1.
Light gun shooter
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Light gun shooter, also called light gun game or simply gun game, is a shooter video game genre in which the primary design element is aiming and shooting with a gun-shaped controller. Light gun shooters revolve around the protagonist shooting targets, either antagonists or inanimate objects, light gun shooters generally feature action or horror themes and some may employ a humorous, parodic treatment of these conventions. These games typically feature on-rails movement, which gives the player control only over aiming, games featuring this device are sometimes termed rail shooters, though this term is also applied to games of other genres in which on-rails movement is a feature. Some, particularly later, games give the player control over movement. Light gun shooters employ light gun controllers, so named because they function through the use of light sensors, mechanical games using light guns had existed since the 1930s, though they operated differently from those used in video games. Throughout the 1970s mechanical games were replaced by video games. The genre was most popular in the 1990s, subsequent to the release of Virtua Cop, the genre is less popular in the new millennium, as well as being hampered by compatibility issues, but retains a niche appeal for fans of old school gameplay. While light gun games may feature a first-person perspective, they are distinct from first person shooters, light gun games which feature on-rails movement are sometimes termed rail shooters, though this term is also applied to other types of shooters featuring similar movement. The light gun itself is so termed because it functions through the use of a light sensor, targets in light gun shooters may be threatening antagonists such as criminals, terrorists or zombies, or they may be inanimate objects such as apples or bottles. Although these games may be played without a gun, the use of more conventional input methods has been deemed inferior. Light gun shooters typically feature generic action or horror themes, though some later games employ more humorous, light gun shooters primarily revolve around shooting large numbers of enemies attacking in waves. The protagonist may be required to defend himself by taking cover, or by shooting incoming thrown weapons, the player may also compete against the clock, however, with some games also featuring boss battles. Games may also reward the player for shooting, with extra points. Games which do not pit the player against antagonists instead feature elaborate challenges constructed mainly from inanimate objects, testing the players speed, more conventional games may feature these types of challenges as minigames. Light gun shooters typically feature on-rails movement, which gives the player no control over the direction the protagonist moves in, some games, however, may allow the protagonist to take cover at the push of a button. Other games may eschew on-rails movement altogether and allow the player to move the protagonist freely around the games environment, still others may feature a static environment. Light gun shooters utilise a first person perspective for aiming, though games may allow the player to switch to a third person perspective in order to maneuver the protagonist. Mechanical gun games existed before the emergence of video games
2.
Shoot 'em up
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Shoot em up is a subgenre of the shooter genre of video games. In a shoot em up, the character engages in a lone assault, often in a spacecraft or aircraft. There is no consensus as to design elements compose a shoot em up. Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of movement, others allow a broader definition including characters on foot. Shoot em ups call for fast reactions and for the player to memorize levels, bullet hell games feature overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles. The genres origins can be traced back to Spacewar, one of the earliest computer games, developed in 1962 and eventually released in amusement arcades in the early 1970s. However, Tomohiro Nishikado, creator of Space Invaders, is credited with inventing the genre. Space Invaders premiered in Japanese arcades in 1978, shoot em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. In the mid-1990s, shoot em ups became a genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s. A shoot em up, also known as a shmup or STG, is a game in which the protagonist combats a large number of enemies by shooting at them while dodging their fire, the controlling player must rely primarily on reaction times to succeed. Beyond this, critics differ on exactly which design elements constitute a shoot em up, some restrict the genre to games featuring some kind of craft, using fixed or scrolling movement. Others widen the scope to include games featuring such protagonists as robots or humans on foot, as well as including games featuring on-rails, mark Wolf restricts the definition to games featuring multiple antagonists, calling games featuring one-on-one shooting combat games. Shoot em ups are a subgenre of shooter game, in turn a type of action game and these games are usually viewed from a top-down or side-view perspective, and players must use ranged weapons to take action at a distance. The players avatar is typically a vehicle under constant attack, thus, the players goal is to shoot as quickly as possible anything that moves or threatens him. In some games, the character can withstand some damage, in others. The main skills required in shoot em ups are fast reactions, some games feature overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles and the player has to memorise their patterns to survive. These games belong to one of the video game genres. Large numbers of characters are typically featured
3.
First-person shooter
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The first-person shooter shares common traits with other shooter games, which in turn fall under the heading action game. From the genres inception, advanced 3D or pseudo-3D graphics have challenged hardware development, the first-person shooter has since been traced as far back as Maze War, development of which began in 1973, and 1974s Spasim. 1998s Half-Life—along with its 2004 sequel Half-Life 2—enhanced the narrative and puzzle elements, in 1999, Half-Lifes mod Counter-Strike was released and, together with Doom, is perhaps one of the most influential first-person shooters. GoldenEye 007 was a landmark first-person shooter for home consoles, while the Halo series heightened the consoles commercial and critical appeal as a platform for first-person shooter titles. In the 21st century, the shooter is the most commercially viable video game genre. Several first-person shooters have been popular games for eSports and competitive gaming competitions as well, first-person shooters are a type of three-dimensional shooter game, featuring a first-person point of view with which the player sees the action through the eyes of the player character. They are unlike third-person shooters, in which the player can see the character they are controlling, the primary design element is combat, mainly involving firearms. A more important key difference is that first-person light-gun shooters like Virtua Cop often feature on-rails movement, the first-person shooter may be considered a distinct genre in itself, or a type of shooter game, in turn a subgenre of the wider action game genre. Following the release of Doom in 1993, games in this style were commonly termed Doom clones, in time this term has largely been replaced by first-person shooter. Wolfenstein 3D, released in 1992, the year before Doom, has credited with inventing the genre. There are occasional disagreements regarding the design elements which constitute a first-person shooter. For example, Deus Ex or BioShock may be considered as first-person shooters, some commentators extend the definition to include combat flight simulators where the cockpit or vehicle takes place of the hands and weapons. Like most shooter games, first-person shooters involve an avatar, one or more ranged weapons, and a varying number of enemies. Because they take place in a 3D environment, these tend to be somewhat more realistic than 2D shooter games. First-person shooters played on computers are most often controlled with a combination of a keyboard. This system has claimed as superior to that found in console games. It is common to display the characters hands and weaponry in the view, with a head-up display showing health. Often, it is possible to overlay a map of the surrounding area, first-person shooters often focus on action gameplay, with fast-paced and bloody firefights, though some place a greater emphasis on narrative, problem-solving and logic puzzles
4.
Namco
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Namco Limited is a Japanese corporation best known as a video game developer and publisher. Following a merger with Bandai in September 2005, the two companies game production assets were spun off into Bandai Namco Games on March 31,2006, Namco was re-established to continue domestic operation of video arcades and amusement parks. Its headquarters are located in Ōta, Tokyo, the companys English name is often officially written as NAMCO. Namco was a front-runner during the age of arcade video games. Pac-Man went on to become the best-selling arcade game in history, Namco was also known for creating successful franchises such as Galaxian, Ridge Racer, Ace Combat, Tekken, as well as the Soul and Tales series. Masaya Nakamura founded the company as Nakamura Manufacturing in 1955, based in Tokyo, the company started out by running childrens rides on the roof of a department store in Yokohama. The business eventually expanded throughout the Tokyo area, Nakamura Manufacturing was reorganized in 1958 and later underwent a name change to Nakamura Manufacturing Company, which would be used to form the acronym NAMCO. In 1970, the company produced a coin-operated mechanical driving simulator called Racer, Atari Japan, the Tokyo-based subsidiary of Atari, was struggling financially by 1974. General manager Hide Nakajima was left in charge of the company after his boss had quit, Nakajima claims that employees had been stealing money and that he had contributed funds from his personal savings in order to pay creditors and stave off bankruptcy. Sega, then a manufacturer of machines, offered to acquire Atari Japan for $50,000. Nakamura put in a bid for $800,000 and shocked others out of competition, the deal was finalized at $500,000 and Bushnell was glad to take it. Debts inherited from Atari Japan would take Nakamura two years to pay off, but the deal had also secured for him a license to distribute Ataris games in Japan for ten years. Nakamura would follow up by opening video arcades featuring Atari games, everyone thought was mad when he paid so much for Atari, but it turned out to be a very wise investment. Nakajima was promoted to president in 1978, and on his recommendation Namco opened a subsidiary, Namco America. The location he chose was across the street from Ataris former headquarters in Sunnyvale, at the time, games were not released in the U. S. under the Namco label. Namco America existed mainly to license Namcos games to companies such as Atari, Galaxian revolutionized the industry as the first video game to use RGB color graphics. It was Pac-Man, however, that would become definitive of Namcos legacy, galaga, a follow-up to Galaxian, was one of the most successful sequels of the era. Dig Dug, Xevious, and Pole Position continued Namcos success in establishing iconic franchises during the Golden Age, during this period, Namco published video games for home consoles and personal computer under the Namcot brand name
5.
Bandai Namco Entertainment
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Bandai Namco Entertainment Inc. is an arcade, mobile and home video game publisher, based in Japan. The company also publishes video, music and other entertainment products related to its video game IPs and it is the product of a merger between the video game development divisions of Bandai and Namco. Originally referred to in the West as Namco Bandai Games, the company was renamed as Bandai Namco Games in January 2014. In December 2014, Bandai Namco Holdings announced that it would be changing its gaming division name from Bandai Namco Games to Bandai Namco Entertainment and it is the core company of Bandai Namco Groups Content Strategic Business Unit. In addition to its core operations in Japan, Bandai Namco Games publishes content worldwide through different entities. The company has its headquarters in Shinagawa, Tokyo, in early 2005, Namco Ltd. and Bandai Co. Ltd. announced plans to combine their operations. The merger took effect on September 29 of that same year, on March 31,2006, the video games division of Bandai was merged with Namco and renamed Namco Bandai Games. On January 2,2006, Namco Hometek and Bandai Games were merged and renamed, in the United States, on April 1,2008, Banprestos video game operations were absorbed by Namco Bandai Games. On April 1,2009, Bandai Networks, Namco Bandais mobile phone business, was dissolved and absorbed into Namco Bandai Games. In 2010, Namco Bandai Games entered the Guinness World Records for being the company released the most TV commercials for the same product. They created 100 versions of the ad as the game consists of 100 chapters, in early 2011, Namco Networks was absorbed to Namco Bandai Games America, effectively consolidating Namco Bandais American console, handheld and mobile video game development operations. On April 2,2012, Namco Bandai Games spun off its development operations into a new company called Namco Bandai Studios, the new company was spurred by Namco Bandais interest in faster development times and tighter cohesion between disparate development teams. It will comprise approximately 1,000 employees, who are part of Namco Bandai. In March 2013, Namco Bandai Games established two new game studios, the first, Namco Bandai Studios Singapore, will be Namco Bandais leading development center in Asia and develop game content for the Asia Pacific. On January 25,2014, Namco Bandai Games and Namco Bandai Studios announced that the companies would be known as Bandai Namco Games and Bandai Namco Studios worldwide, the change is intended to unify the brand internationally in order to increase the value and appeal of the name. In December 2014, the company announced in a release that the full company name will be changed to Bandai Namco Entertainment on April 1,2015. Bandai Namco Entertainment, plays the role of expanding the content business, both companies cooperate to provide products and services around the world. However, Bandai Namco Entertainment spun off its video games and related entertainment development to Bandai Namco Studios in April 2012, in addition to its core publisher operations in Japan, Bandai Namco Entertainment publishes content worldwide through different entities
6.
Arcade game
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An arcade game or coin-op is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants, bars and amusement arcades. Most arcade games are games, pinball machines, electro-mechanical games. While exact dates are debated, the age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s. The old Midways of 1920s-era amusement parks provided the inspiration and atmosphere for later arcade games, in the 1930s the first coin-operated pinball machines emerged. These early amusement machines differed from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood and they lacked plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring-readouts. By around 1977 most pinball machines in production switched to using solid-state electronics both for operation and for scoring, another Sega 1969 release, Missile, a shooter and vehicle-combat simulation, featured electronic sound and a moving film strip to represent the targets on a projection screen. In 1970 Midway released the game in North America as S. A. M. I, in the course of the 1970s, following the release of Pong in 1972, electronic video-games gradually replaced electro-mechanical arcade games. In 1972, Sega released a game called Killer Shark. In 1974, Nintendo released Wild Gunman, a shooter that used full-motion video-projection from 16 mm film to display live-action cowboy opponents on the screen. The 1978 video game Space Invaders, however, dealt a yet more powerful blow to the popularity of electro-mechanical games, in 1971 students at Stanford University set up the Galaxy Game, a coin-operated version of the Spacewar video game. This ranks as the earliest known instance of a video game. Later in the year, Nolan Bushnell created the first mass-manufactured game, Computer Space. In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the first successful electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular, but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledgling coin-operated video game market, taitos Space Invaders, in 1978, proved to be the first blockbuster arcade video game. Its success marked the beginning of the age of arcade video games. Space Invaders, Galaxian, Pac-Man, Battlezone, Defender, by 1981, the arcade video game industry was worth $8 billion. By the late 1980s, the video game craze was beginning to fade due to advances in home video game console technology. By 1991, US arcade video game revenues had fallen to $2.1 billion, the pseudo-3D sprite/tile scaling was handled in a similar manner to textures in later texture-mapped polygonal 3D games of the 1990s
7.
PlayStation
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It is created and owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment since December 3,1994, with the launch of the original PlayStation console in Japan. The original console in the series was the first video game console to ship 100 million units,9 years and 6 months after its initial launch and its successor, the PlayStation 2, was released in 2000. The PlayStation 2 is the home console to date, having reached over 155 million units sold as of December 28,2012. Sonys next console, the PlayStation 3, was released in 2006 and has sold over 80 million consoles worldwide as of November 2013. Sonys latest console, the PlayStation 4, was released in 2013, selling 1 million consoles in its first 24 hours on sale, the first handheld game console in the PlayStation series, sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013. Its successor, the PlayStation Vita, which launched in Japan on December 17,2011, PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console. The main series of controllers utilized by the PlayStation series is the DualShock, the PlayStation Network is an online service with over 110 million users worldwide. PlayStation Mobile is a framework that provides PlayStation content on mobile devices. Content set to be released under the framework consist of only original PlayStation games currently, 7th generation PlayStation products also use the XrossMediaBar, which is an award-winning graphical user interface. A new touch screen-based user interface called LiveArea was launched for the PlayStation Vita, additionally, PlayStation 2 and original PlayStation 3 consoles also featured support for Linux-based operating systems, though this has since been discontinued. The series has also known for its numerous marketing campaigns. The consoles origins date back to 1988 where it was originally a joint project between Nintendo and Sony to create a CD-ROM for the Super Famicom. However, a day after the announcement at CES, Nintendo announced that it would be breaking its partnership with Sony, opting to go with Philips instead but using the same technology. The deal was broken by Nintendo after they were unable to come to an agreement on how revenue would be split between the two companies. The breaking of the partnership infuriated Sony President Norio Ohga, who responded by appointing Kutaragi with the responsibility of developing the PlayStation project to rival Nintendo. At that time, negotiations were still on-going between Nintendo and Sony, with Nintendo offering Sony a non-gaming role regarding their new partnership with Philips. This proposal was rejected by Kutaragi who was facing increasing criticism over his work with regard to entering the video game industry from within Sony. At the meeting, Kutaragi unveiled a proprietary CD-ROM-based system he had working on which involved playing video games with 3D graphics to the board
8.
PlayStation 2
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The PlayStation 2 is a home video game console that was developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the successor to the PlayStation, and is the installment in the PlayStation lineup of consoles. It was released on March 4,2000 in Japan, October 26,2000 in North America, November 24,2000 in Europe and it competed with Segas Dreamcast, Microsofts Xbox, and Nintendos GameCube in the sixth generation of video game consoles. Announced in 1999, the PlayStation 2 was the first PlayStation console to offer backwards compatibility for its predecessors DualShock controller, the PlayStation 2 is the best-selling video game console of all time, selling over 155 million units, with 150 million confirmed by Sony in 2011. More than 3,874 game titles have been released for the PS2 since launch, Sony later manufactured several smaller, lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 and well on, and in 2006, announced and launched its successor, the PlayStation 3. Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 console the following month on February 20,2013, Sony announced the PlayStation 2 on March 1,1999. The Dreamcast itself launched very successfully in North America later that year, soon after the Dreamcasts North American launch, Sony unveiled the PlayStation 2 at the Tokyo Game Show on September 20,1999. Sony showed fully playable demos of upcoming PlayStation 2 games including Gran Turismo 2000 and Tekken Tag Tournament – which showed the consoles graphic abilities, the PS2 was launched in March 2000 in Japan, October in North America and November in Europe. Sales of the console, games and accessories pulled in $250 million on the first day, directly after its release, it was difficult to find PS2 units on retailer shelves due to manufacturing delays. Another option was purchasing the console online through websites such as eBay. This allowed the PS2 to tap the large install base established by the PlayStation – another major selling point over the competition, later, Sony added new development kits for game developers and more PS2 units for consumers. The PS2s built-in functionality also expanded its audience beyond the gamer and this made the console a low cost entry into the home theater market. The PS2 remained as the only active sixth generation console for over 6 months, before it would face competition from rivals, Nintendos GameCube and Microsofts Xbox. While the PlayStation 2 theoretically had the weakest specification of the three, it had a start due to its installed base plus strong developer commitment. Sony also countered the Xbox by temporarily securing PlayStation 2 exclusives for highly anticipated games such as the Grand Theft Auto series and Metal Gear Solid 2, Sons of Liberty. Sony cut the price of the console in May 2002 from US$299 to $199 in North America, making it the price as the GameCube. It also planned to cut the price in Japan around that time and it cut the price twice in Japan in 2003. In 2006, Sony cut the cost of the console in anticipation of the release of the PlayStation 3, Sony, unlike Sega with its Dreamcast, originally placed little emphasis on online gaming during its first few years, although that changed upon the launch of the online-capable Xbox
9.
PlayStation 3
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The PlayStation 3 is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the successor to PlayStation 2, and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles and it was first released on November 11,2006, in Japan, November 17,2006, in North America, and March 23,2007, in Europe and Australia. The PlayStation 3 mainly competes against consoles such as Microsofts Xbox 360, the console was first officially announced at E32005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its storage medium. In September 2009, the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released and it no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games. It was lighter and thinner than the version, and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design. A Super Slim variation was released in late 2012, further refining and redesigning the console. The system had a start in the market but managed to recover. As of March 2016, PlayStation 3 has sold 85 million units worldwide, putting it about on par with Xbox 360 and its successor, the PlayStation 4, was released later in November 2013. On September 29,2015, Sony confirmed that sales of the PlayStation 3 were to be discontinued in New Zealand, in March 2017, the official site for PlayStation 3 in Japan was updated to state that it would be discontinued soon. Sony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 to the public on May 16,2005, at E32005, Video footage based on the predicted PlayStation 3 specifications was also shown. Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console, a 20 GB model, the 60 GB model was to be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port, Wi-Fi internet, flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver. Both models were announced for a worldwide release, November 11,2006, for Japan and November 17,2006, for North America. On September 6,2006, Sony announced that PAL region PlayStation 3 launch would be delayed until March 2007, because of a shortage of materials used in the Blu-ray drive. Also, the price of the Japanese 20 GB model was reduced by over 20%. During the event, Sony showed 27 playable PS3 games running on final hardware, PlayStation 3 was first released in Japan on November 11,2006, at 07,00. According to Media Create,81,639 PS3 systems were sold within 24 hours of its introduction in Japan, soon after its release in Japan, PS3 was released in North America on November 17,2006. Reports of violence surrounded the release of PS3, a customer was shot, campers were robbed at gunpoint, customers were shot in a drive-by shooting with BB guns, and 60 campers fought over 10 systems
10.
IOS
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IOS is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the system that presently powers many of the companys mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad. It is the second most popular operating system globally after Android. IPad tablets are also the second most popular, by sales, originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch and the iPad. As of January 2017, Apples App Store contains more than 2.2 million iOS applications,1 million of which are native for iPads and these mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times. The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures, interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Internal accelerometers are used by applications to respond to shaking the device or rotating it in three dimensions. Apple has been praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS, enabling users with vision. Major versions of iOS are released annually, the current version, iOS10, was released on September 13,2016. In iOS, there are four layers, the Core OS, Core Services, Media. In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either shrink the Mac, forstall was also responsible for creating a software development kit for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within iTunes. The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9,2007, and released in June of that year. At the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs claimed, iPhone runs OS X and runs applications, but at the time of the iPhones release. Initially, third-party native applications were not supported, Steve Jobs reasoning was that developers could build web applications through the Safari web browser that would behave like native apps on the iPhone. In October 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit was under development, on March 6,2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK. The iOS App Store was opened on July 10,2008 with an initial 500 applications available.2 million in January 2017, as of March 2016,1 million apps are natively compatible with the iPad tablet computer. These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times, App intelligence firm Sensor Tower has estimated that the App Store will reach 5 million apps by the year 2020. On September 5,2007, Apple released the iPod Touch, Apple also sold more than one million iPhones during the 2007 holiday season
11.
Software release life cycle
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Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization
12.
Time Crisis
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Time Crisis is a first-person on-rails light gun shooter series of arcade video games by Namco. The first installment of the series was released in the arcades in 1995, the setting of each Time Crisis revolves around a serious threat to usually one nation. However, some games have involved a threat to either the world or the protagonist, a covert organization, must send in its highly skilled agents to eliminate any security threats. The first Time Crisis had three stages with four areas each, the second and third installments have three stages, each with three areas. The fourth installment adds a prologue for a total of 4 stages each with three areas, in the third and fourth installments, supporters from various organizations come in to assist the V. S. S. E. Agents, sometimes to aid them in their mission, sometimes to protect their own reputations, Crisis Zone has a different plot. It takes place in the United Kingdom and concerns the S. T. F, S attempt to destroy the U. R. D. A. Razing Storm and Time Crisis, Razing Storm, which place in the near-future. The first Time Crisis was released for arcades in 1995 and ported to the PlayStation in 1997 and it was the first game to support the GunCon light gun peripheral. A two-player sequel, titled Time Crisis II, featured two machines linked together, allowing players to each other. Each player dispatches enemies on slightly different routes, creating unique environments to defend themselves on and it was released for the arcades 1998 in and for the PlayStation 2 in 2001. It was the first game to support the GunCon 2 light gun peripheral, the spin-off to this game, Crisis Zone, was also produced. T. F. A follow-up, Time Crisis, Project Titan, was released in 2001 exclusively for the PlayStation and it serves as a side story to the first Time Crisis game. In 2003, Namco released a sequel called Time Crisis 3 for arcades. It granted four different weapons available at the start, the ammo of the latter three had to be recharged during play. The home version featured a new story in which you can use a sniper rifle during certain scenes. A PlayStation 3 version was released in 2007 in the United States and Japan and it was notable for introducing a first-person shooter mode to the series. Time Crisis Strike was released by Namco in January 2009 for iOS and it is a spin-off of Time Crisis 3, with a different story
13.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
14.
Amusement arcade
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In some countries, some types of arcades are also legally permitted to provide gambling machines such as slot machines or pachinko machines. Games are usually housed in cabinets, the term used for ancestors of these venues in the beginning of 20th century was penny arcades. Video games were introduced in amusement arcades in the late 1970s and were most popular during the age of arcade video games. Arcades became popular with children and particularly adolescents, which led parents to be concerned that video game playing might cause them to skip school, a penny arcade can be any type of venue for coin-operated devices, usually for entertainment. The term came into use about 1905-1910, the name derives from the penny, once a staple coin for the machines. Coin operated shooter games Penny arcades later led to the creation of video arcades in the 1970s, Arcades catering for video games began to gain momentum in the late 1970s with games such as Space Invaders and Galaxian and became widespread in 1980 with Pac-Man, Centipede and others. The central processing unit in these games allowed for more complexity than earlier games such as Ataris Pong. This emphasis on the gameplay explains why many of these continue to be enjoyed as of 2014. The golden age of arcade games in the 1980s became a peak era of video arcade game popularity, innovation. Color arcade games became more prevalent and video arcades themselves started appearing outside their traditional bowling-alley, designers experimented with a wide variety of game genres, while developers still had to work within strict limits of available processor-power and memory. The era saw the spread of video arcades across North America, Western Europe. The number of arcades in North America, for example. Beginning with Space Invaders, video games also started to appear in supermarkets, restaurants, liquor stores, gas stations. This boom came to an end in the mid-1980s, in what has been referred to as the great coin-op video crash of 1983, on November 30,1982, Jerry Parker, the Mayor of Ottumwa, Iowa, declared his city the Video Game Capital of the World. This initiative resulted in many firsts in video game history, playing a central role in arcade history, Ottumwa saw the birth of the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard and the U. S. National Video Game Team, two organizations that still exist today. These systems essentially provided arcade-only consoles where the video game ROM could be swapped easily to replace a game and this allowed easier development and replacement of games, but it also discouraged the hardware innovation necessary to stay ahead of the technology curve. In fact, several arcade systems such as Segas NAOMI board are arcade versions of home systems, the arcade industry entered a major slump in mid-1994. In the late 1990s, a bar opened in the new Crown Casino complex in Melbourne, Barcode was a games bar with the latest arcade games, the classics, pool tables, air hockey and pinball machines which you could play while consuming alcohol
15.
Crisis Zone
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Crisis Zone is a spin-off of the popular Time Crisis arcade shooters, released in 29 March 1999 in the arcades. In 2000, the Garland Corporation opens a new complex known as Garland Square on the outskirts of London, full of modern amenities, it is considered the future of urban living. A day before its opening, however, the entire complex is taken over by the United Resistance Defense Army. The terrorists have taken no hostages and made no demands upon takeover, making their way down to the control room, five kilometres below the complex, McGarren and his men defeat Lynchs troops before taking out the ringleader himself. McGarren shuts down and secures the nuclear reactor seconds before it melts down, after the S. T. F evacuate and enter a nearby lift, the control room explodes. With STF Director Grant Kesslers daughter Melissa as a hostage, Hunter demands that the surviving URDA members be released from custody in return for Melissas life, McGarren and Squad 1 are sent to rescue her. They fight their way through Grassmarket Street, defeating an experimental defense droid called the A-0940 in the process and they then storm the Belforte Hotel, where Melissa is held on the rooftop swimming pool. There, they are confronted by Hunter and his airborne attack squad, declaring his intent for revenge, Hunter engages and loses to Squad 1. He then attempts escape in a modified, heavily armed speedboat, McGarren and his men then take Melissa to safety, having ended the URDAs terror once and for all. In Crisis Zone, the controls the elite anti-terrorist Special Tactics Force leader. The game uses the same system to reload and hide, however, the player uses a machine gun, a customized Steyr Mannlicher TMP with a sight laser. Players take cover behind a portable ballistic shield that is strapped to the left arm. The crisis flash is replaced with a target icon to remind players to hide from a threatening shot. Crisis Zone is the first Time Crisis game to date to allow the player to select between three levels to play in any order, upon completion of all three of them, the player can then play the final level to beat the game. As with the PlayStation 2 version of Time Crisis II and Time Crisis 3, the US version of the PS2 remake is called Time Crisis, Crisis Zone. The 2004 remake received average reviews according to the aggregation website Metacritic. Official Japanese Page Time Crisis, Crisis Zone at MobyGames
16.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
17.
Razing Storm
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Razing Storm is a light gun rail shooter arcade game developed and published by Namco Bandai Games for the System 357 board. It is the second spin-off of the Time Crisis series published by Namco after Crisis Zone. C. A. R, sent to capture the leader of the rebels, Paulo Guerra, who masterminded an attack on the United States. Guerras schemes are shrouded in mystery, as much of his doings are unraveled in the PlayStation 3 version of the game, pressing down on the pedal allows the player to lower the shield and attack, but leaves them open to enemy fire. Releasing the pedal allows the player to raise the shield, reloading their weapon and rendering the player impervious to all types of damage. The game also has a limit on each section. This forces the player to attack and take risks rather than too much time hiding behind their shield. Players have a number of life marks and one mark is taken away for every hit of damage they take. A one-half mark is taken away for accidentally shooting a civilian in certain situations, when the life marks drop to zero or below, the game is over. As the player scores continuous hits on enemies in short periods of time, his hit counter increases, giving score bonuses and compliments from other characters at certain milestones. The hit counter/chain is also added to and extended by destroying the environment, such as shooting out windows, railings, fruit stands. Large score bonuses are given for quick completion of areas, as a time bonus. This scoring system gives players incentive to attack and shoot continuously and recklessly, taking risks for a high score, Razing Storm has 4 stages of gameplay, in which playing all four stages is contingent on how well the player performed. Players must encounter militias, rogue troopers, and mechanized enemies throughout, players are also given four different weapons, based on the situation that the player is facing. Originally an arcade game, Razing Storm was released as a part of Time Crisis, in the PlayStation 3 port, a First-Person Shooting Story Mode covers cliffhangers and plot holes purposely omitted from the arcade version. Time Crisis, Razing Storm Namco America - Game - Razing Storm Official Razing Storm page on Namco America website Razing Storm at Highway Games
18.
Time Crisis: Razing Storm
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Time Crisis, Razing Storm, known in Japan as Big 3 Gun Shooting, is a compilation of light gun rail shooter video games by Namco for the PlayStation 3 home console. Featuring full compatibility with both the GunCon 3 light gun and the PlayStation Move motion control system, the compilation consists of ports of arcade games. It will also be released as part of a bundle with the PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye, players, who fight futuristic terrorists and renegade soldiers, represent members of a special-forces unit called S. C. A. R. Sent to capture the leader of the rebels, who masterminded an attack on the United States, the First Person Shooting Mode wraps up the cliffhanger from the arcade edition of the game and fills in some of the games plot holes. Deadstorm Pirates A rail shooter game similar to the Sega arcade series, where the player is given unlimited bullets and a navigation system. The story details the Pirates attempt to find Poseidons Breath, a mighty Treasure Galleon with an extremely valuable trinket, the compilation supports both the GunCon 3 light gun and the PlayStation Move motion controller system as well as vibration feedback and PlayStation Eye AV Chat. In addition to the arcade mode, new gameplay modes in Time Crisis, Razing Storm include a sentry mode, a story mode. In sentry mode, up to four players take turns trying achieve a score by stopping prisoners from escaping in the penitentiary riot scenario. Story mode and online battle mode both feature a new first person shooter-style navigation, in which the player can navigate the environment off the rails. In online battle mode, up to 8 online players can play together in any of a number of battle modes, in addition to PlayStation Move support, Time Crisis 4, Arcade Ver. and Deadstorm Pirates both feature online ranking, and support 1-2 players. Razing Storm received mixed reviews from critics according to the aggregation website Metacritic. IGN said, Leave this one on the shelf, because no one should have to be this frustrated. In a positive review, Cheat Code Central said, compared to most light gun games youll find lots of great content here and there are two really solid games in this package. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one eight, Time Crisis 4 Razing Storm The Shoot Official Time Crisis website Official page @ US. PlayStation. com Official page @ Namco-ch. net
19.
GunCon
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The Guncon, known as the G-Con in Europe, is a family of gun peripherals designed by Namco for the PlayStation consoles. The original controllers used traditional light gun technology, while newer controllers use LED tracking technology, the first Guncon NPC-103 was bundled with the PlayStation conversion of Time Crisis. A second version of the Guncon, known as the Guncon 2 NPC-106, was bundled with the PlayStation 2 conversion of Time Crisis II, Time Crisis 4 came out for the PlayStation 3 bundled with the Guncon 3 NC-109. In Japan, all three Guncon models were available for sale as a separate accessory outside of a game bundle. Prior to the Guncon, the Konami Justifier was the first light gun peripheral for the PlayStation, with the exception of the North American localization of Elemental Gearbolt and Maximum Force, games that support the Justifier are not compatible with the Guncon and vice versa. The Guncon controller uses the cathode ray timing method to determine where the barrel is aimed at on the screen when the trigger is pulled. It features a button below the barrel on either side of the gun for auxiliary in-game control, such as to take cover, the controller is released in black in Japan, and gray in both Europe and North America. The controller is compatible with some PlayStation 2 Guncon titles, but is not compatible with PlayStation 3 due to its lack of controller ports, many games that support it allow the A and B buttons to be swapped, making it comfortable for both right and left-handed players. Guncon 2 features a body, as well as a more rounded shape when compared with the original Guncon. The side buttons, A and B, have been moved rearward to a position directly above the trigger, two new smaller buttons, SELECT and START, have been added to the left side of the shaft. Prominent additions to this second Guncon model is a D-pad at the back of the gun barrel and these new buttons served to open new gameplay opportunities, such as character movement in Dino Stalker or the ability to use two guns at once in Time Crisis II. Unlike the previous controller, the gun uses a USB connection as opposed to a PlayStation controller port, the controller is released in black in Japan, blue in Europe, and orange in North America. It is not compatible with original PlayStation titles or PlayStation 3 titles, the Guncon 3 utilizes two infrared LEDs as markers, placed on the left and right sides of the screen. An image sensor in the tracks the markers as reference points for determining where the gun is pointing on the screen. As opposed to the Guncon and Guncon 2, which are compatible with CRT-based displays. The Guncon 3 features a sub-grip, mounted underneath the barrel, on the sub-grip is an analog stick and two shoulder buttons, like in a modern gamepad. At the back end of the gun barrel is another analog stick, another two buttons, C1 and C2, are placed along the left side of the barrel. The analog sticks allow the player to play shooting games with manual aiming/firing of the light gun
20.
Time Crisis II
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Time Crisis II is a light gun arcade game and the second installment in Namcos Time Crisis series, introducing co-operative multiplayer to the franchise. It was first released in arcades in March 1997, with a port released on the PlayStation 2 in October 2001. A port for the Sega Dreamcast was in development, but was cancelled, Time Crisis II was released utilizing Namcos System 23 arcade board in 1997, and was ported to PlayStation 2 in 2001. The game utilizes the foot pedal system, just like Time Crisis, when pressing down on the pedal, the player comes out of hiding, being able to shoot the enemies. Releasing the pedal puts the player behind cover to avoid critical bullets and reload the weapon, certain sections of the game give players a machine gun with unlimited ammo. The player loses a life if hit by a bullet or an obstacle. Players also lose a life if the limit drops to zero. Players can continue from the point their current position, as opposed to the PlayStation version of Time Crisis and this was the first Time Crisis game to introduce two-player cooperative play by allowing two people to play simultaneously, allowing each player to cover the other. The arcade version used connecting cabinets, allowing a player to another player to join. The PlayStation 2 version features split-screen or System Link functionality, which requires two televisions, consoles, and copies of the game and a cable to use. Points are deducted for shooting the other player, though neither player will lose lives as a result, the same system is utilized once again in for events Time Crisis 3 and Time Crisis 4. In 1997, NeoDyne Industries announces plans for a StarLine Network of 64 satellites that will unify the communications of all continents, agent Christie Ryan discovers that the companys real plan is to launch an experimental nuclear satellite into space and sell it to the highest bidder. While attempting to escape with a full of incriminating data, she is exposed. NeoDyne agent Jakov Kinisky and his mercenary troops track Ryan to her safehouse, extraction unit consisting of agents Keith Martin and Robert Baxter arrive. They pursue Kinisky to a canal, where he tries to escape on an armed speedboat, Keith and Robert pursue him and force the boat to crash, killing Kinisky. They retrieve his case and learn the satellite is to be transported via train at a rural station and they locate the train and catch up to it just as an aerial unit arrives to collect the satellite. NeoDynes head of security, Buff Bryant, reveals that he arranged things so that any attempt to destroy the satellite would be in vain and he then engages the agents with his enhanced strength. They finally manage to shoot down his chopper and destroy the train, when NeoDyne mercenaries arrive to confirm their deaths, the agents kill them and use their chopper to reach the spaceport where the launch is scheduled
21.
Machine gun
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A machine gun is a fully automatic mounted or portable firearm designed to fire bullets in quick succession from an ammunition belt or magazine, typically at a rate of 300 to 1800 rounds per minute. Note that not all fully automatic firearms are machine guns, submachine guns, rifles, assault rifles, shotguns, pistols or cannons may be capable of fully automatic fire, but are not designed for sustained fire. Many machine guns also use belt feeding and open bolt operation, unlike semi-automatic firearms, which require one trigger pull per round fired, a machine gun is designed to fire for as long as the trigger is held down. Nowadays the term is restricted to heavy weapons, able to provide continuous or frequent bursts of automatic fire for as long as ammunition lasts. Machine guns are used against personnel, aircraft and light vehicles, or to provide suppressive fire. Some machine guns have in practice sustained fire almost continuously for hours, because they become very hot, practically all machine guns fire from an open bolt, to permit air cooling from the breech between bursts. They also usually have either a barrel cooling system, slow-heating heavyweight barrel, although subdivided into light, medium, heavy or general-purpose, even the lightest machine guns tend to be substantially larger and heavier than standard infantry arms. Medium and heavy guns are either mounted on a tripod or on a vehicle, when carried on foot. Medium machine guns use full-sized rifle rounds and are designed to be used from fixed positions mounted on a tripod. 50in, the M249 automatic rifle is operated by an automatic rifleman, but its ammunition may be carried by other Soldiers within the squad or unit. The M249 machine gun is a crew-served weapon, Machine guns usually have simple iron sights, though the use of optics is becoming more common. Many heavy machine guns, such as the Browning M2.50 caliber machine gun, are enough to engage targets at great distances. During the Vietnam War, Carlos Hathcock set the record for a shot at 7382 ft with a.50 caliber heavy machine gun he had equipped with a telescopic sight. This led to the introduction of.50 caliber anti-materiel sniper rifles, selective fire rifles firing a full-power rifle cartridge from a closed bolt are called automatic rifles or battle rifles, while rifles that fire an intermediate cartridge are called assault rifles. Unlocking and removing the spent case from the chamber and ejecting it out of the weapon as bolt is moving rearward Loading the next round into the firing chamber. Usually the recoil spring tension pushes bolt back into battery and a cam strips the new round from a feeding device, cycle is repeated as long as the trigger is activated by operator. Releasing the trigger resets the trigger mechanism by engaging a sear so the weapon stops firing with bolt carrier fully at the rear, the operation is basically the same for all autoloading firearms, regardless of the means of activating these mechanisms. Most modern machine guns use gas-operated reloading, a recoil actuated machine gun uses the recoil to first unlock and then operate the action. Machine guns such as the M2 Browning and MG42, are of this type, a cam, lever or actuator demultiplicates the energy of the recoil to operate the bolt
22.
Pistol
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A pistol is a type of handgun. In some usage, the term refers to a subset of handguns. In other usage, the term is interchangeable with handgun, some handgun experts and dictionaries make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns, others use the terms interchangeably. But UK/rest of Commonwealth usage does not always make this distinction, for example, the official designation of the Webley Mk VI revolver was Pistol, Revolver, Webley, No.1 Mk VI. The English word was introduced in ca.1570 from the Middle French pistolet, the etymology of the French word pistolet is disputed. The first suggestion derives the word from Czech píšťala, a type of hand-cannon used in the Hussite Wars during the 1420s, the Czech word was adopted in German as pitschale, pitschole, petsole, and variants. The second suggestion is less likely, the use of the word as a designation of a gun is not documented before 1605 in Italy, long after it was used in French, the Czech word is well documented since the Hussite wars in 1420s. Other suggestions include from Middle High German pischulle or from Middle French pistole, also it is suggested that early pistols were carried by cavalry in holsters hung from the pommel of a horses saddle. The most common types of pistol are the shot. Single shot handguns were mainly seen during the era of flintlock and musket weaponry where the pistol was loaded with a ball and fired by a flint striker. However, as technology improved, so did the single shot pistol, new operating mechanisms were created, and due to this, they are still made today. It is the oldest type of pistol, and is used to hunt wild game. Multi-barreled pistols were common during the time as single shot pistols. As designers looked for ways to increase fire rates, multiple barrels were added to all guns including pistols, one example of a multi-barreled pistol is the Ducks foot pistol, which generally had either four or eight barrels, although some 20th century models had three barrels. Around 1850, pistols such as the Jarre harmonica gun were produced that had a sliding magazine, the sliding magazine contained pinfire cartridges or speedloaders. The magazine needed to be moved manually in many designs, hence distinguishing them from semi-automatic pistols, with the development of the revolver in the 19th century, gunsmiths had finally achieved the goal of a practical capability for delivering multiple loads to one handgun barrel in quick succession. The semi-automatic pistol was the step in the development of the pistol. By avoiding multiple chambers—which need to be individually reloaded—semi-automatic pistols delivered faster rates of fire, an example of a modern blow back action semi-automatic pistol is the HK VP70
23.
Time Crisis: Project Titan
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Time Crisis, Project Titan is a light gun shoot em up video game for developed by Flying Tiger Entertainment and published by Namco for the PlayStation in 2001. It is a spin-off of Namcos Time Crisis series, serving as a sequel to the PlayStation port of the original Time Crisis. Project Titan features the gameplay as the other Time Crisis games. It also retains the signature foot pedal, players by default are in hiding position. They are shielded from taking fire, but they fire back. In order to play, players must step on the pedal. Stepping off the pad also allows the player to reload the gun and this game introduces the a new gameplay mechanic that allows the player to move to multiple fixed locations, which are activated by shooting yellow arrows while the player is hiding. This feature was later reused in the version of Time Crisis 4. Several months after the events in Sercia, V. S. S. E, agent Richard Miller is informed by his superiors that Caruban president Xavier Serrano has been publicly assassinated by a man dressed like him. With no evidence to the contrary, V. S. S. E. is prepared to extradite Miller to Caruba to stand trial in 48 hours. With only that time to prove his innocence, Miller is alerted to the presence of an undercover agent codenamed Abacus who can help him obtain the information he needs. Meanwhile, Kantaris, the arms dealer Miller supposedly killed in a previous mission, unable to determine the extent of what she knows, Kantaris has Abacus taken onboard her private yacht to be interrogated by her new security chief Zeus Bertrand. Miller parachutes aboard and makes his way down to the crews quarters, locating Bertrand in the engine room, Miller takes him out and rescues Abacus, who reveals that a Caruban anti-government militant named Ricardo Blanco was the real killer. Escaping the yacht by chopper just as Kantaris destroys it with explosives, there, he fights his way through Blancos men until he gets picked up by Abacuss contact, who takes him to Blancos mansion. Blanco and his allies fight Miller in a pitched battle in the back. Wounded, he tries to escape, but is gunned down by Wild Dog, who survived his apparent death but lost his left arm. A dying Blanco reveals Dogs hideout is in a nuclear research station on Rio Oro island. Infiltrating Rio Oro and defeating Dogs men, Richard destroys a weaponized drilling machine sent to kill him and he then discovers Serrano is alive and well, having been kept by Dog as a bargaining chip after his death was faked
24.
Time Crisis 3
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Time Crisis 3 is the third installment of the Time Crisis arcade series. It was later ported to the PlayStation 2, only the handgun has unlimited ammunition, though players can shoot yellow-clad soldiers to gain ammunition for their other weapons. This feature was used in the port of Crisis Zone. The game also refines the crisis flash system which life-threatening shots are brighter and this title was later released for the PlayStation 2, together with a side story featuring Alicia Winston as a player, who is only an unplayable supporter in the arcade version of the game. Gameplay for Alicia is, for the most part, the same as the regular campaign, unlike Time Crisis and Time Crisis II, the home console port features plot elements, features, and weapons not found in its arcade counterpart. As with the PlayStation 2 version of Time Crisis II, players can access the Crisis Mission exercise menu through prolonged gameplay. Six years after Time Crisis II, Astigos, the largest island in the Mediterranean nation of Lukano, is invaded by forces from the neighboring Zagorian Federation. Led by dictator General Giorgio Zott, the invaders conquer 80% of Astigos in a matter of weeks despite international protests, meanwhile, the surviving Lukano defenders organize themselves into the Lukano Liberation Force under Daniel Winston. Learning that the Zagorian forces have set up a base in the abandoned Astigos State Observatory, Daniel and his lieutenant Jake Hernandez lead a force to infiltrate. Once inside, however, they are captured by waiting Zagorian troops, a week later, Daniels sister Alicia undertakes a solo mission to infiltrate a Zagorian bunker. Alicia transmits the info to her contact at the V. S. S. E, who in turn gets the agency to dispatch agents Alan Dunaway and Wesley Lambert to destroy the missiles. Posing as fishermen, Alan and Wesley launch an attack on Marano Beach but are cornered into a shipwreck by the Zagorian defenders. Their leader, Air Force Col. Victor Zahn, attacks them in his heavily armed gunship, Alicia manages to steal a jeep and rescue the agents, then helps them to shoot down Zahn. The three make their way to Astigos Town Center, where they are separated in a surprise attack, Wesley and Alan fight their way through town and the forest to reach a supply train heading up to Zotts compound. Meanwhile, Alicia is confronted by Jake, who is revealed to be the traitor who sold out Daniel, after running Jake out of town, Alicia links up with the agents at the trainyard. Randy Garrett, the head of Zotts Assassin Squad, leads them into an ambush, during which he destroys the bridge, causing the train to fall into the river. After finishing off Garrett and his men, Alicia, Wesley, and Alan approach the base, in the ensuing battle, Fang is apparently killed, but Dog once again commits suicide via explosives to evade capture. Zott prepares to execute Daniel in revenge, but Alicia shoots the pistol out of his hand with a sniper rifle, Alan and Wesley chase Zott into the compound while Alicia liberates Daniels men from captivity
25.
Time Crisis 4
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It was initially released as an arcade game in 2006, and was ported in 2007 for PlayStation 3, with the Guncon 3 light gun peripheral and features a new first-person shooter mode. It was later re-released as part of Time Crisis, Razing Storm with support for the PlayStation Move controller, the game opens in California, where intelligence officials from both the U. S. military and the paramilitary V. S. S. E. Organization learn about a top secret weapon targeted for terrorists smuggling, william Rush infiltrates a pier to gather more information, and finds that the enemy has already acquired the insect-like weapons. They escape the airport by helicopter only to find out one of the terrorists behind the weapons trade. Giorgio and Evan shoot the two rear tires of Marcus truck with a rifle and secure it from enemy attack before facing Marcus himself. After killing Marcus, they discover U. S. Army dog tags on the bodies, meaning that they are not terrorists. The terrorists are revealed to be the Biological Weapons Special Operations Unit, as Rush, Giorgio, and Evan invade there from the outside, a couple of Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles or U. C. A. V. s depart the base without warning. Rush decides to lead the Colorado National Guard toward an entrance while Giorgio and Evan try to take care of the UCAVs. They also encounter V. S. S. E. s old enemy Wild Dog in the base who, in addition to his hand gun, gatling gun and RPG, is now armed with a grappling hook. After a long battle, Giorgio and Evan defeat him, ending with Wild Dog detonating himself once again. Meanwhile, Rush encounters and defeats Wild Fang, Wild Dogs younger partner from the previous game, the game was first shown at E32006 prior to its recent final revision arcade release. One major change is the addition of the multi-screen or multi-hiding system, introduced in Time Crisis, unlike Project Titan, which players went on the offensive, players are placed on the defensive. In Project Titan, players had to hide and shoot arrows to switch screens, screen switching has been refined to allow the player to merely point the gun outside the screen to move around. The game also utilizes a new gun control with infrared emitters. Prior to this, all Namco light gun games used gun controllers that relied on cathode ray timing and this delayed the games release given past accuracy issues with IR light guns. The player can choose to customize gun calibration and/or turn the blowback on or off with a pre-game code explained in the cabinet, the game, like its predecessors is available either in a 29 standard twin cabinet or a 52 deluxe twin. On several occasions, the player is equipped with a gun with infinite ammo or a sniper rifle used to shoot the tires on a marauding truck. On multiple occasions, Rush appears onscreen, whether caught in a trap or attacking an enemy as a diversion and it also features a voice navigation system that guides players through different situations
26.
PlayStation Move
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PlayStation Move is a motion game controller developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Conceptually similar to Nintendos Wii Remote and Microsofts Kinect, its function is based around controller input in games stemming from the physical movement of the player. The Move uses inertial sensors in the wand to detect motion while the position is tracked using a PlayStation Eye or PlayStation Camera. The device was generally well-received by critics, but has not quite met Sonys goals for integration into the market, on the PlayStation 3, up to four Move controllers can be used at once. It functions similarly to the Wii Remote, the PlayStation Move motion controller features an orb at the head which can glow in any of a full range of colors using RGB light-emitting diodes. Based on the colors in the user environment captured by the camera, the colored light serves as an active marker, the position of which can be tracked along the image plane by the camera. The simple sphere-based distance calculation allows the controller to operate with minimal processing latency, a pair of inertial sensors inside the controller, a three-axis linear accelerometer and a three-axis angular rate sensor, are used to track rotation as well as overall motion. An internal magnetometer is used for calibrating the controllers orientation against the Earths magnetic field to help correct against cumulative error by the inertial sensors. In addition, a temperature sensor is used to adjust the inertial sensor readings against temperature effects. The inertial sensors can be used for dead reckoning in cases which the camera tracking is insufficient, on the left and right side of the controller is a Select and Start button, respectively. On the underside is an analog trigger, on the tail end of the controller is the wrist strap, USB port, and extension port. The motion controller features vibration-based haptic technology, using different orb colors for each controller, up to four motion controllers can be tracked at once on the PlayStation 3. Demonstrations for the controller have featured activities using a motion controller. To minimize the cost of entry, Sony stated that all launch titles for PlayStation Move would be playable with one motion controller, on the PlayStation 3, image processing for PlayStation Move is performed in the consoles Cell microprocessor. According to Sony, use of the motion-tracking library entails some Synergistic Processing Unit overhead as well an impact on memory, according to Move motion controller co-designer Anton Mikhailov, the library uses 1-2 megabytes of system memory. The navigation controller also features and action buttons, as well as a PS button, since all controls correspond to those of a standard PlayStation 3 gamepad, a Sixaxis or DualShock 3 controller can be used in place of the navigation controller in PlayStation Move applications. A number of additional accessories have also released for use in conjunction with the PlayStation Move controllers. The PlayStation Move charging station is a base unit designed to charge two PlayStation Move controllers - including any combination of motion controllers or navigation controllers
27.
Unreal Engine
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The Unreal Engine is a game engine developed by Epic Games, first showcased in the 1998 first-person shooter game Unreal. Although primarily developed for first-person shooters, it has successfully used in a variety of other genres, including stealth, MMORPGs. With its code written in C++, the Unreal Engine features a high degree of portability and is a used by many game developers today. It has been awarded by Guinness World Records as the most successful video game engine, the current release is Unreal Engine 4, designed for Microsofts DirectX11 and 12, GNM, OpenGL, Vulkan, Metal, and JavaScript/WebGL. Unreal Engine 1 provided a software rasterizer and a hardware-accelerated rendering path using the Glide API, specifically developed for 3dfx GPUs. The release of Unreal Tournament marked great strides in both performance and Direct3D and OpenGL support. The second version was released in 2002 with Americas Army, a free multiplayer shooter created by the US Army and this generation saw the core code and rendering engine completely re-written. In addition, it featured UnrealEd 2, a level editor and this physics engine powered the ragdoll physics in Unreal Tournament 2003 and Unreal Championship. Other engine elements were also updated, with improved assets as well as adding support for the GameCube, support for the PlayStation 2 console was previously added in UE1. Taking Xbox aside, both GameCube and PS2 were never supported directly by Epic, support being instead farmed out to Secret Level. As such, third parties looking to use further Unreal Engine revisions had to do their own throughout the generation, as they had to in more recent years with the Wii, X360, PS3, PSP. UE2.5, an update to the version of UE2, improved rendering performance and added vehicles physics, a particle system editor for UnrealEd. A specialized version of UE2.5 called UE2X was used for Unreal Championship 2 and it features optimizations specific to that console. EAX3.0 is also supported for sound, in March 2011, Ubisoft Montreal revealed that UE2 was successfully running on the Nintendo 3DS. The first screenshots of Unreal Engine 3 were presented in 2004, unlike Unreal Engine 2, which still supported fixed-function pipeline, Unreal Engine 3 was designed to take advantage of fully programmable shader hardware. All lighting calculations were done per-pixel, instead of per-vertex, Unreal Engine 3 supports a gamma-correct high-dynamic range renderer. Initially, Unreal Engine 3 only supported Windows, PlayStation 3, OS X support was added in 2011. Its renderer supports techniques including HDRR, per-pixel lighting, and dynamic shadows, in October 2011, the engine was ported to support Adobe Flash Player 11 through the Stage 3D hardware-accelerated APIs
28.
Cover system
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A cover system is a video game gameplay mechanic that allows a virtual avatar to hide from and avoid dangers, usually in a three-dimensional world. Similar gameplay elements can be traced back to as early as 1986, later games which refined the system include Bonanza Bros. Blackthorne, Time Crisis, Metal Gear Solid, WinBack, Police 911, Splinter Cell, Kill Switch, Gears of War, Uncharted, Mass Effect, in gaming, a cover system lets a player character use stationary or moving obstacles to avoid damage. To be considered a system, there must be some physical interaction with the source of cover. This means standing behind an object, as in traditional games, while strictly speaking would be classified as taking cover. In addition, the character must have the ability to move in and out of the covering objects proximity. Other titles outside of first- and third-person shooters also offer the concepts of cover systems, the player is generally informed when both moving their units and firing on the opponent when cover comes into play. An even earlier example of the concept was Taitos 1975 shooter game Gun Fight, the first games to show a rough cover mechanic were also arcade games, the first of these being Rolling Thunder, a two-dimensional run-and-gun game released in 1986 by Namco. This game and its sequels, Rolling Thunder 2 in 1990 and Rolling Thunder 3 in 1993, allowed the player to enter doors to hide from enemies and that same year, the third-person shooter Cabal also featured a cover mechanic. Another 2D arcade game with a system was Segas Bonanza Bros. an arcade action-adventure game released in 1990. Being a two-dimensional game, the ability to hide and take cover was used simply and had only a few areas in which to take cover behind. In 1994, a mechanic was used in the game Blackthorne. In Cabal and Blackthrone, the enemies also did the same and these games were the first traces of cover systems used in video games, which would later inspire the same cover concept in three-dimensional console games. The 1994 pseudo-3D game System Shock by Origin Systems featured a world with ducking, going prone. Namcos 1995 3D light gun arcade game Time Crisis introduced a dedicated cover button, specifically an action foot pedal. Time Crisis, however, was able to use cover effectively due to being a rail shooter, in 1998, Konamis Metal Gear Solid for the PlayStation featured a cover mechanic, though its only function was to peek around walls to look out for enemies. Seeing as how the game was mostly stealth-oriented, the system served little combat purpose. Rather than a button, taking cover was initiated simply by continuously shifting Solid Snake towards a wall, Metal Gear Solid is credited with popularizing the hiding-behind-cover mechanic
29.
Protagonist
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A protagonist is the main character in any story, such as a literary work or drama. The protagonist is at the center of the story, typically makes the key decisions, the protagonist usually affects the main characters circumstances as well, as they are often the primary actor propelling the story forward. If a story contains a subplot, or is a made up of several stories. The word protagonist is used notably in stories and forms of literature and culture that contain stories, in those forms the protagonist may simply be the leading actor, or the principal character in the story. The antagonist will provide obstacles and complications and create conflict that test the protagonist, thus revealing the strengths, the earliest known examples of protagonist are dated back to Ancient Greece. At first dramatic performances involved merely dancing and recitation by the chorus, but then in Poetics, Aristotle describes how a poet named Thespis introduced the idea of having one actor step out and engage in a dialogue with the chorus. This was the invention of tragedy, which occurred about 536 B. C, then the poet Aeschylus, in his plays, introduced a second actor, inventing the idea of dialogue between two characters. Sophocles then wrote plays that required a third actor, euripides play Hippolytus may be considered to have two protagonists. The protagonist of the first half is Phaedra, who dies partway through the play and her stepson, the titular Hippolytus, assumes the dominant role in the second half of the play. In Ibsen’s play The Master Builder, the protagonist is the architect Halvard Solness, the young woman, Hilda Wangel, whose actions lead to the death of Solness, is the antagonist. In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is the protagonist and he is actively in pursuit of his relationship with Juliet, and the audience is invested in that story. The character of Tybalt opposes Romeo’s desires, he is the antagonist, in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Prince Hamlet, who seeks revenge for the murder of his father, is the protagonist. The antagonist would be the character who most opposes Hamlet, Claudius, in the novel The Catcher in the Rye, the character Holden Caulfield is the protagonist. He is the character, and the reader is invested in his story. Sometimes, a work will have a false protagonist, who may seem to be the protagonist, the character Marion in Alfred Hitchcocks film Psycho is an example. A novel that contains a number of narratives may have a number of protagonists, alexander Solzhenitsyns The First Circle, for example, depicts a variety of characters imprisoned and living in a gulag camp. Leo Tolstoys War and Peace, depicts fifteen major characters involved in or affected by a war
30.
PS2
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The PlayStation 2 is a home video game console that was developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the successor to the PlayStation, and is the installment in the PlayStation lineup of consoles. It was released on March 4,2000 in Japan, October 26,2000 in North America, November 24,2000 in Europe and it competed with Segas Dreamcast, Microsofts Xbox, and Nintendos GameCube in the sixth generation of video game consoles. Announced in 1999, the PlayStation 2 was the first PlayStation console to offer backwards compatibility for its predecessors DualShock controller, the PlayStation 2 is the best-selling video game console of all time, selling over 155 million units, with 150 million confirmed by Sony in 2011. More than 3,874 game titles have been released for the PS2 since launch, Sony later manufactured several smaller, lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 and well on, and in 2006, announced and launched its successor, the PlayStation 3. Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 console the following month on February 20,2013, Sony announced the PlayStation 2 on March 1,1999. The Dreamcast itself launched very successfully in North America later that year, soon after the Dreamcasts North American launch, Sony unveiled the PlayStation 2 at the Tokyo Game Show on September 20,1999. Sony showed fully playable demos of upcoming PlayStation 2 games including Gran Turismo 2000 and Tekken Tag Tournament – which showed the consoles graphic abilities, the PS2 was launched in March 2000 in Japan, October in North America and November in Europe. Sales of the console, games and accessories pulled in $250 million on the first day, directly after its release, it was difficult to find PS2 units on retailer shelves due to manufacturing delays. Another option was purchasing the console online through websites such as eBay. This allowed the PS2 to tap the large install base established by the PlayStation – another major selling point over the competition, later, Sony added new development kits for game developers and more PS2 units for consumers. The PS2s built-in functionality also expanded its audience beyond the gamer and this made the console a low cost entry into the home theater market. The PS2 remained as the only active sixth generation console for over 6 months, before it would face competition from rivals, Nintendos GameCube and Microsofts Xbox. While the PlayStation 2 theoretically had the weakest specification of the three, it had a start due to its installed base plus strong developer commitment. Sony also countered the Xbox by temporarily securing PlayStation 2 exclusives for highly anticipated games such as the Grand Theft Auto series and Metal Gear Solid 2, Sons of Liberty. Sony cut the price of the console in May 2002 from US$299 to $199 in North America, making it the price as the GameCube. It also planned to cut the price in Japan around that time and it cut the price twice in Japan in 2003. In 2006, Sony cut the cost of the console in anticipation of the release of the PlayStation 3, Sony, unlike Sega with its Dreamcast, originally placed little emphasis on online gaming during its first few years, although that changed upon the launch of the online-capable Xbox
31.
Gatling gun
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The Gatling gun is one of the best-known early rapid-fire spring loaded, hand cranked weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun. Invented by Richard Gatling, it is known for its use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later, it was used again in military conflicts, such as the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War. It was also used by militias and the National Guard in episodes of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, specifically in Pittsburgh, the Gatling guns operation centered on a cyclic multi-barrel design which facilitated cooling and synchronized the firing-reloading sequence. Each barrel fired a shot when it reached a certain point in the cycle, after which it ejected the spent cartridge, loaded a new round. This configuration allowed higher rates of fire to be achieved without the barrels overheating, the Gatling gun was designed by the American inventor Dr. Richard J. Gatling in 1861 and patented on November 4,1862. Gatling wrote that he created it to reduce the size of armies and so reduce the number of deaths by combat and disease, although the first Gatling gun was capable of firing continuously, it required a person to crank it, therefore it was not a true automatic weapon. The Maxim gun, invented and patented in 1883, was the first true fully automatic weapon, nonetheless, the Gatling gun represented a huge leap in firearm technology. The latter were used during and after the Napoleonic Wars. This negated much of the advantage of their rate of fire per discharge. In comparison, the Gatling gun offered a rapid and continuous rate of fire without having to be reloaded by opening the breech. The original Gatling gun was a weapon which used multiple rotating barrels turned by a hand crank. The US Army adopted Gatling guns in several calibers, including.42 caliber. 45-70.50 caliber,1 inch, the. 45-70 weapon was also mounted on some US Navy ships of the 1880s and 1890s. The Gatling gun was first used in warfare during the American Civil War, twelve of the guns were purchased personally by Union commanders and used in the trenches during the siege of Petersburg, Virginia. Eight other Gatling guns were fitted on gunboats, the gun was not accepted by the American Army until 1866, when a sales representative of the manufacturing company demonstrated it in combat. On July 17,1863, Gatling guns were used to over-awe New York anti-draft rioters. Two were brought by a National Guard unit from Philadelphia to use against strikers in Pittsburgh. Gatling guns were not used at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custers Last Stand
32.
Flamethrower
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A flamethrower is a mechanical incendiary device designed to project a long, controllable stream of fire. They were first used by the Greeks in the 1st Century AD, in modern times, they were used during World War I, and more widely in World War II. Some flamethrowers project a stream of ignited flammable liquid, some project a long gas flame, most military flamethrowers use liquids, but commercial flamethrowers tend to use high-pressure propane and natural gas, which is considered safer. They are used by the military and by people needing controlled burning capacity and they can be designed to be either carried by the operator or mounted on a vehicle. Modern flamethrowers were first used during the trench warfare conditions of World War I and they can be vehicle mounted, as on a tank, or man-portable. The man-portable flamethrower consists of two elements, a backpack and the gun, the backpack element usually consists of two or three cylinders. In a two-cylinder system, one cylinder holds compressed, inert propellant gas, a three-cylinder system often has two outer cylinders of flammable liquid and a central cylinder of propellant gas to maintain the balance of the soldier carrying it. The gas propels the liquid out of the cylinder through a flexible pipe. The igniter can be one of several systems, A simple type is an electrically-heated wire coil, another used a small pilot flame. The flamethrower is a potent weapon with great impact upon unprepared soldiers. This has led to calls for the weapon to be banned. It is primarily used against battlefield fortifications, bunkers, and other protected emplacements, typically, popular visual media depict the flamethrower as short-ranged and only effective for a few meters. Flamethrowers pose many risks to the operator, the first disadvantage was the weapons weight, which impairs the soldiers mobility. The weapon is limited to only a few seconds of time since it uses fuel very quickly, requiring the operator to be precise. The weapon was very visible on the battlefield, which caused operators to become immediately singled out as prominent targets, Flamethrower operators were rarely taken prisoner, especially when their target survived an attack by the weapon, captured flamethrower users were in some cases summarily executed. Finally, the effective range was short in comparison with that of other battlefield weapons of similar size. To be effective, flamethrower soldiers must approach their target, risking exposure to enemy fire, vehicular flamethrowers also have this problem, they may have considerably greater range than a man-portable flamethrower, but their range is still short compared with that of other infantry weapons. The risk of an operator being caught in the explosion of his weapon due to enemy hits on the tanks is exaggerated in Hollywood films
33.
Rocket launcher
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The earliest rockets documented in imperial China consisted of arrows modified by the attachment of a rocket motor to the shaft a few inches behind the arrowhead. The rocket is propelled by the burning of the powder in the motor. The rocket launchers were constructed of wood, basketry, and bamboo tubes, the launchers divided the rockets with frames meant to keep them separated, and the launchers were capable of firing multiple rockets at once. Textual evidence and illustrations of early rocket launchers are found in the 1510 edition of the Wujing Zongyao translated by Needham. The text also describes a portable rocket carrier consisting of a sling, congreve rockets were launched from an iron trough about 18 inches in length, called a chamber. These chambers could be fixed to the ground for horizontal launching, during the American Civil War, both the Union and the Confederate Military experimented upon and produced rocket launchers. In Germany, the 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41 was an adaptation of a multiple barrelled smoke mortar for artillery rockets, the Soviet Katyusha was a self-propelled system, being mounted on trucks, tanks and even trains. The United States Army deployed the tank mounted T34 Calliope system late in the war, therefore, mobile launchers called Meillerwagen were employed, which could launch a rocket within 90 minutes of arrival at a suitable site, these proved almost impossible to detect from the air. Depending on the country or region, people use the terms bazooka or RPG as generalized terms to refer to such weapons. The bazooka is an American anti-tank weapon which was in service in 1942–1957, a smaller variation is the gyrojet, a small arms rocket launcher with ammunition slightly larger than that of a. 45-caliber pistol. Recoilless rifles are sometimes confused with rocket launchers, however, the recoilless rifle merely fires a large projectile, not a projectile that continues to propel itself after leaving the barrel of the weapon. A rocket pod is a launcher that contains several unguided rockets held in individual tubes, in many cases, rocket pods are streamlined to reduce aerodynamic drag. The first pods were developed immediately after World War II, as an improvement over the arrangement of firing rockets from rails. Early examples of pod-launched rockets were the US Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket, launch pad List of rocket launchers
34.
Grappling hook
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A grappling hook is a device with multiple hooks, attached to a rope, it is thrown, dropped, sunk, projected, or fastened directly by hand to where at least one hook may catch and hold. Generally, grappling hooks are used to secure one end of a rope. They may also be used to dredge for submerged objects, historically, grappling hooks were used in naval warfare to catch ship rigging so that it could be boarded. Some modern designs feature folding hooks to resist unwanted attachment, most grappling hooks are thrown by hand, but some used in rescue work are propelled by compressed air, mortar or a rocket. Grappling hooks are used by combat engineers breaching tactical obstacles, two tools are available for this purpose, the rifle-launched grapnel, a single-use grappling hook placed on the end of an M4/M16 rifle, or the crossbow launched version. A grapnel can clear up to 99% of the trip-wires in a single pass
35.
Hard Boiled
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The film features Tequila, whose partner is killed in a tea house gunfight with a small army of gangsters. One of the mobs high-ranking assassins is the undercover cop Alan, the film leads up to a climax in a hospital, where the two must rescue innocent civilians and new born babies from the maternity ward while fighting off dozens of mob hitmen. Hard Boiled was John Woos last Hong Kong film before his transition to Hollywood, after making films that glamorized gangsters, Woo wanted to make a Dirty Harry styled film to glamorize the police. After the death of screenwriter Barry Wong, the screenplay underwent constant changes during filming. New characters such as Mad Dog and Mr. Woo were introduced, the film was released in Hong Kong in 1992 to generally positive audience reception, but it was not as commercially successful as Woos previous action films, such as A Better Tomorrow and The Killer. Reception from western critics was more positive, many critics. In 2007, a game sequel titled Stranglehold was released. In a tea house in Hong Kong, Officer Tequila Yuen and his partner Benny, after an ambush from another gang member, a fierce gun battle breaks out. The gangsters are defeated but several officers are badly wounded. Angered by the death of his partner, Tequila decides to kill the gangster who ambushed them rather than arrest him and this angers his boss, Officer Superintendent Pang, who wanted the gangster alive to testify. Tequila is subsequently ordered off the case for his misdemeanor, elsewhere, a high-ranking assassin, Alan, works for Triad boss Uncle Hoi. Alan murders a member of Hois gang, who had been working for Johnny Wongs rival syndicate. Wong is impressed by Alans skill and attempts to recruit him, Alan reluctantly turns against Hoi when Wong conducts a raid on Hois arsenal at a warehouse. At the warehouse, Wongs men kill Hois workers and destroy his stock, when Hoi arrives, Wong demands Alan kill Hoi, which he does, along with the rest of Hois men. Just then, smoke grenades explode and Tequila attacks, Alan covers Wongs escape as Tequila battles and kills most of the gangsters. In the end, Tequila finds himself confronting Alan face to face in the smoke, Tequila tries to shoot Alan, but finds he is out of ammo. Although he has a chance to kill Tequila, Alan slowly lowers his gun, at the police station, Pang confirms that Alan is actually an undercover cop. Tequila tracks Alan down to his sailboat to try to sense of the situation
36.
Powered exoskeleton
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The earliest exoskeleton-like device was a set of walking, jumping and running assisted apparatus developed in 1890 by a Russian named Nicholas Yagin. As a unit, the apparatus used compressed gas bags to store energy that would assist with movements, although it was passive in operation and required human power. In 1917, United States inventor Leslie C. Kelley developed what he called a pedomotor, with the pedomotor, energy could be generated apart from the user. The first true exoskeleton in the sense of being a mobile machine integrated with human movements was co-developed by General Electric, the suit was named Hardiman, and made lifting 110 kilograms feel like lifting 4.5 kilograms. Powered by hydraulics and electricity, the suit allowed the wearer to amplify their strength by a factor of 25, a feature dubbed force feedback enabled the wearer to feel the forces and objects being manipulated. While the general idea sounded somewhat promising, the actual Hardiman had major limitations and it was impractical, due to its 680-kilogram weight. Another issue was that it is a system, where the operator is in a master suit. This multiple physical layer type of operation may work fine, when the goal is physical enhancement, response time matters. Its slow walking speed of 0.76 metres per second further limited practical uses, any attempt to use the full exoskeleton resulted in a violent uncontrolled motion, and as a result it was never tested with a human inside. Further research concentrated on one arm, although it could lift its specified load of 340 kg, it weighed three quarters of a ton, just over twice the liftable load. Without getting all the components to work together, the uses for the Hardiman project were limited. Legged locomotion systems were developed first, also, the first theory of these systems was developed in the same institute, in the frame of active exoskeletons. Hence, it can be said that active exoskeletons were the predecessors of the modern high-performance humanoid robots, the present-day active exoskeletons are developed as the systems for enhancing capabilities of the natural human skeletal system. One specimen was delivered to the Central Institute for Traumatology and Orthopedy, from 1991 the exoskeleton belongs to the basic fund of Polytechnic Museum and State Museum Fund of Russian Federation. It is displayed in the frame of the Museums exposition dedicated to the development of automation, los Alamos Laboratories worked on an exoskeleton project in the 1960s called Project Pitman. In 1986, a prototype called the LIFESUIT was created by Monty Reed. In 2001 LIFESUIT One was built, in 2003 LS6 was able to record and play back a human gait. In 2005 LS12 was worn in a race known as the Saint Patricks Day Dash in Seattle
37.
Electronic Gaming Monthly
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Electronic Gaming Monthly was a monthly American video game magazine. It offered video game news, coverage of events, interviews with gaming figureheads, editorial content. The magazine was founded in 1988 as U. S. National Video Game Teams Electronic Gaming Monthly under Sendai Publications, in 1994, EGM spun off EGM², which focused on expanded cheats and tricks. It eventually became Expert Gamer and finally the defunct GameNOW, after 83 issues, EGM switched from Sendai Publishing to Ziff Davis publisher. Until January 2009, EGM only covered gaming on console hardware and software, in 2002, the magazines subscription increased by more than 25 percent. The magazine was discontinued by Ziff Davis in January 2009, following the sale of 1UP. com to UGO Networks, the magazines February 2009 issue was already completed, but was not published. In May 2009, EGM founder Steve Harris purchased the magazine, the magazine was relaunched in April 2010 by Harris new company EGM Media, LLC, widening its coverage to the PC and mobile gaming markets. k. a. Writers who also served stints as editor-in chief include Ed Semrad, Joe Funk, John Davison, the magazine is known for making April Fools jokes. Its April 1992 issue was the source of the Sheng Long hoax in Street Fighter II, games are reviewed by one member, except for the big games, which were reviewed by one of a pool of editors known as The Review Crew. They each assign a grade to the game and write a few paragraphs about their opinion of the game, the magazine makes a strong stance that a grade of C is average. The current letter grade system replaced a long-standing 0–10 scale in the April 2008 issue. In that system, Silver went to a game with a rating from 8 to 9, Gold to a game reviewed at 9 to 10. Until 1998, as a matter of policy, the reviewers rarely gave scores of 10. That policy changed when the reviewers gave Metal Gear Solid four 10 ratings in 1998, in addition, they gave the game with the highest average score for that issue a Game of the Month award. In 2002, EGM has also begun giving games that earned unanimously bad scores a Shame of the Month award, as there is not always such a game in each issue, this award is only given out when a game qualifies. Originally, a team of four editors reviewed all the games and this process was eventually dropped in favor of a system that added more reviewers to the staff so that no one person reviewed all the games for the month. Though the scores ranged from 0–10 on the numerical scale, the score of zero was almost never utilized, with notable exceptions being Mortal Kombat Advance, The Guy Game. EGM en Español was released in Mexico in November 2002 and it was published by Editorial Televisa and is edited by a different staff
38.
Ziff Davis
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Ziff Davis, LLC is an American publisher and Internet company. It was initiated during 1927 in Chicago, Illinois, by William B, Ziff, Sr. and Bernard G. Davis. Throughout most of Ziff Davis history, it was a publisher of hobbyist magazines, often devoted to expensive, advertiser-rich technical hobbies such as cars, photography. However, since 1980, Ziff Davis has primarily published computer-related magazines, Ziff Davis had several broadcasting properties, first during the mid-1970s, and later with its own technology network ZDTV, later renamed to TechTV, that was sold to Vulcan Ventures during 2001. Ziff Davis magazine publishing and internet operations offices are based in New York City, Massachusetts, on November 12,2012, Ziff Davis Inc. was acquired by cloud computing services company j2 Global of Hollywood, Calif. for $167 million cash. According to a late 2015 Fortune article, Ziff Davis comprises 30% of parent company j2 Globals $600 million annual revenue and is increasing 15% to 20% each year, analyst Gregory Burns of Sidoti & Company calculates that Ziff Davis is worth $1.9 billion. During 1923, Ziff acquired E. C, auld Company, a Chicago publishing house. Ziffs first venture in publishing was Ziffs Magazine, which featured short stories, one-act plays, humorous verse. The title was changed to Americas Humor during April 1926, Bernard George Davis was the student editor of the University of Pittsburghs humor magazine, the Pitt Panther, and was active in the Association of College Comics of the East. During his senior year he attended the convention and met William B. When Davis graduated during 1927 he joined Ziff as the editor of Americas Humor, Ziff, who had been an aviator in World War I, created a new magazine, Popular Aviation, during August 1927 that was published by Popular Aviation Publishing Company of Chicago, Illinois. Managed by Editor Harley W. Mitchell it became the largest aviation magazine, the magazines title became Aeronautics for June 1929 and the publishing companys name became Aeronautical Publications, Inc. The title was changed back to Popular Aviation for July 1930, the magazine became Flying during 1942 and is still published today by the Bonnier Corporation. The magazine celebrated its 80th anniversary during 2007, the company histories normally give the founding date as 1927. This is when B. G. Davis joined and Popular Aviation magazine started, however, it was not until 1936 that the company became the Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. Davis was given a minority equity interest in the company and was appointed a vice-president. He was later named president during 1946, Davis was a photography enthusiast and the editor of the Popular Photography magazine started during May 1937. During early 1938, Ziff-Davis acquired the magazines Radio News and Amazing Stories and these were started by Hugo Gernsback but sold as a result of the Experimenter Publishing bankruptcy during 1929
39.
MobyGames
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MobyGames is a commercial website which catalogs video games both past and present. As of October 2016, this includes over 200 gaming platforms and over 114,000 games, the site is supported by banner ads and by users paying to become patrons. The MobyGames database contains information on games and the people. Some individual developer profiles have biographical information, content is added on a volunteer crowdsourced basis, with all items tracked to a non-anonymous user account. The most commonly used sources are game packaging and manual or the game itself, registered users can rate and review any game entry, and the scores are aggregated into a single value. Users can create game have lists and want lists, which may be made public. This can generate another list of available for trade with other users. The site has an integrated forum, each listed game can have its own subforum. MobyGames was founded on March 1,1999, by Jim Leonard, Brian Hirt, Leonard had the idea of sharing information about electronic games with a larger audience. The database began with entries for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows games, on its second birthday, MobyGames started supporting other platforms, initially the leading consoles of the time such as the PlayStation, with older systems added later. MobyGames was nominated for a Webby Award for Best Games-Related Website by the International Academy of Digital Arts, in mid-2010, MobyGames was sold by its founders to GameFly for an undisclosed amount. As this was announced to the community post factum, a few major contributors left in protest. On December 18,2013, MobyGames was acquired by Jeremiah Freyholtz, owner of Blue Flame Labs, upon assuming control of the site, Blue Flame Labs reverted MobyGames interface to its pre-overhaul look and feel. Support for arcade coin-operated games was added in January 2014
40.
Galaxian 3
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Galaxian 3 is an arcade game released by Namco in 1990 and its immediate sequel as a scaled-down arcade cabinet in 1994. It is a walk-in style arcade game run upon a hybrid of laserdisc and it uses multiple Namco System 21 boards with synchronized laserdisc players to create the pre-rendered backgrounds of the game. Each player shares the life meter and takes the role of one of many stationary gunner positions. It was one of two games that were released for Namcos Theater 6 arcade system, the other being its immediate sequel, Attack of the Zolgear. This title was also Namcos first arcade game of the 1990s, galaxian 3, Project Dragoon was originally an attraction that debuted at Namcos Tokyo theme park Wonder Eggs in 1990, four years before another, more scaled-down, arcade version was released. As opposed to the 6-player arcade version, the theme park version had a 360-degree display using 16 projectors each being 120 inches diagonally, there was also a simplified version of the attraction, for 16 players. The attraction eventually closed in 2000, galaxian 3 was set in the time when humanity made their first attempt to travel beyond their Solar System, and rushes into the days of space exploration. A countermeasure agency was started, and the UGSF were kept up with a series of investigations and this was the last from the UGSF supervisory satellite after giving a report about the Cannon Seed aiming at the Earth. The bravest elite gunners went on board the UGSFs most powerful spacecraft, the Rising of Gourb is a bonus game, which was created specifically for the Sony PlayStation port. They have begun a revenge against humanity for that reason, responding to this, the UGSF send out a deployment of the improved Dragoon to destroy them. It also only allowed up to four players to play simultaneously, Galaxian³ at the Killer List of Videogames Galaxian³ Owners, Fans & Community
41.
Golly! Ghost!
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It was also the fourth game from Namco to allow scores not ending in 0. There are two mounted on the game cabinet, the one on the left is colored blue and nicknamed Zip. The game contains four scenes, and is notable for its use of a three-dimensional diorama over which the actual video ghosts are projected. 2 was released exclusively in Japan in 1992 and was themed around sunken treasure, the gameplay was much the same as the original, only the players shot at undersea creatures. The sequel videogame Bubble Trouble, Golly, ghost. at the Killer List of Videogames Golly. Ghost. at the Arcade History database Bubble Trouble, Golly,2 at the Killer List of Videogames Bubble Trouble, Golly. 2 at the Arcade History database Golly, ghost. at the Arcade Flyer Archive
