1.
Buffalo, New York
–
Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
2.
California State University, Fullerton
–
California State University, Fullerton is a public research university located in Fullerton, California. As of Fall 2013, the school had 1,932 faculty, CSUF is designated both as a Hispanic-serving institution and an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution. Spending related to CSUF generates an impact of around $1 billion to the California and local economy, CSUF athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the CSUF Titans. They are members of the Big West Conference, in 1957, CSUF became the twelfth state college in California to be authorized by the state legislature as a degree-granting institution. The following year, a site was designated for the campus to be established in northeast Fullerton, the property was purchased in 1959. This is the year that Dr. William B. Langsdorf was appointed as founding president of the school, the university was originally named Orange County State College. Classes began with 452 students in September 1959, the name of the school was changed to Orange State College in July 1962. In 1964, its name was changed to California State College at Fullerton, in June 1972, the final name change occurred and the school became California State University, Fullerton. The university grew rapidly in the first decade of the 2000s, the Performing Arts Center was built in January 2006, and in the summer of 2008 the newly constructed Steven G. Mihaylo Hall and the new Student Recreation Center opened. In fall 2008, the Performing Arts Center was renamed the Joseph A. W, clayes III Performing Arts Center, in honor of a $5-million pledge made to the university by the trustees of the Joseph A. W. Since 1963, the curriculum has expanded to many graduate programs, including multiple doctorate degrees, as well as numerous credential. The choice of the elephant as the mascot, dubbed Tuffy the Titan, dates to 1962. The May 11 event attracted 10,000 spectators,15 pachyderm entrants, a telegram from Richard M. Nixon, CSUF was built on the site of former citrus groves in northeast Fullerton. It is bordered on the east by the Orange Freeway, on the west by State College Boulevard, on the north by Yorba Linda Boulevard and this was in response to the numerous Googie buildings in the Fullerton community. The library houses the Philip K. Dick science fiction collection, the campus is also home to the renowned Fullerton Arboretum, located in the northeast section of the campus. It has gained fame in recent years for its highly successful efforts in breeding the Titan Arum plant, which the school sponsors in honor of its sports team. In 2006, the Arboretum successfully bred four blooming specimens, the campus has undergone many additions
California State University, Fullerton
–
The College of Humanities and Social Sciences right before commencement
California State University, Fullerton
–
California State University, Fullerton
California State University, Fullerton
–
Pathway leading to the parking structure
California State University, Fullerton
–
Titans on the exterior of Titan Gym
3.
Speculative fiction
–
Speculative fiction as a category ranges from ancient works to both cutting edge, paradigm-changing and neotraditional works of the 21st century. In historiography, what is now called speculative fiction has previously been termed historical invention, historical fiction, such supernatural, alternate history and sexuality themes continue in works produced within the modern speculative fiction genre. In its English language usage in arts and literature since 20th century, a variation on this term is speculative literature. It fell into disuse around the mid-1970s, the Internet Speculative Fiction Database contains a broad list of different subtypes. In the 2000s, the term came into use as a convenient collective term for a set of genres. However, some writers, such as Margaret Atwood, continue to maintain a distinction between speculative fiction as a no Martians type of fiction, about things that really could happen. Academic journals which publish essays on speculative fiction include Extrapolation, according to publisher statistics, men outnumber women about two to one among English-language speculative fiction writers aiming for professional publication. However, the percentages vary considerably by genre, with women outnumbering men in the fields of urban fantasy, paranormal romance and young adult fiction
Speculative fiction
–
Speculative fiction
4.
Steampunk
–
Steampunk is a subgenre of science fiction or science fantasy that incorporates technology and aesthetic designs inspired by 19th-century industrial steam-powered machinery. Therefore, steampunk may be described as neo-Victorian, Steampunk may also incorporate additional elements from the genres of fantasy, horror, historical fiction, alternate history, or other branches of speculative fiction, making it often a hybrid genre. The first known appearance of the term steampunk was in 1987, Steampunk is influenced by and often adopts the style of the 19th-century scientific romances of Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, and Mary Shelley. Several more modern works of art and fiction significant to the development of the genre were produced before the genre had a name, the film Brazil was an important early cinematic influence that helped codify the aesthetics of the genre. The Adventures of Luther Arkwright was a comic version of the Moorcock-style mover between timestreams. In fine art, Remedios Varos paintings combine elements of Victorian dress, fantasy, in television, one of the earliest manifestations of the steampunk ethos in the mainstream media was the CBS television series The Wild Wild West, which inspired the subsequent film. Although many works now considered seminal to the genre were published in the 1960s and 1970s and it was coined by science fiction author K. W. G. Wells The Time Machine. Though of course, I did find her review in the March Locus to be quite flattering, personally, I think Victorian fantasies are going to be the next big thing, as long as we can come up with a fitting collective term for Powers, Blaylock and myself. Something based on the technology of the era, like steam-punks. They were far from the first modern science fiction writers to speculate on the development of steam-based technology or alternative histories, keith Laumers Worlds of the Imperium and Ronald W. Clarks Queen Victorias Bomb apply modern speculation to past-age technology and society. Michael Moorcocks Warlord of the Air is another early example, harry Harrisons novel A Transatlantic Tunnel, Hurrah. Portrays a British Empire of an alternative year 1973, full of atomic locomotives, coal-powered flying boats, ornate submarines, the Adventures of Luther Arkwright was the first steampunk comic. In February 1980, Richard A. Lupoff and Steve Stiles published the first chapter of their 10-part comic strip The Adventures of Professor Thintwhistle and His Incredible Aether Flyer. Indeed, both sensibilities recall the older but still modern eras in which technological change seemed to anticipate a better world, one of steampunk’s most significant contributions is the way in which it mixes digital media with traditional handmade art forms. As scholars Rachel Bowser and Brian Croxall put it, the tinkering and tinker-able technologies within steampunk invite us to roll up our sleeves, in this respect, steampunk bears more in common with DIY craft and making. This theme is carried over to Disneys theme parks, in the designs of The Mysterious Island section of Tokyo DisneySea theme park. Aspects of steampunk design emphasise a balance between form and function, in this it is like the Arts and Crafts Movement. But John Ruskin, William Morris, and the reformers in the late nineteenth century rejected machines
Steampunk
–
A steampunk-themed photo
Steampunk
–
"Maison tournante aérienne" (aerial rotating house) by
Albert Robida for his book Le Vingtième Siècle, a 19th-century conception of life in the 20th century
Steampunk
–
Print (c. 1902) by
Albert Robida showing a futuristic view of air travel over Paris in the year 2000 as people leave the opera.
Steampunk
–
Truth Coffee, a steampunk café in Cape Town
5.
ICon festival
–
ICon is an Israeli science fiction and fantasy fan convention held annually in the Tel Aviv Eshkol Pais during the Sukkot holiday in September–October. Venues in previous years included the adjacent Cinematheque, Eeroni Aleph school, the first ICon was held in autumn 1998. ICon is normally three days long, though in previous years it featured a film festival which lasted longer. The title is a contraction of Israeli Convention, graphically, IC resembles the first letter of the festivals name in Hebrew, hence the capitalization. The convention encourages cosplay, and includes a masquerade event and it normally features an original film, play or musical created by Israeli science fiction fans. ICon 2013 featured over 270 such events over the 3.5 days period, rather than a dealers room, ICon features a dealers court through the festival lobby and the outdoors areas of the venue. The festival usually features a ring where costumed LARP players and visitors can battle against each other with soft simulated weapons. The annual Geffen Award ceremony for Hebrew and translated science fiction, the Eeroni Aleph adjacent school is used for roleplaying games and allows out-of-town visitors to sleep inside for the duration of the night. Nearby venues, such as ZOA, are used as well on busier years. Past guests and guests of honor include authors Orson Scott Card, Guy Gavriel Kay, Steven Brust, Neil Gaiman and Daryl Gregory, as well as actor Chase Masterson, each ICon is centered on a main theme. Themes in past years include identity, discovery, rejuvenation, beyond the mirror and its organizers are all Non-profit Organizations. 2013 saw over 250 volunteers running ICon, over the years ICon was held by Israeli Society for Science Fiction and Fantasy and Israeli Roleplaying Association, along with the Starbase 972 Star Trek fan club and others. Icon Festival Utopia Festival The History of the Future General science fiction Israeli events calendar
ICon festival
–
Author
Tim Powers fights at the battle ring. ICon 2005
ICon festival
–
A battle at the "Colosseum" battle ring at Icon 2005
6.
Science fiction
–
Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
Science fiction
–
A futuristic setting is a common but not a necessary hallmark of science fiction. A common thread in science fiction is exploring the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations on people's lives.
Science fiction
–
H. G. Wells
Science fiction
–
Jules Verne
Science fiction
–
Arthur C. Clarke
7.
Fantasy fiction
–
Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other elements as a main plot element, theme. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds, in popular culture, the fantasy genre is predominantly of the medievalist form. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy works by many writers, artists, filmmakers. Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history. The identifying trait of fantasy is the reliance on imagination to create narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that whereas realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, an author applies his or her imagination to come up with characters, plots, and settings that are impossible in reality. Fantasy has often compared with science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements, a science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seeming possible through logical scientific and/or technological extrapolation, whereas fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. The imagined elements of fantasy do not need an explanation to be narratively functional. Authors have to rely on the suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment. Despite both genres heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable, horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists. Beginning perhaps with the earliest written documents, mythic and other elements that would come to define fantasy. MacDonald was an influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, lord Dunsany established the genres popularity in both the novel and the short story form. Many popular mainstream authors also began to write fantasy at this time, including H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Indeed, juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, though works for adults only verged on fantasy. Political and social trends can affect a societys reception towards fantasy, in the early 20th century, the New Culture Movements enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature
Fantasy fiction
–
Fairy tales and legends, such as
Dobrynya Nikitich 's rescue of Zabava Putyatichna from the dragon
Gorynych, have been an important source for fantasy.
Fantasy fiction
–
Many works are unclear as to the belief of the authors in the marvels they contain, as in the enchanted garden from the
Decameron.
8.
On Stranger Tides
–
On Stranger Tides is a 1987 historical fantasy novel written by Tim Powers. It was nominated for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel, on Stranger Tides takes place during the Golden Age of Piracy. Vodun magic is an important plot device, in 1718, French puppeteer John Chandagnac sails to Jamaica on the British ship Vociferous Carmichael. He aims to confront his uncle Sebastian, who has stolen a fortune that rightfully belonged to Johns father. The pirate sloop Jenny menaces the Carmichael, neutralizing its powerful cannons with vodun magic, benjamin Hurwood and Friend begin shooting their fellow passengers, revealing them as allies of the pirates, as the assailants board and seize the Carmichael. The pirates allow the passengers to leave on a rowboat, except for Beth, whom Hurwood requires for a vodun ritual, not fond of long words, the pirates change Johns name to Jack Shandy. The pirates head for New Providence Island to refit the Carmichael for piracy, on the way, they are captured by the Royal Navy, but Shandy breaks them out, thus ingratiating himself with the pirates. Male and female sorcerers control different kinds of magic, Shandy also meets a rambling old sorcerer named Sawney, and develops an affection for Beth. Davies and Shandy join him, fighting through a hostile, sentient jungle on the way, Davies defends himself from a curse by tossing enchanted soil into the air, Shandy takes note and saves some soil for himself. Shortly after he returns from the Fountain, Shandy finds that Friend has seized the Carmichael, Davies is killed and Hurwood takes Beth for himself after defeating Friend in a wizards duel. Knowing not where to find Beth, Shandy becomes a wreck and accepts the Kings pardon from Woodes Rogers. While Hurwood assumes a new identity as Ulysse Segundo and begins pirating, meanwhile, Blackbeard is killed by the Navy, and Shandy receives an education in magic from old Sawney and a vision he gets after using the Fountain of Youth soil during a fight. A survivor of Segundos raids relates the mannerisms of his undead crew, hearing that Segundo was last seen heading for Jamaica, Shandy sails on the Jenny, facing a storm and a mutiny on the way. Using Sawneys cryptic tips—involving blood and the power of magnetized iron—he defeats Hurwood. In Jamaica, he escapes the Navy and fights his way to the house of Hurwoods accomplice. He frees Beth and makes his way to a harbor, where he is met by Blackbeard, now resurrected, combining his male magic with Beths female magic, he vanquishes Blackbeard and marries Beth. The book ends as he prepares for the out of Jamaica. Orson Scott Card states that the novel is as good as storytelling ever gets, adding that Powers writes in a clean, the story promises marvels and horrors, and delivers them all
On Stranger Tides
–
First edition cover
9.
Monkey Island (series)
–
Monkey Island is the collective name given to a series of five adventure video games. The first four games in the series were produced and published by LucasArts, the fifth installment of the franchise was developed by Telltale Games in collaboration with LucasArts. Each games plot involves the mysterious Monkey Island and its impenetrable secrets. The first game in the series was created as an effort among Ron Gilbert, Tim Schafer. Gilbert worked on the first two games before leaving LucasArts, Grossman and Schafer, who also worked on the first two games, would enjoy success on other titles before they both left LucasArts as well. The rights to Monkey Island remained with LucasArts, and the third, Dave Grossman was the project leader of the fifth game in the series and Ron Gilbert was involved with the initial design of the game. The Monkey Island series is known for its humor and player-friendly qualities, the player cannot permanently place the game in an unwinnable state or cause Guybrush to die without great effort. After Monkey Island 2, LeChucks Revenge in 1991, the series went in hiatus until 1997, much of the music of the games is composed by Michael Land. The score largely consists of reggae, Caribbean and dub-inspired music, the series also tends to break the fourth wall, as several of the characters acknowledge that they are in a video game. Each of the takes place on fictional islands in the Caribbean around the Golden Age of Piracy sometime between the 17th and 18th centuries. The main setting of the Monkey Island games is the Tri-Island Area, since the first game in the series, The Secret of Monkey Island, three of the games have visited the eponymous island of Monkey Island, while all have introduced their own set of islands to explore. Monkey Island 2, LeChucks Revenge features four new islands, the Curse of Monkey Island introduces three, and Escape from Monkey Island, which revisits some of the older islands, features three new islands as well. As such, the Tri-Island area actually comprises a total of 13 visitable islands, Tales of Monkey Island takes place in a new area of the Caribbean called the Gulf of Melange. The main islands of the Tri-Island Area are Mêlée Island, Booty Island, Elaine moves from island to island at her convenience, though she considers her governors mansion on Mêlée Island, the capital island of the area, as home. The Gulf of Melange has its own set of islands, Flotsam Island, the Jerkbait Islands, Brillig Island, Boulder Beach, Isle of Ewe, and the Rock of Gelato. Monkey Island and Dinky Island are not officially part of any island area, the games have a wide cast of characters, many of which reappear throughout the series. Each entry in the series revolves around three characters, the hero Guybrush Threepwood, his love interest Elaine Marley, and the villain the pirate LeChuck. Ron Gilberts two main inspirations for the story were Disneylands Pirates of the Caribbean ride and Tim Powers book On Stranger Tides, the book was the inspiration for the story and characters, while the ride was the inspiration for the ambiance
Monkey Island (series)
–
The official logo of the series
10.
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
–
Pirates of the Caribbean, On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film and the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. It is the first film in the not to be directed by Gore Verbinski. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer, the film serves as a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20,2011 and it was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats. Pre-production started after the end of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, principal photography rolled for 106 days between June and November 2010, with locations in Hawaii, the United Kingdom, Puerto Rico, and California. Filming employed 3D cameras similar to those used in the production of the 2009 film Avatar, following inflated production costs it is currently noted as the most expensive film ever made. On Stranger Tides broke many box office records upon release, a sequel, titled Dead Men Tell No Tales, is scheduled to be released on May 26,2017. After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate, Joshamee Gibbs in London, the king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it. Jacks old nemesis, Captain Hector Barbossa, now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship, the Black Pearl, Jack refuses the offer and escapes. He meets up with his father, Captain Teague, who warns Jack about the Fountains rituals, Jack learns someone is impersonating him to recruit a crew to find the Fountain. While Jack is shanghaied aboard Blackbeards ship, Gibbs escapes execution by memorizing and destroying Jacks map showing the Fountains location, meanwhile, after a failed mutiny aboard the Queen Annes Revenge, Jack is forced to guide the crew to the Fountain. Blackbeard seeks the Fountains power to circumvent his predestined fatal encounter with a one-legged man, Jack must find two silver chalices aboard Juan Ponce de Leóns missing flagship, the Santiago. The Fountains water must simultaneously be drunk by two people from the chalices, drinking from one chalice containing a mermaids tear will extend life, the second person dies, their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker. Jack also discovers that the Black Pearl was captured and shrunk before being added to Blackbeards collection of shrunken ships in bottles. The Queen Annes Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears, a mermaid named Syrena is caught, but Philip Swift, a captive missionary, falls in love with her. Reaching Ponce de Leóns ship on an island, Angelica. Jack locates the grounded, decaying vessel, only to find Barbossa there, both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices, after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel. Jack and Barbossa team up to sneak into the Spanish camp, Barbossa reveals he only wants revenge against Blackbeard for attacking the Black Pearl, and his leg being amputated
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
–
Theatrical release poster
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
–
Top to bottom:
Johnny Depp,
Geoffrey Rush, and
Kevin McNally who reprised their roles from the previous films as Captain Jack Sparrow, Captain Hector Barbossa, and Joshamee Gibbs respectively.
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
11.
English literature
–
However, until the early 19th century, it only deals with the literature of the United Kingdom and Ireland. It does not include literature written in the languages of Britain. The English language has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years, the earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible as well as the Great Vowel Shift. Through the influence of the British Empire, the English language has spread around the world since the 17th century. 450, after the withdrawal of the Romans, and ending soon after the Norman Conquest in 1066. These works include such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, from the 9th century, that chronicle the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The poem Battle of Maldon also deals with history and this is a work of uncertain date, celebrating the Battle of Maldon of 991, at which the Anglo-Saxons failed to prevent a Viking invasion. Oral tradition was strong in early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were popular, and some, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national status in England. The only surviving manuscript is the Nowell Codex, the date of which is debated. Beowulf is the title, and its composition is dated between the 8th and the early 11th century. Cædmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known, and it is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language. The poem, The Dream of the Rood, was inscribed upon the Ruthwell Cross, Two Old English poems from the late 10th century are The Wanderer and The Seafarer. Classical antiquity was not forgotten in Anglo-Saxon England, and several Old English poems are adaptations of late classical philosophical texts, the longest is King Alfreds 9th-century translation of Boethius Consolation of Philosophy. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the form of the Anglo-Saxon language became less common. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, French became the language of courts, parliament
English literature
–
Selected English-language writers:
Geoffrey Chaucer,
William Shakespeare,
Jane Austen,
Mark Twain,
Virginia Woolf,
T. S. Eliot,
Vladimir Nabokov,
Toni Morrison,
Salman Rushdie.
English literature
–
The first page of
Beowulf
English literature
–
Piers Ploughman from a 14th-century manuscript
English literature
–
Geoffrey Chaucer
12.
K. W. Jeter
–
Kevin Wayne Jeter, known both personally and professionally as K. W. Jeter, is an American science fiction and horror author known for his writing style, dark themes. He has written novels set in the Star Trek and Star Wars universes, Jeter attended college at California State University, Fullerton where he became friends with James P. Blaylock and Tim Powers, and through them, Philip K. Dick. Jeter was actually the inspiration for the character named Kevin in Dicks novel, many of Jeters books focus on the subjective nature of reality in a way that is reminiscent of works by Dick. Jeter wrote an early novel, Dr. Adder, which was enthusiastically recommended by Philip K. Dick. Due to its violent and sexually provocative content, it took Jeter approximately ten years to find a publisher for it, Jeters steampunk novels are Morlock Night, Infernal Devices and its sequel Fiendish Schemes. He currently lives in Cuenca, Ecuador with his wife, Geri
K. W. Jeter
–
K. W. Jeter in San Francisco (2011)
13.
Cyberpunk
–
The settings are usually post-industrial dystopias but tend to feature extraordinary cultural ferment and the use of technology in ways never anticipated by its original inventors. Much of the genres atmosphere echoes film noir, and written works in the often use techniques from detective fiction. Primary exponents of the field include William Gibson, Neal Stephenson, Bruce Sterling, Bruce Bethke, Pat Cadigan, Rudy Rucker, John Shirley. Blade Runner can be seen as a example of the cyberpunk style. Video games, board games, and tabletop role-playing games, such as Cyberpunk 2020 and Shadowrun, often feature storylines that are influenced by cyberpunk writing. Beginning in the early 1990s, some trends in fashion and music were also labeled as cyberpunk, Cyberpunk writers tend to use elements from hardboiled detective fiction, film noir, and postmodernist prose to describe an often nihilistic underground side of an electronic society. The genres vision of a future is often called the antithesis of the generally utopian visions of the future popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Gibson defined cyberpunks antipathy towards utopian SF in his 1981 short story The Gernsback Continuum, in some cyberpunk writing, much of the action takes place online, in cyberspace, blurring the line between actual and virtual reality. A typical trope in such work is a connection between the human brain and computer systems. Cyberpunk settings are dystopias with corruption, computers and internet connectivity, giant, multinational corporations have for the most part replaced governments as centers of political, economic, and even military power. The economic and technological state of Japan, in the 80s influenced Cyberpunk literature at the time, of Japans influence on the genre, William Gibson said, Modern Japan simply was cyberpunk. Cyberpunk is often set in urbanized, artificial landscapes, and city lights, receding was used by Gibson as one of the genres first metaphors for cyberspace and virtual reality. The cityscapes of Hong Kong and Shanghai have had influences in the urban backgrounds, ambiance and settings in many cyberpunk works such as Blade Runner. Ridley Scott envisioned the landscape of cyberpunk Los Angeles in Blade Runner to be Hong Kong on a bad day. The streetscapes of Ghost in the Shell were based on Hong Kong, mamoru Oshii felt that Hong Kongs strange and chaotic streets where old and new exist in confusing relationships, fit the theme of the film well. Hong Kongs Kowloon Walled City is particularly notable for its disorganized hyper-urbanization, one of the cyberpunk genres prototype characters is Case, from Gibsons Neuromancer. Case is a cowboy, a brilliant hacker who has betrayed his organized criminal partners. These anti-heroes—criminals, outcasts, visionaries, dissenters and misfits—call to mind the private eye of detective fiction and this emphasis on the misfits and the malcontents is the punk component of cyberpunk
Cyberpunk
–
William Gibson's
Sprawl trilogy novels are famous early cyberpunk novels.
Cyberpunk
–
Shibuya, Tokyo. Of Japan's influence on the genre, William Gibson said, "Modern Japan simply was cyberpunk."
Cyberpunk
–
Berlin 's Sony Center
14.
Philip K. Dick
–
Philip Kindred Dick was an American writer, who published works mainly belonging to the genre of science fiction. Born in Illinois before moving to California, Dick began publishing science fiction stories in the 1950s and his 1962 alternate history novel The Man in the High Castle earned Dick early acclaim, including a Hugo Award for Best Novel. He followed with science fiction such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. His 1974 novel Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best novel, a collection of his non-fiction writing on these themes was published posthumously as The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick. He died in 1982 of a stroke, aged 53, in addition to 44 published novels, Dick wrote approximately 121 short stories, most of which appeared in science fiction magazines during his lifetime. A variety of films based on his works have been produced, including Blade Runner, Total Recall, Minority Report, A Scanner Darkly, Paycheck, Next. In 2005, Time magazine named Ubik one of the hundred greatest English-language novels published since 1923, in 2007, Dick became the first science fiction writer to be included in The Library of America series. The death of Jane six weeks later, on January 26,1929, profoundly affected Philips life and his family later moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. When Philip was five, his father was transferred to Reno, Nevada, both parents fought for custody of Philip, which was awarded to the mother. Dorothy, determined to raise Philip alone, took a job in Washington, D. C. Philip was enrolled at John Eaton Elementary School, completing the second through fourth grades. His lowest grade was a C in Written Composition, although a teacher remarked that he shows interest and he was educated in Quaker schools. In June 1938, Dorothy and Philip returned to California, Dick stated that he read his first science fiction magazine, Stirring Science Stories in 1940 at the age of twelve. Dick attended Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California and he and fellow science fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin were members of the graduating class but did not know each other at the time. After graduation, he attended the University of California, Berkeley. Dick did not declare a major and took classes in history, psychology, philosophy and this question from his early studies persisted as a theme in many of his novels. Dick dropped out because of ongoing anxiety problems, according to his third wife Annes memoir and she also says he disliked the mandatory ROTC training. At Berkeley, Dick befriended poet Robert Duncan and poet and linguist Jack Spicer, Dick claimed to have been host of a classical music program on KSMO Radio in 1947
Philip K. Dick
–
Philip K. Dick
Philip K. Dick
–
Dick's novelette "The Defenders" was the cover story for the January 1953 issue of
Galaxy Science Fiction, illustrated by
Ed Emshwiller
15.
Blade Runner
–
Blade Runner is a 1982 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos. The film, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, is an adaptation of the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. by Philip K. Dick. The film depicts a dystopian Los Angeles in which genetically engineered replicants, the use of replicants on Earth is banned and they are exclusively utilized for dangerous or menial work on off-world colonies. Replicants who defy the ban and return to Earth are hunted down, during his investigations, Deckard begins a relationship with Rachael, an advanced replicant who causes him to question his and the replicants humanity. Blade Runner initially polarized critics, some were displeased with the pacing, the year following its release, the film won the prestigious Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. Blade Runner underperformed in North American theaters, but has become a cult film. Hailed for its design, depicting a retrofitted future, it remains a leading example of the neo-noir genre. It brought the work of Philip K. Dick to the attention of Hollywood, Ridley Scott regards Blade Runner as probably his most complete and personal film. In 1993, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed culturally, historically, Blade Runner is now regarded by many critics as one of the all-time best science fiction films. Seven versions of the film have been shown for various markets as a result of changes made by film executives. A Directors Cut was released in 1992 after a response to workprint screenings. This, in conjunction with its popularity as a rental, made it one of the first films released on DVD, resulting in a basic disc with mediocre video. A sequel, Blade Runner 2049, is scheduled for release in 2017, in Los Angeles in November 2019, ex-police officer Rick Deckard is detained by officer Gaff and brought to his former supervisor, Bryant. Deckard, whose job as a Blade Runner was to track down bioengineered beings known as replicants, as Tyrell Corporation Nexus-6 models, they have only a four-year lifespan and may have come to Earth to try to extend their lives. Deckard watches a video of a Blade Runner named Holden administering the Voight-Kampff test designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their response to questions. The test subject, Leon, shoots Holden after Holden asks about Leons mother, Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and the other three replicants, Roy Batty, Zhora, and Pris. Deckard initially refuses, but after Bryant ambiguously threatens him, he reluctantly agrees, Deckard begins his investigation at the Tyrell Corporation to ensure that the test works on Nexus-6 models. While there, he discovers that Dr. Eldon Tyrells assistant Rachael is a replicant who believes herself to be human
Blade Runner
–
Theatrical release poster by
John Alvin
Blade Runner
–
The
Bradbury Building in Los Angeles was a filming location.
Blade Runner
–
A 2006 image of a Spinner (police variant) on display at
Disney-MGM Studios.
16.
The Drawing of the Dark
–
The Drawing of the Dark is a historical fantasy novel by Tim Powers published in 1979 by Del Rey Books. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Turkish army under Sultan Suleiman I has achieved its most advanced position yet in their march into Europe, with the Turkish army travels the Grand Vizier Ibrahim, a magician who intends to use horrific spells as part of the siege. Upon arriving in Vienna, Duffy reconnects with Epiphany Vogel, a girlfriend, and her father Gustav. It seems the painting is never complete, and the elder Vogel is continuously adding additional detail to the work. And the real reason that Vienna must not be captured by the Turks is that it is the site of the Herzwesten brewery. Its light and bock beers are famous throughout Europe, but the beer, produced only every seven hundred years, has supernatural properties. Meanwhile, others are drawn to Vienna in anticipation of significant events, fisher King - The secret king of the west, whose health is tied to that of the land and must be protected or else the western world will suffer
The Drawing of the Dark
–
First edition
17.
The Anubis Gates
–
The Anubis Gates is a 1983 time travel fantasy novel written by American author Tim Powers. It won the 1983 Philip K. Dick Award and 1984 Science Fiction Chronicle Award, in 1801 the British have risen to power in Egypt and suppress the worship of the old Egyptian gods. In 1802, an attempt by the magicians to summon Anubis opens magical gates in a predictable pattern across time. In 1983, ailing millionaire J. Cochran Darrow has discovered the gates, Darrow organizes a trip to the past for fellow millionaires to attend a lecture by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1810. He hires Professor Brendan Doyle to attend and give expert commentary, one of the magicians, Doctor Romany, happens to spy the time travelers and kidnaps Doyle before he can return. Doyle manages to escape torture and flees back to London, now trapped in the 19th century, Doyle joins a beggars guild and meets a beggar named Jacky. He plans to meet and befriend William Ashbless, a poet that Doyle has studied profusely. Doctor Romany scours the city for Doyle with his legion of murderous beggars, at the same time, Doyle discovers that Darrow has remained in the 19th century to search for Dog-Face Joe, a body-swapping werewolf, in hopes of bribing Joe into granting him a healthy new body. Doyle himself becomes targeted by Joe, receiving the body of Darrows former bodyguard. In his new body, Doyle realizes that he himself is the historical Ashbless and he copies down Ashbless poetry from memory and deduces his own future from his study of Ashbless life. Using this knowledge, he continues to thwart the magicians plans, after Romany discovers a gate to 1684, Doyle follows him through and stops his attempt to change the past. Meanwhile, Darrow successfully contacts Dog-Face Joe and organizes a deal in which Joe will provide Darrow with healthy bodies, Doyle resists and kills the Master. Meanwhile, Jacky discovers Darrows secret and kills him along with Dog-Face Joe, Doyle returns to London, where the last magician, Romanelli, kidnaps him, Jacky, and Coleridge. In a drugged stupor, Coleridge frees Horrabins twisted menagerie of monsters, allowing him, decades later, after living out Ashbless entire life and becoming a widower, Doyle goes out to meet his historic date with death. Doyle discovers that his intended murderer is a duplicate of himself that the Master had made in Egypt decades before, Doyle kills the duplicate, thereby supplying the corpse for his death, and boats away into an unknown future. Brendan Doyle An English professor at Cal State Fullerton, Doyle is still haunted by the accident that killed his wife Rebecca. He is a short and non-athletic man who is having difficulty getting published and he is fascinated by the enigmatic poet William Ashbless. J. Cochran Darrow A famous tycoon who is suffering from terminal cancer and his enterprises have discovered the time gates
The Anubis Gates
–
Cover of first edition (paperback)
18.
Orange County High School of the Arts
–
The school caters to middle and high school students with talents in the performing, visual, literary arts, and culinary arts. The educational program prepares students for education institutions or employment in the professional arts industry. Both the academic and arts program have prompted recognition in the US News Best High Schools program, OCSA recently changed its school name from Orange County High School of the Arts to Orange County School of the Arts to reflect the inclusion of middle school students. The Orange County School of the Arts was founded in 1987, during that time the school was relocated from its primary facility at Los Alamitos High School to the Santa Ana Unified School District. OCSA is a tuition-free, donation-dependent public charter school governed by a board of trustees representing parents, the community, educators, the Foundation is a registered 501 non-profit corporation governed by a volunteer board of directors of prominent business and cultural leaders. Members pay annual dues, serve on fundraising committees, attend the schools activities, in the summer of 2012, the name of the school was changed from OCHSA to OCSA. The Orange County School of the Arts students attend academic courses under a block schedule system with three academic classes per day alternating each day for a total of six classes. Honors classes are offered as well as many Advanced Placement classes, OCSA also has a selection of electives including Acting, Ceramics, Improv, Graphic Design, Zoology, Vocal Ensemble, Journalism, and Photography. OCSAs 2012 Academic Performance Index score of 908 ranked the school as one of the top five ranked high schools in Orange County, OCSA was named a Blue Ribbon School in 2006 by the U. S. Department of Education. OCSA was one of 250 Blue Ribbon schools recognized nationwide in 2006 among 35 schools in the State of California, OCSA was also named a California Distinguished School. In 2009, 99% of OCSA alumni continued on to college, with 79% going on to a 4-year university, 18% going to a 2-year university with plans to transfer to a 4-year university and 2% studying abroad. Students must maintain a minimum 2.0 GPA to continue participating in their artistic studies, the Art Attack Live is OCSAs daily live television broadcast of the days announcements. The show began broadcasting by a group of 4 students from the Film, broadcast to every television in the school, the short broadcast keeps students up to date on school events, and promotes activities. Crew members consist of students from the schools Film and Television conservatory, the show is broadcast from one of OCSAs two live television production studios in the technology building. Students at the school are given the opportunity to audition to become hosts of the show or gain a crew internship, after 2,15 p. m. James P. Blaylock, a fantasy author, was Director of the Creative Writing Department at OCSA. The co-directors are now Joshua Wood and Abbe Levine, the departments Writer in Residence is the award-winning fantasy author Tim Powers. The Instrumental Music Department holds many concerts throughout the year and performed at Carnegie Hall in New York City in spring of 2006, the schools Symphony Orchestra, directed by Chris Russell, performed in the Sydney Opera House in the summer of 2008. The Production and Design Conservatory at OCSA designs the costumes, lighting, audio, makeup and they refer to their conseratory director as Captain because his name is Kevin Cook
Orange County High School of the Arts
–
Educating the Next Generation of World-Class Artists and Scholars
Orange County High School of the Arts
–
Art Attack Live set 2004–2005
Orange County High School of the Arts
–
Art Attack Live set redecorated to fit the campus' western-themed spirit week.
Orange County High School of the Arts
–
Symphony Hall's main stage set up for Awards Night 2005
19.
Chapman University
–
Chapman University is a private, non-profit university located in Orange, California, United States. It is affiliated with the Christian Church, Chapman also operates Brandman University as a separate, fully accredited university within the Chapman University System. Founded as Hesperian College, in Woodland, California, the school classes on March 4,1861. Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincolns first inauguration, Hesperian admitted students of both sexes and all races. In 1920, the assets of Hesperian College were absorbed by California Christian College, in 1934, the school was renamed Chapman College, after the chairman of its board of trustees, C. C. In 1954, Chapman College moved to its present campus in the city of Orange, Chapman established a Residence Education Center Program to serve military personnel in 1958. This evolved into the Chapman University College, Chapman University is the largest private university in Orange County, and is ranked in the U. S. News and World Reports top-tier of western region colleges and universities. It comprises four schools and five colleges, including the Dale E and it offers 46 undergraduate and 17 graduate majors. Chapman College became Chapman University in 1991, in that year, Dr. James L. Doti became president of Chapman University. Dr. Doti has received the Horatio Alger Award and the Ellis Island Medal of Honor and he was honored by the Council for Advancement of Education as 2003 CEO of the Year. According to The Chronicle of Higher Education, Doti earned $1,542,270, Schmid College of Science and Technology has a plan for a 140,000 sq. ft. Center for Science & Technology on Chapmans main campus in Orange, opening in fall 2018. In 1959 Chapman University broke ground for Braden Hall, a dormitory on campus. It later became a co-ed dorm and was best known for its basketball court and it was torn down in 2007 and replaced in 2009 by the Sandhu Residence Center, which includes a cafeteria and rock climbing wall for students. Chapman co-produces the OC Channel in a partnership with KOCE, founded in 1977, the school is named after George L. Argyros, a Chapman alum and former U. S. Ambassador to Spain. Argyros has chaired the board of trustees of Chapman University since 1976, the business school was renamed in Argyros honor in 1999. The Argyros School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in business, the MBA program has three lines, Executive, Professional, and Full Time. Chapmans Professional MBA Program is ranked #48 by Bloomberg/Businessweek and the Full Time program is currently ranked #83, building on its strength in undergraduate accounting, the school recently launched a one-year Master of Science in Accounting degree. In 2008, The Princeton Review ranked Chapman Business Schools undergraduate and graduate programs among its Top 25 programs in the country, the Argyros School of Business and Economics was officially nationally ranked as the 60th Best Undergraduate Bloomberg BusinessWeek Business School in 2014
Chapman University
–
Williams Mall, with Memorial Hall (left) and Smith Hall (right)
Chapman University
–
Chapman University
Chapman University
–
Schmid Gate, built in 2005.
20.
Muscoy, California
–
Muscoy is a census-designated place in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 10,644 at the 2010 census, up from 8,919 at the 2000 census, Muscoy shares zip code 92407 with northwest San Bernardino, Californias Verdemont neighborhood, Devore Heights, and Arrowhead Farms. Residents enjoy a setting with large lots where they can raise horses and other livestock, nursery plants. For this purpose, much of Muscoy is included in the county Additional Agriculture overlay and this overlay specifies types and quantities of animals that may be kept on each parcel. A distinctive feature of Muscoy life today is motor vehicles and equestrians sharing the roadways, Muscoy was developed in the mid-1890s as a community designed to accommodate family agricultural enterprises. Roads and water service were developed to one to ten acre parcels. Vineyards, orchards and various crops were planted and cultivated. After World War II, population growth accelerated and the area began a transition from use to a more suburban residential character. During the 1950s and 1960s, the San Bernardino area became a stop during road trips. This resulted in more shops opening up to serve the needs of travelers, in 1989, a gasoline pipeline explosion caused much loss of life. Muscoy is located at 34°9′22″N 117°20′48″W, elevation ranges from 1240 in the south to 1600 in the north. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 3.1 square miles,99. 87% of it is land and 0. 13% is water. Muscoy is bordered on the west by Lytle Creek wash, most of the time a dry river bed, the 2010 United States Census reported that Muscoy had a population of 10,644. The population density was 3,382.4 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Muscoy was 4,459 White,454 African American,125 Native American,101 Asian,16 Pacific Islander,4,992 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 8,824 persons. The Census reported that 10,355 people lived in households,289 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 236 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 16 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 197 households were made up of individuals and 68 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 4.64. There were 1,933 families, the family size was 4.76
Muscoy, California
–
Location in
San Bernardino County and the state of
California
21.
Clarion Writers Workshop
–
Clarion is a six-week workshop for aspiring science fiction and fantasy writers. Knight and Wilhelm were among the first teachers at the workshop, in 1972 the workshop moved to Michigan State University. In 1971 the Clarion West Writers Workshop was founded by Vonda N. McIntyre, in 2006, the Clarion Writers Workshop moved from Michigan State University to the University of California, San Diego. Independently-operated workshops which share the Clarion name and follow its founding include, Clarion West Writers Workshop, founded in Seattle. It has been held annually since 1984, Clarion South Writers Workshop was held at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia. It was founded in 2004 and ran biennially, in 2009, Clarion South lost its venue, although the workshop was held that year. In March 2011, Clarion South organizers announced that future workshops were on hold indefinitely, List of Clarion Writers Workshop Instructors List of Clarion Writers Workshop Alumni Clarion West Writers Workshop Knight, Damon. Clarion official website Clarion Science Fiction and Fantasy Workshop, Archive of Stories by Participants MSS681, special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library
Clarion Writers Workshop
–
Clarionites at Play (photograph by Keyan Bowes)
22.
University of Redlands
–
The University of Redlands is a private, nonprofit university located in Redlands, California, United States, offering both liberal arts and professional programs. The Universitys main, residential campus is situated on 160 acres near downtown Redlands, an additional seven regional locations throughout Southern California provide programs for working adults. The University of Redlands had its roots in the founding of two other American Baptist institutions, California College in Oakland, and Los Angeles University. The Reverend Jasper Newton Field, a Baptist pastor at Redlands, on June 27,1907 the Commission voted all in favor of the Redlands proposal. Ground was broken on April 9,1909, on the hill where the building now stands. Nine founding faculty members held their first day of classes in the Redlands Baptist Church on September 30,1909, on January 27,1910, the University of Redlands opened its physical doors by occupying the newly completed administration building. Bekins Hall and the Presidents mansion were the two other buildings completed. Victor LeRoy Duke, Dean and Professor of Mathematics, became the next president, the Southern California Baptist community initiated a campaign to raise $50,000 to clear outstanding debt. The following spring the Northern Baptist Education Board endorsed the school, by 1925, the faculty numbered 25, and student enrollment had increased to 465. Finances had improved to the extent that, with significant volunteer help, New dormitories, classrooms, a library, a gymnasium, and Memorial Chapel were built. A school of education was added, a developing alumni base also started to support the University. By 1928, the Universitys endowment was $2,592,000, by the beginning of 1932, the effects of the Great Depression started to be felt at the University. Enrollment soared, as there was no work to be found, salaries were cut, and employees were laid-off. On March 3,1933, the day after the governor declared a moratorium on banks, the administration of the Universitys third President, Dr. Clarence Howe Thurber, soon ran afoul of ultra-conservative churches. Student members complained of an attitude toward Baptist doctrine being taught at the campus. The later affair of Dr. William H. Roberts, a Redlands psychology professor who became the manager of Upton Sinclairs run for governor in 1934. The 1940s brought many changes to the University of Redlands, beginning with the bombing of Pearl Harbor, as conscription and enlistments for the war depleted classes, courses were set up for the soldiers at Camp Haan and March Field. Military men were not required to attend chapel, and on New Years Eve the Marines clandestinely held the first impromptu dance ever on the campus
University of Redlands
–
Administration building.
University of Redlands
–
University of Redlands
University of Redlands
–
The Quad with the Memorial Chapel in the distance.
University of Redlands
–
The Armacost Library
23.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
24.
Android (robot)
–
An android is a humanoid robot or synthetic organism designed to look and act like a human, especially one with a body having a flesh-like resemblance. Historically, androids remained completely within the domain of science fiction where they are seen in film. Only recently have advancements in technology allowed the design of functional. The word was coined from the Greek root ἀνδρ-, man, while the term android is used in reference to human-looking robots in general, a robot with a female appearance can also be referred to as a gynoid. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the earliest use to Ephraim Chambers Cyclopaedia, the term android appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature human-like toy automatons. The term android was used in a modern sense by the French author Auguste Villiers de lIsle-Adam in his work Tomorrows Eve. This story features an artificial humanlike robot named Hadaly, as said by the officer in the story, In this age of Realien advancement, who knows what goes on in the mind of those responsible for these mechanical dolls. Although Karel Čapeks robots in R. U. R, —the play that introduced the word robot to the world—were organic artificial humans, the word robot has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings. The term android can mean one of these, while a cyborg would be a creature that is a combination of organic. The word android was used in Star Trek, The Original Series episode What Are Little Girls Made Of. The abbreviation andy, coined as a pejorative by writer Philip K. Dick in his novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. has seen some further usage, authors have used the term android in more diverse ways than robot or cyborg. In some fictional works, the difference between a robot and android is only their appearance, with androids being made to look like humans on the outside, in other stories, authors have used the word android to mean a wholly organic, yet artificial, creation. Other fictional depictions of androids fall somewhere in between, several projects aiming to create androids that look, and, to a certain degree, speak or act like a human being have been launched or are underway. In 2006, Kokoro Co. developed a new DER2 android, the height of the human body part of DER2 is 165 cm. DER2 can not only change its expression but also move its hands and feet, the air servosystem which Kokoro Co. developed originally is used for the actuator. As a result of having an actuator controlled precisely with air pressure via a servosystem, DER2 realized a slimmer body than that of the former version by using a smaller cylinder. Outwardly DER2 has a more beautiful proportion, compared to the previous model, DER2 has thinner arms and a wider repertoire of expressions. Once programmed, it is able to choreograph its motions and gestures with its voice, the Intelligent Mechatronics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Kobayashi at the Tokyo University of Science, has developed an android head called Saya, which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in Yokohama, Japan
Android (robot)
–
DER 01, a Japanese
actroid
Android (robot)
–
EveR-2, the first android that has the ability to
sing
Android (robot)
–
Main articles
25.
Vienna
–
Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
Vienna
Vienna
Vienna
Vienna
26.
Muslim
–
A Muslim is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. Muslims consider the Quran, their book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad as recorded in traditional accounts, Muslim is an Arabic word meaning one who submits. Most Muslims will accept anyone who has publicly pronounced Shahadah as a Muslim, the shahadah states, There is no god but the God and Muhammad is the last messenger of the God. The testimony authorized by God in the Quran that can found in Surah 3,18 states, There is no god except God, which in Arabic, is the exact testimony which God Himself utters, as well as the angels and those who possess knowledge utter. The word muslim is the active participle of the verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M to be whole. A female adherent is a muslima, the plural form in Arabic is muslimūn or muslimīn, and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt. The Arabic form muslimun is the stem IV participle of the triliteral S-L-M, the ordinary word in English is Muslim. It is sometimes transliterated as Moslem, which is an older spelling, the word Mosalman is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central Asia. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans, although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God. Other obsolete terms include Muslimite and Muslimist, musulmán/Mosalmán is a synonym for Muslim and is modified from Arabic. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage, the Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi said, A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God. Islam means making ones religion and faith Gods alone. The Quran states that men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values. Thus, in Surah 3,52 of the Quran, Jesus disciples tell him, We believe in God, and you be our witness that we are Muslims. In Muslim belief, before the Quran, God had given the Tawrat to Moses, the Zabur to David and the Injil to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets. The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12. 7% of the worlds Muslims, followed by Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Egypt. About 20% of the worlds Muslims lives in the Middle East and North Africa, Sizable minorities are found in India, China, Russia, Ethiopia. The country with the highest proportion of self-described Muslims as a proportion of its population is Morocco
Muslim
–
Afghan Muslims praying inside
Gardens of Babur in
Kabul,
Afghanistan.
Muslim
–
Famous
Muslim converts from various fields.
27.
Christian
–
A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christian derives from the Koine Greek word Christós, a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach, while there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict, they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. The term Christian is also used as an adjective to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a sense all that is noble, and good. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, by 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the worlds largest religion in 2050, about half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant. Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the worlds Christians, other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories,280 million Christian live as a minority. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, in other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish. The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26,28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4,16, which believers, Yet if as a Christian, let him not be ashamed. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames, in the Annals he relates that by vulgar appellation commonly called Christians and identifies Christians as Neros scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome. Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is Nazarenes which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24, the Hebrew equivalent of Nazarenes, Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian. A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian, denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of Christianity. Most Baptists and fundamentalists, for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian, in fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity. The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism, the term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי, a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מָשִׁיחַיים, the term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city, where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī from ṣalīb which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations
Christian
–
Set of pictures for a number of famous Christians from various fields.
Christian
–
The
Church of St Peter near
Antakya, Turkey, in
Antioch the disciples were called Christians.
Christian
–
Nazareth the city is described as the childhood home of
Jesus, in many languages employ the word Nazarene as a general designation for those of the Christian faith.
Christian
–
Japanese Christians ("Kurisuchan") in Portuguese costume, 16–17th century.
28.
Time travel
–
Some ancient myths depict skipping forward in time. The Buddhist Pāli Canon mentions the relativity of time, in the period of our century, one hundred years, only a single day, twenty four hours would have passed for them. The Japanese tale of Urashima Tarō, first described in the Nihongi tells of a fisherman named Urashima Taro who visits an undersea palace. After three days, he returns home to his village and finds himself 300 years in the future, where he has forgotten, his house is in ruins. Early science-fiction stories feature characters who sleep for years and awaken in a changed society. Among them LAn 2440, rêve sil en fût jamais by Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving, Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy, prolonged sleep, like the more familiar time machine, is used as a means of time travel in these stories. Decades-long and centuries-long sleep is featured in ancient myths. Like forward time travel, backward time travel has an uncertain origin, the narrator rides to ancient Greece on a hippogriff, meets Aristotle, and goes on a voyage with Alexander the Great before returning to the 19th century. While the narrator waits under a tree for a coach to take him out of Newcastle and he encounters the Venerable Bede in a monastery and explains to him the developments of the coming centuries. However, the story never makes it clear whether these events are real or a dream, charles Dickenss A Christmas Carol has early depictions of time travel in both directions, as the protagonist, Ebenezer Scrooge, is transported to Christmases past and future. However, these might be interpreted as visions rather than as time travel because Scrooge experiences the time periods as a rather than as a participant. A clearer example of time travel is found in the popular 1861 book Paris avant les hommes by the French botanist and geologist Pierre Boitard. This may have been the first story to feature an alternate history created as a result of time travel. Early time machines One of the first stories to feature time travel by means of a machine is The Clock that Went Backward by Edward Page Mitchell, however, the mechanism borders on fantasy. An unusual clock, when wound, runs backwards and transports people nearby back in time, the author does not explain the origin or properties of the clock. Enrique Gaspar y Rimbaus El Anacronópete may have been the first story to feature a vessel engineered to travel through time, H. G. Wellss The Time Machine popularized the concept of time travel by mechanical means. In technical papers, physicists generally avoid the language of moving or traveling through time. Movement normally refers only to a change in position as the time coordinate is varied
Time travel
–
Statue of
Rip Van Winkle in
Irvington, New York
Time travel
–
Mr. and Mrs. Fezziwig dance in a vision the
Ghost of Christmas Past shows Scrooge.
Time travel
–
Key concepts
29.
Lord Byron
–
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, FRS, commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was a British poet, peer, politician, and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems, Don Juan and Childe Harolds Pilgrimage. Byron is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential and he travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years with the struggling poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in his life, Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire. He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted while in Missolonghi, ethel Colburn Mayne states that George Gordon Byron was born on 22 January 1788 in a house on 24 Holles Street in London. However, Robert Charles Dallas in his Recollections states that Byron was born in Dover and he was the son of Captain John Mad Jack Byron and his second wife, the former Catherine Gordon, a descendant of Cardinal Beaton and heiress of the Gight estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Byrons father had seduced the married Marchioness of Carmarthen and, after she divorced her husband. His treatment of her was described as brutal and vicious, in order to claim his second wifes estate in Scotland, Byrons father took the additional surname Gordon, becoming John Byron Gordon, and he was occasionally styled John Byron Gordon of Gight. Byron himself used this surname for a time and was registered at school in Aberdeen as George Byron Gordon, at the age of 10, he inherited the English Barony of Byron of Rochdale, becoming Lord Byron, and eventually dropped the double surname. Byrons paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral the Hon. John Foulweather Jack Byron, vice Admiral John Byron had circumnavigated the globe, and was the younger brother of the 5th Baron Byron, known as the Wicked Lord. He was christened, at St Marylebone Parish Church, George Gordon Byron after his maternal grandfather George Gordon of Gight, a descendant of James I of Scotland, Mad Jack Byron married his second wife for the same reason that he married his first, her fortune. In a move to avoid his creditors, Catherine accompanied her husband to France in 1786. He was born on 22 January in lodgings at Holles Street in London, Catherine moved back to Aberdeenshire in 1790, where Byron spent his childhood. His father soon joined them in their lodgings in Queen Street, Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy, which could be partly explained by her husbands continuing to borrow money from her. As a result, she fell even further into debt to support his demands and it was one of these importunate loans that allowed him to travel to Valenciennes, France, where he died in 1791. When Byrons great-uncle, the wicked Lord Byron, died on 21 May 1798, described as a woman without judgment or self-command, Catherine either spoiled and indulged her son or vexed him with her capricious stubbornness. Her drinking disgusted him, and he often mocked her for being short and corpulent and she once retaliated and, in a fit of temper, referred to him as a lame brat. Langley-Moore questions the Galt claim that she over-indulged in alcohol, upon the death of Byrons mother-in-law Judith Noel, the Hon
Lord Byron
–
Portrait of Lord Byron by
Richard Westall
Lord Byron
–
An engraving of Byron's father, Captain
John "Mad Jack" Byron, date unknown
Lord Byron
–
Catherine Gordon, Byron's mother, by
Thomas Stewardson
Lord Byron
–
John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare
30.
Magic (paranormal)
–
Magic or sorcery is the use of rituals, symbols, actions, gestures, and language with the aim of exploiting supernatural forces. The term magic has a variety of meanings, and there is no agreed upon definition of what it is or how it can be used. Religious scholars have defined magic in many different ways, one approach, associated with the anthropologists Edward Tylor and James G. Frazer, has magic and science be opposites. Many scholars of religion have rejected the utility of the term magic, the term magic comes from the Old Persian magu, a word that applied to a form of religious functionary about which little is known. This meaning of the term was adopted by Latin in the first century BCE. The concept was incorporated into Christian theology during the first century CE. This concept was pervasive throughout the Middle Ages, although in the modern period Italian humanists reinterpreted the term in a positive sense to establish the idea of natural magic. Both negative and positive understandings of the term were retained in Western culture over the following centuries, throughout Western history, there have been examples of individuals claiming to be practitioners of magic and referring to themselves as magicians. This trend has proliferated in the period, with a growing number of magicians appearing within the esoteric milieu. Scholars of religion have failed to agree on a definition of magic is. The subject has one of intense dispute, with some scholars criticizing the validity of the term in the first place. Even among those throughout history who have described themselves as magicians, there has been some debate among scholars as to whether to use the term magic at all. The scholar of religion Jonathan Z. Smith for example argued that it had no utility as a term that scholars should use. Religious historian Wouter Hanegraaff agreed, stating that the magic is an important object of historical research. Since the 1990s its usage among scholars has declined, within Western culture, magic has been linked to the idea of the Other. Using the term magic when discussing non-Western cultures or pre-modern forms of Western society raises problems, alternately, this term implies that all categories of magic are ethnocentric and that such Western preconceptions are an unavoidable component of scholarly research. Magic is one of the most heavily theorized concepts in the study of religion, the intellectualist approach to defining magic is associated with two prominent British anthropologists, Edward Tylor and James G. Frazer. This was an approach that viewed magic as being the theoretical opposite of science, in his 1871 book Primitive Culture, Tylor characterized magic as beliefs based on the error of mistaking ideal analogy for real analogy
Magic (paranormal)
–
"
Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses " by
John William Waterhouse
Magic (paranormal)
–
The "
Magician " card from a 15th-century
tarot deck.
Magic (paranormal)
–
Juju charm protecting dugout canoe on riverbank, in
Suriname.1954.
Magic (paranormal)
–
Traditional welcome performance,
Mitral,
Kheda district, Gujarat
31.
Egypt
–
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian
Egypt
–
The
Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the
ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence.
Egypt
–
Flag
Egypt
–
The Greek Ptolemaic queen
Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar,
Caesarion at the
Temple of Dendera.
Egypt
–
The 1803
Cedid Atlas, showing
Ottoman Egypt.
32.
Egyptian mythology
–
Egyptian mythology is the collection of myths from ancient Egypt, which describe the actions of the Egyptian gods as a means of understanding the world. The beliefs that these myths express are an important part of ancient Egyptian religion, Myths appear frequently in Egyptian writings and art, particularly in short stories and in religious material such as hymns, ritual texts, funerary texts, and temple decoration. These sources rarely contain an account of a myth and often describe only brief fragments. Inspired by the cycles of nature, the Egyptians saw time in the present as a series of recurring patterns, Myths are set in these earliest times, and myth sets the pattern for the cycles of the present. Present events repeat the events of myth, and in doing so renew maat, events from the present that might be regarded as myths include Ras daily journey through the world and its otherworldly counterpart, the Duat. The details of these sacred events differ greatly from one text to another, Egyptian myths are primarily metaphorical, translating the essence and behavior of deities into terms that humans can understand. Each variant of a myth represents a different symbolic perspective, enriching the Egyptians understanding of the gods and it inspired or influenced many religious rituals and provided the ideological basis for kingship. Scenes and symbols from myth appeared in art in tombs, temples, in literature, myths or elements of them were used in stories that range from humor to allegory, demonstrating that the Egyptians adapted mythology to serve a wide variety of purposes. The development of Egyptian myth is difficult to trace, Egyptologists must make educated guesses about its earliest phases, based on written sources that appeared much later. One obvious influence on myth is the Egyptians natural surroundings, thus the Egyptians saw water and the sun as symbols of life and thought of time as a series of natural cycles. This orderly pattern was at constant risk of disruption, unusually low floods resulted in famine, the hospitable Nile valley was surrounded by harsh desert, populated by peoples the Egyptians regarded as uncivilized enemies of order. For these reasons, the Egyptians saw their land as an place of stability, or maat. These themes—order, chaos, and renewal—appear repeatedly in Egyptian religious thought, another possible source for mythology is ritual. Many rituals make reference to myths and are based directly on them. But it is difficult to determine whether a cultures myths developed before rituals or vice versa, questions about this relationship between myth and ritual have spawned much discussion among Egyptologists and scholars of comparative religion in general. In ancient Egypt, the earliest evidence of religious practices predates written myths, rituals early in Egyptian history included only a few motifs from myth. For these reasons, some scholars have argued that, in Egypt, but because the early evidence is so sparse, the question may never be resolved for certain. In private rituals, which are often called magical, the myth, many of the myth-like stories that appear in the rituals texts are not found in other sources
Egyptian mythology
–
Nun, the embodiment of the primordial waters, lifts the
barque of the sun god
Ra into the sky at the moment of creation.
Egyptian mythology
–
The sky depicted as a cow goddess supported by other deities. This image combines several coexisting visions of the sky: as a roof, as the surface of a sea, as a cow, and as a goddess in human form.
Egyptian mythology
–
Temple decoration at
Dendera, depicting the goddesses Isis and
Nephthys watching over the corpse of their brother
Osiris
Egyptian mythology
–
The air god Shu, assisted by other gods, holds up Nut, the sky, as Geb, the earth, lies beneath.
33.
Werewolf
–
Early sources for belief in lycanthropy are Petronius and Gervase of Tilbury. From the early period, werewolf beliefs also spread to the New World with colonialism. Belief in werewolves developed in parallel to the belief in witches, in the course of the Late Middle Ages, during the early period, accusations of lycanthropy were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of Peter Stumpp led to a significant peak in both interest in and persecution of supposed werewolves, primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe, the trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern pop culture. The word werewolf continues a late Old English werwulf, a compound of were man, the only Old High German testimony is in the form of a given name, Weriuuolf, although an early Middle High German werwolf is found in Burchard of Worms and Berthold of Regensburg. The word or concept does not occur in medieval German poetry or fiction, Middle Latin gerulphus Anglo-Norman garwalf, Old Frankish *wariwulf. Old Norse had the cognate varúlfur, but because of the importance of werewolves in Norse mythology. In modern Scandinavian also kveldulf evening-wolf, presumably after the name of Kveldulf Bjalfason, use of lycanthropy for supposed shape-shifting is much later, introduced ca. Slavic uses the term vlko-dlak, literally wolf-skin, paralleling the Old Norse ulfhéðinn, however, the word is not attested in the medieval period. The Slavic term was loaned into modern Greek as Vrykolakas, baltic has related terms, Lithuanian vilkolakis and vilkatas, Latvian vilkatis and vilkacis. The name vurdalak for the Slavic vampire is a due to Alexander Pushkin. Tolstoy in his novella The Family of the Vourdalak, Greek λυκάνθρωπος and Germanic werewulf are parallel inasmuch as the concept of a shapeshifter becoming a wolf is expressed by means of a compound wolf-man or man-wolf. Their underlying common origin can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European mythology and this is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the Tierkrieger depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone, such transformations of men into wolves in pagan cult were associated with the devil from the early medieval perspective. In his Man into Wolf, Robert Eisler tried to cast the Indo-European tribal names meaning wolf or wolf-men in terms of the European transition from fruit gathering to predatory hunting, a few references to men changing into wolves are found in Ancient Greek literature and mythology. In the second century BC, the Greek geographer Pausanias related the story of Lycaon, in accounts by the Bibliotheca and Ovid, Lycaon serves human flesh to Zeus, wanting to know if he is really a god. Lycaons transformation, therefore, is punishment for a crime, considered variously as murder, cannibalism, Ovid also relates stories of men who roamed the woods of Arcadia in the form of wolves. In addition to Ovid, other Roman writers also mentioned lycanthropy, virgil wrote of human beings transforming into wolves
Werewolf
–
Dolon wearing a wolf-skin. Attic red-figure vase, c. 460 BC.
Werewolf
–
Woodcut of a werewolf attack, by
Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1512
Werewolf
–
Vendel period depiction of a warrior wearing a wolf-skin (
Tierkrieger)
Werewolf
–
Zeus turning
Lycaon into a
wolf, engraving by
Hendrik Goltzius.
34.
Nebula Award for Best Novel
–
The Nebula Award for Best Novel is given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America for science fiction or fantasy novels. To be eligible for Nebula Award consideration a novel must be published in English in the United States, works published in English elsewhere in the world are also eligible provided they are released on either a website or in an electronic edition. The Nebula Award for Best Novel has been awarded annually since 1966, novels which were expanded forms of previously published short stories are eligible, as are novellas published by themselves if the author requests them to be considered as a novel. The award has been described as one of the most important of the American science fiction awards, Nebula Award nominees and winners are chosen by members of the SFWA, though the authors of the nominees do not need to be members. Members may then vote on the ballot throughout March, and the results are presented at the Nebula Awards ceremony in May. Authors are not permitted to nominate their own works, and ties in the vote are broken, if possible. Beginning with the 2009 awards, the rules were changed to the current format, during the 52 nomination years,177 authors have had works nominated,38 of these have won, including co-authors and ties. Le Guin has received the most Nebula Awards for Best Novel with four out of six nominations. Joe Haldeman has received three out of four nominations, while nine other authors have won twice. Jack McDevitt has the most nominations at twelve, with one win, while Poul Anderson, Philip K. Dick, in the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the novel was first published. Each year links to the year in literature. Entries with a background and an asterisk next to the writers name have won the award. * Winners and joint winners Hugo Award for Best Novel List of joint winners of the Hugo and Nebula awards Nebula Awards official site
Nebula Award for Best Novel
–
The Nebula Award trophy
35.
Cradle of Filth
–
Cradle of Filth are a British extreme metal band that formed in Suffolk in 1991. The bands musical style evolved from black metal to a cleaner and more produced amalgam of gothic metal, symphonic metal and their lyrical themes and imagery are heavily influenced by gothic literature, poetry, mythology and horror films. The band has broken free from its niche by courting mainstream publicity. The band eventually signed to Cacophonous Records, and their debut album, the album was well-received however, and as recently as June 2006 found its way into Metal Hammers list of the top ten black metal albums of the last twenty years. Cradles relationship with Cacophonous soon soured, the band accusing the label of contractual and financial mismanagement, acrimonious legal proceedings took up most of 1995, and the original version of the bands second album, Dusk. and Her Embrace was recorded by the Principle. Subsequently re-worked with new members for Music For Nations, the embryonic Cacophonous version was eventually released as Dusk. and Her Embrace. The EP also marked Sarah Jezebel Devas debut with the band, replacing Andrea Meyer, Cradles first female vocalist and self-styled satanic advisor. A concept album of sorts, based generally on vampirism and specifically on the writing of Sheridan Le Fanu, the albums production values matched the bands ambition for the first time, whilst Danis vocal gymnastics were at their most extreme. Alex Mosson, the Lord Provost of Glasgow from 1999 to 2003, called the shirts sick, the band obviously approved, using the quote on the back cover of the 2005 DVD Peace Through Superior Firepower. The album led to Cradles US debut, and Dani claimed it in 2003 as the Cradle album of which he was most proud, the band released their fourth studio album on the Halloween of 2000. Midian was based around the Clive Barker novel Cabal and its subsequent film adaptation Nightbreed, like Cruelty and the Beast, Midian featured a guest narrator, this time Doug Bradley, who starred in Nightbreed but remains best known for playing Pinhead in the Hellraiser series. The video for Her Ghost in the Fog received heavy rotation on MTV2 and other channels. The longest-ever interim period between full-length Cradle albums was nevertheless a busy time for the band, stylistically similar to Midian, the album is unique among Cradle albums in featuring exactly the same band members as its predecessor. Further stop-gap releases followed in the form of the best of package Lovecraft & Witch Hearts, finally, the band also found time to appear in the horror film Cradle of Fear while they negotiated their first major-label signing with Sony Music. D. Based on Pier Paolo Pasolinis film Salò, D. a reference to Aleister Crowley. Babalon A. D. was the first DVD-only single to reach the UKs top 40 charts, according to the Guinness Book of Records of British Hit Singles, feeling that Sonys enthusiasm quickly palled however, Cradle jumped ship to Roadrunner Records after barely a year. 2004s Nymphetamine was the bands first full album since The Principle of Evil Made Flesh to not be based around any sort of overarching concept. Cradles bass guitarist Dave Pybus described it as a mix between the groups Damnation and Cruelty albums with a renewed vigour for melody, songmanship and plain fucking weirdness
Cradle of Filth
–
Dani Filth and
Paul Allender at 2009's
Hellfest
Cradle of Filth
–
Dani Filth in 2008
Cradle of Filth
–
Sarah Jezebel Deva joined the band in 1996
Cradle of Filth
–
The infamous "Vestal Masturbation" T-shirt design
36.
Backmasking
–
Backmasking is a recording technique in which a sound or message is recorded backward onto a track that is meant to be played forward. Backmasking is a process, whereas a message found through phonetic reversal may be unintentional. Backmasking was popularised by the Beatles, who used backward instrumentation on their 1966 album Revolver, artists have since used backmasking for artistic, comedic and satiric effect, on both analogue and digital recordings. The technique has also used to censor words or phrases for clean releases of explicit songs. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, a device allowing sound to be recorded and reproduced on a cylinder with a stylus attached to a diaphragm mounted at the narrow end of a horn. Emile Berliner invented the familiar lateral-cut disc phonograph record in 1888 and his design overtook the Edison phonograph in the 1920s, partly because Berliners patent expired in 1918, leaving others free to use his invention. These two trends led to tape music compositions, composed on tape using techniques including reverse tape effects, the Beatles, who incorporated the techniques of concrète into their recordings, were responsible for popularizing the concept of backmasking. Lennon stated that, while under the influence of marijuana, he played the tapes for Rain in reverse. The following day he shared the results with the other Beatles, Lennon then liked the effect and kept it. Regardless, Rain was the first song to feature a backmasked message, when the rain comes, they run and hide their heads. The Beatles were involved in the spread of backmasking both as a technique and as the center of a controversy. The latter has its roots in an event in 1969, when WKNR-FM DJ Russ Gibb received a call from a student at Eastern Michigan University who identified himself as Tom. The caller asked Gibb about a rumor that Beatle Paul McCartney had died, Gibb played the song backwards on his turntable, and heard Turn me on, dead man. The Paul is dead rumor popularized the idea of backmasking in popular music, after Gibbs show, many more songs were found to contain phrases that sounded like known spoken languages when reversed. In 1981, Christian DJ Michael Mills began stating on Christian radio programs that Led Zeppelins Stairway to Heaven contained hidden messages that were heard by the subconscious. Also in 1982, fundamentalist Christian pastor Gary Greenwald held public lectures on dangers of backmasking, along with at least one mass record-smashing, One result of the furor was the firing of five radio DJs who had encouraged listeners to search for backward messages in their record collections. A more serious consequence was legislation by the governments of Arkansas. The 1983 California bill was introduced to prevent backmasking that can manipulate our behavior without our knowledge or consent, the successful bill made the distribution of records with undeclared backmasking an invasion of privacy for which the distributor could be sued
Backmasking
–
Tape recorders allowed backward recording in
recording studios
Backmasking
–
The
compact disc made finding backward messages difficult, causing interest in backmasking to decline.
Backmasking
–
Frank Zappa used backmasking to avoid censorship.
37.
Caribbean
–
The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea, in a wider sense, the mainland countries of Belize, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region. Geopolitically, the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From December 15,1954, to October 10,2010, there was a known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations, the region takes its name from that of the Caribs, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest. The two most prevalent pronunciations of Caribbean are KARR-ə-BEE-ən, with the accent on the third syllable. The former pronunciation is the older of the two, although the variant has been established for over 75 years. It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer KARR-ə-BEE-ən while North American speakers more typically use kə-RIB-ee-ən, usage is split within Caribbean English itself. The word Caribbean has multiple uses and its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery, European colonisation, the United Nations geoscheme for the Americas accords the Caribbean as a distinct region within the Americas. Physiographically, the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea, to the north, the region is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida and the Northern Atlantic Ocean, which lies to the east and northeast. To the south lies the coastline of the continent of South America, politically, the Caribbean may be centred on socio-economic groupings found in the region. For example, the known as the Caribbean Community contains the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are in the Atlantic Ocean, are members of the Caribbean Community. The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is also in the Atlantic and is a member of the Caribbean Community. According to the ACS, the population of its member states is 227 million people. The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies, Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin and these islands include Aruba, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua
Caribbean
–
Cayo de Agua in
Los Roques archipelago,
Venezuela.
Caribbean
–
Caribbean
Caribbean
–
Puerto Rico 's south shore, from the mountains of Jayuya
Caribbean
–
Puerto Cruz beach in
Margarita Island,
Venezuela
38.
Blackbeard
–
Edward Teach or Edward Thatch, better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britains North American colonies. Although little is known about his life, he was probably born in Bristol. Recent genealogical research indicates his family moved to Jamaica where Edward Thatch, Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Teach captured a French merchant vessel, renamed her Queen Annes Revenge and he became a renowned pirate, his cognomen derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance, he was reported to have tied lit fuses under his hat to frighten his enemies. He formed an alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of Charles Town, after successfully ransoming its inhabitants, he ran Queen Annes Revenge aground on a sandbar near Beaufort, North Carolina. He parted company with Bonnet and settled in Bath Town, where he accepted a royal pardon, but he was soon back at sea, where he attracted the attention of Alexander Spotswood, the Governor of Virginia. Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to try to capture the pirate, during a ferocious battle, Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard. A shrewd and calculating leader, Teach spurned the use of force and he was romanticised after his death and became the inspiration for pirate-themed works of fiction across a range of genres. Little is known about Blackbeards early life and it is commonly believed that at the time of his death he was between 35 and 40 years old and thus born in about 1680. In contemporary records his name is most often given as Blackbeard, Edward Thatch or Edward Teach, however, several spellings of his surname exist—Thatch, Thach, Thache, Thack, Tack, Thatche and Theach. One early source claims that his surname was Drummond, but the lack of any supporting documentation makes this unlikely. Pirates habitually used fictitious surnames while engaged in the business of piracy, so as not to tarnish the family name, the author Robert Lee speculated that Teach may therefore have been born into a respectable, wealthy family. He may have arrived in the Caribbean in the last years of the 17th century, at what point during the war Teach joined the fighting is, in keeping with the record of most of his life before he became a pirate, unknown. With its history of colonialism, trade and piracy, the West Indies was the setting for many 17th, New Providences harbour could easily accommodate hundreds of ships, and was too shallow for the Royal Navys larger vessels to navigate. In New Providence, pirates found a welcome respite from the law, Teach was one of those who came to enjoy the islands benefits. Probably shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht, he moved there from Jamaica, possibly about 1716, he joined the crew of Captain Benjamin Hornigold, a renowned pirate who operated from New Providences safe waters. In 1716 Hornigold placed Teach in charge of a sloop he had taken as a prize, in early 1717, Hornigold and Teach, each captaining a sloop, set out for the mainland. They captured a boat carrying 120 barrels of flour out of Havana, a few days later they stopped a vessel sailing from Madeira to Charles Town, South Carolina
Blackbeard
–
Blackbeard (c. 1736 engraving used to illustrate Johnson's
General History)
Blackbeard
–
Blackbeard, as pictured by
Benjamin Cole in the second edition of Charles Johnson's General Historie
Blackbeard
–
A map of the area around
Ocracoke Inlet, 1775
Blackbeard
–
Blackbeard the Pirate: this was published in the
General History of the Pyrates, 1725.
39.
Haitian Vodou
–
Haitian Vodou is a syncretic religion practiced chiefly in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora. Practitioners are called vodouists or servants of the spirits, Vodouists believe in a distant and unknowable Supreme Creator, Bondye. According to Vodouists, Bondye does not intercede in human affairs, religious practices of contemporary Vodou are descended from, and closely related to, West African Vodun as practiced by the Fon and Ewe. In Haiti, whereas a small number of Roman Catholics combine their faith with aspects of Vodou. Vodou is a Haitian Creole word that referred to only a small subset of Haitian rituals. Two of the major speaking populations of Ayizo are the Ewe and these two peoples composed a sizable number of the early enslaved population in St Dominique. These terms also refer to the religion as a whole, outside of Haiti, the term Vodou refers to the entirety of traditional Haitian religious practice. Originally written as vodun, it is first recorded in Doctrina Christiana, in the following centuries, Vodou was eventually taken up by non-Haitians as a generic descriptive term for traditional Haitian religion. There are many used orthographies for this word, today, the spelling Vodou is the most commonly accepted orthography in English. The spelling voodoo, once common, is now generally avoided by Haitian practitioners and scholars when referring to the Haitian religion. Vodou is popularly described as not simply a religion, but rather an experience that ties body, the concept of tying that exists in Haitian religious culture is derived from the Congolese tradition of kanga, the practice of tying ones soul to something tangible. This tying of soul is evident in many Haitian Vodou practices that are still exercised today, Vodouisants believe in a Supreme God called Bondye, from the French bon good + Dieu God. When it came in contact with Roman Catholicism, the Supreme Creator was associated with the Christian God, since Bondye is considered unreachable, Vodouisants aim their prayers to lesser entities, the spirits known as loa, or mistè. The most notable loa include Papa Legba, Erzulie Freda, Simbi, Kouzin Zaka and these loa can be divided into 21 nations, which include the Petro, Rada, Congo, and Nago. Each of the loa is associated with a particular Roman Catholic saint, for example, Legba is associated with St. Anthony the Hermit, and Damballa is associated with St. Patrick. The loa also fall into groups who share a surname, such as Ogou, Ezili. For instance, Ezili is a family, Ezili Danto and Ezili Freda are two individual spirits in that family, vodous moral code focuses on the vices of dishonor and greed. There is also a notion of relative propriety—and what is appropriate to someone with Dambala Wedo as their head may be different from someone with Ogou Feray as their head, for example, one spirit is very cool and the other is very hot
Haitian Vodou
–
Vodou altar during a celebration for
Papa Guédé in
Boston. This altar has offerings to three nations (nanchons) of
loa: at top right are offerings to
Rada spirits; at top left are those for the
Petwo family; and those at bottom are for
Guédé.
Haitian Vodou
–
Vodou paraphernalia,
Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Haitian Vodou
–
A large sequined Vodou "drapo" or flag by the artist George Valris, depicting the
veve, or symbol, of the loa Loko Atison.
Haitian Vodou
–
Vodou ceremony,
Jacmel,
Haiti.
40.
Zombie
–
A zombie is a fictional undead being created through the reanimation of a human corpse. Zombies are most commonly found in horror and fantasy genre works, the term comes from Haitian folklore, where a zombie is a dead body reanimated through various methods, most commonly magic. Modern depictions of zombies do not necessarily involve magic but often invoke science fictional methods such as carriers, radiation, mental diseases, vectors, viruses, scientific accidents, etc. The English word zombie is first recorded in 1819, in a history of Brazil by the poet Robert Southey, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the origin of the word as West African, and compares it to the Kongo words nzambi and zumbi. One of the first books to expose Western culture to the concept of the zombie was The Magic Island by W. B. This is the account of a narrator who encounters voodoo cults in Haiti. Time claimed that the book introduced zombi into U. S. speech, Zombies have a complex literary heritage, with antecedents ranging from Richard Matheson and H. P. Lovecraft to Mary Shelleys Frankenstein drawing on European folklore of the undead. In 1932, Victor Halperin directed White Zombie, a film starring Bela Lugosi. Here zombies are depicted as mindless, unthinking henchmen under the spell of an evil magician, a new version of the zombie, distinct from that described in Haitian folklore, has also emerged in popular culture during the latter half of the twentieth century. This zombie is taken largely from George A. Romeros seminal film Night of the Living Dead, the word zombie is not used in Night of the Living Dead but was applied later by fans. The zombie apocalypse concept, in which the world is brought low by a global zombie infestation. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the origin of the word as West African, in Haitian folklore, a zombie is an animated corpse raised by magical means, such as witchcraft. The concept has been associated with the religion of voodoo. How the creatures in contemporary zombie films came to be called zombies is not fully clear, the film Night of the Living Dead made no spoken reference to its undead antagonists as zombies, describing them instead as ghouls. Although George Romero used the term ghoul in his original scripts, the word zombie is used exclusively by Romero in his 1978 script for his sequel Dawn of the Dead, including once in dialog. According to George Romero, film critics were influential in associating the term zombie to his creatures and he eventually accepted this linkage even though he remained convinced at the time that zombies corresponded to the undead slaves of Haitian voodoo as depicted in Bela Lugosis White Zombie. Zombies are featured widely in Haitian rural folklore as dead persons physically revived by the act of necromancy of a bokor, the bokor is opposed by the houngan or priest and the mambo or priestess of the formal voodoo religion. A zombie remains under the control of the bokor as a personal slave, the Haitian tradition also includes an incorporeal type of zombie, the zombie astral, which is a part of the human soul
Zombie
–
George A. Romero 's
Night of the Living Dead is considered a progenitor of the fictional zombie of modern culture.
Zombie
–
The actor T. P. Cooke as Frankenstein's Monster in an 1823 stage production of the novel
Zombie
–
Tor Johnson as a zombie with his victim in cult movie
Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)
Zombie
–
A young zombie (Kyra Schon) feeding on human flesh, from Night of the Living Dead (1968)
41.
Quantum mechanics
–
Quantum mechanics, including quantum field theory, is a branch of physics which is the fundamental theory of nature at small scales and low energies of atoms and subatomic particles. Classical physics, the physics existing before quantum mechanics, derives from quantum mechanics as an approximation valid only at large scales, early quantum theory was profoundly reconceived in the mid-1920s. The reconceived theory is formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms, in one of them, a mathematical function, the wave function, provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle. In 1803, Thomas Young, an English polymath, performed the famous experiment that he later described in a paper titled On the nature of light. This experiment played a role in the general acceptance of the wave theory of light. In 1838, Michael Faraday discovered cathode rays, Plancks hypothesis that energy is radiated and absorbed in discrete quanta precisely matched the observed patterns of black-body radiation. In 1896, Wilhelm Wien empirically determined a distribution law of black-body radiation, ludwig Boltzmann independently arrived at this result by considerations of Maxwells equations. However, it was only at high frequencies and underestimated the radiance at low frequencies. Later, Planck corrected this model using Boltzmanns statistical interpretation of thermodynamics and proposed what is now called Plancks law, following Max Plancks solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem, Albert Einstein offered a quantum-based theory to explain the photoelectric effect. Among the first to study quantum phenomena in nature were Arthur Compton, C. V. Raman, robert Andrews Millikan studied the photoelectric effect experimentally, and Albert Einstein developed a theory for it. In 1913, Peter Debye extended Niels Bohrs theory of structure, introducing elliptical orbits. This phase is known as old quantum theory, according to Planck, each energy element is proportional to its frequency, E = h ν, where h is Plancks constant. Planck cautiously insisted that this was simply an aspect of the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and had nothing to do with the reality of the radiation itself. In fact, he considered his quantum hypothesis a mathematical trick to get the right rather than a sizable discovery. He won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work, Einstein further developed this idea to show that an electromagnetic wave such as light could also be described as a particle, with a discrete quantum of energy that was dependent on its frequency. The Copenhagen interpretation of Niels Bohr became widely accepted, in the mid-1920s, developments in quantum mechanics led to its becoming the standard formulation for atomic physics. In the summer of 1925, Bohr and Heisenberg published results that closed the old quantum theory, out of deference to their particle-like behavior in certain processes and measurements, light quanta came to be called photons. From Einsteins simple postulation was born a flurry of debating, theorizing, thus, the entire field of quantum physics emerged, leading to its wider acceptance at the Fifth Solvay Conference in 1927
Quantum mechanics
–
Max Planck is considered the father of the quantum theory.
Quantum mechanics
–
Solution to
Schrödinger's equation for the hydrogen atom at different energy levels. The brighter areas represent a higher probability of finding an
electron
Quantum mechanics
–
The 1927
Solvay Conference in
Brussels.
42.
Fountain of Youth
–
The Fountain of Youth is a spring that supposedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks or bathes in its waters. Tales of such a fountain have been recounted across the world for thousands of years, appearing in writings by Herodotus, the Alexander romance, and the stories of Prester John. The legend became particularly prominent in the 16th century, when it was attached to the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León, first Governor of Puerto Rico. According to a combination of New World and Eurasian elements, Ponce de León was searching for the Fountain of Youth when he traveled to what is now Florida in 1513. The legend says that Ponce de León was told by Native Americans that the Fountain of Youth was in Bimini, Herodotus mentions a fountain containing a special kind of water in the land of the Macrobians, which gives the Macrobians their exceptional longevity. The water was so weak, they said, that nothing would float in it, neither wood, nor any lighter substance, if the account of this fountain be true, it would be their constant use of the water from it which makes them so long-lived. The servant in that story is in turn derived from Middle Eastern legends of Al-Khidr, arabic and Aljamiado versions of the Alexander Romance were very popular in Spain during and after the period of Moorish rule, and would have been known to the explorers who journeyed to America. The people in the pool are youthful and naked, and after a while they leave it, there are countless indirect sources for the tale as well. An additional hint may have taken from the account of the Pool of Bethesda in the Gospel of John. According to legend, the Spanish heard of Bimini from the Arawaks in Hispaniola, Cuba, the Caribbean islanders described a mythical land of Beimeni or Beniny, a land of wealth and prosperity, which became conflated with the fountain legend. By the time of Ponce de Leon, the land was thought to be located northwest towards the Bahamas, the natives were probably referring to the area occupied by the Maya. This land also became confused with the Boinca or Boyuca mentioned by Juan de Solis and it was this Boinca that originally held a legendary fountain of youth, rather than Bimini itself. Sequene, an Arawak chief from Cuba, purportedly was unable to resist the lure of Bimini and he gathered a troupe of adventurers and sailed north, never to return. Found within the salt water swamp that covers 6 kilometres of the shoreline of North Bimini is The Healing Hole. During outgoing tides, these channels pump cool, mineral-laden fresh water into the pool, because this well was carved out of the limestone rock by ground water thousands of years ago it is especially high in calcium and magnesium. Magnesium, which has shown to improve longevity and reproductive health, is present in large quantities in the sea water. The legend of Bimini and its waters was widespread among the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean. The Italian-born chronicler Peter Martyr told of them in a letter to the pope in 1513, in the 16th century the story of the Fountain of Youth became attached to the biography of the conquistador Juan Ponce de León
Fountain of Youth
–
The Fountain of Youth, 1546 painting by
Lucas Cranach the Elder.
Fountain of Youth
–
Persian miniature depicting
Khidr and
Alexander watching the Water of Life revive a salted fish
Fountain of Youth
–
French 14th-century ivory mirror case with a Fountain of Youth
Fountain of Youth
–
Juan Ponce de León and their explorers in
Florida looking for the Fountain of youth, according to a drawing of the nineteenth century German.
43.
The Stress of Her Regard
–
The Stress of Her Regard is a 1989 horror/fantasy novel by Tim Powers. It was nominated for the 1990 World Fantasy and Locus Awards in 1990, drawing from European and Middle Eastern mythology, Powers depicts these beings as having qualities of vampires, succubi, incubi, Lamia, fairies, and jinn. Not only predators but sometimes benefactors of humans, they are the basis for both the Muses and the Graeae, the novels title is taken from the poem Sphinx and Medusa by Clark Ashton Smith. The story begins shortly before the wedding of Michael Crawford, a doctor, the night before he marries Julia, he inadvertently places his wedding ring in the hand of a statue in a garden. When he goes to retrieve it, he discovers the statue has mysteriously vanished, despite this mysterious event, the wedding proceeds. Julias disturbed twin sister Josephine serves as the maid of honor, the next morning, Crawford awakes to discover Julias horribly mutilated corpse next to him in the bed. Knowing he will be suspected of murdering his bride, Crawford flees to London and he meets John Keats, who is also studying medicine. One day while visiting the wards they encounter the grief-stricken Josephine, Keats does his best to help Crawford understand what has happened. By placing the ring on the statue Crawford unwittingly attracted the attention of one of the nephilim. The nephilim killed Julia so she could have Crawford for herself, Keats, who has some experience with the nephilim, recommends that Crawford visit the Alps. There is a high in the mountains where he may be able to free himself from the stress of her regard. While traveling on the Continent, Crawford is called upon to assist another Englishman who is suffering from a seizure, the man is Percy Shelley, and is accompanied by Lord Byron, John Polidori, and Claire Clarmont. Byron and Shelley are also connected to the nephilim, which see as both a blessing and a curse. The nephilim can prolong the lives of humans and serve as muses who help to inspire great works of creativity, Crawford and the two poets make their way up the Jungfrau, where it is said one might be able to break the bond with a nephilim. After answering a version of the Riddle of the Sphinx Crawford manages to free himself from his wife, in doing so he also learns more about the nature of the nephilim. Yet the danger is not over for Crawford, the poets, the nephilim are still active, and developments in Venice may threaten all humanity. Crawford, Josephine, Shelley, and Byron, all haunted by tragedy, must find a way to save themselves
The Stress of Her Regard
–
The Stress of Her Regard
44.
Romanticism
–
Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was embodied most strongly in the arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of heroic individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art, there was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism, the decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism. Defining the nature of Romanticism may be approached from the point of the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich that the feeling is his law. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were laws that the imagination—at least of a good creative artist—would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone. As well as rules, the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creators own imagination, so that originality was essential. The concept of the genius, or artist who was able to produce his own work through this process of creation from nothingness, is key to Romanticism. This idea is called romantic originality. Not essential to Romanticism, but so widespread as to be normative, was a strong belief, however, this is particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it, preferably alone. Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the voice of the artist. So, in literature, much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves. In both French and German the closeness of the adjective to roman, meaning the new literary form of the novel, had some effect on the sense of the word in those languages. It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name, the period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought. Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place roughly between 1770 and 1848, and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830, however, in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850, or earlier
Romanticism
–
Caspar David Friedrich,
Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, 1818
Romanticism
–
Eugène Delacroix,
Death of Sardanapalus, 1827, taking its
Orientalist subject from a play by
Lord Byron
Romanticism
–
Philipp Otto Runge, The Morning, 1808
Romanticism
–
William Blake,
The Little Girl Found, from
Songs of Innocence and Experience, 1794
45.
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron
–
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, FRS, commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was a British poet, peer, politician, and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems, Don Juan and Childe Harolds Pilgrimage. Byron is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential and he travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years with the struggling poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in his life, Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire. He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted while in Missolonghi, ethel Colburn Mayne states that George Gordon Byron was born on 22 January 1788 in a house on 24 Holles Street in London. However, Robert Charles Dallas in his Recollections states that Byron was born in Dover and he was the son of Captain John Mad Jack Byron and his second wife, the former Catherine Gordon, a descendant of Cardinal Beaton and heiress of the Gight estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Byrons father had seduced the married Marchioness of Carmarthen and, after she divorced her husband. His treatment of her was described as brutal and vicious, in order to claim his second wifes estate in Scotland, Byrons father took the additional surname Gordon, becoming John Byron Gordon, and he was occasionally styled John Byron Gordon of Gight. Byron himself used this surname for a time and was registered at school in Aberdeen as George Byron Gordon, at the age of 10, he inherited the English Barony of Byron of Rochdale, becoming Lord Byron, and eventually dropped the double surname. Byrons paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral the Hon. John Foulweather Jack Byron, vice Admiral John Byron had circumnavigated the globe, and was the younger brother of the 5th Baron Byron, known as the Wicked Lord. He was christened, at St Marylebone Parish Church, George Gordon Byron after his maternal grandfather George Gordon of Gight, a descendant of James I of Scotland, Mad Jack Byron married his second wife for the same reason that he married his first, her fortune. In a move to avoid his creditors, Catherine accompanied her husband to France in 1786. He was born on 22 January in lodgings at Holles Street in London, Catherine moved back to Aberdeenshire in 1790, where Byron spent his childhood. His father soon joined them in their lodgings in Queen Street, Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy, which could be partly explained by her husbands continuing to borrow money from her. As a result, she fell even further into debt to support his demands and it was one of these importunate loans that allowed him to travel to Valenciennes, France, where he died in 1791. When Byrons great-uncle, the wicked Lord Byron, died on 21 May 1798, described as a woman without judgment or self-command, Catherine either spoiled and indulged her son or vexed him with her capricious stubbornness. Her drinking disgusted him, and he often mocked her for being short and corpulent and she once retaliated and, in a fit of temper, referred to him as a lame brat. Langley-Moore questions the Galt claim that she over-indulged in alcohol, upon the death of Byrons mother-in-law Judith Noel, the Hon
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron
–
Portrait of Lord Byron by
Richard Westall
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron
–
An engraving of Byron's father, Captain
John "Mad Jack" Byron, date unknown
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron
–
Catherine Gordon, Byron's mother, by
Thomas Stewardson
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron
–
John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare
46.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
–
Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric, as well as most influential, poets in the English language. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not see fame during his lifetime, but recognition for his poetry grew steadily following his death. Shelley was a key member of a circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock, and his own second wife, Mary Shelley. Shelley is perhaps best known for such poems as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud. Shelleys close circle of friends included some of the most important progressive thinkers of the day, including his father-in-law, the philosopher William Godwin and Leigh Hunt. Though Shelleys poetry and prose output remained steady throughout his life, most publishers, Shelley became a lodestone to the subsequent three or four generations of poets, including important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets such as Robert Browning and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. He was admired by Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, yeats, Upton Sinclair and Isadora Duncan. Henry David Thoreaus civil disobedience was apparently influenced by Shelleys non-violence in protest, Shelleys popularity and influence has continued to grow in contemporary poetry circles. Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at Field Place, Broadbridge Heath, near Horsham, West Sussex, England. He was the eldest legitimate son of Sir Timothy Shelley, a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790–92 and he had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. He received his education at home, tutored by the Reverend Evan Edwards of nearby Warnham. His cousin and lifelong friend Thomas Medwin, who lived nearby and it was a happy and contented childhood spent largely in country pursuits such as fishing and hunting. In 1802, he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford, in 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, where he fared poorly, and was subjected to an almost daily mob torment at around noon by older boys, who aptly called these incidents Shelley-baits. Surrounded, the young Shelley would have his books torn from his hands and his clothes pulled at and this daily misery could be attributed to Shelleys refusal to take part in fagging and his indifference towards games and other youthful activities. Because of these peculiarities he acquired the nickname Mad Shelley, Shelley possessed a keen interest in science at Eton, which he would often apply to cause a surprising amount of mischief for a boy considered to be so sensible. Shelley would often use an electric machine to charge the door handle of his room. His friends were particularly amused when his tutor, Mr Bethell, in attempting to enter his room, was alarmed at the noise of the electric shocks. His mischievous side was again demonstrated by his last bit of naughtiness at school, despite these jocular incidents, a contemporary of Shelley, W. H. Merie, recalled that Shelley made no friends at Eton, although he did seek a kindred spirit without success
Percy Bysshe Shelley
–
Portrait of Shelley by
Alfred Clint (1819)
Percy Bysshe Shelley
–
Signature
Percy Bysshe Shelley
–
William Godwin in 1802, by
James Northcote.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
–
Richard Rothwell 's portrait of Mary Shelley in later life was shown at the
Royal Academy in 1840, accompanied by lines from Percy Shelley's poem
The Revolt of Islam calling her a "child of love and light".
47.
Vampire
–
A vampire is a being from folklore who subsists by feeding on the life essence of the living. In European folklore, vampires were undead beings that often visited loved ones and they wore shrouds and were often described as bloated and of ruddy or dark countenance, markedly different from todays gaunt, pale vampire which dates from the early 19th century. This increased level of vampire superstition in Europe led to mass hysteria and in some cases resulted in corpses actually being staked and people being accused of vampirism. In modern times, however, the vampire is generally held to be a fictitious entity, porphyria was also linked with legends of vampirism in 1985 and received much media exposure, but has since been largely discredited. However, it is Bram Stokers 1897 novel Dracula which is remembered as the vampire novel. The success of this book spawned a distinctive vampire genre, still popular in the 21st century, with books, films, the vampire has since become a dominant figure in the horror genre. Vampires had already discussed in French and German literature. After Austria gained control of northern Serbia and Oltenia with the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, officials noted the practice of exhuming bodies. These reports, prepared between 1725 and 1732, received widespread publicity, among the proposed proto-Slavic forms are *ǫpyrь and *ǫpirь. Another, less widespread theory, is that the Slavic languages have borrowed the word from a Turkic term for witch. Czech linguist Václav Machek proposes Slovak verb vrepiť sa, or its hypothetical anagram vperiť sa as an etymological background, and thus translates upír as someone who thrusts, bites. An early use of the Old Russian word is in the anti-pagan treatise Word of Saint Grigoriy, dated variously to the 11th–13th centuries, the notion of vampirism has existed for millennia. Cultures such as the Mesopotamians, Hebrews, Ancient Greeks, and Romans had tales of demons and spirits which are considered precursors to modern vampires. In most cases, vampires are revenants of evil beings, suicide victims, or witches, belief in such legends became so pervasive that in some areas it caused mass hysteria and even public executions of people believed to be vampires. It is difficult to make a single, definitive description of the folkloric vampire, vampires were usually reported as bloated in appearance, and ruddy, purplish, or dark in colour, these characteristics were often attributed to the recent drinking of blood. Indeed, blood was often seen seeping from the mouth and nose when one was seen in its shroud or coffin and its left eye was often open. It would be clad in the linen shroud it was buried in, and its teeth, hair, although vampires were generally described as undead, some folktales spoke of them as living beings. The causes of vampiric generation were many and varied in original folklore, in Slavic and Chinese traditions, any corpse that was jumped over by an animal, particularly a dog or a cat, was feared to become one of the undead
Vampire
–
The Vampire, by
Philip Burne-Jones, 1897
Vampire
–
Vampyren, "The Vampire", by
Edvard Munch
Vampire
–
“The Vampire”, lithograph by R. de Moraine (1864).
Vampire
–
Lilith (1892), by
John Collier
48.
Greek mythology
–
It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece. Greek mythology is explicitly embodied in a collection of narratives. Greek myth attempts to explain the origins of the world, and details the lives and adventures of a variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines. These accounts initially were disseminated in a tradition, today the Greek myths are known primarily from ancient Greek literature. The oldest known Greek literary sources, Homers epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on the Trojan War, archaeological findings provide a principal source of detail about Greek mythology, with gods and heroes featured prominently in the decoration of many artifacts. Geometric designs on pottery of the eighth century BC depict scenes from the Trojan cycle as well as the adventures of Heracles, in the succeeding Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence. Greek mythology has had an influence on the culture, arts. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes, Greek mythology is known today primarily from Greek literature and representations on visual media dating from the Geometric period from c. Mythical narration plays an important role in every genre of Greek literature. Nevertheless, the only general mythographical handbook to survive from Greek antiquity was the Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus and this work attempts to reconcile the contradictory tales of the poets and provides a grand summary of traditional Greek mythology and heroic legends. Apollodorus of Athens lived from c, 180–125 BC and wrote on many of these topics. His writings may have formed the basis for the collection, however the Library discusses events that occurred long after his death, among the earliest literary sources are Homers two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Other poets completed the cycle, but these later and lesser poems now are lost almost entirely. Despite their traditional name, the Homeric Hymns have no connection with Homer. They are choral hymns from the part of the so-called Lyric age. Hesiods Works and Days, a poem about farming life, also includes the myths of Prometheus, Pandora. The poet gives advice on the best way to succeed in a dangerous world, lyrical poets often took their subjects from myth, but their treatment became gradually less narrative and more allusive. Greek lyric poets, including Pindar, Bacchylides and Simonides, and bucolic poets such as Theocritus and Bion, additionally, myth was central to classical Athenian drama
Greek mythology
–
Bust of
Zeus,
Otricoli (Sala Rotonda,
Museo Pio-Clementino,
Vatican).
Greek mythology
–
Greek Mythology
Greek mythology
–
Prometheus (1868 by
Gustave Moreau). The myth of Prometheus first was attested by
Hesiod and then constituted the basis for a tragic trilogy of plays, possibly by Aeschylus, consisting of
Prometheus Bound,
Prometheus Unbound, and
Prometheus Pyrphoros.
Greek mythology
–
The Roman poet
Virgil, here depicted in the fifth-century manuscript, the
Vergilius Romanus, preserved details of Greek mythology in many of his writings.
49.
Tachyon Publications
–
Tachyon Publications is an independent press specializing in science fiction and fantasy books. Founded in San Francisco in 1995 by Jacob Weisman, Tachyon books have tended toward high-end literary works, short story collections, and anthologies. In 2013, Tachyons publication After the Fall, Before the Fall, During the Fall by Nancy Kress won the Nebula Award, also in 2013, Tachyons publication of The Emperors Soul by Brandon Sanderson won the Hugo Award for best novella. The following books have published by Tachyon Publications. Official website SF in SF – Science Fiction, San Francisco – A Perfect Fit
Tachyon Publications
–
Tachyon Publications
