1.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
2.
News magazine
–
A news magazine is a typed, printed, and published piece of paper, magazine or a radio or television program, usually weekly, consisting of articles about current events. In greater depth than do newspapers or newscasts, and aim to give the consumer an understanding of the important events beyond the basic facts, radio news magazines are similar to television news magazines. Unlike radio newscasts, which are typically five minutes in length. Television news magazines provide a service to print news magazines. These broadcasts serve as an alternative in covering certain issues more in-depth than regular newscasts, the formula, first established by Panorama on the BBC in 1953 has proved successful around the world. Television news magazines once aired five nights a week on most television networks, however, with the success of reality shows, news magazines have largely been supplanted
News magazine
–
2512, a monthly news magazine published in
Réunion.
3.
Time (magazine)
–
Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
Time (magazine)
–
The first issue of Time (March 3, 1923), featuring
Speaker Joseph G. Cannon.
Time (magazine)
–
Bibi Aisha on the Cover of Time.
Time (magazine)
–
Time Magazine red X covers: from left to right, Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, and Osama bin Laden.
4.
Barack Obama
–
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
Barack Obama
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Barack Obama
Barack Obama
–
Obama with his half-sister
Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother
Ann Dunham and grandfather
Stanley Dunham, in
Honolulu, Hawaii
Barack Obama
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Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after
ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
Barack Obama
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Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
5.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
6.
CBS
–
CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
CBS
–
Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.
CBS
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Wholesome
Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth
CBS
–
When
Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.
CBS
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CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.
7.
News anchor
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They may also be a working journalist, assisting in the collection of news material and may, in addition, provide commentary during the program. News presenters most often work from a studio or radio studio. The role of the news presenter developed over time, classically, the presenter would read the news from news copy which he may or may not have helped write with a producer or news writer. This was often taken almost directly from services and then rewritten. Prior to the era, radio-news broadcasts often mixed news with opinion. These presenters were referred to as commentators, the last major figure to present commentary in a news broadcast format in the United States was Paul Harvey. With the development of the 24-hour news cycle and dedicated cable news channels, many anchors also write or edit news for their programs, although modern news formats often distinguish between anchor and commentator in an attempt to establish the character of a news anchor. The mix of news and commentary varies depending on the type of program. In 1948, anchor man was used in the game show Who Said That. to refer to John Cameron Swayze, the anchor term then became commonly used by 1952 to describe the most prominent member of a panel of reporters or experts. The term anchorman also was used to describe Walter Cronkites role at the Democratic and Republican National Conventions, the widespread claim that news anchors were called cronkiters in Swedish has been debunked by linguist Ben Zimmer. Anchors occupy a role in news broadcasts. Some argue anchors have become sensationalized characters whose identities overshadow the news itself, while others cite anchors as necessary figureheads of wisdom and truth in the news broadcast. Brian Williams, a minor character in NBCs sitcom 30 Rock. A criticism levied against the role of anchor stems from this dynamic, regurgitat or reproduc the report of others. Differentiating them from the occupations of journalists and on-site reporters. The identity of a particular anchor seems to influence viewer perception less than the presence of an anchor in general. More specifically, the media may do an important social good when using the techniques of dramaturgy to make governance more interesting to people than would be the case otherwise. At the same time, however, there is an important difference between drama and democracy, with the former requiring spectators and the latter participants
News anchor
–
Journalism
News anchor
–
News set for
WHIO-TV in
Dayton,
Ohio. News Anchors often report from sets such as this, located in or near the
newsroom.
News anchor
–
Brian Williams interviews
Mitt Romney on July 25, 2012, during
Romney's presidential campaign. Williams garnered criticism when allegations of his exaggerated claims at interviews with
Barack Obama surfaced in early 2015.
8.
Dan Rather
–
Daniel Irvin Dan Rather Jr. is an American journalist and the former news anchor for the CBS Evening News. He is now managing editor and anchor of the news magazine Dan Rather Reports on the cable channel AXS TV. Rather was anchor of the CBS Evening News for 24 years, from March 9,1981 and he also contributed to CBSs 60 Minutes. Along with Peter Jennings at ABC News and Tom Brokaw at NBC News, Rather was one of the Big Three news anchors in the U. S. during the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. The three all hosted their networks flagship news programs for over 20 years, and all three started and retired within a year of one another. Daniel Irvin Rather, Jr. /ˈræðər/ was born on October 31,1931, in Wharton County, Texas, the son of Daniel Irvin Rather, Sr. a ditch digger, the Rathers moved to Houston, where Dan attended Love Elementary School and Hamilton Middle School. He graduated in 1950 from John H. Reagan High School in Houston, in 1953, he earned a bachelors degree in journalism from Sam Houston State University where he was editor of the school newspaper, The Houstonian. At Sam Houston, he was a member of the Caballeros, after obtaining his undergraduate degree, Rather briefly attended South Texas College of Law in Houston, which awarded him an honorary Juris Doctor in 1990. In 1954, Rather enlisted in the United States Marine Corps but was discharged because he had rheumatic fever as a child. Rather began his career in 1950 as an Associated Press reporter in Huntsville. Later, he was a reporter for United Press, several Texas radio stations, around 1955, Rather did a story on heroin. Under the auspices of the Houston Police, he experienced the drug which he characterized as a kind of hell. While at Sam Houston State, Rather worked for KSAM-FM radio in Huntsville, Texas, calling junior high, high school and he later spent four seasons as the play-by-play announcer for the University of Houston football team. During the 1959 minor league season, Rather was the play-by-play radio announcer for the Houston Buffs team of the triple A American Association. In 1959, he began his career as a reporter for KTRK-TV. Rather was subsequently promoted to the director of news for KHOU-TV, ray Miller, news director of KPRC-TV, the NBC affiliate in Houston, also mentored Rather in the early years. On February 28,1962, Rather left Houston for New York City for a six-month trial initiation, shortly after, Rather was made chief of CBSs Southwest bureau in Dallas. In August 1963, he was appointed chief of the Southern bureau in New Orleans, responsible for coverage of events in the South, Southwest, Mexico
Dan Rather
–
Dan Rather at the 2005
Peabody Awards
Dan Rather
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Rather's boyhood home being restored at the Wharton County Museum
Dan Rather
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Radar image of Hurricane Carla, similar to the display Rather used during coverage of the storm's impacts
Dan Rather
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Rather speaking about his experiences in his 61 years of journalism before a group of
NATO commanders at
Camp Eggers in Kabul, Afghanistan in July 2011.
9.
Doris Kearns Goodwin
–
Doris Helen Kearns Goodwin is an American biographer, historian, and political commentator. She has authored biographies of several U. S. Doris Helen Kearns was born in Brooklyn, New York and she has a sister, Jene Kearns. Her paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants and she grew up in Rockville Centre, New York. She attended Colby College in Maine, where she was a member of Delta Delta Delta and Phi Beta Kappa and she was awarded a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship in 1964 to pursue doctoral studies. In 1968, she earned a Ph. D. in government from Harvard University, with a thesis titled Prayer and Reapportionment, in 1967, Kearns went to Washington, D. C. as a White House Fellow during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. The president discovered that I had been involved in the anti-Vietnam War movement and had written an article entitled. I thought for sure he would kick me out of the program, after Johnson decided not to run for reelection, he brought Kearns to the White House as a member of his staff, where she focused on domestic anti-poverty efforts. After Johnson left office in 1969, Kearns taught government at Harvard for 10 years, during this period, she also assisted Johnson in drafting his memoirs. A sports journalist as well, Goodwin was the first female journalist to enter the Boston Red Sox locker room and she consulted on and appeared in Ken Burnss 1994 documentary Baseball. Goodwin won the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for History for No Ordinary Time, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Goodwin received an honorary L. H. D. from Bates College in 1998. She was awarded a doctorate from Westfield State College in 2008. Goodwin won the 2005 Lincoln Prize for Team of Rivals, The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, part of the book was adapted by Tony Kushner into the screenplay for Steven Spielbergs 2012 film Lincoln. She is a member of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission advisory board, the book also won the inaugural American History Book Prize given by the New-York Historical Society. Goodwin was a member of the board of directors for Northwest Airlines, Goodwin is a frequent guest commentator on Meet the Press, appearing many times, as well as a regular guest on Charlie Rose, appearing a total of forty-eight times since 1994. In 2014, Kearns won the Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Nonfiction for The Bully Pulpit and it was also a Los Angeles Times Book Prize finalist and a Christian Science Monitor 15 best nonfiction. In 2016, she appeared as herself in the episode of American Horror Story. McTaggart remarked, If somebody takes a third of somebodys book, Goodwin had previously reached a private settlement with McTaggart over the issue. In an article she wrote for Time magazine, she said, Though my footnotes repeatedly cited Ms. McTaggarts work, the larger question for those of us who write history is to understand how citation mistakes can happen
Doris Kearns Goodwin
–
Goodwin speaking at a conference in 2006
10.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
11.
Mario Cuomo
–
Mario Matthew Cuomo was an American Democratic politician. He served as the 52nd Governor of New York for three terms, from 1983 to 1994, Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1979 to 1982, and Secretary of State of New York from 1975 to 1978. Cuomo was known for his views and public speeches, particularly his keynote speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention where he criticized Ronald Reagans policies. His legacy as a reluctant standard-bearer for the Democrats in presidential elections led to him being dubbed Hamlet on the Hudson, Cuomo was defeated for a fourth term as governor by George Pataki in the Republican Revolution of 1994, and he subsequently retired from politics. He was the father of five, including Andrew Cuomo, the current Governor of New York and he died of natural causes due to heart failure in Manhattan, New York City, on New Years Day,2015. Cuomo was born in the Briarwood section of the New York City borough of Queens to a family of Italian origin and his father, Andrea Cuomo, was from Nocera Inferiore, and his mother, Immacolata, was from Tramonti, Campania. The family owned a store in South Jamaica, Queens, in New York City, Cuomo attended New York City P. S. 50 and St. Johns Preparatory School, batting helmets were not yet required equipment, and Cuomos injury was severe enough that he was hospitalized for six days. After his recovery, Cuomo gave up baseball and returned to St. Johns, deciding on a legal career, Cuomo attended St. Johns University School of Law, from which he graduated tied for first in his class in 1956. Cuomo clerked for Judge Adrian P. Burke of the New York Court of Appeals, in addition to practicing law, Cuomo was an adjunct professor at St. Johns Law School. He later represented another Queens residents group, the Kew Gardens–Forest Hills Committee on Urban Scale, Cuomo described his experience in that dispute in the book Forest Hills Diary, and the story was retold by sociologist Richard Sennett in The Fall of Public Man. After Carey and Krupsak were elected, the new governor appointed Cuomo Secretary of State of New York in January 1975, two years later, Cuomo ran for Mayor of New York City at Careys urging. Incumbent Mayor Abraham Beame was very unpopular and Cuomo was one of five major challengers to Beame in the Democratic primary, in a close and highly fractured election, U. S. Representative Ed Koch finished first with 19. 81% of the vote, as no candidate cleared 40% of the vote, Koch and Cuomo advanced to a runoff. Koch emerged victorious with 54. 94% of the vote to Cuomos 45. 06%, during the mayoral campaign, placards appeared saying, Vote for Cuomo, not the homo in reference to rumors about Kochs sexuality. Cuomo ran on his opposition to the penalty, which backfired amongst New Yorkers as crime was very high. Cuomo then went negative with ads that likened Koch to unpopular former mayor John Lindsay, meanwhile, Koch backers accused Cuomo of antisemitism and pelted Cuomo campaign cars with eggs. Cuomo was also defeated by Koch in the election, taking 40. 97% to Kochs 49. 99%
Mario Cuomo
–
Mario Cuomo
Mario Cuomo
–
Governor Cuomo speaking at a rally in 1991 in
Plattsburgh, New York
Mario Cuomo
–
Cuomo in 2007
Mario Cuomo
12.
Condoleezza Rice
–
Condoleezza Condi Rice is an American political scientist and diplomat. She served as the 66th United States Secretary of State, the person to hold that office in the administration of President George W. Bush. Rice was the first female African-American Secretary of State, as well as the second African-American Secretary of State, Rice was President Bushs National Security Advisor during his first term, making her the first woman to serve in that position. Before joining the Bush administration, she was a professor of science at Stanford University. Rice also served on the National Security Council as the Soviet and Eastern Europe Affairs Advisor to President George H. W. Bush during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and she has logged more miles traveling than any other Secretary of State. While in the position, she chaired the Millennium Challenge Corporations board of directors, in March 2009, Rice returned to Stanford University as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution. In September 2010, she became a faculty member of the Stanford Graduate School of Business and a director of its Global Center for Business and her name, Condoleezza, derives from the music-related term con dolcezza, which in Italian means, with sweetness. Rice has roots in the American South going back to the pre-Civil War era, Rice grew up in the Titusville neighborhood of Birmingham, and then Tuscaloosa, Alabama, at a time when the South was racially segregated. Rice began to learn French, music, figure skating and ballet at the age of three, at the age of fifteen, she began piano classes with the goal of becoming a concert pianist. While Rice ultimately did not become a professional pianist, she still practices often and she accompanied cellist Yo-Yo Ma playing Johannes Brahms Violin Sonata in D Minor at Constitution Hall in April 2002 for the National Medal of Arts Awards. In 1967, the moved to Denver, Colorado. She attended St. Marys Academy, an all-girls Catholic high school in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado, Rice enrolled at the University of Denver, where her father was then serving as an assistant dean. Rice initially majored in Music, and after her sophomore year, she went to the Aspen Music Festival, There, she later said, she met students of greater talent than herself, and she doubted her career prospects as a pianist. She began to consider an alternative major and she attended an International Politics course taught by Josef Korbel, which sparked her interest in the Soviet Union and international relations. Rice later described Korbel, as a figure in her life. In 1974, at age 19, Rice was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa Society, while at the University of Denver she was a member of Alpha Chi Omega, Gamma Delta chapter. She obtained a degree in political science from the University of Notre Dame in 1975. She first worked in the State Department in 1977, during the Carter administration and she would also study Russian at Moscow State University in the summer of 1979, and intern with the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California
Condoleezza Rice
–
Condoleezza Rice
Condoleezza Rice
–
Condoleezza Rice during a 2005 interview on ITV in London
Condoleezza Rice
–
Yo-Yo Ma with Rice after performing together at the 2001 National Medal of Arts and National Humanities Medal Awards, April 22, 2002.
Condoleezza Rice
–
Rice,
Secretary of State Colin Powell, and
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld listen to
President George W. Bush speak about the Middle East on June 24, 2002
13.
Neoconservativism
–
For modern conservatism in other countries, see Conservatism § Modern conservatism in different countries. Neoconservatism is a movement born in the United States during the 1960s among conservative-leaning Democrats who became disenchanted with the partys foreign policy. Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, neoconservatives peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Prominent neoconservatives in the George W. Bush administration included Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, the term neoconservative refers to those who made the ideological journey from the anti-Stalinist Left to the camp of American conservatism. The movement had its roots in the Jewish monthly review magazine Commentary. They spoke out against the New Left and in that way helped define the movement, the neoconservative label was used by Irving Kristol in his 1979 article Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed Neoconservative. His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited the magazine Encounter, another source was Norman Podhoretz, editor of the magazine Commentary from 1960 to 1995. By 1982 Podhoretz was terming himself a neoconservative, in a New York Times Magazine article titled The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagans Foreign Policy. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the neoconservatives considered that liberalism had failed and no longer knew what it was talking about, seymour Lipset asserts that the term neoconservative was used originally by a socialist to criticize the politics of Social Democrats, USA. Jonah Goldberg argues that the term is ideological criticism against proponents of American modern liberalism who had become more conservative. Through the 1950s and early 1960s, the future neoconservatives had endorsed the American Civil Rights Movement, racial integration, from the 1950s to the 1960s, there was general endorsement among liberals for military action to prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. Many were particularly alarmed by what they claimed were anti-semitic sentiments from Black Power advocates, a substantial number of neoconservatives were originally moderate socialists associated with the right-wing of the Socialist Party of America, and its successor, Social Democrats, USA. Max Shachtman, a former Trotskyist theorist who developed an antipathy towards the New Left, had numerous devotees among SDUSA with strong links to George Meanys AFL-CIO. Following Shachtman and Meany, this led the SP to oppose an immediate withdrawal from the Vietnam War. They also chose to cease their own party-building and concentrated on working within the Democratic Party, thus the Socialist Party ceased to be in 1972 and SDUSA emerged. SDUSA leaders associated with neoconservatism include Carl Gershman, Penn Kemble, Joshua Muravchik, Norman Podhoretzs magazine Commentary of the American Jewish Committee, originally a journal of liberalism, became a major publication for neoconservatives during the 1970s. Commentary published an article by Jeane Kirkpatrick, an early and prototypical neoconservative, many neoconservatives had been Jewish intellectuals in New York City during the 1930s. They were on the left but strongly opposed Stalinism, some were Trotskyists
Neoconservativism
–
Irving Kristol was called "godfather" of neoconservatism
Neoconservativism
–
Senator
Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson, inspiration for neoconservative foreign policy during the 1970s.
Neoconservativism
–
Jeane Kirkpatrick
14.
Irving Kristol
–
Irving Kristol was an American columnist, journalist, and writer who was dubbed the godfather of neo-conservatism. Kristol was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of non-observant Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, Bessie and it was at these meetings that Kristol met Gertrude Himmelfarb, whom he later married in 1942. During World War II, he served in Europe in the 12th Armored Division as a combat infantryman and he was the founder and publisher of The National Interest from 1985 to 2002. Kristol was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, as a member of the board of contributors of the Wall Street Journal, he contributed a monthly column from 1972 to 1997. He served on the Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities from 1972 to 1977, in July 2002, he received from President George W. Bush the Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian honor. Kristol married Himmelfarb, a historian, in 1942 and they had two children, Elizabeth Nelson and William Kristol, the editor of The Weekly Standard. Kristol died aged 89 on September 18,2009 at the Capital Hospice in Falls Church, intended by Harrington as a pejorative term, it was accepted by Kristol as an apt description of the ideas and policies exemplified by The Public Interest. In February 1979, Kristol was featured on the cover of Esquire, the caption identified him as the godfather of the most powerful new political force in America – Neo-conservatism. That year also saw the publication of the book The Neo-conservatives, like Harrington, the author, Peter Steinfels, was critical of neo-conservatism, but he was impressed by its growing political and intellectual influence. Kristols response appeared under the title Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed – Perhaps the Only – Neo-conservative, Neo-conservatism, Kristol maintains, is not an ideology but a persuasion, a way of thinking about politics rather than a compendium of principles and axioms. It is classical rather than romantic in temperament, and practical, one of Kristols most celebrated quips defines a neo-conservative as a liberal who has been mugged by reality. These concepts lie at the core of philosophy to this day. That reality, for Kristol, is a complex one, and a second cheer, because it is congenial to a large measure of personal liberty. These are no achievements, he argues, and only capitalism has proved capable of providing them. But it also imposes a great psychic burden upon the individual, because it does not meet the individuals existential human needs, it creates a spiritual malaise that threatens the legitimacy of that social order. As much as anything else, it is the withholding of that third cheer that is the mark of neo-conservatism. Men and Ideas, Niccolo Machiavelli, Encounter, December 1954, American Intellectuals and Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs, July 1967. Memoirs of a Cold Warrior, New York Times Magazine, February 11,1968, when Virtue Loses All Her Loveliness, The Public Interest, Fall 1970
Irving Kristol
–
Irving Kristol
Irving Kristol
–
Kristol as a senior in high school, 1936.
15.
Walter Isaacson
–
Walter Isaacson is an American writer and journalist. He is the President and CEO of the Aspen Institute, a educational and policy studies organization based in Washington. He has been the chairman and CEO of Cable News Network and he has written biographies of Steve Jobs, Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein, and Henry Kissinger. Isaacson was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the son of Irwin and his father, Irwin, was a “kindly Jewish distracted humanist engineer with a reverence for science” and his mother, Betsy, was a real estate broker. Isaacson attended New Orleans Isidore Newman School, where he was student body president and he attended Deep Springs College for the Telluride Association Summer Program before graduating from Harvard University in 1974, where he earned a A. B. cum laude in history and literature. At Harvard, Isaacson was the president of the Signet Society, a member of the Harvard Lampoon, and he later attended the University of Oxford in the UK as a Rhodes scholar at Pembroke College, where he read Philosophy, Politics, and Economics. Isaacson began his career in journalism at The Sunday Times of London and he joined Time magazine in 1978, serving as the magazines political correspondent, national editor, and editor of new media before becoming the magazines 14th editor in 1996. Isaacson became chairman and CEO of CNN in July 2001, replacing Tom Johnson, and only two months later guided CNN through the events of 9/11. He was quoted in Roll Call magazine as saying, I was trying to out to a lot of Republicans who feel that CNN has not been as open to covering Republicans. The CEOs conduct was criticized by the Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting organization, in January 2003, he announced that he would step down as president at CNN to become president of the Aspen Institute. Jim Walton replaced Isaacson as president of CNN, Isaacson became the president and CEO of the Aspen Institute in 2004. Isaacson is the author of American Sketches, Einstein, His Life and Universe, Benjamin Franklin, An American Life and Kissinger and he is the co-author, with Evan Thomas, of The Wise Men, Six Friends and the World They Made. On October 24,2011, Steve Jobs, Isaacsons authorized biography of Apple Computers Jobs, was published by Simon & Schuster and it became an international best-seller, breaking all records for sales of a biography. In contrast to Isaacsons previous biographies of Einstein and Franklin, Steve Jobs was written while its subject was still alive and it became a New York Times bestseller. Writing for the New York Times, Janet Maslin described the author as a spirit to the visionaries. He is the editor of Profiles in Leadership, Historians on the Elusive Quality of Greatness, in October 2005, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco appointed Isaacson vice chairman of the Louisiana Recovery Authority, a board that oversaw spending on the recovery from Hurricane Katrina. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton appointed him vice-chair of the Partners for a New Beginning, in 2014, he was appointed by New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu to be the co-chair of the New Orleans Tricentennial Commission, which is planning the citys 300th anniversary commemoration in 2018. In 2015, he was appointed to the board of My Brothers Keeper Alliance, in 2016, he was appointed by Mayor Mitch Landrieu and confirmed by the City Council to be a member of the New Orleans City Planning Commission
Walter Isaacson
–
Isaacson in New York in 2012
Walter Isaacson
–
Isaacson at a State Department briefing
Walter Isaacson
–
Walter Isaacson at
TechCrunch Disrupt 2014
16.
Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century
–
Time 100, The Most Important People of the Century is a compilation of the 20th centurys 100 most influential people, published in Time magazine in 1999. The idea for such a list started on February 1,1998, with a debate at a symposium in Hanoi, in a separate issue on December 31,1999, Time recognized Albert Einstein as the Person of the Century. Times article cites twenty persons in each of five categories, Leaders and Revolutionaries, Scientists and Thinkers, Builders and Titans, Artists and Entertainers. Of the 100 chosen, Albert Einstein was chosen as the Person of the Century, the cover of the magazine featured the famous image of Einstein taken in 1947 by American portrait photographer Philippe Halsman. The argument was based on Times explicit criterion that the persons chosen should have the greatest impact on this century, in the same 31 December 1999 issue of Time, essayist Nancy Gibbs addressed the topic with the article The Necessary Evil. In the article, she argues that Hitler and Mussolini were simply the latest in a line of murderous figures. Elvis most original recordings were his first, the Beatles started out as imitators, then continued to grow throughout their years together. Theyre one of our great contributions, along with jazz and film, … To some extent, too, we wanted people who also represented important 20th century trends or developments. That would help account for the Barts and Oprahs, what Bart, or really the Simpsons, have done is merge social satire with popular animation in a way that hasnt really been done before. New York mayor Rudy Giuliani accused Time of romanticizing gangsters, and he stated and he murdered in order to get the position that he had, and then he authorized hundreds and hundreds of murders. However, Time business editor Bill Saporito defended the selection by calling Luciano as kind of a genius who had a deep impact on the underground economy. Were not out there to heap glory on these people, he explained, were out to say these are people who influenced our lives. Saporito further noted that every piece of merchandise came out of the Garment District had a little extra cost in it because of organized crime. TIME magazines list of the influential people, published annually beginning in 2004. People of the Century at TIME
Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century
–
Albert Einstein
Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century
–
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century
–
Mahatma Gandhi
Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century
–
Mussolini and Hitler, most influential dictators of the 20th century
17.
Robert Redford
–
Charles Robert Redford Jr. is an American actor, director, producer, businessman, environmentalist, and philanthropist. Redford is the founder of the Sundance Film Festival, Redfords career began in 1960 as a guest star on numerous TV shows, including, The Untouchables, Perry Mason, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and The Twilight Zone, among others. He earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont and his greatest Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband of Elizabeth Ashley in Neil Simons Barefoot in the Park. Redford made his debut in War Hunt. His role in Inside Daisy Clover won him a Golden Globe for best new star and he starred in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, which was a huge success and made him a major star. The popular and acclaimed All the Presidents Men was a film for Redford. The first film that Redford directed, Ordinary People, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Oscars, and in the same year, he starred in Brubaker. He starred in Out of Africa, which was a critical and box office success. He released his film as a director, A River Runs Through It. Redford won the 1980 Academy Award for Best Director in 1981 for directing Ordinary People and he was previously nominated for Best Actor in 1974 for his performance in The Sting, and went on to receive Best Director and Best Picture nominations in 1995 for Quiz Show. He won a second Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2002, in 2010, he was made a chevalier of the Légion dHonneur. He has won BAFTA, Directors Guild of America, Golden Globe, in April 2014, Time Magazine included Redford in their annual TIME100 as one of the Most Influential People in the World, declaring him the Godfather of Indie Film. In 2016, President Barack Obama honored Redford with a Presidential Medal of Freedom, Redford was born on August 18,1936, in Santa Monica, California to Martha W. and Charles Robert Redford, Sr. a milkman-turned-accountant. He has a stepbrother, William, from his fathers remarriage, Redford is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Redfords family moved to Van Nuys, California, while his father worked in El Segundo and he attended Van Nuys High School, where he was classmates with baseball pitcher Don Drysdale. He has described himself as having been a bad student, finding inspiration outside the classroom and he hit tennis balls with Pancho Gonzales at the Los Angeles Tennis Club to warm him up. After graduating from school in 1954, he attended the University of Colorado in Boulder for a year and a half. While there, he worked at the restaurant/bar The Sink, a painting of his likeness is prominent in the bars murals, while at Colorado, Redford began drinking heavily, and as a result lost his half-scholarship and was kicked out of school
Robert Redford
–
Robert Redford in 2012
Robert Redford
–
Redford in
Barefoot in the Park, 1967
Robert Redford
–
Redford at the
2013 Cannes Film Festival.
Robert Redford
–
Redford with
Melanie Griffith and
Sônia Braga, promoting
The Milagro Beanfield War at the
1988 Cannes Film Festival
18.
Jason Collins
–
Jason Paul Collins is an American retired professional basketball player who played 13 seasons in the National Basketball Association. He played college basketball for Stanford University, where he was an All-American in 2000–01 and he went on to play for the New Jersey Nets, Memphis Grizzlies, Minnesota Timberwolves, Atlanta Hawks, Boston Celtics, Washington Wizards and Brooklyn Nets. After the 2012–13 NBA season concluded, Collins publicly came out as gay, in April 2014, Collins featured on the cover of Time Magazines 100 Most Influential People in the World. Collins was born in Northridge, California and he was born eight minutes ahead of his twin brother Jarron, who also became an NBA player. They graduated from Harvard-Westlake School in Los Angeles and he and Jarron won two California Interscholastic Federation state titles during their four-year careers with a combined record of 123–10. Collins broke the California career rebounding record with 1,500, Collins was backed up by Jason Segel, who USA Today opined might have ended up being the most famous player from the team. Collins played with brother Jarron for the Stanford Cardinal in the Pacific-10 Conference, in 2001, Collins was named to All-Pac-10 first team, and the National Association of Basketball Coaches voted him to their third-team All-American team. He finished his career ranked first in Stanford history for field goal percentage. As a rookie along with Richard Jefferson, Collins played a significant role in the New Jersey Nets first-ever NBA Finals berth in 2002 against the Los Angeles Lakers. During this Finals appearance, Collins acknowledged that he is not really 7 feet tall as he has been listed since his year of college. He was measured 6 ft 10¼ in at the 2001 NBA combine, in the 2002–03 NBA season Collins took over the starting center role for the Nets and helped the franchise back to the NBA Finals. During that season, Collins averaged 5.7 points and 4.5 rebounds per game, prior to the 2004–05 season, he signed a $25 million contract extension with New Jersey for five more years. During his time with the Nets, he averaged 4.4 points and 4.5 rebounds per game. Collins began the 2007–08 season with the Nets and averaged 1.4 and 2.1 rebounds per game through 43 games, on February 4,2008, Collins was traded along with cash considerations to the Memphis Grizzlies for Stromile Swift. He finished the season averaging 2.6 points and 2.9 rebounds per game coming from the bench, on June 26,2008, Collins was dealt to the Minnesota Timberwolves in an eight-player deal involving Kevin Love and O. J. Mayo. During the season, Collins averaged 1.8 points and 2.3 rebounds per game through 31 games and his best game was in November 26,2008, against the Phoenix Suns, when he scored 8 points and grabbed 6 rebounds. After his contract expired at the end of the 2008–09 NBA season, Collins signed with the Atlanta Hawks on September 2,2009. Collins re-signed with the Hawks in the 2010 offseason, in 2010–11, the fifth-seeded Hawks defeated the fourth-seeded Orlando Magic as Collins slowed the Magics dominant center, Dwight Howard
Jason Collins
–
Collins with the Nets in March 2014
Jason Collins
–
Collins (right) and Celtics' teammate
Jared Sullinger (left) defend Detroit's
Greg Monroe
Jason Collins
–
Collins
huddles with the Nets before playing the
Washington Wizards in 2014
19.
Mary Barra
–
Mary Teresa Barra is the Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson of the General Motors Company. She has held the CEO position since January 15,2014, in April 2014, Barra was featured on the cover of Times 100 Most Influential People in the World. Barras father, Ray Makela, worked as a die maker at Pontiac for 39 years, Mary attended Waterford schools in Waterford, Michigan. She is a graduate of Waterford Mott High School, Barra graduated from the General Motors Institute, where she obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering. She then attended Stanford Graduate School of Business on a GM fellowship, in February 2008, she became Vice President of Global Manufacturing Engineering. In July 2009 she advanced to the position of Vice President of Global Human Resources, which she held until February 2011, the latter position included responsibilities for design, she has worked to reduce the number of automobile platforms in GM. In August 2013, her Vice President responsibility was extended to include Global Purchasing, during her first year as CEO, General Motors was forced to issue 84 safety recalls involving over 30 million cars. Barra was called before the Senate to testify about the recalls, Barra and General Motors also came under suspicion of paying for awards to burnish the CEO and corporations image during that time. Somehow, though, even as GM has seen its reputation raked over the coals, Barra has come out more admired, when Barra appeared in front the Senate in June, Senators eviscerated GM in general, specifically then-General Counsel Michael Millikin, who has since stepped down. How exactly, then, has Barra emerged with her reputation almost intact, a simple combination of honesty, humbleness, and a seemingly sincere desire to fundamentally change the errors that led to the problems shes faced. Barra has made a practice of saying that she doesnt want GM to “move past” the ignition switch scandal and she doesnt want this to be a bad memory that fades into the background. Instead, she says she wants the scandal to remain a constant reminder of what happens when people dont do the right thing, gM’s Mary Barra, Crisis Manager of the Year. Barra was listed as one of the worlds most powerful women by Forbes, for the third time and she was listed seventh, rising from 35th in 2013. On May 3,2014 she delivered the Spring Commencement address for University of Michigans Ann Arbor campus at Michigan Stadium, Barra was listed number 1 in Fortunes Most Powerful Women list in 2015, moving from 2nd place the year before. She remained in the one spot in Fortunes Most Powerful Women of 2016. Barras parents are of Finnish descent and she is married to consultant Tony Barra, whom she met while studying at Kettering University, and has two children. The family lives in Northville, a suburb of Detroit and she has named the Chevrolet Camaro and the Pontiac Firebird as her favorite cars. Barra is a member of the General Dynamics Board of Directors and she serves on the Board of Directors of the Detroit Economic Club and as a member of The Business Council
Mary Barra
–
Barra in Mexico, August 2014
20.
Nancy Gibbs
–
Nancy Reid Gibbs is an American essayist and managing editor for Time magazine, a best-selling author and commentator on politics and values in the United States. Gibbs was born in New York, the daughter of Janet, who worked at Friends Seminary, and Howard Glenn Gibbs and she graduated from Yale University in 1982, summa cum laude, with honors in history. She studied at New College, Oxford as a Marshall Scholar and she joined TIME in 1985 as a part-time fact checker in the International section. She became a writer in 1988 and has more than 100 cover stories, including the black-bordered special issue on the September 11 attacks. She has been a frequent guest on radio and television shows, including the Today Show, Good Morning America, Charlie Rose. In 1993 and 2006, she served as a Ferris Professor of writing at Princeton University and she is a former elder and deacon of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church in New York City. In October 2013, she became the first female managing editor of Time magazine,2013 Chautauqua Prize, shortlist, The Presidents Club Pompeo, Joe. Appearances on C-SPAN C-SPAN Q&A interview with Gibbs and Michael Duffy about The Presidents Club, Inside the Worlds Most Exclusive Fraternity, May 13,2012
Nancy Gibbs
–
Gibbs at the LBJ Presidential Library, September 20, 2012
21.
Activist
–
Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, and/or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society. One can also express activism through different forms of art, daily acts of protest such as not buying clothes from a certain clothing company because they exploit workers is another form of activism. One view holds that acknowledging privileges and oppressions on a daily basis ranks as a form of activism, research has begun to explore how activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. The Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words activism and activist from 1920, Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1946 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court,1947, some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly, rather than to persuade governments to change or not to change laws. Other activists try to persuade people to remain the same, in an effort to counter change, the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Activism is not always an action by Activists, every year more than 100 environmental activists are killed, in 2014116 environmental activists were assassinated, in 2015185 activists were killed around this planet. Since the 1990s, the Internet has been a tool used by activists for mobilization and communication of causes, specific platforms like MoveOn. org, founded in 1998, allow individuals to establish petitions and movements for social change. Protesters in Seattle in 1999 used email to organize protests against the WTO Ministerial Conference, throughout the 2000s, protesters continued to use social media platforms to generate interest. The power of Internet Activism came into a lens with the Arab Spring protests. They use different means to political persecution, such as Tor Browser. The activism industry consists of organizations and individuals engaged in activism, Activism is often done full-time, as part of an organizations core business. Many organizations in the industry are either non profit organizations or non-governmental organizations. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods, the term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in activities as well. Lobbying, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic, many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government, many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations, randy Shaw, The Activists Handbook, A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond
Activist
–
Barricade at the
Paris Commune, 1871
Activist
–
Civil rights activists at the
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963
Activist
–
A
Women's Liberation march in Washington, D.C., 1970
Activist
–
The longest running
peace vigil in U.S. history, started by activist
Thomas in 1981.
22.
Black tie
–
Traditionally worn only for events after 7 p. m. black tie is less formal than white tie but more formal than informal or business dress. In the United States, the form of black tie attire is often referred to as a tuxedo. Specifically it can include, Evening shoes and A ballgown. Cocktail dresses may be long or moderately short and neednt be black, in England, evening trousers with a palazzo cut are another acceptable option. Unlike the gentlemans standard, the specifics of black tie for ladies is linked to whatever evening wear is currently in fashion. When the dinner jacket first came into fashion in the Victorian era, lapels were often faced or edged in silk or satin in varying widths. Dinner jackets were considered from the first less formal than full dress, the dinner jacket was also increasingly accepted at less formal evening occasions such as warm-weather gatherings or intimate dinners with friends. After World War I, the jacket became de facto evening wear. During this interwar period, double-breasted jackets, turndown-collar shirts and cummerbunds became popular for black-tie evenings as did white, in the decades following World War II, black tie became special occasion attire rather than standard evening wear. The 1980s and 1990s saw a return to nostalgic styles, with black jackets, the 21st century has seen increased variation and a relaxation of previous strict standards, midnight blue once again became popular and lapel facings were sometimes reduced to wide edging. Traditionally, black tie was considered informal, in the 21st century black tie is often referred to as being semi-formal. Unlike white tie, which is strictly regulated, black-tie ensembles can display more variation. In brief, the components for men are, A jacket with silk facings on a shawl lapel. Many current fashion stylists and writers see notched lapels as less formal although they were used in some of the forms of the garment. Trousers with a silk or satin braid covering the outer seams, uncuffed. A black low-cut waistcoat or a cummerbund, a white dress shirt with double cuffs and a turndown collar. While the turndown is most appropriately semi-formal, the wing collar has been popular with American men since the 1980s. However, many style authorities argue that the version now typically offered is insubstantial with minuscule wings
Black tie
–
Men's black tie dress (double-breasted jacket)
Black tie
–
Cocktail party – 1936
Black tie
–
Covered cuff buttons on a dinner jacket.
Black tie
–
A modern attached wing collar (of the half-collar shape, with longer wings than a typical attached wing collar) and pre-tied bow tie
23.
Jazz at Lincoln Center
–
Jazz at Lincoln Center is a venue comprising part of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The complex was designed by acclaimed architect Rafael Viñoly and constructed by Turner-Santa Fe, the organization was founded in 1987. Wynton Marsalis serves as the Artistic Director, Greg Scholl serves as the Executive Director, the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra with Wynton Marsalis serves as the resident orchestra performing at Frederick P. Rose Hall and around the world. JALC produces a schedule of performance, education and broadcast events for audiences of all ages. Jazz at Lincoln Center will produce over 3,000 events during its 2008/09 season, jALCs educational mission encompasses 22 programs and resources that reach upwards of 50,000 people directly and an estimated four million people through curricula, print music and online resources. Beginning at just eight months old, little ones can swing, stomp, families and school groups delight in the Jazz for Young People concert series and Jazz in the Schools tours that bring professional ensembles across NYC. JALC also streams their education events online, jALCs educational programs include the Middle School Jazz Academy, a tuition-free instructional program for NYC students. And for the past 16 years, the Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition, there is also a summer Band Director Academy, customized teacher training workshops and a print music library. At Frederick P. Rose Hall adults can develop their skills and delve into jazz history at Swing University, Jazz Talk. JALCs Frederick P. Rose Hall consists of three main performance venues, Rose Theater, with 1,233 seats. The Appel Room, with 483 seats, featuring a 50-by-90-foot window overlooking Columbus Circle and this venue was formerly named The Allen Room. Dizzys Club Coca-Cola, with 140 seats, a jazz club named after the famous jazz artist Dizzy Gillespie. The hall also contains the Irene Diamond Education Center with rehearsal, the Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame is named for Nesuhi Ertegun, co-founder of Atlantic Records. Inductees have included, Media related to Jazz at Lincoln Center at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Jazz at Lincoln Center
–
Sign outside Jazz at Lincoln Center
Jazz at Lincoln Center
–
Peter Jay Sharp arcade
24.
United States President
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
United States President
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
United States President
–
Presidential Seal
United States President
–
Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
United States President
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
25.
Chancellor of Germany
–
The Chancellor of Germany is the head of government of Germany. The official title in German is Bundeskanzler, sometimes shortened to Kanzler, the term, dating from the early Middle Ages, is derived from the Latin term cancellarius. In German politics, the Chancellor is equivalent to that of a minister in many other countries. German has two equivalent translations of prime minister, Premierminister and Ministerpräsident, while Premierminister usually refers to heads of governments of foreign countries, Ministerpräsident may also refer to the heads of government of most German states. The current Chancellor is Angela Merkel, who is serving her term in office. She is the first female chancellor, thus being known in German as Bundeskanzlerin, the role of the Chancellor has varied greatly throughout Germanys modern history. Today, the Chancellor is the effective leader. The office of Chancellor has a history, stemming back to the Holy Roman Empire. The title was, at times, used in several states of German-speaking Europe, the modern office of Chancellor was established with the North German Confederation, of which Otto von Bismarck became Chancellor in 1867. After the Unification of Germany in 1871, the became known in German as Reichskanzler. With Germanys constitution of 1949, the title Bundeskanzler was revived in German, during the various eras, the role of the Chancellor has varied. From 1871 to 1918, the Chancellor was only responsible to the Emperor, with the founding of the republic and the constitutional reform in 1918, the Parliament was granted the right to dismiss the Reichskanzler. According to the Weimar Constitution of 1919, the Chancellor was appointed by the President and responsible to Parliament, when the Nazis came to power on 30 January 1933, the Weimar Constitution was de facto set aside. After the death of President Hindenburg in 1934, Adolf Hitler, the 1949 constitution gave the Chancellor much greater powers than during the Weimar Republic, while strongly diminishing the role of the President. Since 1867,33 individuals have served as heads of government of Germany or its predecessor, due to his administrative tasks, the head of the clerics at the chapel of an Imperial palace during the Carolingian Empire was called Chancellor. The chapels college acted as the Emperors chancery issuing deeds and capitularies and these three Prince-Archbishops were also Prince-electors of the Empire electing the King of the Romans. Already in medieval times, the German Chancellor had political power like Archbishop Willigis or Rainald von Dassel under Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. In 1559, Emperor Ferdinand I established the agency of an Imperial chancellery at the Vienna Hofburg Palace, upon the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, Emperor Ferdinand II created the office of an Austrian Court Chancellor in charge of the internal and foreign affairs of the Habsburg Monarchy
Chancellor of Germany
–
Incumbent
Angela Merkel since 22 November 2005
Chancellor of Germany
–
Otto,
Fürst von Bismarck (as he was
styled from 1871)
Chancellor of Germany
–
Franz von Papen, Chancellor in 1932
Chancellor of Germany
–
The Chancellor's Office in Berlin
26.
Angela Merkel
–
Angela Dorothea Merkel is a German politician who is currently Chancellor of Germany. She is also the leader of the Christian Democratic Union, Merkel has been described at various times as the de facto leader of the European Union, the most powerful woman in the world, and the worlds second most powerful person. Following German reunification in 1990, Merkel was elected to the Bundestag for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Merkel was appointed as the Minister for Women and Youth in the federal government under Chancellor Helmut Kohl in 1991, and became the Minister for the Environment in 1994. In the 2009 federal election, the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote, in 2007, Merkel was President of the European Council and chaired the G8, the second woman to do so. Merkel played a role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon. One of Merkels consistent priorities has been to strengthen economic relations. Merkel played a role in managing the financial crisis at the European and international level. On 26 March 2014, Merkel became the incumbent head of government in the European Union. On 20 November 2016, Merkel announced she would seek re-election to a fourth term and she has two younger siblings, her brother Marcus Kasner, a physicist, and her sister Irene Kasner, an occupational therapist. In her childhood and youth, Merkel was known among her peers by the nickname Kasi, Merkel is of Polish and German descent. Her paternal grandfather Ludwik Kaźmierczak was a German policeman of Polish ethnicity and he married Merkels grandmother Margarethe, a German girl from Berlin, and relocated to her hometown where he worked in the police. In 1930 they Germanized the Polish name Kaźmierczak to Kasner, Merkels maternal grandparents were the Danzig politician Willi Jentzsch and Gertrud Alma née Drange, a daughter of the city clerk of Elbing Emil Drange. Merkel has mentioned her Polish heritage on several occasions, but her Polish roots became better known as a result of a 2013 biography, religion played a key role in the Kasner familys migration from West Germany to East Germany. In 1954, he received a pastorate at the church in Quitzow, the family moved to Templin and Merkel grew up in the countryside 80 km north of East Berlin. Like most young people in the German Democratic Republic, Merkel was a member of the Free German Youth, membership was nominally voluntary, but those who did not join found it difficult to gain admission to higher education. She did not participate in the coming of age ceremony Jugendweihe, however. Later, at the Academy of Sciences, she became a member of the FDJ district board, Merkel claimed that she was secretary for culture. When Merkels one-time FDJ district chairman contradicted her, she insisted that, According to my memory, I believe I wont know anything when Im 80
Angela Merkel
–
Angela Merkel
Angela Merkel
–
Merkel and
Lothar de Maiziere, 1990
Angela Merkel
–
Merkel with
Vladimir Putin, 2002
Angela Merkel
–
Merkel with U.S. President
George W. Bush, 2007
27.
Middle East
–
The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
Middle East
–
The
Temple Mount in
Jerusalem
Middle East
–
Map of the Middle East (green).
Middle East
–
The
Kaaba, located in
Mecca,
Saudi Arabia
Middle East
–
Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East. Here, Muslim men are
prostrating during prayer in a mosque.
28.
Arab Spring
–
Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco, Bahrain, Algeria, Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman and Sudan. Minor protests occurred in Djibouti, Mauritania, the Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, a major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world is Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam. These attacks were answered with violence from protestors in some cases, large-scale conflicts resulted—the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war, the Egyptian Crisis and coup, the Libyan Crisis, and the Crisis in Yemen. A power struggle continued after the response to the Arab Spring. While leadership changed and regimes were held accountable, power went up for grabs across the Arab world, ultimately it came down to a contentious battle between a consolidation of power by religious elites and the growing support for democracy in many Muslim-majority states. Some have referred to the succeeding and still ongoing conflicts as the Arab Winter, as of July 2016, only the uprising in Tunisia resulted in a transition to constitutional democratic governance. The term Arab Spring is an allusion to the Revolutions of 1848, which is referred to as the Springtime of Nations. In the aftermath of the Iraq War it was used by commentators and bloggers who anticipated a major Arab movement towards democratization. The first specific use of the term Arab Spring as used to denote these events may have started with the American political journal Foreign Policy. Marc Lynch, referring to his article in Foreign Policy, writes Arab Spring—a term I may have unintentionally coined in a January 6,2011 article. Joseph Massad on Al Jazeera said the term was part of a US strategy of controlling aims and goals, due to the electoral success of Islamist parties following the protests in many Arab countries, the events have also come to be known as Islamist Spring or Islamist Winter. Other sources confirm the US governments support of the uprisings, funded largely by the National Endowment for Democracy, other analysts pointed to the fourth stage Toppling the Regimes of the Al Qaeda strategy for world domination, described in Fouad Husseins book published in 2005. Some protesters looked to the Turkish model as an ideal, other analysts blamed the rise in food prices on commodity traders and the conversion of crops to ethanol. Yet others have claimed that the context of high rates of unemployment, the influence of social media on political activism during the Arab Spring has, however, been much debated. Protests took place both in states with a high level of Internet usage and in states with one of the lowest Internet penetration. The use of media platforms more than doubled in Arab countries during the protests. As of 5 April 2011, the amount of Facebook users in the Arab world surpassed 27.7 million people, Facebook, Twitter and other major social media played a key role in the movement of Egyptian and Tunisian activists in particular. Nine out of ten Egyptians and Tunisians responded to a poll that they used Facebook to organize protests and this large population of young Egyptian men referred to themselves as the Facebook generation, exemplifying their escape from their non-modernized past
Arab Spring
–
Clockwise from top left: Protesters in
Tahrir Square in
Cairo; Demonstrators marching through
Avenue Habib Bourguiba in
Tunis; Political dissidents in
Sana'a; Protesters gathering in the
Pearl Roundabout in
Manama; Mass Demonstration in
Douma; Demonstrators in
Bayda.
Arab Spring
–
Protesters on
Avenue Habib Bourguiba, downtown
Tunis on 14 January 2011, a few hours before president
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled the country
Arab Spring
–
Thousands of demonstrators gather in
Bayda
Arab Spring
–
Protests in
Sana'a
29.
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, KG, KT, PC, ADC is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. He is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, William was educated at four schools in the United Kingdom and obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews. He spent parts of a gap year in Chile, Belize, in December 2006, he completed 44 weeks of training as an officer cadet and was commissioned in the Blues and Royals regiment. In April 2008, he qualified as a pilot by completing training at Royal Air Force College Cranwell. He then underwent helicopter flying training in order to become a pilot with the RAF Search. His service with the British Armed Forces ended in September 2013, William married Catherine Middleton, on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. Hours before the wedding, he was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, the couples first child, Prince George, was born on 22 July 2013, and their second, Princess Charlotte, was born on 2 May 2015. William, the first child of the Prince and Princess of Wales, was born at St Marys Hospital and his names, William Arthur Philip Louis, were announced by Buckingham Palace a week later on 28 June. He was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 4 August by the Archbishop of Canterbury and he was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William was affectionately called Wombat by his parents or Wills, Williams first public appearance was on 1 March 1991, during an official visit of his parents to Cardiff, Wales. After arriving by aeroplane, William was taken to Llandaff Cathedral where he signed the visitors book, on 3 June 1991, William was admitted to Royal Berkshire Hospital after being accidentally hit on the side of the forehead by a fellow student wielding a golf club. He did not lose consciousness, but suffered a fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital. In a 2009 interview, he dubbed this scar a Harry Potter scar and he was reported to have said, I call it that because it glows sometimes and some people notice it—other times they dont notice it at all. His mother wanted him and his younger brother Harry to have wider experiences than are usual for royal children and she took them to Walt Disney World and McDonalds as well as AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless. She bought them typical teenage items, such as video games, Diana, who was by then divorced from the Prince of Wales, died in a car accident in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, along with his brother who was 12, the Prince of Wales waited until his sons woke the following morning to tell them about their mothers death. At his mothers funeral, William accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather, William began to accompany his parents on official visits at an early age. William was educated at independent schools, starting at Jane Mynors nursery school, following this, he attended Ludgrove School near Wokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers by Rory Stewart
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
The Duke of Cambridge in
Japan in 2015
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
Chapel of
Eton College
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
St Salvator's Quad,
University of St. Andrews
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
William in his flight lieutenant's uniform in 2010.
30.
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
–
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is the wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Following his father Charles, Prince of Wales, William is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, the duchess grew up in Chapel Row, a village near Newbury, Berkshire, England. She studied art history in Scotland at the University of St Andrews and their engagement was announced on 16 November 2010 before they married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. The duke and duchess have two children, Prince George and Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, who are third and fourth in line to the British throne. Catherine Elizabeth Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading on 9 January 1982 to an upper-middle-class family and she was christened at St Andrews Bradfield, Berkshire, on 20 June 1982. The family of her father Michael has ties to British aristocracy and her Middleton relatives were reported as having played host to British royalty as long ago as 1926. She has a sister, Philippa Pippa, and a younger brother. The family lived in Amman, Jordan, from May 1984 to September 1986, her father worked for British Airways, following her return to Berkshire in 1986, she was enrolled aged four at St Andrews School, a private school near the village of Pangbourne in Berkshire. She boarded part-weekly at St Andrews in her later years and she then studied briefly at Downe House. In November 2006, Middleton accepted a position as a buyer with the clothing chain Jigsaw. She also worked until January 2011 at Party Pieces, her role within the business included catalogue design and production, marketing. In 2001, Middleton met Prince William while they were students in residence at St Salvators Hall at the University of St Andrews. The couple began dating in 2003, although their relationship remained unconfirmed, on 17 October 2005, Middleton complained through her lawyer about harassment from the media, stating that she had done nothing significant to warrant publicity. Middleton attended Prince Williams Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December 2006, on 17 May 2008, Middleton attended the wedding of Prince Williams cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly, which the prince did not attend. On 19 July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor, Prince William was away on military operations in the Caribbean, serving aboard HMS Iron Duke. In 2010, Middleton pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and photographer Niraj Tanna, who took photographs of her over Christmas 2009 and she obtained a public apology, £5,000 in damages, and legal costs. In April 2007, Prince William and Middleton split up, the couple decided to break up during a holiday in the Swiss resort of Zermatt. Newspapers speculated about the reasons for the split, although these reports relied on anonymous sources, Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
–
The Duchess of Cambridge in 2014
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
–
The newly married Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on the balcony of
Buckingham Palace
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
–
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge with their son
Prince George of Cambridge the day after his birth
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
–
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge at the
Canada Day celebrations in
Ottawa, 1 July 2011
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