based in Canada. It was purchased by Pacific Western Airlines in 1979, transairs operational headquarters was located at the Winnipeg International Airport in Manitoba. Transair had its origins as Central Northern Airways in April 1947, based in Manitoba, in 1956 the name was changed to Transair Ltd. The first scheduled route to be operated was from Winnipeg to Red Lake using a Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra, in 1955 CNA took over Arctic Wings and with the merger the name was changed to Transair in 1956. With expansion came the Douglas DC-4 and Douglas DC-3 in 1957, as Transair continued to grow, more routes were awarded and Douglas DC-6Bs and Douglas DC-7Cs were introduced to the fleet. In 1965 Transair commenced international charter flights using its DC-6Bs and DC-7Cs, in 1968 it began to operate feeder flights for Air Canada and CP Air with the introduction of de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and NAMC YS-11 turboprop aircraft. Another turboprop airliner operated by Transair was the four engine Vickers Viscount, in April 1973, Transair, then Canadas fourth largest airline, hired Rosella Bjornson as the first female First Officer. Bjornson flew the Fokker F28 jet and she was the first woman member of the Canadian Air Line Pilots Association. International expansion brought the introduction of jet aircraft in the form of the Boeing 737-200 in May 1970, the 737-200 jetliner was used to provide charter flights to Florida, the Caribbean and Mexico, and also operated scheduled passenger services in Canada. In 1972 the Fokker F28 Fellowship twinjet was introduced into scheduled service on Canadian routes followed by the version of the Boeing 707 a year later. The Boeing 707-320C was used strictly for charter flights. S. one stop, direct jet service was flown as well six days a week from Toronto to Winnipeg via Thunder Bay. Another scheduled route flown by Transair with the Boeing 737 jetliner at this time from Winnipeg served the Resolute Bay Airport in far northern arctic Canada. Resolute is located approximately 1,700 kilometers from the North Pole and is the northernmost destination in Canada to receive scheduled passenger airline service, in 1977 Pacific Western Airlines bought most of the shares of Transair. Considerable financial losses led to a reduction in flight operations. As losses continued, the licences and routes were transferred to Pacific Western Airlines on 1 December 1979, according to the May 25,1976 Transair route system map, the airline was operating scheduled passenger service to the following destinations in Canada. History of aviation in Canada Hengi, B. I, Airlines Remembered, Over 200 Airlines of the Past, Described and Illustrated in Colour. Data information TimetableImages Air Times timetable and logo images
33.
OAG (company)
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OAG is an air travel intelligence company based in United Kingdom. It provides digital information and applications to the airlines, airports, government agencies. OAG is best known for its airline schedules database which holds future and historical flight details for more than 900 airlines and it holds an extensive flight status and day-of-travel database in the aviation market and provides analytical tools to assess air travel trends. Headquartered in the UK, OAG serves the air travel community from its network of offices situated in the UK, United States, Singapore, Japan. The OAG business dates back to 1853 when it first published the ABC Alphabetical Railway Guide, after the Guide was taken over by a rival publication in 1948, the September issue carried the OAG title for the first time. The ABC World Airways Guide containing maps and tips for travellers was first published in the UK in 1946, the integration of the ABC and OAG brands occurred following the acquisition of OAG Inc. in 1993 by Reed Elsevier which already owned ABC International. In August 1996 all products from the combined ABC and OAG businesses were rebranded as OAG, in 1958 advances in computer technology enabled flight schedules to be sorted and presented by city pair, instead of under separate sections for each airline timetable. This Quick Reference Edition initially included North American flights, starting in 1962 a separate International Quick Reference Edition covered the rest of the world, the two Timetable Editions continued in the traditional format for several more years, the last Worldwide Timetable Edition was March 1969. In 1962 OAG began providing data to the first computer reservations systems and that year, it was acquired by Dun & Bradstreet. In 1970 the OAG Pocket Flight Guide was published, enabling travellers to have a pocket-sized resource of flight timetables to take with them. This is still published today, in four regional versions, OAG participated in the development of the IATA Standard Schedules Information Manual for the interchange of airline schedules data. This was established in 1972 and is still the source of protocols. The OAG Electronic Edition was launched in 1983 and this was OAGs first online travel planning tool, containing both flight and fare information and available via more than 20 system operators including Compuserve, Dow Jones and Viewtron. Additional databases were added in 1988 and that year, Dun & Bradstreet sold OAG to Maxwell Communications. The company produced the industry’s first PC-based travel planning tool on CD-ROM in 1991, OAG launched its pioneering analytical tool in 1998, and also its first browser-based travel information product. Reed Elsevier sold OAG to Electra Partners in 2001, after five years under private ownership OAG was bought by United Business Media in December 2006 to strengthen its aviation, transportation and travel business interests. UBM sold the majority of its business to Electra Partners in 2013. In 2012, OAG launched OAG Analyser to deliver airline schedule analysis via an online accessible tool, in 2014, OAG acquired the services of real-time flight information solutions provider, Flightview, to expand its flight data business
34.
O'Hare International Airport
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It is the primary airport serving the Chicago metropolitan area, with Midway International Airport, about 10 miles closer to the Loop, serving as a secondary airport. It is operated by the City of Chicago Department of Aviation, OHare was the busiest airport in the world by number of takeoffs and landings in 2014, topping Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, however, it lost the title to Atlanta a year later. Until 1998, OHare was also the worlds busiest airport in number of passengers and it was surpassed mainly due to limits the federal government imposed on the airport to reduce flight delays. As of 2016, OHare is the sixth-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic, the third-busiest airport in the United States, OHare also has eight runways, more than any major international airport. OHare is a hub for American Airlines and United Airlines, as well as a hub for regional carrier Air Choice One. OHare was voted the Best Airport in North America for 10 years by two sources, Readers of the U. S. Edition of Business Traveler Magazine and Global Traveler Magazine, in contrast, Travel and Leisure magazines 2009 Americas Favorite Cities ranked Chicagos Airport System the second-worst for delays, behind the New York City airport system. OHare accounts for nearly 20% of the flight cancellations and delays. OHare was constructed in 1942–43 as part of a plant for Douglas C-54s during World War II. The site was chosen for its proximity to the city and transportation, the two-million-square-foot factory needed easy access to the workforce of the nations then-second-largest city, as well as its extensive railroad infrastructure. Orchard Place was a small farming community. Douglas Companys contract ended in 1945 and though plans were proposed to build commercial aircraft, with the departure of Douglas, the airfield took the name of Orchard Field Airport, the source of its three-letter IATA code ORD. In 1945, the city of Chicago chose Orchard Field as the site for a facility to meet future aviation demands, Matthew Laflin Rockwell was the director of planning for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and responsible for the site selection and design. He was the great-grandson of Matthew Laflin, a founder and pioneer of Chicago, in 1949, the airport was renamed OHare International Airport to honor Edward OHare, the U. S. Navys first flying ace and Medal of Honor recipient in World War II. (This is similar to, sourced from McCoy Air Force Base, being used for todays Orlando International Airport, by the early 1950s Midway Airport, Chicagos main airport since 1931, was the worlds busiest airport and was too crowded despite multiple expansions. Midways runways were known to be too short for the planned first generation of jets, so the city of Chicago, traveling with him, LT Whitey Feightner was redirected to land at OHare. The runway had just been completed and was covered with peach baskets to prevent aircraft from landing until it was opened, LT Feightner was told to ignore the baskets and land on the new runway, and his F7U became the first aircraft to land there. OHare opened a $1 million Skymotive terminal for corporate aircraft in 1955, the April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 10 weekday departures on United,9 on American,6 on Capital,3 Eastern,3 TWA,2 Delta,2 North Central, and 1 Braniff
35.
Air Canada Express
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Air Canada Express is a brand name under which four regional airlines operate feeder flights for Air Canada. On April 26,2011, it was reported that Air Canada decided to retire the Air Canada Jazz brand, prior to establishing the Express name, the flights operated primarily under the Air Canada Jazz or Air Canada Alliance banners. C. Sky Regional Airlines now operates all 15 of Air Canadas former Embraer E-175 aircraft, Air Canada destinations Air Canada Express destinations Air Canada Rouge destinations Air Georgian destinations Air Canada website fleet
36.
Toronto Pearson International Airport
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The airport is named in honour of Toronto-born Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and 14th Prime Minister of Canada, Pearson Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Canada. Pearson handles more international passengers than any airport in North America other than John F. Kennedy International Airport, Pearson is the main hub for Air Canada. It is also a hub for passenger airline WestJet and cargo airline FedEx Express, Pearson Airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority as part of Transport Canadas National Airports System. In 1952, the became the first in the world to provide facilities for United States border preclearance. An extensive network of domestic flights is operated from Pearson by several airlines to all major. As of 2017, over 75 airlines operate around 1,100 daily departures from Toronto Pearson to more than 180 destinations across all six of the inhabited continents. In 1937, the Government of Canada agreed to support the building of two airports for Toronto, one site was downtown, todays Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport. The other was to be outside the city, as a backup for the downtown field, a site near the town of Malton, northwest of Toronto, was chosen and the Toronto Harbour Commission purchased and acquired several farms to provide the land for the airfield. The first scheduled flight for the new Malton Airport was a Trans-Canada Air Lines DC-3 that landed on August 29,1939. During World War II, the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan operated No.1 Elementary Service Flying School, in 1958, the City of Toronto sold the Malton Airport to Transport Canada, who subsequently changed the name of the facility to Toronto International Airport. The airport was officially renamed Lester B. Pearson International Airport in 1984, Pearson, the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada and recipient of the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. The Greater Toronto Airports Authority assumed management, operation, and control of the airport in 1996, Toronto Pearson International Airport has two active terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. A third terminal, the Infield Terminal, is not used for regular operations at Pearson. Measuring over 567,000 square metres, Terminal 1 is the largest terminal at Pearson Airport and is among the largest buildings in the world by floor space, Air Canada and all other Star Alliance airlines that serve Toronto Pearson operate out of Terminal 1. The terminal is used by non-alliance airline Emirates. Terminal 1 was designed by a joint venture known as Airports Architects Canada, comprising Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, Adamson Associates Architects and Moshe Safdie and Associates. It contains 58 gates, D1, D3, D5, D7-D12, D20, D22, D24, D26, D28, D31–D45, D51, D53, D55, D57, F60–F63, F64A–F64B, F65, F66A–F66B, F/E67–F/E81, F91, and F93
37.
Air Transat
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Air Transat is a Canadian leisure airline based in Montreal, Quebec, operating scheduled and charter flights, serving 63 destinations in 30 countries. The airline is owned and operated by Transat A. T. Inc, Air Transat made its inaugural flight on November 14,1987, travelling from Montreal to Acapulco. Six years later, Air Transat assumed defunct Nationairs maintenance base, today, the company books over 3.5 million passengers a year. It is an owned subsidiary of Transat A. T. Inc. On February 13,2009, Transat A. T. announced a partnership with CanJet. Since 1 May 2009, Transat Tours Canada has chartered CanJets Boeing 737 aircraft flying from Canadian cities to various destinations and this replaced an agreement with Calgary based Westjet. Air Transat is one of Canadas largest airlines, after Air Canada, on February 13,2011, Air Transat Flight TS163 operated with their first all female flight crew from Cancun to Vancouver. The airline has won awards, including the 2012 Skytrax Worlds Best Leisure Airline Award. On September 13,2013, Air Transat struck a lease deal with Air France-KLM leisure carrier Transavia France. Air Transat specializes in charter flights from 19 Canadian cities to destinations, mainly to 15 countries in the south during winter. Also, some destinations are provided all year around by the airline and its main Canadian gateways are Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport and Vancouver International Airport. The airline also has operations at Calgary International Airport, Edmonton International Airport, Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport, the aircraft safely landed at Lajes Air Base, on the island of Terceira. The aircraft was evacuated in 90 seconds, all 306 passengers on board survived. The part did not maintain adequate clearance between the lines and the fuel line, allowing vibration in the hydraulic lines to degrade the fuel line. The aircraft involved in the incident was repaired and remains in service with Air Transat, the incident went down in history as the longest non-powered flight and landing by a commercial airliner. The crew returned to Cuba, where they made a safe landing, the investigation that followed determined that the manufacturers inspection procedure for the composite rudder was not adequate. Inspection procedures for composite structures on airliners were changed because of this incident, media related to Air Transat at Wikimedia Commons Official website
38.
Punta Cana International Airport
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Punta Cana International Airport is a privately owned commercial airport in Punta Cana, eastern Dominican Republic. The airport is built in a traditional Dominican style with open-air terminals with their roofs covered in palm fronds, Grupo PuntaCana built the Punta Cana International Airport and inaugurated it in 1984. It became the first privately owned airport in the world. A number of scheduled and charter airlines fly to Punta Cana, currently more than 6.3 million passengers pass through the terminals, moved by almost 60,000 commercial aircraft operations. In 2014, the airport accounted for 60% of all air arrivals in the Dominican Republic, Punta Cana International Airport serves 96 cities in 28 countries. Terminal B was built to hold larger aircraft like the Airbus A380 along with 7 airbridges and this new terminal was completed in 2014 and can comfortably accommodate 6,500 travelers daily and over 2 million travelers annually. Punta Canas airport is the point of entry in number of arriving passengers in the Dominican Republic. It is also the fastest growing airport with almost a 20% increase in traffic yearly, at the moment the airport counts on two International Terminals, FBO Terminal, a main incline with 12 positions, National Terminal, and VIP Terminal. In the Caribbean, Punta Cana International Airport is the 2nd busiest airport, cancun International Airport, Havana International Airport, and Punta Cana International Airport are the only airports in Latin America with direct flights to Russia. Punta Cana International Airport will also be the only airport in the Caribbean with flights to Tel-Aviv, Punta Canas Airport operators completed an ambitious airport expansion project in November 2011. The airport includes a new runway, a tower equipped with the most modern radio. Additionally, there is a new Terminal Approach Radar Control facility and this new facility also provides a back-up to the National Radar System located in Santo Domingo. A second international terminal opened in 2014 is designed to accommodate 6,500 passengers daily and it is also planned to open a third terminal and renovate runway 09/27 while also constructing a Cargo Terminal. Plans were underway for a U. S. Customs and Border Protection preclearance station to be opened at the airport by the end of summer 2009, however, this has not yet begun. According to Frank Rainieri, president of Grupo Puntacana, negotiations have re-opened, the airplane crew declared an emergency and landed the aircraft at 20,45 local time, after a 49-minute flight, but the plane was destroyed in a subsequent fire. There were no injuries among the 13 passengers and two members on the flight. Data current as of October 2006
39.
Bearskin Airlines
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Bearskin Lake Air Service LP, operating as Bearskin Airlines, is a regional airline based in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. It operates services in northern Ontario and Manitoba and its main bases is Thunder Bay International Airport, with a hub at Greater Sudbury Airport. The airline was established in 1963 by bush pilot Otto John Hegland and started operations in July 1963 from its base at Big Trout Lake, Ontario. It started out by providing only charter services to the remote First Nations reserves in northern Ontario, using bush planes equipped with floats in the summer, in 1977, it began its first regular scheduled flights between Big Trout Lake and Sioux Lookout. From then on, other scheduled flights were added, first to Thunder Bay, followed by Kenora. This was also the period when the Government of Ontario began constructing new airfields that would make the northern communities accessible year-round, therefore, in the late 1970s to the early 1980s, Bearskin made the transition of bush planes to wheeled commuter planes. Following the collapse of NorOntair in 1996, Bearskin picked up two thirds of that carriers routes, thereby adding scheduled service to all the major northern Ontario cities. Three years later, it expanded operations to destinations in northern Manitoba, in 2003, it sold its routes and assets servicing northern First Nations communities to Wasaya Airways. This marked as a break with its bush flying background to focus on becoming a regional carrier and it was owned by Harvey Friesen, Cliff Friesen, Karl Friesen, Rick Baratta and Brad Martin, but in 2010 it was sold to Exchange Income Corporation for $32 million. EIC also owns Calm Air, Perimeter Aviation, and Keewatin Air, as of April 1,2014, all service at Region of Waterloo Airport and Ottawa Airport was cancelled, affecting seven routes and significantly decreased the flight operations. The company indicated that a mining sector and high tech sectors were to blame for cutting the routes. Additional factors included the introduction of new competitors, the company indicated its refocusing on northwestern and northeastern routes in Northern Ontario. Bearskin is a provider of flights for Hope Air, a charity that organizes free non-emergency medical flights for people in financial need. Bearskin Airlines operates services to the following Canadian domestic scheduled destinations, december 4,1997, Flight 310, a Beechcraft 99 hit the runway at Webequie Airport when it descended too quickly. January 29,2003, A Beechcraft 99 climbed and entered a turn, the first officer called that the aircraft was in a 2000 feet per minute descent. He then took control, but was not fast enough to prevent the aircraft from striking a frozen lake, believing that both propellers were damaged, he then crash landed on the lake. November 10,2013, A Swearingen Metroliner crashed on approach into Red Lake Airport in Ontario after a flight from Sioux Lookout Airport, the crash occurred south of the airfield where the aircraft struck trees and a power line before being destroyed by impact and fire. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada concluded that there was a failure of the left engine about 500 feet above ground due to an internal component
Media related to Thunder Bay International Airport at Wikimedia Commons
