Timawa
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The timawa were the feudal warrior class of the ancient Visayan societies of the Philippines. They were regarded as higher than the uripon but below the tumao in the Visayan social hierarchy. They wer
17th-century depiction of a Spanish-built joangan, from Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas (1668) by Francisco Ignacio Alcina
Alipin
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The alipin refers to the lowest social class among the various cultures of the Philippines before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term alipin is used in the Tagalog lang
Timawa
…The timawa were the feudal warrior class of the ancient Visayan societies of the Philippines. They were regarded as higher than the uripon (commoners, serfs, and slaves) but below the tumao (royal nobility) in the Visayan social hierarchy. They were roughly similar to the Tagalog maharlika…
An illustration from Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas (1668) by Francisco Ignacio Alcina depicting a tattooed uluhan with a paddle, labeled "esclavo" ("slave")